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2018-01-09T09:45:27Z
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dkus85a4hyywbt7auboviitw7lbry8n
Alphabets for Wakhi
0
241
421
2018-06-12T07:04:56Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "There are different alphabets in use for Wakhi: == Tinoji's alphabet == {| class="article-table" !Tinoji 1 !Tinoji 2 !Normal Wakhi !IPA |- |A a | |A a |[a] |- |B в | |B b |[..."
421
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text/x-wiki
There are different alphabets in use for Wakhi:
== Tinoji's alphabet ==
{| class="article-table"
!Tinoji 1
!Tinoji 2
!Normal Wakhi
!IPA
|-
|A a
|
|A a
|[a]
|-
|B в
|
|B b
|[b]
|-
|C c
|
|C c
|[t͡s]
|-
|Ç ç
|
|Č č
|[t͡ʃ]
|-
|Є є
|
|Č̣ č̣
|[ʈ͡ʂ]
|-
|D d
|
|D d
|[d̪]
|-
|Ḑ ḑ
|
|Ḍ ḍ
|[ɖ]
|-
|Đ đ
|
|Δ δ
|[ð]
|-
|E e
|
|E e
|[e]
|-
|Ə ə
|
|Ə ə
|[ə]
|-
|F f
|
|F f
|[f]
|-
|G g
|
|H h
|[h]
|-
|Ģ ģ
|
|Ɣ ɣ, Ɣ̌ ɣ̌, G g
|[g], [ʁ], [ɣ]
|-
|I i
|
|I i
|[i]
|-
|J j
|
|J̣̌ ǰ̣
|[ɖ͡ʐ]
|-
|K k
|
|K k, Q q
|[k], [q]
|-
|L l
|
|L l
|[l]
|-
|M m
|
|M m
|[m]
|-
|N n
|
|N n
|[n]
|-
|O o
|
|O o
|[o]
|-
|P p
|
|P p
|[p]
|-
|R r
|
|R r
|[r]
|-
|S s
|
|S s
|[s]
|-
|Ş ş
|
|Š š
|[ʃ]
|-
|Ꞩ ꞩ
|
|Ṣ̌ ṣ̌
|[ʂ]
|-
|T t
|
|T t, Θ ϑ
|[t̪], [θ]
|-
|Ţ ţ
|
|Ṭ ṭ
|[ʈ]
|-
|U u
|
|U u
|[u]
|-
|V v
|
|V v
|[v], [w]
|-
|Ь ь
|
|Ы ы
|[ɨ]
|-
|X x
|
|X x
|[χ]
|-
|Ҳ ҳ
|
|X̌ x̌
|[x]
|-
|Y y
|
|Y y
|[j]
|-
|Z z
|
|Z z
|[z]
|-
|Ž ž
|
|Ž ž
|[ʒ]
|-
|Ƶ ƶ
|
|Ẓ̌ ẓ̌
|[ʐ]
|-
|З з
|
|J̌ ǰ
|[d͡ʒ]
|-
|Ʒ ʒ
|
|Ʒ ʒ
|[d͡z]
|}
== Example ==
<sup>2</sup>Yiso yavər ҳatəy: «Sayişt ʒi dəo carəv, ҳanəv: „Ey вzьrģvor Tat ki də osmonət cəy! Ti вəzьrģ nunģ вər olam ьmьt! Ləcər dəvroni Ti podşoyi ɣ̆at-ət, zəmin-ət zəmon də gьkmi tav ьmьt!
<sup>3</sup>Spo rьsk-ət rьzi sakər nəsiв car!
<sup>4</sup>Cə spo ģənoən şəxs! Sak вə kuy, ki sakər şakiģ, cə kərk! kьҳtər вaxꞩəꞩ carən. Cə вandi nafs-ət avasən, Cə vasvasayi Iвlisən saki niģa đьr!“»
gwsz4gugog9dmqosgoeddsf7kcujm3e
Archi alphabet
0
255
461
2018-07-04T12:38:00Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "Until recently Archi did not have a written form or alphabet, except in studies by specialists who used the Latin script. In 2006, the Surrey Morphology Group developed a ..."
461
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Until recently Archi did not have a written form or alphabet, except in studies by specialists who used the Latin script. In 2006, the Surrey Morphology Group developed a Cyrillic alphabet for Archi based on the Avar alphabet, which is used in the Archi–Russian–English Dictionary alongside an IPA transcription.
== SMG Cyrillic ==
{| class="wikitable IPA" style="text-align:center"
|+ Practical orthography of Archi by SMG
|-
! rowspan="2" | Base letter
! colspan="16" | Derived letters and their pronunciation in IPA
|-
!
! IPA
!
! IPA
!
! IPA
!
! IPA
!
! IPA
!
! IPA
!
! IPA
!
! IPA
|-
! а
| А а
| /a/
| Аӏ аӏ
| /aˤ/
| А́ а́
| /á/
| А́а а́а
| /áː/
| А́ӏ а́ӏ
| /áˤ/
| colspan="6" |
|-
! б
| Б б
| /b/
| colspan="14" |
|-
! в
| В в
| /w/
| colspan="4" | various others, see below
| colspan="10" |
|-
! г
| Г г
| /ɡ/
| Гв гв
| /ɡʷ/
| Гь гь
| /h/
| Гъ гъ
| /ʁ/
| Гъв гъв
| /ʁʷ/
| Гъӏ гъӏ
| /ʁˤ/
| Гъӏв гъӏв
| /ʁˤʷ/
| Гӏ гӏ
| /ʡ/
|-
! д
| Д д
| /d/
| Дв дв
| /dʷ/
| colspan="12" |
|-
! е
| Е е
| /e/
| Еӏ еӏ
| /eˤ/
| Е́ е́
| /é/
| Е́е е́е
| /éː/
| Е́ӏ е́ӏ
| /éˤ/
| colspan="6" |
|-
! ж
| Ж ж
| /ʒ/
| Жв жв
| /ʒʷ/
| colspan="12" |
|-
! з
| З з
| /z/
| Зв зв
| /zʷ/
| colspan="12" |
|-
! и
| И и
| /i/
| Иӏ иӏ
| /iˤ/
| И́ и́
| /í/
| И́и и́и
| /íː/
| и́ӏ
| /íˤ/
| colspan="6" |
|-
! й
| Й й
| /j/
| colspan="14" |
|-
! rowspan="2" | к
| К к
| /k/
| кк
| /kː/
| Кв кв
| /kʷ/
| ккв
| /kːʷ/
| Кӏ кӏ
| /kʼ/
| Кӏв кӏв
| /kʷʼ/
| Къ къ
| /qʼ/
| Къв къв
| /qʷʼ/
|-
|
|
| ккъ
| /qːʼ/
| Къӏ къӏ
| /qˤʼ/
| Ккъӏ ккъӏ
| /qːˤʼ/
| Къӏв къӏв
| /qˤʷʼ/
| Кь кь
| /k͡ʟ̝̊ʼ/, /ʟ̝/
| Кьв кьв
| /k͡ʟ̝̊ʷʼ/
| colspan="2" |
|-
! л
| Л л
| /l/
| Лъ лъ
| /ʟ̝̊/
| Ллъ ллъ
| /ʟ̝̊ː/
| Лъв лъв
| /ʟ̝̊ʷ/
| Ллъв ллъв
| /ʟ̝̊ːʷ/
| Лӏ лӏ
| /k͡ʟ̝̊/
| Лӏв лӏв
| /k͡ʟ̝̊ʷ/
| colspan="2" |
|-
! м
| М м
| /m/
| colspan="14" |
|-
! н
| Н н
| /n/
| colspan="14" |
|-
! о
| О о
| /o/
| Оӏ оӏ
| /oˤ/
| О́ о́
| /ó/
| О́о о́о
| /óː/
| О́ӏ о́ӏ
| /óˤ/
| colspan="6" |
|-
! п
| П п
| /p/
| пп
| /pː/
| Пӏ пӏ
| /pʼ/
| colspan="10" |
|-
! р
| Р р
| /r/
| colspan="14" |
|-
! с
| С с
| /s/
| Сс сс
| /sː/
| Св св
| /sʷ/
| Ссв ссв
| /sːʷ/
| colspan="8" |
|-
! т
| Т т
| /t/
| тт
| /tː/
| Тӏ тӏ
| /tʼ/
| Тв тв
| /tʷ/
| colspan="8" |
|-
! у
| У у
| /u/
| Уӏ уӏ
| /uˤ/
| У́ у́
| /ú/
| У́у у́у
| /úː/
| У́ӏ у́ӏ
| /úˤ/
| colspan="6" |
|-
! rowspan="2" | х
| Х х
| /χ/
| Хх хх
| /χː/
| Хв хв
| /χʷ/
| Ххв ххв
| /χːʷ/
| Хӏ хӏ
| /ʜ/
| Хьӏ хьӏ
| /χˤ/
| Ххьӏ ххьӏ
| /χːˤ/
| Хьӏв хьӏв
| /χˤʷ/
|-
|
|
| Ххьӏв ххьӏв
| /χːˤʷ/
| Хъ хъ
| /q/
| Хъв хъв
| /qʷ/
| Хъӏ хъӏ
| /qˤ/
| Хъӏв хъӏв
| /qˤʷ/
| colspan="4" |
|-
! ц
| Ц ц
| /t͡s/
| Цв цв
| /t͡sʷ/
| Цӏ цӏ
| /t͡sʼ/
| Цӏв цӏв
| /t͡sʷʼ/
| Цц цц
| /t͡sː/
| Ццӏ ццӏ
| /t͡sːʼ/
| colspan="4" |
|-
! ч
| Ч ч
| /t͡ʃ/
| Чв чв
| /t͡ʃʷ/
| Чӏ чӏ
| /t͡ʃʼ/
| Чӏв чӏв
| /t͡ʃʷʼ/
| Ччӏ ччӏ
| /t͡ʃːʼ/
| colspan="6" |
|-
! ш
| Ш ш
| /ʃ/
| Щ щ
| /ʃː/
| Шв шв
| /ʃʷ/
| Щв щв
| /ʃːʷ/
| colspan="8" |
|-
! ы
| ы
| /ə/
| colspan="14" |
|-
! ъ
| ъ
| /ʔ/
| colspan="4" | various others, see above
| colspan="10" |
|}
== UTA Latin ==
{| class="wikitable"
!
UTA Latin
!Cyrillic
|-
|A a
|А а
|-
|B b
|Б б
|-
|C c
|Ц ц
|-
|Ç ç
|Цӏ цӏ
|-
|D d
|Д д
|-
|Ð ð
|Дв дв
|-
|E e
|Е е
|-
|F f
|пп
|-
|G g
|Г г
|-
|Ᵹ ᵹ
|Гъӏ гъӏ
|-
|Ƣ ƣ
|Гъ гъ
|-
|H h
|Гь гь
|-
|Ч ч
|Хх хх
|-
|I i
|И и
|-
|Ь ь
|(/ʼ/)
|-
|Ի ի
|Къӏв къӏв
|-
|J j
|Й й
|-
|K k
|К к
|-
|Ќ ḱ
|Кӏ кӏ
|-
|L l
|Л л
|-
|Ꝉ ꝉ
|Лъ лъ
|-
|M m
|М м
|-
|N n
|Н н
|-
|O o
|О о
|-
|P p
|П п
|-
|Ꞃ ꞃ
|Пӏ пӏ
|-
|Q q
|Хъ хъ
|-
|Ꝗ ꝗ
|Къ къ
|-
|R r
|Р р
|-
|S s
|С с
|-
|Ş ş
|Сс сс
|-
|ʕ ſ
|Ш ш
|-
|T t
|Т т
|-
|Þ þ
|тт
|-
|U u
|У у
|-
|W w
|В в
|-
|X x
|Х х
|-
|Y y
|Гӏ гӏ
|-
|Z z
|З з
|-
|Ż ż
|Цц цц
|-
|Ƶ ƶ
|Ж ж
|-
|Ʒ ʒ
|Жв жв
|-
|Ɂ ɂ
|ъ
|-
|Ե ե
|Щ щ
|-
|Г г
|Зв зв
|-
|Ӻ ӻ
|Ч ч
|-
|Ԏ ԏ
|Ссв ссв
|-
|Ֆ ֆ
|Чӏ чӏ
|-
|Ֆ̇ ֆ̇
|Ччӏ ччӏ
|-
|Ə ə
|ы
|-
|I ı
|(/ˤ/)
|-
|J ȷ
|(/ʷ/)
|}
654exsybu3bt3sqki53bbozas2fca47
490
461
2022-11-18T07:12:29Z
MightyXIV
51942497
490
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Archi does not have written form alphabets, except in studies by specialists who used the Latin script. In 2006, the Surrey Morphology Group developed a Cyrillic alphabet for Archi based on the Avar alphabet, which is used in the Archi–Russian–English Dictionary alongside an IPA transcription.
== SMG Cyrillic ==
{| class="wikitable IPA" style="text-align:center"
|+ Practical orthography of Archi by SMG
|-
! rowspan="2" | Base letter
! colspan="16" | Derived letters and their pronunciation in IPA
|-
!
! IPA
!
! IPA
!
! IPA
!
! IPA
!
! IPA
!
! IPA
!
! IPA
!
! IPA
|-
! а
| А а
| /a/
| Аӏ аӏ
| /aˤ/
| А́ а́
| /á/
| А́а а́а
| /áː/
| А́ӏ а́ӏ
| /áˤ/
| colspan="6" |
|-
! б
| Б б
| /b/
| colspan="14" |
|-
! в
| В в
| /w/
| colspan="4" | various others, see below
| colspan="10" |
|-
! г
| Г г
| /ɡ/
| Гв гв
| /ɡʷ/
| Гь гь
| /h/
| Гъ гъ
| /ʁ/
| Гъв гъв
| /ʁʷ/
| Гъӏ гъӏ
| /ʁˤ/
| Гъӏв гъӏв
| /ʁˤʷ/
| Гӏ гӏ
| /ʡ/
|-
! д
| Д д
| /d/
| Дв дв
| /dʷ/
| colspan="12" |
|-
! е
| Е е
| /e/
| Еӏ еӏ
| /eˤ/
| Е́ е́
| /é/
| Е́е е́е
| /éː/
| Е́ӏ е́ӏ
| /éˤ/
| colspan="6" |
|-
! ж
| Ж ж
| /ʒ/
| Жв жв
| /ʒʷ/
| colspan="12" |
|-
! з
| З з
| /z/
| Зв зв
| /zʷ/
| colspan="12" |
|-
! и
| И и
| /i/
| Иӏ иӏ
| /iˤ/
| И́ и́
| /í/
| И́и и́и
| /íː/
| и́ӏ
| /íˤ/
| colspan="6" |
|-
! й
| Й й
| /j/
| colspan="14" |
|-
! rowspan="2" | к
| К к
| /k/
| кк
| /kː/
| Кв кв
| /kʷ/
| ккв
| /kːʷ/
| Кӏ кӏ
| /kʼ/
| Кӏв кӏв
| /kʷʼ/
| Къ къ
| /qʼ/
| Къв къв
| /qʷʼ/
|-
|
|
| ккъ
| /qːʼ/
| Къӏ къӏ
| /qˤʼ/
| Ккъӏ ккъӏ
| /qːˤʼ/
| Къӏв къӏв
| /qˤʷʼ/
| Кь кь
| /k͡ʟ̝̊ʼ/, /ʟ̝/
| Кьв кьв
| /k͡ʟ̝̊ʷʼ/
| colspan="2" |
|-
! л
| Л л
| /l/
| Лъ лъ
| /ʟ̝̊/
| Ллъ ллъ
| /ʟ̝̊ː/
| Лъв лъв
| /ʟ̝̊ʷ/
| Ллъв ллъв
| /ʟ̝̊ːʷ/
| Лӏ лӏ
| /k͡ʟ̝̊/
| Лӏв лӏв
| /k͡ʟ̝̊ʷ/
| colspan="2" |
|-
! м
| М м
| /m/
| colspan="14" |
|-
! н
| Н н
| /n/
| colspan="14" |
|-
! о
| О о
| /o/
| Оӏ оӏ
| /oˤ/
| О́ о́
| /ó/
| О́о о́о
| /óː/
| О́ӏ о́ӏ
| /óˤ/
| colspan="6" |
|-
! п
| П п
| /p/
| пп
| /pː/
| Пӏ пӏ
| /pʼ/
| colspan="10" |
|-
! р
| Р р
| /r/
| colspan="14" |
|-
! с
| С с
| /s/
| Сс сс
| /sː/
| Св св
| /sʷ/
| Ссв ссв
| /sːʷ/
| colspan="8" |
|-
! т
| Т т
| /t/
| тт
| /tː/
| Тӏ тӏ
| /tʼ/
| Тв тв
| /tʷ/
| colspan="8" |
|-
! у
| У у
| /u/
| Уӏ уӏ
| /uˤ/
| У́ у́
| /ú/
| У́у у́у
| /úː/
| У́ӏ у́ӏ
| /úˤ/
| colspan="6" |
|-
! rowspan="2" | х
| Х х
| /χ/
| Хх хх
| /χː/
| Хв хв
| /χʷ/
| Ххв ххв
| /χːʷ/
| Хӏ хӏ
| /ʜ/
| Хьӏ хьӏ
| /χˤ/
| Ххьӏ ххьӏ
| /χːˤ/
| Хьӏв хьӏв
| /χˤʷ/
|-
|
|
| Ххьӏв ххьӏв
| /χːˤʷ/
| Хъ хъ
| /q/
| Хъв хъв
| /qʷ/
| Хъӏ хъӏ
| /qˤ/
| Хъӏв хъӏв
| /qˤʷ/
| colspan="4" |
|-
! ц
| Ц ц
| /t͡s/
| Цв цв
| /t͡sʷ/
| Цӏ цӏ
| /t͡sʼ/
| Цӏв цӏв
| /t͡sʷʼ/
| Цц цц
| /t͡sː/
| Ццӏ ццӏ
| /t͡sːʼ/
| colspan="4" |
|-
! ч
| Ч ч
| /t͡ʃ/
| Чв чв
| /t͡ʃʷ/
| Чӏ чӏ
| /t͡ʃʼ/
| Чӏв чӏв
| /t͡ʃʷʼ/
| Ччӏ ччӏ
| /t͡ʃːʼ/
| colspan="6" |
|-
! ш
| Ш ш
| /ʃ/
| Щ щ
| /ʃː/
| Шв шв
| /ʃʷ/
| Щв щв
| /ʃːʷ/
| colspan="8" |
|-
! ы
| ы
| /ə/
| colspan="14" |
|-
! ъ
| ъ
| /ʔ/
| colspan="4" | various others, see above
| colspan="10" |
|}
== UTA Latin ==
{| class="wikitable"
!
UTA Latin
!Cyrillic
|-
|A a
|А а
|-
|B b
|Б б
|-
|C c
|Ц ц
|-
|Ç ç
|Цӏ цӏ
|-
|D d
|Д д
|-
|Ð ð
|Дв дв
|-
|E e
|Е е
|-
|F f
|пп
|-
|G g
|Г г
|-
|Ᵹ ᵹ
|Гъӏ гъӏ
|-
|Ƣ ƣ
|Гъ гъ
|-
|H h
|Гь гь
|-
|Ч ч
|Хх хх
|-
|I i
|И и
|-
|Ь ь
|(/ʼ/)
|-
|Ի ի
|Къӏв къӏв
|-
|J j
|Й й
|-
|K k
|К к
|-
|Ќ ḱ
|Кӏ кӏ
|-
|L l
|Л л
|-
|Ꝉ ꝉ
|Лъ лъ
|-
|M m
|М м
|-
|N n
|Н н
|-
|O o
|О о
|-
|P p
|П п
|-
|Ꞃ ꞃ
|Пӏ пӏ
|-
|Q q
|Хъ хъ
|-
|Ꝗ ꝗ
|Къ къ
|-
|R r
|Р р
|-
|S s
|С с
|-
|Ş ş
|Сс сс
|-
|ʕ ſ
|Ш ш
|-
|T t
|Т т
|-
|Þ þ
|тт
|-
|U u
|У у
|-
|W w
|В в
|-
|X x
|Х х
|-
|Y y
|Гӏ гӏ
|-
|Z z
|З з
|-
|Ż ż
|Цц цц
|-
|Ƶ ƶ
|Ж ж
|-
|Ʒ ʒ
|Жв жв
|-
|Ɂ ɂ
|ъ
|-
|Ե ե
|Щ щ
|-
|Г г
|Зв зв
|-
|Ӻ ӻ
|Ч ч
|-
|Ԏ ԏ
|Ссв ссв
|-
|Ֆ ֆ
|Чӏ чӏ
|-
|Ֆ̇ ֆ̇
|Ччӏ ччӏ
|-
|Ə ə
|ы
|-
|I ı
|(/ˤ/)
|-
|J ȷ
|(/ʷ/)
|}
574vfsfibpnim5geyce3ydagzxzsw63
Bagzuv Language
0
261
481
2022-10-13T02:34:03Z
MightyXIV
51942497
added consonants, vowels and Some word rules
481
wikitext
text/x-wiki
=== '''IPA Consonants''' ===
<small>may be Romanized to understand easier</small>
{|
!
!Blibial
!Labial-dental
!Palatal
!Alveolar
!Velar
!Labial-velar
|-
|Plosive
|b
|
|c(k)
|t, d
|g(go)
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|
|z
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|
|
|
|
|x(h)
|
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|j(y)
|
|
|w
|}
=== '''IPA Vowels''' ===
{|
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
|Close
|
|
|u(b<u>oo</u>t)
|-
|Mid
|
|ə(uh)
|
|-
|Open-mid
|ɜ(eh)
|
|
|-
|Near-open
|
|ɐ(ah)
|
|-
|Open
|a(<u>a</u>t)
|
|
|}
=== '''Words Rules''' ===
* '''Word Structure:''' CVCCV(C)
* '''Sentence Structure:''' Subject-Object-Verb
s9wr3ns9954cwmd9erypjxhwoxp2v7q
482
481
2022-10-13T13:47:47Z
MightyXIV
51942497
fixed the table and gave more word and sentence rules
482
wikitext
text/x-wiki
=== '''IPA Consonants''' ===
<small>may be Romanized to understand easier</small>
{| class="fandom-table"
!
!Blibial
!Labial-dental
!Palatal
!Alveolar
!Velar
!Labial-velar
|-
|Plosive
|b
|
|c(k)
|t, d
|g(go)
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|
|z
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|
|f, v
|
|
|x(h)
|
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|j(y)
|
|
|w
|}
=== '''IPA Vowels''' ===
{| class="fandom-table"
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
|Close
|
|
|u(b<u>oo</u>t)
|-
|Mid
|
|ə(uh)
|
|-
|Open-mid
|ɜ(eh)
|
|
|-
|Near-open
|
|ɐ(ah)
|
|-
|Open
|a(<u>a</u>t)
|
|
|}
=== Words Rules ===
* '''Word Structure:''' CVCCV(C)
* '''Sentence Structure:''' Subject-Object-Verb
*'''Sentence Word Order:''' (adjective)- Subject- (Prepositional phrase)-Object-Verb
==== Nouns ====
i9wngdc4hmkmxgyts5khhqavkxl2hq7
483
482
2022-10-13T16:39:27Z
MightyXIV
51942497
more things
483
wikitext
text/x-wiki
=== '''IPA Consonants''' ===
<small>may be Romanized to understand easier</small>
{| class="fandom-table"
!
!Blibial
!Labial-dental
!Palatal
!Alveolar
!Velar
!Labial-velar
|-
|Plosive
|b
|
|c(k)
|t, d
|g(go)
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|
|z
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|
|f, v
|
|
|x(h)
|
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|j(y)
|
|
|w
|}
=== '''IPA Vowels''' ===
{| class="fandom-table"
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
|Close
|
|
|u(b<u>oo</u>t)
|-
|Mid
|
|ə(uh)
|
|-
|Open-mid
|ɜ(eh)
|
|
|-
|Near-open
|
|ɐ(ah)
|
|-
|Open
|a(<u>a</u>t)
|
|
|}
=== Grammer ===
* '''Word Structure:''' CVCCV(C)
* '''Sentence Structure:''' Subject-Object-Verb
*'''Sentence Word Order:''' (adjective)- Subject- (Prepositional phrase)-Object-Verb
To pluralized ''add (u) at end of word''
* yatzo=A (singular)
* Yatzu=A(plural)
==== Pronouns ====
==== Verb tenses ====
ak6b3gsjpdv3d6brax87n2bv5gguh8w
484
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MightyXIV
51942497
484
wikitext
text/x-wiki
=== '''IPA Consonants''' ===
<small>may be Romanized to understand easier</small>
{| class="fandom-table"
!
!Blibial
!Labial-dental
!Palatal
!Alveolar
!Velar
!Labial-velar
|-
|Plosive
|b
|
|c(k)
|t, d
|g(go)
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|
|z
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|
|f, v
|
|
|x(h)
|
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|j(y)
|
|
|w
|}
=== '''IPA Vowels''' ===
{| class="fandom-table"
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
|Close
|
|
|u(b<u>oo</u>t)
|-
|Mid
|
|ə(uh)
|
|-
|Open-mid
|ɜ(eh)
|
|
|-
|Near-open
|
|ɐ(ah)
|
|-
|Open
|a(<u>a</u>t)
|
|
|}
=== Grammer ===
* '''Word Structure:''' CVCCV(C)
* '''Sentence Structure:''' Subject-Object-Verb
*'''Sentence Word Order:''' (adjective)- Subject- (Prepositional phrase)-Object-Verb
To pluralized ''add (u) at end of word''
* yatze =A (singular)
* Yatzu =A (plural)
==== Pronouns ====
{| class="fandom-table"
!
!Nominative <sub>(doing the action)</sub>
!Dative <sub>(receiver of action)</sub>
!Instrumentive <sub>(using the object)</sub>
|-
|1st person Singular
|I
|to me
| rowspan="6" |<big>with</big>
|-
|2nd person Singular
|You
|to you
|-
|3rd person Singular Male
|He
|to his
|-
|3rd Person Singular Female
|She
|to her
|-
|1st person Plural
|We
|to us
|-
|2nd Person Plural
|You all
|to you all
|}
==== Verb tenses ====
{| class="fandom-table"
|+
!Ongoing Present
!Past
!Remote Past
!Futue
|-
|add gɐ
|add zə
|add zɐ
|add gə
|}
*
hqdrwbbkqpgb2oqkgwg1dprlzlucvvn
485
484
2022-10-13T22:23:10Z
MightyXIV
51942497
485
wikitext
text/x-wiki
=== '''IPA Consonants''' ===
<small>may be Romanized to understand easier</small>
{| class="fandom-table"
!
!Blibial
!Labial-dental
!Palatal
!Alveolar
!Velar
!Labial-velar
|-
|Plosive
|b
|
|c(k)
|t, d
|g(go)
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|
|z
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|
|f, v
|
|
|x(h)
|
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|j(y)
|
|
|w
|}
=== '''IPA Vowels''' ===
{| class="fandom-table"
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
|Close
|
|
|u(b<u>oo</u>t)
|-
|Mid
|
|ə(uh)
|
|-
|Open-mid
|ɜ(eh)
|
|
|-
|Near-open
|
|ɐ(ah)
|
|-
|Open
|a(<u>a</u>t)
|
|
|}
=== Grammer ===
* '''Word Structure:''' CVCCV(C)
*'''Word Structure when using tenses, and Gendered pronouns:''' CVCVCCV(C)
* '''Sentence Structure:''' Subject-Object-Verb
*'''Sentence Word Order:''' (adjective)- Subject- (Prepositional phrase)-Object-Verb
*Only X, W, and Y can't be used after a vowel
*Word syllables happen every CVC
To pluralized ''add (u) at end of word''
* yatzu =A (singular)
* Yetze =A (plural)
==== Pronouns ====
{| class="fandom-table"
!
!Nominative <sub>(doing the action)</sub>
!Dative <sub>(receiver of action)</sub>
!Instrumentive <sub>(using the object)</sub>
|-
|1st person Singular
|Xuvzak= I
|Yuvtad= to me
| rowspan="6" |<big>Xetwadcutyet= With</big>
|-
|2nd person Singular
|Cazbuc= You
|Fazdac= to you
|-
|3rd person Singular Male
|Bazha= He
|Babza= to his
|-
|3rd Person Singular Female
|Zubhu= She
|Zuzbu= to her
|-
|1st person Plural
|Xezfec= We
|Xeczef= to us
|-
|2nd Person Plural
|Cebdez= You all
|Cezbed= to you all
|}
==== Verb tenses ====
{| class="fandom-table"
|+
!Ongoing Present
!Past
!Remote Past
!Futue
|-
|add gɐ
|add zə
|add zɐ
|add gə
|}
*
qm2pdc1hhtyce763vzu26yjhkb7f083
486
485
2022-10-14T16:29:31Z
MightyXIV
51942497
fixed and simplefied some things added some woords
486
wikitext
text/x-wiki
=== '''IPA Consonants''' ===
<small>may be Romanized to understand easier</small>
{| class="fandom-table"
!
!Blibial
!Labial-dental
!Palatal
!Alveolar
!Velar
!Labial-velar
|-
|Plosive
|b
|
|c(k)
|t, d
|g(go)
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|
|z
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|
|f, v
|
|
|x(h)
|
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|j(y)
|
|
|w
|}
=== '''IPA Vowels''' ===
{| class="fandom-table"
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
|Close
|
|
|u(b<u>oo</u>t)
|-
|Mid
|
|ə(uh)
|
|-
|Open-mid
|ɜ(eh)
|
|
|-
|Near-open
|
|ɐ(ah)
|
|-
|Open
|a(<u>a</u>t)
|
|
|}
=== Grammer ===
* '''Word Structure:''' CVCCV(C)
*'''Word Structure when using tenses:''' CVCVCCV(C)
* '''Sentence Structure:''' Subject-Object-Verb
*'''Sentence Word Order:''' (adjective)- Subject- (Prepositional phrase)-Object-Verb
*'''Extras''': X, W, and Y can't be used after a vowel. Syllables happen every CVC unless tenses are being used
To pluralized ''add (u) at end of word'' Ex:
* yatzu =A (singular)
* Yetze =A (plural)
==== Pronouns ====
{| class="fandom-table"
!
!Nominative <sub>(doing the action)</sub>
!Dative <sub>(receiver of action)</sub>
!Instrumentive <sub>(using the object)</sub>
|-
|1st person Singular
|Xuvzac= I
|Yuvtad= to me
| rowspan="6" |<big>Xetwadcutyet= With</big>
|-
|2nd person Singular
|Cazbuc= You
|Fazdac= to you
|-
|3rd person Singular Male
|Bazxa= He
|Babza= to his
|-
|3rd Person Singular Female
|Zubxu= She
|Zuzbu= to her
|-
|1st person Plural
|Xezfec= We
|Xeczef= to us
|-
|2nd Person Plural
|Cebdez= You all
|Cezbed= to you all
|}
==== Verb tenses ====
{| class="fandom-table"
|+
!Ongoing Present
!Past
!Remote Past
!Futue
|-
|add gɐ
|add zə
|add zɐ
|add gə
|}
=== Dictionary ===
==== Jobs ====
* '''Wavwe'''\Wahv-weh = '''miner'''
==== Verb ====
* '''Cefduc'''\Kehf-douk ='''cook'''
==== Objects ====
* '''Befdadvutyed'''\behf-dad-vuht-yehd = '''pot'''
* '''Yevzuvxaf'''\yehv-zuhv-hahhf = '''movie'''
* '''Gadwavtefwuk'''\Gad-wahv-tehf-wuhk = '''table'''
* '''Cudyed'''\Kuhd-yehd = '''coin'''
==== Loan Words ====
*
0982o21fpl5mhutanrirf6qiae36feg
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MightyXIV
51942497
487
wikitext
text/x-wiki
=== '''IPA Consonants''' ===
<small>may be Romanized to understand easier</small>
{| class="fandom-table"
!
!Blibial
!Labial-dental
!Palatal
!Alveolar
!Velar
!Labial-velar
|-
|Plosive
|b
|
|c(k)
|t, d
|g(go)
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|
|z
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|
|f, v
|
|
|x(h)
|
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|j(y)
|
|
|w
|}
=== '''IPA Vowels''' ===
{| class="fandom-table"
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
|Close
|
|
|u(b<u>oo</u>t)
|-
|Mid
|
|ə(uh)
|
|-
|Open-mid
|ɜ(eh)
|
|
|-
|Near-open
|
|ɐ(ah)
|
|-
|Open
|a(<u>a</u>t)
|
|
|}
=== Grammer ===
* '''Word Structure:''' CVCCV(C)
*'''Word Structure when using tenses:''' CVCVCCV(C)
* '''Sentence Structure:''' Subject-Object-Verb
*'''Sentence Word Order:''' (adjective)- Subject- (Prepositional phrase)-Object-Verb
*'''Extras''': X, W, and Y can't be used after a vowel. Syllables happen every CVC unless tenses are being used
To pluralized ''add all (e) in word'' Ex:
* yatzu =A (singular)
* Yetze =A (plural)
==== Pronouns ====
{| class="fandom-table"
!
!Nominative <sub>(doing the action)</sub>
!Dative <sub>(receiver of action)</sub>
!Instrumentive <sub>(using the object)</sub>
|-
|1st person Singular
|Xuvzac= I
|Yuvtad= to me
| rowspan="6" |<big>Xetwadcutyet= With</big>
|-
|2nd person Singular
|Cazbuc= You
|Fazdac= to you
|-
|3rd person Singular Male
|Bazxa= He
|Babza= to his
|-
|3rd Person Singular Female
|Zubxu= She
|Zuzbu= to her
|-
|1st person Plural
|Xezfec= We
|Xeczef= to us
|-
|2nd Person Plural
|Cebdez= You all
|Cezbed= to you all
|}
==== Verb tenses ====
{| class="fandom-table"
|+
!Ongoing Present
!Past
!Remote Past
!Futue
|-
|add gɐ
|add zə
|add zɐ
|add gə
|}
=== Dictionary ===
==== Jobs ====
* '''Wavwe'''\Wahv-weh ='''miner'''
==== Verb ====
* '''Cefduc'''\Kehf-douk ='''cook'''
*'''Zevfecxug'''\zehv-fehk-huhg ='''Slap'''
==== Objects ====
* '''Befdadvutyed'''\behf-dad-vuht-yehd ='''pot'''
* '''Yevzuvxaf'''\yehv-zuhv-hahhf ='''movie'''
* '''Gadwavtefwuk'''\Gad-wahv-tehf-wuhk ='''table'''
* '''Cudyed'''\Kuhd-yehd ='''coin'''
*'''Bugxup'''\Buhg-hoop ='''Climate'''
*'''Yudwazguvbuc'''\Yuhd-waz-guhv-booc ='''Cat'''
*'''Xacgecxuvyuv'''\hahc-gehc-huhv-yuhv ='''Cake'''
==== Loan Words ====
==== Descriptions ====
* '''Yatzuvvucbugve=a danger'''\Yat-zoov-vuhc-buhg-veh ='''dangerous'''
==== Characters ====
*
8q5bamuwwz57b80zzsu4hdhe063vtrx
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MightyXIV
51942497
488
wikitext
text/x-wiki
=== '''IPA Consonants''' ===
<small>may be Romanized to understand easier</small>
{| class="fandom-table"
!
!Blibial
!Labial-dental
!Palatal
!Alveolar
!Velar
!Labial-velar
|-
|Plosive
|b
|
|c(s)
|t, d
|g(go) x (final:ks)
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|
|z,x (initial:zh)
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|
|f, v
|
|
|
|
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|j(y)
|
|
|w
|}
=== '''IPA Vowels''' ===
{| class="fandom-table"
!
!Front
!Back
|-
|Close
|i
|u
|-
|Close-Mid
|e
|
|}
=== Grammer ===
* '''Word Structure:''' CVCCV(C)
*'''Word Structure when using tenses:''' CVCVCCV(C)
* '''Sentence Structure:''' Subject-Object-Verb
*'''Sentence Word Order:''' (adjective)- Subject- (Prepositional phrase)-Object-Verb
*'''Extras''': X, W, and Y can't be used after a vowel. Syllables happen every CVC unless tenses are being used
To pluralized ''add all (e) in word'' Ex:
* yatzu =A (singular)
* Yetze =A (plural)
==== Pronouns ====
{| class="fandom-table"
!
!Nominative <sub>(doing the action)</sub>
!Dative <sub>(receiver of action)</sub>
!Instrumentive <sub>(using the object)</sub>
|-
|1st person Singular
|Xuvzac= I
|Yuvtad= to me
| rowspan="6" |<big>Xetwadcutyet= With</big>
|-
|2nd person Singular
|Cazbuc= You
|Fazdac= to you
|-
|3rd person Singular Male
|Bazxa= He
|Babza= to his
|-
|3rd Person Singular Female
|Zubxu= She
|Zuzbu= to her
|-
|1st person Plural
|Xezfec= We
|Xeczef= to us
|-
|2nd Person Plural
|Cebdez= You all
|Cezbed= to you all
|}
==== Verb tenses ====
{| class="fandom-table"
|+
!Ongoing Present
!Past
!Remote Past
!Futue
|-
|add gɐ
|add zə
|add zɐ
|add gə
|}
=== Dictionary ===
==== Jobs ====
* '''Wavwe'''\Wahv-weh ='''miner'''
==== Verb ====
* '''Cefduc'''\Kehf-douk ='''cook'''
*'''Zevfecxug'''\zehv-fehk-huhg ='''Slap'''
==== Objects ====
* '''Befdadvutyed'''\behf-dad-vuht-yehd ='''pot'''
* '''Yevzuvxaf'''\yehv-zuhv-hahhf ='''movie'''
* '''Gadwavtefwuk'''\Gad-wahv-tehf-wuhk ='''table'''
* '''Cudyed'''\Kuhd-yehd ='''coin'''
*'''Bugxup'''\Buhg-hoop ='''Climate'''
*'''Yudwazguvbuc'''\Yuhd-waz-guhv-booc ='''Cat'''
*'''Xacgecxuvyuv'''\hahc-gehc-huhv-yuhv ='''Cake'''
==== Loan Words ====
==== Descriptions ====
* '''Yatzuvvucbugve=a danger'''\Yat-zoov-vuhc-buhg-veh ='''dangerous'''
==== Characters ====
*
7r22womybgpac1bzctygybvq1bddquu
491
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2023-03-14T14:10:48Z
MightyXIV
51942497
/* Descriptions */
491
wikitext
text/x-wiki
=== '''IPA Consonants''' ===
{| class="fandom-table"
!
!Blibial
!Labial-dental
!Palatal
!Alveolar
!Velar
!Labial-velar
|-
|Plosive
|b
|
|c
|t d
|g k
|
|-
|Sibilant fricative
|
|
|
|z
|
|
|-
|Non-sibilant fricative
|
|f v
|
|
|x
|
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|j(Yy)
|
|
|w
|}
=== '''IPA Vowels''' ===
{| class="fandom-table"
!
!Front
!Back
|-
|Close
|i
|u
|-
|Close-Mid
|e
|
|}
=== Grammar ===
* '''Word Structure:''' CVC, CV(C)
* '''Sentence Structure:''' Subject-Object-Verb
*'''Extras''': X, W, and Y can't be used after a vowel. Syllables happen every CVC unless tenses are being used
=== '''<big>Pluralization</big>''' ===
* yatzu =A (singular)
* Yetze =A (plural)
==== Pronouns ====
{| class="fandom-table"
|+'''<big>Pronouns</big>'''
!Person
! colspan="2" |'''1st person'''
! colspan="2" |'''2nd person'''
! colspan="2" |'''3rd person'''
|-
!Number
!'''singular'''
!'''plural'''
!'''singular'''
!'''plural'''
!'''masc singular'''
!'''fem singular'''
|-
|'''Nominative/Accusative'''
|Xuvza
|Xevze
|Cazbu
|Cezbe
|Baz
|Zuz
|-
|'''Dative'''
|Yuvta
|Yevte
|Fazdu
|Fezde
|Bab
|Zub
|-
|'''Instrumental'''
|Xetwa
|Xetwe
|Xetwa
|Xetwe
|Xetwa
|Xetwe
|}
==== tenses ====
{| class="fandom-table"
|+
!Ongoing Present
!Past
!Remote Past
!Futue
|-
|add gɐ
|add zə
|add zɐ
|add gə
|}
=== Dictionary ===
==== Jobs ====
* '''Wavwe'''\Wahv-weh ='''miner'''
==== Verb ====
* '''Cefduc'''\Kehf-douk ='''cook'''
*'''Zevfecxug'''\zehv-fehk-huhg ='''Slap'''
==== Objects ====
* '''Befdadvutyed'''\behf-dad-vuht-yehd ='''pot'''
* '''Yevzuvxaf'''\yehv-zuhv-hahhf ='''movie'''
* '''Gadwavtefwuk'''\Gad-wahv-tehf-wuhk ='''table'''
* '''Cudyed'''\Kuhd-yehd ='''coin'''
*'''Bugxup'''\Buhg-hoop ='''Climate'''
*'''Yudwazguvbuc'''\Yuhd-waz-guhv-booc ='''Cat'''
*'''Xacgecxuvyuv'''\hahc-gehc-huhv-yuhv ='''Cake'''
==== Loan Words ====
==== Descriptions ====
* '''Yatzuvvucbugve=a danger'''\Yat-zoov-vuhc-buhg-veh ='''dangerous'''
==== Characters ====
*
5uok7h4b37y6u4xc3hkgwogz7moz6wh
Bai-Youe
0
215
351
2018-05-09T09:30:50Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "Bai-Youe is a transcription system for Townsteadian language (normally written with Chinese characters), an official language in Townstead, Econesia. Bai-Youe uses Latin scrip..."
351
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Bai-Youe is a transcription system for Townsteadian language (normally written with Chinese characters), an official language in Townstead, Econesia. Bai-Youe uses Latin script.
== Consonants ==
{| class="article-table"
!Bai-Youe
!Kei-Youe
!IPA
|-
|p
|
|[p]
|-
|ph
|
|[pʰ]
|-
|b
|
|[b]
|-
|m
|
|[m]
|-
|t
|
|[t]
|-
|th
|
|[tʰ]
|-
|d
|
|[d]
|-
|d·d
|
|[dː]
|-
|r
|
|[ʕ]
|-
|c
|
|[d͡ʒ]
|-
|ch
|
|[t͡ʃ]
|-
|z
|
|[ʒ]
|-
|g
|
|[g]
|-
|v
|
|[w]
|-
|y
|
|[j]
|-
|s
|
|[s]
|-
|sh
|
|[ʃ]
|-
|l
|
|[l]
|-
|l·l
|
|[lː]
|-
|k
|
|[k]
|-
|n
|
|[n]
|-
|nh
|
|[ŋ]
|-
|h
|
|[h]
|}
== Vowels ==
{| class="article-table"
!Bai-Youe
!Kei-Youe
!IPA
|-
|æ
|
|[æ]
|-
|æ̤
|
|[æː]
|-
|æn
|
|[æn]
|-
|æ̤n
|
|[æːn]
|-
|æng
|
|[æŋ]
|-
|æ̤ng
|
|[æːŋ]
|-
|a
|
|[a]
|-
|a̤
|
|[aː]
|-
|an
|
|[an]
|-
|a̤n
|
|[aːn]
|-
|ang
|
|[aŋ]
|-
|a̤ng
|
|[aːŋ]
|-
|aa
|
|[ə]
|-
|aa̤
|
|[əː]
|-
|aan
|
|[ən]
|-
|aa̤n
|
|[əːn]
|-
|aang
|
|[əŋ]
|-
|aa̤ng
|
|[əːŋ]
|-
|e
|
|[e]
|-
|e̤
|
|[eː]
|-
|en
|
|[en]
|-
|e̤n
|
|[eːn]
|-
|eng
|
|[eŋ]
|-
|e̤ng
|
|[eːŋ]
|-
|i
|
|[i]
|-
|i̤
|
|[iː]
|-
|in
|
|[in]
|-
|i̤n
|
|[iːn]
|-
|ing
|
|[iŋ]
|-
|i̤ng
|
|[iːŋ]
|-
|o
|
|[ɔ]
|-
|o̤
|
|[ɔː]
|-
|on
|
|[ɔn]
|-
|o̤n
|
|[ɔːn]
|-
|ong
|
|[ɔŋ]
|-
|o̤ng
|
|[ɔːŋ]
|-
|oo
|
|[o]
|-
|oo̤
|
|[oː]
|-
|oon
|
|[on]
|-
|oo̤n
|
|[oːn]
|-
|oong
|
|[oŋ]
|-
|oo̤ng
|
|[oːŋ]
|-
|u
|
|[u]
|-
|ṳ
|
|[uː]
|-
|un
|
|[un]
|-
|ṳn
|
|[uːn]
|-
|ung
|
|[uŋ]
|-
|ṳng
|
|[uːŋ]
|-
|œ
|
|[œ]
|-
|œ̤
|
|[œː]
|-
|m
|
|[m̩]
|-
|n
|
|[n̩]
|-
|<nowiki>-p</nowiki>
|
|[p̚]
|-
|<nowiki>-t</nowiki>
|
|[t̚]
|-
|<nowiki>-k</nowiki>
|
|[k̚]
|}
== Tones ==
{| class="article-table"
!Tone number
!Tone name
!Bai-Youe
!Kei-Youe
!IPA
|-
|H
|High
|Bai-Youēʜ
|
|[˥]
|-
|6
|High Falling
|Bai-Youè
|
|[˥˩]
|-
|5
|Low Dipping
|Bai-Youê
|
|[˨˩˧]
|-
|4
|Mid Rising
|Bai-Youé
|
|[˧˥]
|-
|L
|Low
|Bai-Youēʟ
|
|[˩]
|-
|3
|Low Rising
|Bai-Youĕ
|
|[˩˩˧]
|-
|2
|Glottalised Mid Rising
|Bai-<span style="text-decoration:overline;">Youe</span><br>(-p, -t, -k)
|
|[˧ˀ˥]
|-
|M
|Mid
|Bai-Youēᴍ
|
|[˧]
|}
== Examples ==
* Townstead: Tō̤nʜ-sdǽm [tɔːn˥stæm˧˥]
o56idpayjjqsr1sv89iic0uminj6ypq
Bangtanian alphabet
0
233
400
2018-06-02T00:51:52Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "The Bangtanian alphabet is a Latin-based alphabet used to write Bangtanian, an official language in Bangtanmachi State, Econesia, and it consists of 26 letters of the ISO Basi..."
400
wikitext
text/x-wiki
The Bangtanian alphabet is a Latin-based alphabet used to write Bangtanian, an official language in Bangtanmachi State, Econesia, and it consists of 26 letters of the ISO Basic Latin alphabet plus letters with diacritics Ă, Â, Č, Đ, Î, Ï, Ñ, Ǒ, Ș, Ț, Ǔ, the digraphs Dj and Ng, making it similar to Romanian alphabet.
{| class="wikitable"
!
Letter
!
Name
!
IPA
|-
|A a
|a
|/ə/
|-
|Ă ă
|ă
|/æ/
|-
|Â â
|â
|/ɤ/
|-
|B b
|be
|/b/
|-
|C c
|ce
|/k/
|-
|Č č
|če
|/tʃ/
|-
|D d
|de
|/z/, /j/
|-
|Đ đ
|đe
|/d/
|-
|E e
|e
|/e/
|-
|F f
|ef
|/f/
|-
|G g
|ge
|/g/
|-
|H h
|ha
|/h/, /x/
|-
|I i
|i
|/i/
|-
|Î î
|î
|/ɨ/
|-
|Ï ï
|ï
|/ɪ/
|-
|J j
|je
|/ʒ/
|-
|Dj dj
|dje
|/dʒ/
|-
|K k
|ka
|/k/
|-
|L l
|el
|/l/
|-
|M m
|em
|/m/
|-
|N n
|en
|/n/
|-
|Ñ ñ
|eñe
|/nj/
|-
|Ng ng
|nge
|/ŋ/
|-
|O o
|o
|/ɔ/, /o/
|-
|Ǒ ǒ
|ǒ
|/ɤ/
|-
|P p
|pe
|/p/
|-
|Q q
|chu
|/k/, /tʃ/
|-
|R r
|er
|/ɹ/
|-
|S s
|es
|/s/
|-
|Ș ș
|eș
|/ʃ/
|-
|T t
|te
|/t/
|-
|Ț ț
|țe
|/ts/, /dz/
|-
|U u
|u
|/u/, /ɥ/
|-
|Ǔ ǔ
|ǔ
|/ʊ/
|-
|V v
|ve
|/v/, /ʍ/, /w/
|-
|W w
|dubâl ve
|/v/, /ʍ/, /w/
|-
|X x
|iks
|/x/
|-
|Y y
|i gureț
|/i/
|-
|Z z
|zet
|/ts/
|}
Despite K, Q, W, Y are part of the alphabet, they are only used in loanwords or proper names and are rare (e.g. ''kilogram'', ''quasar'', ''watt'', ''yacht''). In standard Bangtanian:
* /k/ is normally C
* /ʍ/, /w/ are normally V
* /i/ is normally I
When any specific letter is not present in above alphabt, official spelling tenders to favour use (''Tōkyō'' is ''Tokyo'', ''Běijīng'' is ''Beijing'').
=== Accent marks ===
==== Acute accent ====
An acute accent represents the simultaneous occurrence of a stress and a glottal stop in the last vowel of the word.
==== Dot below ====
A dot below indicates that the glottal stop occurs at the final vowel, but the stress occurs at the penultimate syllable (e.g. nuđanïnặ).
=== Ǒ versus  ===
Both Ǒ and  denote the sound /ɤ/. Ǒ is used at the beginning and the end of the words (e.g. ǒcirdpá [ɤkiɹdpəʔ] lit. "beetroot") while  is used elsewhere (e.g. Smârfă [smɤɹfæ] lit. "Smurf").
The uppercase  only appears in all-caps text and in loanwords.
k2x4o6qqmehz1uf7c6z3jvkyx5xdvmn
Baytownian romanisation and Cyrillisation
0
216
352
2018-05-10T08:04:46Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "There are romanisation and Cyrillisation schemes for Baytownian: == Tengung Chowe == Tengung Chowe is a romanisation scheme for Baytownian, and was created in the 19th centur..."
352
wikitext
text/x-wiki
There are romanisation and Cyrillisation schemes for Baytownian:
== Tengung Chowe ==
Tengung Chowe is a romanisation scheme for Baytownian, and was created in the 19th century.
=== Consonants ===
{| class="article-table"
!Tengung Chowe
!Bopomofo
!IPA
!Examples
|-
|p
|ㄅ
|p
|
|-
|ph
|ㄆ
|pʰ
|
|-
|b
|ㆠ
|β
|
|-
|t
|ㄉ
|t
|
|-
|th
|ㄊ
|tʰ
|
|-
|k
|ㄍ
|k
|
|-
|kh
|ㄎ
|kʰ
|
|-
|g
|ㆣ
|g
|
|-
|z
|ㄗ
|ts
|
|-
|ž
|ㆡ
|dz
|
|-
|m
|ㄇ
|m
|
|-
|č
|ㄐ
|tʃ
|
|-
|j
|ㆢ
|dʒ
|
|-
|š
|ㄑ
|ʃ
|
|-
|l
|ㄌ
|l
|
|-
|n
|ㄋ
|n
|
|-
|r
|ㄖ
|ɹ
|
|-
|s
|ㄙ
|s
|
|-
|ng
|ㄫ
|ŋ
|
|-
|zh
|ㄘ
|tsʰ
|
|-
|w
|ㄪ
|ʙ
|
|-
|h
|ㄏ
|h
|
|-
|∅
|∅
|ʔ
|
|}
=== Semivowel ===
{| class="article-table"
!Tengung Chowe
!Bopomofo
!IPA
!Examples
|-
|y
|ㄧ
|j
|
|}
=== Vowels ===
{| class="article-table"
!Tengung Chowe
!Bopomofo
!IPA
!Examples
|-
|a
|ㄚ
|a
|
|-
|i
|ㄧ
|ɪ
|
|-
|u
|ㄨ
|u
|
|-
|e
|ㆤ
|ɛ
|
|-
|o
|ㆦ
|ɔ
|
|-
|ơ
|ㄠ
|ə
|
|-
|ą
|ㆩ
|ã
|
|-
|į
|ㆪ
|ɪ̃
|
|-
|ų
|ㆫ
|ũ
|
|-
|ę
|ㆥ
|ɛ̃
|
|-
|ǫ
|ㆧ
|ɔ̃
|
|-
|ǫ̛
|ㆯ
|ə̃
|
|-
|ư
|ㄞ
|ɨ
|
|-
|<nowiki>-p</nowiki>
|ㆴ
|p̚
|
|-
|<nowiki>-t</nowiki>
|ㆵ
|t̚
|
|-
|<nowiki>-k</nowiki>
|ㆶ
|k̚
|
|}
=== Syllabic consonants ===
p8n1yzetur2ccudwncr47ef1z4u75n5
353
352
2018-05-10T08:48:47Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
353
wikitext
text/x-wiki
There are romanisation and Cyrillisation schemes for Baytownian:
== Tengung Chowe ==
Tengung Chowe is a romanisation scheme for Baytownian, and was created in the 19th century.
=== Consonants ===
{| class="article-table"
!Tengung Chowe
!Bopomofo
!IPA
!Example
|-
|p
|ㄅ
|p
|péi 乙
|-
|ph
|ㄆ
|pʰ
|phą̆ 三
|-
|b
|ㆠ
|β
|búe 早
|-
|t
|ㄉ
|t
|tę̂ 日
|-
|th
|ㄊ
|tʰ
|thơ̍ 父
|-
|k
|ㄍ
|k
|kē 市
|-
|kh
|ㄎ
|kʰ
|kǫ 干
|-
|g
|ㆣ
|g
|güᴍi 廿
|-
|z
|ㄗ
|ts
|zą́ 手
|-
|ž
|ㆡ
|dz
|žüʟ 戶
|-
|m
|ㄇ
|m
|mr̊ 臯
|-
|č
|ㄐ
|tʃ
|či̍ 臣
|-
|j
|ㆢ
|dʒ
|
|-
|š
|ㄑ
|ʃ
|
|-
|l
|ㄌ
|ɫ
|
|-
|n
|ㄋ
|n
|
|-
|r
|ㄖ
|ɹ
|
|-
|s
|ㄙ
|s
|
|-
|ng
|ㄫ
|ŋ
|
|-
|zh
|ㄘ
|tsʰ
|
|-
|w
|ㄪ
|ʙ
|
|-
|h
|ㄏ
|h
|
|-
|∅
|∅
|ʔ
|
|}
=== Semivowel ===
{| class="article-table"
!Tengung Chowe
!Bopomofo
!IPA
!Example
|-
|y
|ㄧ
|j
|
|}
=== Vowels ===
{| class="article-table"
!Tengung Chowe
!Bopomofo
!IPA
!Example
|-
|a
|ㄚ
|a
|
|-
|i
|ㄧ
|ɪ
|
|-
|u
|ㄨ
|u
|
|-
|e
|ㆤ
|ɛ
|
|-
|o
|ㆦ
|ɔ
|
|-
|ơ
|ㄠ
|ə
|
|-
|ą
|ㆩ
|ã
|
|-
|į
|ㆪ
|ɪ̃
|
|-
|ų
|ㆫ
|ũ
|
|-
|ę
|ㆥ
|ɛ̃
|
|-
|ǫ
|ㆧ
|ɔ̃
|
|-
|ǫ̛
|ㆯ
|ə̃
|
|-
|ư
|ㄞ
|ɨ
|
|-
|<nowiki>-p</nowiki>
|ㆴ
|p̚
|
|-
|<nowiki>-t</nowiki>
|ㆵ
|t̚
|
|-
|<nowiki>-k</nowiki>
|ㆶ
|k̚
|
|}
=== Syllabic consonants ===
{| class="article-table"
!Tengung Chowe
!Bopomofo
!IPA
!Example
|-
|ng
|ㆭ
|ŋ̍
|
|-
|m
|ㆬ
|m̩
|
|-
|n
|ㆰ
|n̩
|
|-
|r
|ㄣ
|ɹ̩
|
|}
=== Tones ===
{| class="article-table"
!Tone ID
!Tone description
!Tengung Chowe
!Bopomofo
!IPA
!Example
|-
|H
|High
|äʜ
|ㄚ<sup>H</sup>
|˥
|
|-
|1
|High Falling
|à
|ㄚˏ
|˥˩
|
|-
|2
|Mid Rising
|ā
|ㄚˊ
|˧˥
|
|-
|3
|Mid Falling
|a
|ㄚ
|˧˩
|
|-
|<u>3</u>
|Mid Falling Checked
|a (-p, -t, -k)
|ㄚ(-ㆴ, -ㆵ, -ㆶ)
|˧˩ˤ
|
|-
|4
|Low Dipping
|ǎ
|ㄚʾ
|˨˩˧
|
|-
|M
|Medium
|äᴍ
|ㄚ<sup>M</sup>
|˧
|
|-
|5
|Low Rising
|ă
|ㄚ˕
|˩˧
|
|-
|6
|High Rising-Falling
|â
|ㄚˆ
|˧˥˦
|
|-
|7
|Harsh Mid-Falling
|å
|ㄚ˫
|˧˩ˤ˧
|
|-
|<u>7</u>
|Harsh Mid-Falling Checked
|å (-p, -t, -k)
|ㄚ˫ (-ㆴ, -ㆵ, -ㆶ)
|˧˩˧
|
|-
|8
|Glottalised Mid-Rising
|a̍
|ㄚꜣ
|˧ˀ˥
|
|-
|L
|Low
|äʟ
|ㄚ<sup>L</sup>
|˩
|
|-
|N
|Neutral
|a̔
|ㄚ·
|∅
|
|}
== Bayton Ping-Yim ==
Bayton Ping-Yim is an advanced romanisation for Baytownian, created in 1999.
{| class="article-table"
!Tengung Chowe
!Bopomofo
!IPA
!Example
|-
|p
|ㄅ
|p
|
|-
|ph
|ㄆ
|pʰ
|
|-
|b
|ㆠ
|β
|
|-
|t
|ㄉ
|t
|
|-
|th
|ㄊ
|tʰ
|
|-
|k
|ㄍ
|k
|
|-
|kh
|ㄎ
|kʰ
|
|-
|g
|ㆣ
|g
|
|-
|z
|ㄗ
|ts
|
|-
|ž
|ㆡ
|dz
|
|-
|m
|ㄇ
|m
|
|-
|č
|ㄐ
|tʃ
|
|-
|j
|ㆢ
|dʒ
|
|-
|š
|ㄑ
|ʃ
|
|-
|l
|ㄌ
|ɫ
|
|-
|n
|ㄋ
|n
|
|-
|r
|ㄖ
|ɹ
|
|-
|s
|ㄙ
|s
|
|-
|ng
|ㄫ
|ŋ
|
|-
|zh
|ㄘ
|tsʰ
|
|-
|w
|ㄪ
|ʙ
|
|-
|h
|ㄏ
|h
|
|-
|∅
|∅
|ʔ
|
|}
=== Semivowel ===
{| class="article-table"
!Tengung Chowe
!Bopomofo
!IPA
!Example
|-
|y
|ㄧ
|j
|
|}
=== Vowels ===
{| class="article-table"
!Tengung Chowe
!Bopomofo
!IPA
!Example
|-
|a
|ㄚ
|a
|
|-
|i
|ㄧ
|ɪ
|
|-
|u
|ㄨ
|u
|
|-
|e
|ㆤ
|ɛ
|
|-
|o
|ㆦ
|ɔ
|
|-
|ơ
|ㄠ
|ə
|
|-
|ą
|ㆩ
|ã
|
|-
|į
|ㆪ
|ɪ̃
|
|-
|ų
|ㆫ
|ũ
|
|-
|ę
|ㆥ
|ɛ̃
|
|-
|ǫ
|ㆧ
|ɔ̃
|
|-
|ǫ̛
|ㆯ
|ə̃
|
|-
|ư
|ㄞ
|ɨ
|
|-
|<nowiki>-p</nowiki>
|ㆴ
|p̚
|
|-
|<nowiki>-t</nowiki>
|ㆵ
|t̚
|
|-
|<nowiki>-k</nowiki>
|ㆶ
|k̚
|
|}
=== Syllabic consonants ===
{| class="article-table"
!Tengung Chowe
!Bopomofo
!IPA
!Example
|-
|ng
|ㆭ
|ŋ̍
|
|-
|m
|ㆬ
|m̩
|
|-
|n
|ㆰ
|n̩
|
|-
|r
|ㄣ
|ɹ̩
|
|}
=== Tones ===
{| class="article-table"
!Tone ID
!Tone description
!Tengung Chowe
!Bopomofo
!IPA
!Example
|-
|H
|High
|äʜ
|ㄚ<sup>H</sup>
|˥
|
|-
|1
|High Falling
|à
|ㄚˏ
|˥˩
|
|-
|2
|Mid Rising
|ā
|ㄚˊ
|˧˥
|
|-
|3
|Mid Falling
|a
|ㄚ
|˧˩
|
|-
|<u>3</u>
|Mid Falling Checked
|a (-p, -t, -k)
|ㄚ(-ㆴ, -ㆵ, -ㆶ)
|˧˩ˤ
|
|-
|4
|Low Dipping
|ǎ
|ㄚʾ
|˨˩˧
|
|-
|M
|Medium
|äᴍ
|ㄚ<sup>M</sup>
|˧
|
|-
|5
|Low Rising
|ă
|ㄚ˕
|˩˧
|
|-
|6
|High Rising-Falling
|â
|ㄚˆ
|˧˥˦
|
|-
|7
|Harsh Mid-Falling
|å
|ㄚ˫
|˧˩ˤ˧
|
|-
|<u>7</u>
|Harsh Mid-Falling Checked
|å (-p, -t, -k)
|ㄚ˫ (-ㆴ, -ㆵ, -ㆶ)
|˧˩˧
|
|-
|8
|Glottalised Mid-Rising
|a̍
|ㄚꜣ
|˧ˀ˥
|
|-
|L
|Low
|äʟ
|ㄚ<sup>L</sup>
|˩
|
|-
|N
|Neutral
|a̔
|ㄚ·
|∅
|
|}
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There are romanisation and Cyrillisation schemes for Baytownian.
== BaiTong PinYin ==
BaiTong PinYin is a romanisation scheme that used Latin alphabet and numbers as letters for tones.
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
!Bilabial
!Labio-<br>dental
!Alveolar
!Retroflex
!Post-<br>alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|''m'' /m/
|
|''n'' /n/
|''ny'' /ɳ/
|
|
|''ng'' /ŋ/
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Stop
|''p'' /p/
|
|''t'' /t/<br>''d'' /d/
|
|
|
|''k'' /k/<br>''g'' /g/
|''7'' /ʔ/
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!Sibilant
|
|
|''s'' /s/<br>''z'' /z/
|
|''ch'' /ʃ/<br>''j'' /ʒ/
|
|
|
|-
!Non-Sibilant
|
|
|
|
|
|
|''g‘'' /x/
|''h'' /ħ/
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|
|''v'' /ʋ̥/
|''r'' /ɹ/
|
|
|''y'' /y/
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Lateral approximant
|
|
|''l'' /l/
|''ll'' /ɭ/
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Flap
|
|''b'' /ⱱ/
|
|''rr'' /ɽ/
|
|
|
|
|}
s3ouoxfvvq8xt049oa56pmkx7ou3hxp
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There are romanisation and Cyrillisation schemes for Baytownian.
== BaiTong PinYin ==
BaiTong PinYin is a romanisation scheme that used Latin alphabet and numbers as letters for tones.
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
!Bilabial
!Labio-<br>dental
!Alveolar
!Retroflex
!Post-<br>alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|''m'' /m/
|
|''n'' /n/
|''ny'' /ɳ/
|
|
|''ng'' /ŋ/
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Stop
|''p'' /p/
|
|''t'' /t/<br>''d'' /d/
|
|
|
|''k'' /k/<br>''g'' /g/
|''7'' /ʔ/
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!Sibilant
|
|
|''s'' /s/<br>''z'' /z/
|
|''ch'' /ʃ/<br>''j'' /ʒ/
|
|
|
|-
!Non-Sibilant
|
|
|
|
|
|
|''g‘'' /x/
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|
|''v'' /ʋ̥/
|''r'' /ɹ/
|
|
|''y'' /j/
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Lateral approximant
|
|
|''l'' /l/
|''ll'' /ɭ/<br>''r‘'' /ɭ̆/
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Flap
|
|''b'' /ⱱ/
|
|''rr'' /ɽ/
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable"
!
!a<br>/a/
!e<br>/e/
!h<br>/ə/
!i<br>/ɪ/
!o<br>/ɔ/
!u<br>/u/
!an<br>/an/
!en<br>/en/
!hn<br>/ən/
!in<br>/ɪn/
!on<br>/ɔn/
!un<br>/un/
!ang<br>/aŋ/
!eng<br>/eŋ/
!hng<br>/əŋ/
!ing<br>/ɪŋ/
!ong<br>/ɔŋ/
!ung<br>/uŋ/
!v<br>/ə̃/
|-
!∅-
|''a''
|''e''
|''h''
|''i''
|''o''
|''u''
|''an''
|''en''
|''hn''
|''in''
|''on''
|''un''
|''ang''
|''eng''
|''hng''
|''ing''
|''ong''
|''ung''
|''v''
|-
!u-<br>/u-/
|''ua''
|''ue''
|''uh''
|''ui''
|''uo''
|
|''uan''
|''uen''
|''uhn''
|''uin''
|''uon''
|''uun''
|''uang''
|''ueng''
|''uhng''
|''uing''
|''uong''
|
|''uv''
|-
!y-<br>/j-/
|''ya''
|''ye''
|''yh''
|
|''yo''
|
|''yan''
|''yen''
|''yhn''
|''yin''
|
|
|''yang''
|''yeng''
|''yhng''
|''ying''
|''yong''
|''yung''
|''yv''
|-
!v-<br>/w/
|''va''
|''ve''
|''vh''
|''vi''
|''vo''
|
|''van''
|''ven''
|''vhn''
|''vin''
|
|''vun''
|''vang''
|''veng''
|''vhng''
|''ving''
|''vong''
|
|
|}
=== Syllabic consonants & final plosives (no audible release) ===
{| class="wikitable"
!
''ng''
!''m''
!''n''
!''r''
!''-b''
!''-d''
!''-g''
|-
|/ŋ̍/
|/m̩/
|/n̩/
|/ɹ̩/
|/p̚/
|/t̚/
|/k̚/
|}
=== Tones ===
There are 8 tones. Tones are not indicated by diacritics or final consonant letters, but numeral symbols as letters.
{| class="wikitable"
!
Tone symbol
!
Tone description
!
Pitch contour
!Examples
|-
|''1''
|Mid
|/˧/ 33
|''chvo1'' /ʃwɔ˧/
|-
|''2''
|Mid Rising
|/˧˥/ 35
|''chvo2'' /ʃwɔ˧˥/
|-
|''3''
|Low
|/˩/ 11
|''chvo3'' /ʃwɔ˩/
|-
|''3''
|Low Falling (Creaky) [-k]
|/˩̰/ 11~
|''chvog3'' /ʃwɔk̚˩̰/
|-
|''4''
|High
|/˥/ 55
|''chvo4'' /ʃwɔ˥/
|-
|''4''
|Mid Low (Breathy) [-k]
|/˧˩̤/ 31~
|''chvog4'' /ʃwɔk̚˧˩̤/
|-
|''5''
|Mid Falling
|/˧˩/ 31
|''chvo5'' /ʃwɔ˧˩/
|-
|''6''
|High Falling [-p, -t]
|/˦˨/ 42
|''chvob6'' /ʃwɔp̚˦˨/
|}
pttp9p36kv9n3y2srykhzatdcp24kvg
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29625957
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wikitext
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There are romanisation and Cyrillisation schemes for Baytownian.
== BaiTong PinYin ==
BaiTong PinYin is a romanisation scheme that used Latin alphabet and numbers as letters for tones.
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
!Bilabial
!Labio-<br>dental
!Alveolar
!Retroflex
!Post-<br>alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|''m'' /m/
|
|''n'' /n/
|''ny'' /ɳ/
|
|
|''ng'' /ŋ/
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Stop
|''p'' /p/
|
|''t'' /t/<br>''d'' /d/
|
|
|
|''k'' /k/<br>''g'' /g/
|''7'' /ʔ/
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!Sibilant
|
|
|''s'' /s/<br>''z'' /z/
|
|''ch'' /ʃ/<br>''j'' /ʒ/
|
|
|
|-
!Non-Sibilant
|
|
|
|
|
|
|''g‘'' /x/
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|
|''v'' /ʋ̥/
|''r'' /ɹ/
|
|
|''y'' /j/
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Lateral approximant
|
|
|''l'' /l/
|''ll'' /ɭ/<br>''r‘'' /ɭ̆/
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Flap
|
|''b'' /ⱱ/
|
|''rr'' /ɽ/
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable"
!
!a<br>/a/
!e<br>/e/
!h<br>/ə/
!i<br>/ɪ/
!o<br>/ɔ/
!u<br>/u/
!an<br>/an/
!en<br>/en/
!hn<br>/ən/
!in<br>/ɪn/
!on<br>/ɔn/
!un<br>/un/
!ang<br>/aŋ/
!eng<br>/eŋ/
!hng<br>/əŋ/
!ing<br>/ɪŋ/
!ong<br>/ɔŋ/
!ung<br>/uŋ/
!v<br>/ə̃/
|-
!∅-
|''a''
|''e''
|''h''
|''i''
|''o''
|''u''
|''an''
|''en''
|''hn''
|''in''
|''on''
|''un''
|''ang''
|''eng''
|''hng''
|''ing''
|''ong''
|''ung''
|''v''
|-
!u-<br>/u-/
|''ua''
|''ue''
|''uh''
|''ui''
|''uo''
|
|''uan''
|''uen''
|''uhn''
|''uin''
|''uon''
|''uun''
|''uang''
|''ueng''
|''uhng''
|''uing''
|''uong''
|
|''uv''
|-
!y-<br>/j-/
|''ya''
|''ye''
|''yh''
|
|''yo''
|
|''yan''
|''yen''
|''yhn''
|''yin''
|
|
|''yang''
|''yeng''
|''yhng''
|''ying''
|''yong''
|''yung''
|''yv''
|-
!v-<br>/w/
|''va''
|''ve''
|''vh''
|''vi''
|''vo''
|
|''van''
|''ven''
|''vhn''
|''vin''
|
|''vun''
|''vang''
|''veng''
|''vhng''
|''ving''
|''vong''
|
|
|}
=== Syllabic consonants & final plosives (no audible release) ===
{| class="wikitable"
!
''ng''
!''m''
!''n''
!''r''
!''-p''
!''-t''
!''-k''
|-
|/ŋ̍/
|/m̩/
|/n̩/
|/ɹ̩/
|/p̚/
|/t̚/
|/k̚/
|}
=== Tones ===
There are 8 tones. Tones are not indicated by diacritics or final consonant letters, but numeral symbols as letters.
{| class="wikitable"
!
Tone symbol
!
Tone description
!
Pitch contour
!Examples
|-
|''1''
|Mid
|/˧/ 33
|''chvo1'' /ʃwɔ˧/
|-
|''2''
|Mid Rising
|/˧˥/ 35
|''chvo2'' /ʃwɔ˧˥/
|-
|''3''
|Low
|/˩/ 11
|''chvo3'' /ʃwɔ˩/
|-
|''3''
|Low Falling (Creaky) [-k]
|/˩̰/ 11~
|''chvok3'' /ʃwɔk̚˩̰/
|-
|''4''
|High
|/˥/ 55
|''chvo4'' /ʃwɔ˥/
|-
|''4''
|Mid Low (Breathy) [-k]
|/˧˩̤/ 31~
|''chvok4'' /ʃwɔk̚˧˩̤/
|-
|''5''
|Mid Falling
|/˧˩/ 31
|''chvo5'' /ʃwɔ˧˩/
|-
|''6''
|High Falling [-p, -t]
|/˦˨/ 42
|''chvop6'' /ʃwɔp̚˦˨/
|}
=== Examples ===
{| class="article-table"
!English
!BaiTong PinYin
!Yongtongong
!IPA
|-
|Hello, World!
|Juong3, g‘vong4!
|Cuòng, ğwőng!
|[ʒwɔŋ˩ xwɔŋ˥]
|-
|How are you?
|Byhp6 chvan1 kvong2?
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">Byæp</span> shwán kwông?
|[ⱱjəp̚˦˨ ʃwan˧ kwoŋ˧˥]
|-
|Be quiet!
|Nyvhng5 bng1!
|Njwæ̌ng bńg!
|[ɳwəŋ˧˩ bŋ̍˧]
|-
|Teacher is trying to talk!
|7vong3 7in1 rryunk4 7o3 jat6!
|Qwòng qín r·ryu̍nk qò <span style="text-decoration:overline;">cat</span>!
|[ʔwoŋ˩ ʔin˧ ɽjunk̚˧˩̤ ʔo˩ ʒat̚˦˨]
|}
== Yongtongong Romanised ==
Yongtongong Romanised is a romanisation system for Baytownian developed by the Rimsbrook Hotel Staff in 1918, to create the signs for its hotel. It is also one of the preferred romanisation systems used in Baytownian education, and it is also used in hotels in Baytownian (in signs).
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
!Bilabial
!Labio-<br>dental
!Alveolar
!Retroflex
!Post-<br>alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|''m'' /m/
|
|''n'' /n/
|''nj'' /ɳ/
|
|
|''ng'' /ŋ/
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Stop
|''p'' /p/
|
|''t'' /t/<br>''d'' /d/
|
|
|
|''k'' /k/<br>''g'' /g/
|''q'' /ʔ/
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!Sibilant
|
|
|''s'' /s/<br>''z'' /z/
|
|''sh'' /ʃ/<br>''c'' /ʒ/
|
|
|
|-
!Non-Sibilant
|
|
|
|
|
|
|''ğ'' /x/
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|
|''w'' /ʋ̥/
|''r'' /ɹ/
|
|
|''y'' /j/
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Lateral approximant
|
|
|''l'' /l/
|''l·l'' /ɭ/<br>''rl'' /ɭ̆/
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Flap
|
|''b'' /ⱱ/
|
|''r·r'' /ɽ/
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable"
!
!a<br>/a/
!e<br>/e/
!æ<br>/ə/
!i<br>/ɪ/
!o<br>/ɔ/
!u<br>/u/
!an<br>/an/
!en<br>/en/
!æn<br>/ən/
!in<br>/ɪn/
!on<br>/ɔn/
!un<br>/un/
!ang<br>/aŋ/
!eng<br>/eŋ/
!æng<br>/əŋ/
!ing<br>/ɪŋ/
!ong<br>/ɔŋ/
!ung<br>/uŋ/
!ë<br>/ə̃/
|-
!∅-
|''a''
|''e''
|''æ''
|''i''
|''o''
|''u''
|''an''
|''en''
|''æn''
|''in''
|''on''
|''un''
|''ang''
|''eng''
|''æng''
|''ing''
|''ong''
|''ung''
|''ë''
|-
!u-<br>/u-/
|''ua''
|''ue''
|''uæ''
|''ui''
|''uo''
|
|''uan''
|''uen''
|''uæn''
|''uin''
|''uon''
|''uun''
|''uang''
|''ueng''
|''uæng''
|''uing''
|''uong''
|
|''uë''
|-
!y-<br>/j-/
|''ya''
|''ye''
|''yæ''
|
|''yo''
|
|''yan''
|''yen''
|''yæn''
|''yin''
|
|
|''yang''
|''yeng''
|''yæng''
|''ying''
|''yong''
|''yung''
|''yë''
|-
!w-<br>/w/
|''wa''
|''we''
|''wæ''
|''wi''
|''wo''
|
|''wan''
|''wen''
|''wæn''
|''win''
|
|''wun''
|''wang''
|''weng''
|''wæng''
|''wing''
|''wong''
|
|
|}
=== Syllabic consonants & final plosives (no audible release) ===
{| class="wikitable"
!
''ng''
!''m''
!''n''
!''r''
!''-p''
!''-t''
!''-k''
|-
|/ŋ̍/
|/m̩/
|/n̩/
|/ɹ̩/
|/p̚/
|/t̚/
|/k̚/
|}
=== Tones ===
Baytownian is a tonal language. In this romanisation system, tone is marked by diacritics.
'''Notes'''
* The tone mark should be placed above the vowel, according to a, e, i, o, u or ë.
* If the syllable has no vowel, tone mark a syllabic nasal or a syllabic ''r''.
* If the syllable has a high falling tone, the whole syllable is overlined: <span style="text-decoration:overline;">njyung</span> (literally "paddy field").
{| class="wikitable"
!
Tone symbol
!
Tone description
!
Pitch contour
!Examples
|-
|ˊ
|Mid
|/˧/ 33
|''shwó'' /ʃwɔ˧/
|-
|ˆ
|Mid Rising
|/˧˥/ 35
|''shwô'' /ʃwɔ˧˥/
|-
|ˋ
|Low
|/˩/ 11
|''shwò'' /ʃwɔ˩/
|-
|˚
|Low Falling (Creaky) [-k]
|/˩̰/ 11~
|''shwo̊k'' /ʃwɔk̚˩̰/
|-
|˝
|High
|/˥/ 55
|''shwő'' /ʃwɔ˥/
|-
|ˈ
|Mid Low (Breathy) [-k]
|/˧˩̤/ 31~
|''shwo̍k'' /ʃwɔk̚˧˩̤/
|-
|ˇ
|Mid Falling
|/˧˩/ 31
|''shwǒ'' /ʃwɔ˧˩/
|-
|‾
|High Falling [-p, -t]
|/˦˨/ 42
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">''shwop''</span> /ʃwɔp̚˦˨/
|}
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Bidwenthan Unified Writing
0
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29625957
Created page with "The languages of '''Bidwenthan Unified''' (all are tonal, constructed and developed in mid 13th century) had been written in Latin alphabet, since 1936. == before 1936: Arabi..."
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The languages of '''Bidwenthan Unified''' (all are tonal, constructed and developed in mid 13th century) had been written in Latin alphabet, since 1936.
== before 1936: Arabic ==
The Arabic script was the first script to be used when all Bidwenthan Unified languages are created.
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Arabic
!
پ
!
په
!
ب
!
به
!ح
!و
!ج
!ء
!س
!ت
!د
!ذ
!ر
!ز
!ض
!ط
!ي
!غ
!ظ
!ن
!چ
!ڨ
|-
!Present-day Latin
|p
|ph
|b
|bh
|hh
|w
|j
|’
|s
|t
|d
|dd
|r
|z
|dgv
|tgv
|y
|g
|zd
|n
|zh
|g
|-
!Arabic
!
ڤ
!
ڠ
!
ك
!
ل
!م
!ق
!ڠه
!ه
!كه
!له
!مه
!ذه
!يه
!بد
!بذ
!تب
!ڤي
!غي
!هم
!چه
!ﻉ
!ﻉي
|-
!Present-day Latin
|v
|ng
|k
|l
|m
|q
|ngh
|h
|kh
|lh
|mh
|ddh
|yh
|db
|ddb
|tb
|vy
|gy
|hm
|zhh
|c
|cy
|-
!Arabic
!زز
!لح
!مح
!ﻉح
!
ڜ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!Present-day Latin
|zz
|lch
|mch
|cch
|ch
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable"
!
Arabic
!
ا
!
َ
!
ُ
!ِ
!ٰ
!ـُو
!ـَى
!ـِي
!و
!ي
!وو
!ْ
|-
!Present-day Latin
|aa
|a
|u
|i
|e
|uu
|ah
|ii
|o
|ue
|oo
|∅
|}
=== Diphtongs ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Arabic
!
ـَي
!ـَو
|-
!
Present-day Latin
|ai
|ao
|}
=== Syllabic consonants & R-coloured vowels ===
{| class="wikitable"
!
Arabic
!
م
!
ن
!
ر
!ج
!رٰ
!ار
|-
!Present-day Latin
|m
|n
|r
|j
|err
|aarr
|}
=== Tones ===
{| class="wikitable"
!
Tone number
!
Arabic
!
Present-day Latin
!Example
!Transliteration
|-
|1
|١
|b
|ماِ١
|maaib
|-
|2
|٢
|d
|ماِ٢
|maaid
|-
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">2</span>
|٢َ
|x
|ماِ٢َ
|maaix
|-
|3
|٣
|l
|ماِ٣
|maail
|-
|4
|٤
|r
|ماِ٤
|maair
|-
|5
|٥
|s
|ماِ٥
|maais
|-
|6
|٦
|f
|ماِ٦
|maaif
|-
|7
|٧
|c
|ماِ٧
|maaic
|-
|0
| colspan="2" |∅
|ماِ
|maai
|}
== since 1936: Latin alphabet ==
All Bidwenthan Unified languages used Latin alphabet since 1936.
=== Initials ===
{| class="wikitable"
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|}
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The languages of '''Bidwenthan Unified''' (all are tonal, constructed and developed in mid 13th century) had been written in Latin alphabet, since 1936.
== Bidwenthan Pinyin ==
Bidwenthan Pinyin (formerly Latwenthan) is a form of Latin alphabet used in Bidwenthan since 1936. It replaced the Arabic alphabet.
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Bilabial
!Labio-<br>dental
!Linguo-<br>labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-<br>alveolar
!Retro-<br>flex
!Palatal
!Velar
!Uvular
!Pharyn-<br>geal
!Glottal
|-
!
Nasal
|''m'' /m/
|
|''nb'' /n̼/
|
|''n'' /n/<br>''nn'' /n̥/
|
|''n·n'' /ɳ/
|
|''ng'' /ŋ/
|
|
|
|-
!Stop
|''b'' /b/<br>''p'' /p/
|
|''tb'' /t̼/<br>''db'' /d̼/
|
|''t'' /t/<br>''d'' /d/
|
|
|
|''k'' /k/<br>''g'' /g/
|''q'' /q/
|
|''’'' /ʔ/
|-
!
Sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|
|''z'' /ts/<br>''dz'' /dz/
|''ch'' /tʃ/<br>''j'' /dʒ/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Non-sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Sibilant fricative
|
|
|
|
|''s'' /s/<br>''sz'' /z/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Non-sibilant fricative
|
|''f'' /f/
|''dhb'' /ð̼/
|''dh'' /ð/<br>''th'' /θ/
|
|
|
|
|''kh'' /x/<br>''gh'' /ɣ/
|''xh'' /χ/<br>''gv'' /ʁ/
|''‘'' /ʕ/
|
|-
!Approximant
|
|''ff'' /ʋ̥/<br>''v'' /ʋ/
|
|
|
|
|
|''y'' /j/
|
|
|
|
|-
!Flap/tap
|
|''w'' /ⱱ/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Trill
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Lateral affricate
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Lateral fricative
|
|
|
|
|''rl'' /ɬ/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Lateral approximant
|
|
|
|
|''l'' /l/
|
|''l·l'' /ɭ/
|''ll'' /ʎ/
|
|
|
|
|-
!Lateral flap/tap
|
|
|
|
|
|
|''l·lh'' /ɭ̆/
|
|
|
|
|
|}
f7boahefty5cdpdnk7r6ajf47ndb4zq
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The languages of '''Bidwenthan Unified''' (all are tonal, constructed and developed in mid 13th century) had been written in Latin alphabet, since 1936.
== Bidwenthan Pinyin ==
Bidwenthan Pinyin (formerly Latwenthan) is a form of Latin alphabet used in Bidwenthan since 1936. It replaced the Arabic alphabet.
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:12px;"
!
!Bilabial
!Labio-<br>dental
!Linguo-<br>labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-<br>alveolar
!Retro-<br>flex
!Palatal
!Velar
!Uvular
!Pharyn-<br>geal
!Glottal
|-
!
Nasal
|''m'' /m/
|
|''nb'' /n̼/
|
|''n'' /n/<br>''nn'' /n̥/
|
|''n·n'' /ɳ/
|
|''ng'' /ŋ/
|
|
|
|-
!Stop
|''b'' /b/<br>''p'' /p/
|
|''tb'' /t̼/<br>''db'' /d̼/
|
|''t'' /t/<br>''d'' /d/
|
|
|
|''k'' /k/<br>''g'' /g/
|''q'' /q/
|
|''’'' /ʔ/
|-
!
Sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|
|''z'' /ts/<br>''dz'' /dz/
|''ch'' /tʃ/<br>''j'' /dʒ/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Non-sibilant affricate
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Sibilant fricative
|
|
|
|
|''s'' /s/<br>''sz'' /z/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Non-sibilant fricative
|
|''f'' /f/
|''dhb'' /ð̼/
|''dh'' /ð/<br>''th'' /θ/
|
|
|
|
|''kh'' /x/<br>''gh'' /ɣ/
|''xh'' /χ/<br>''gv'' /ʁ/
|''h'' /ħ/<br>''‘'' /ʕ/
|
|-
!Approximant
|
|''ff'' /ʋ̥/<br>''v'' /ʋ/
|
|
|
|
|
|''y'' /j/
|
|
|
|
|-
!Flap/tap
|
|''w'' /ⱱ/
|
|
|''r'' /ɹ/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Trill
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Lateral affricate
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Lateral fricative
|
|
|
|
|''rl'' /ɬ/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Lateral approximant
|
|
|
|
|''l'' /l/
|
|''l·l'' /ɭ/
|''ll'' /ʎ/
|
|
|
|
|-
!Lateral flap/tap
|
|
|
|
|
|
|''l·lh'' /ɭ̆/
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:12px;"
!
!
-a
!-e
!-i
!-o
!-u
!-aa
!-ou
!-an
!-en
!-in
!-on
!-ang
!-eng
!-ong
|-
!
∅-
|''a'' /ɑ/
|''e'' /e/
|''i'' /i/
|''o'' /ɔ/
|''u'' /œ/
|''aa'' /ə/
|''ou'' /o/
|''an'' /ɑ̃/
|''en'' /ẽ/
|''in'' /ĩ/
|''on'' /ɔ̃/
|''ang'' /ɑŋ/
|''eng'' /eŋ/
|''ong'' /ɔŋ/
|-
!w-
|''wa'' /ʷɑ/
|''we'' /ʷe/
|''wi'' /ʷi/
|''wo'' /ʷɔ/
|''wu'' /ʷœ/
|''waa'' /ʷə/
|''wou'' /ʷo/
|''wan'' /ʷɑ̃/
|''wen'' /ʷẽ/
|
|''won'' /ʷɔ̃/
|''wang'' /ʷɑŋ/
|
|
|-
!y-
|''ya'' /ʲɑ/
|''ye'' /ʲe/
|
|''yo'' /ʲɔ/
|
|''yaa'' /ʲə/
|
|''yan'' /ʲɑ̃/
|
|
|
|
|
|''yong'' /ʲɔŋ/
|}
=== Diphtongs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|''ao'' /aʊ/
|''ei'' /eɪ/
|-
|''oy'' /oʊ/
|
|}
=== Syllabic consonants ===
Bidwenthan Unified languages have syllabic ''r'', syllabic ''n'' and syllabic ''ng''.
{| class="wikitable"
|r /ɹ̩/
|ng /ŋ̍/
|-
|n /n̩/
|
|}
=== Tones ===
Bidwenthan Unified languages are all tonal and constructed languages. Tones are indicated by a letter at the end of the syllable rather than with diacritics like the ones used in Vietnamese alphabet.
{| class="wikitable"
!Tone number
!Pitch contour<br>(Bidwenthan)
!Tone marking<br>letter
|-
|1
|˧˥ 35
|b
|-
|2
|˥ 55
|d
|-
|3
|˧˩ 31
|x
|-
|4
|˥˧ 53
|l
|-
|5
|˧ 33
|s
|-
|6
|˨˦ 42
|t
|-
|7
|˩ 11
|p
|-
|8
|˩˩˧ 113
|f
|-
|0
|∅
|∅
|}
== Bidwenthan Arabic ==
The Bidwenthan Arabic was used until 1936 when it was completely replaced by Latin alphabet.
=== Consonants (with current Latin equivalents) ===
{| class="wikitable"
!
m
!nb
!n
!nn
!n·n
!ng
!b
!p
!tb
!db
!t
!d
!k
!g
!q
!’
!z
!dz
!ch
!j
!s
!sz
!f
!dhb
|-
|م
|نب
|ن
|نن
|نّ
|ڠ
|ب
|پ
|تب
|دب
|ت
|د
|ك
|ڨ
|ق
|ا
|ز
|دز
|ڜ
|ج
|س
|سز
|ف
|ذب
|-
!dh
!th
!kh
!gh
!xh
!gv
!h
!‘
!ff
!v
!y
!w
!r
!rl
!l
!l·l
!ll
!l·lh
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|ذ
|ث
|خ
|غ
|حه
|ڨڥ
|ه
|ع
|فف
|ڥ
|ۋ
|و
|ر
|رل
|ل
|لّ
|ل
|لّه
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Vowels (with current Latin equivalents) ===
{| class="wikitable"
!a
!e
!i
!o
!u
!aa
!ou
!an
!en
!in
!on
!ang
!eng
!ong
!w
!y
|-
|َ-
|ٌ-
|ؚ-
|ٚ-
|ُ-
|ٌ-
|ُ-
|َ-ن
|ٌ-ن
|ؚ-ن
|ٚ-ن
|َ-ڠ
|ٌ-ڠ
|ٚ-ڠ
|و-
|ۋ-
|}
=== Tones (with current Latin equivalents) ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Tone number
!Pitch contour<br>(Bidwenthan)
!Tone mark
!Bidwenthan<br>Pinyin
|-
|1
|˧˥ 35
|١
|b
|-
|2
|˥ 55
|٢
|d
|-
|3
|˧˩ 31
|٣
|x
|-
|4
|˥˧ 53
|٤
|l
|-
|5
|˧ 33
|٥
|s
|-
|6
|˨˦ 42
|٦
|t
|-
|7
|˩ 11
|٧
|p
|-
|8
|˩˩˧ 113
|٨
|f
|-
|0
|∅
|∅
|∅
|}
== Examples ==
{| class="wikitable"
!
! colspan="2" |
maa
! colspan="2" |dzeng
! colspan="2" |dbwong
|-
!
1
|maab
|مٌ١
|dzengb
|دزٌن١
|
|
|-
!2
|maad
|مٌ٢
|dzengd
|دزٌن٢
|
|
|-
!3
|maax
|مٌ٣
|dzengx
|دزٌن٣
|
|
|-
!4
|maal
|مٌ٤
|dzengl
|دزٌن٤
|
|
|-
!5
|maas
|مٌ٥
|dzengs
|دزٌن٥
|
|
|-
!6
|maat
|مٌ٦
|dzengt
|دزٌن٦
|
|
|-
!7
|maap
|مٌ٧
|dzengp
|دزٌن٧
|
|
|-
!8
|maaf
|مٌ٨
|dzengf
|دزٌن٨
|
|
|-
!0
|maa
|مٌ
|dzeng
|دزٌن
|
|
|}
8m52wei87skiykzavyrru9lc5jun4hz
Binandoi writing systems
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Created page with "Binandoi, a language of Looneyland, has been changing the writing systems over time. Today, the two scripts are used are Hangul and Cyrillic. == Current == === Cyrillic === ..."
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Binandoi, a language of Looneyland, has been changing the writing systems over time. Today, the two scripts are used are Hangul and Cyrillic.
== Current ==
=== Cyrillic ===
The Cyrillic alphabet is one of the two scripts that Binandoi now uses, the other being Hangul. The modern Binandoi Cyrillic alphabet was created in 1955.
{| class="wikitable"
!
А а
!
Б б
!
В в
!
Г г
!Ғ ғ
!Д д
!Е е
!Ж ж
!З з
!И и
!К к
!Л л
!Љ љ
!М м
!Н н
!О о
|-
|[ɐ]
|[ɓ]
|[w]
|[ŋ]
|[ɣ]
|[ɗ]
|[ɛ]
|[s͎]
|[t͡s]
|[i]
|[k], [kʰ]
|[ɫ]
|[ɬ]
|[m]
|[n]
|[ɔ]
|-
!
Ө ө
!
П п
!
Р р
!
С с
!Т т
!Ћ ћ
!У у
!Ф ф
!Х х
!Ц ц
!Ч ч
!Ҷ ҷ
!Ш ш
!Щ щ
!Ъ ъ
!Ы ы
|-
|[ɵ]
|[p], [pʰ]
|[ɹ̠ʷ]
|[s]
|[t], [tʰ]
|[c]
|[u]
|[f]
|[x]
|[tʷ]
|[t͡ɕ]
|[t͡ɕʰ]
|[ɕ]
|[s͎t͡s]
|
|[y]
|-
!Ь ь
!Э э
!Ю ю
!Я я
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|
|[ə]
|[ju]
|[jɐ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Hangul ===
The Hangul alphabet is one of the two scripts that Binandoi now uses, the other being Cyrillic. It began to be used in 1945.
== No longer used ==
=== Milligenta, Kensun, Kallubanth ===
Milligenta, Kensun and Kallubanth scripts were used in old Binandoi. These scripts are now rarely used.
=== Katakana ===
Katakana was used when Looneyland was under Japanese control.
=== Latin ===
In 1920s a lot of languages made Binandoi Latinised, changing the script from those three into one. This was replaced by katakana (and again by Hangul and Cyrillic).
oiefey6f08iyj5ve10ssfbkx6k37hkz
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Binandoi, a language of Looneyland, has been changing the writing systems over time. Today, the two scripts are used are Hangul and Cyrillic.
== Current ==
=== Cyrillic ===
The Cyrillic alphabet is one of the two scripts that Binandoi now uses, the other being Hangul. The modern Binandoi Cyrillic alphabet was created in 1955.
{| class="wikitable"
!
А а
!
Б б
!
В в
!
Г г
!Ғ ғ
!Д д
!Е е
!Ж ж
!З з
!И и
!К к
!Л л
!Љ љ
!М м
!Н н
!О о
|-
|[ɐ]
|[ɓ]
|[w]
|[ŋ]
|[ɣ]
|[ɗ]
|[ɛ]
|[s͎]
|[t͡s]
|[i]
|[k], [kʰ]
|[ɫ]
|[ɬ]
|[m]
|[n]
|[ɔ]
|-
!
Ө ө
!
П п
!
Р р
!
С с
!Т т
!Ћ ћ
!У у
!Ф ф
!Х х
!Ц ц
!Ч ч
!Ҷ ҷ
!Ш ш
!Щ щ
!Ъ ъ
!Ы ы
|-
|[ɵ]
|[p], [pʰ]
|[ɹ̠ʷ]
|[s]
|[t], [tʰ]
|[c]
|[u]
|[f]
|[x]
|[tʷ]
|[t͡ɕ]
|[t͡ɕʰ]
|[ɕ]
|[s͎t͡s]
|
|[y]
|-
!Ь ь
!Э э
!Ю ю
!Я я
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[j]
|[ə]
|[ju]
|[jɐ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
The combinations represent the following sounds:
* чт - [t͡ʃ]
* шъ - [ʃ]
* нь - [ɲ]
* љъ - [ʎ]
* щъ - [ʃt͡ʃ]
* къ - [q]
* иъ - [ɨ]
=== Hangul ===
The Hangul alphabet is one of the two scripts that Binandoi now uses, the other being Cyrillic. It began to be used in 1945.
== No longer used ==
=== Milligenta, Kensun, Kallubanth ===
Milligenta, Kensun and Kallubanth scripts were used in old Binandoi. These scripts are now rarely used.
=== Katakana ===
Katakana was used when Looneyland was under Japanese control.
=== Latin ===
In 1920s a lot of languages made Binandoi Latinised, changing the script from those three into one. This was replaced by katakana (and again by Hangul and Cyrillic).
The Latin alphabet was:
'''a, b, c, ç, ꞓ, d, e, ə, å, f, g, ǥ, ʜ, i, j, k, l, ļ, m, n, ņ, q, o, ɵ, p, r, s, s̛, t, u, ư, ü, w, x, y, z, ƶ, ь'''
=== Latin to Cyrillic ===
{| class="wikitable"
!
А а
!
Б б
!
В в
!
Г г
!Ғ ғ
!Д д
!Е е
!Ж ж
!З з
!И и
!К к
!Л л
!Љ љ
!М м
!Н н
!О о
|-
|[ɐ]
|[ɓ]
|[w]
|[ŋ]
|[ɣ]
|[ɗ]
|[ɛ]
|[s͎]
|[t͡s]
|[i]
|[k], [kʰ]
|[ɫ]
|[ɬ]
|[m]
|[n]
|[ɔ]
|-
|A a
|B b
|W w
|G g
|Ǥ ǥ
|D d
|E e
|Ƶ ƶ
|Z z
|I i
|K k
|L l
|Hl hl
|M m
|N n
|O o
|-
!
Ө ө
!
П п
!
Р р
!
С с
!Т т
!Ћ ћ
!У у
!Ф ф
!Х х
!Ц ц
!Ч ч
!Ҷ ҷ
!Ш ш
!Щ щ
!Ъ ъ
!Ы ы
|-
|[ɵ]
|[p], [pʰ]
|[ɹ̠ʷ]
|[s]
|[t], [tʰ]
|[c]
|[u]
|[f]
|[x]
|[tʷ]
|[t͡ɕ]
|[t͡ɕʰ]
|[ɕ]
|[s͎t͡s]
|
|[y]
|-
|Ɵ ɵ
|P p
|R r
|S s
|T t
|Ꞓ''' '''ꞓ
|U u
|F f
|H ʜ
|Tw tw
|J j
|Q q
|X x
|Xç xç
|
|Y y
|-
!Ь ь
!Э э
!Ю ю
!Я я
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[j]
|[ə]
|[ju]
|[jɐ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Iy iy
|Ə ə
|Ü ü
|Å å
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
* Ç ç - чт - [t͡ʃ]
* S̛ s̛ - шъ - [ʃ]
* Ņ ņ - нь - [ɲ]
* Ļ ļ - љъ - [ʎ]
* S̛ç s̛ç - щъ - [ʃt͡ʃ]
* Kç kç - къ - [q]
* Ь ь - иъ - [ɨ]
Example:
* Binandoi people - [ɓənɛɗɐɣitʰ pyɲux] - бэнедағит пыньух - Bənedaǥit pyņuʜ
gkvunthk78haz46ak9e9hkoi4j3h410
Cantonese Cyrillic
0
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2018-02-17T11:16:53Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "The Cantonese Cyrillic is a transcription system, it is a transcription system using Cyrillic characters. == Initials == {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |- |..."
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text/x-wiki
The Cantonese Cyrillic is a transcription system, it is a transcription system using Cyrillic characters.
== Initials ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
|б<br />{{IPA|/p/}}<br />巴
|п<br />{{IPA|/pʰ/}}<br />怕
|м<br />{{IPA|/m/}}<br />媽
|ф<br />{{IPA|/f/}}<br />花
|
|-
|д<br />{{IPA|/t/}}<br />打
|т<br />{{IPA|/tʰ/}}<br />他
|н<br />{{IPA|/n/}}<br />那
|
|л<br />{{IPA|/l/}}<br />啦
|-
|г<br />{{IPA|/k/}}<br />家
|к<br />{{IPA|/kʰ/}}<br />卡
|нъ<br />{{IPA|/ŋ/}}<br />牙
|х<br />{{IPA|/h/}}<br />蝦
|
|-
|гвъ<br />{{IPA|/kʷ/}}<br />瓜
|квъ<br />{{IPA|/kʷʰ/}}<br />誇
|
|
|въ<br />{{IPA|/w/}}<br />蛙
|-
|з<br />{{IPA|/ts/}}<br />渣
|ц<br />{{IPA|/tsʰ/}}<br />叉
|
|с<br />{{IPA|/s/}}<br />沙
|зъ<br />{{IPA|/j/}}<br />也
|}
== Finals ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
|аа<br />{{IPA|/aː/}}<br />沙
|ааи<br />{{IPA|/aːi̯/}}<br />徙
|аау<br />{{IPA|/aːu̯/}}<br />梢
|аам<br />{{IPA|/aːm/}}<br />三
|аан<br />{{IPA|/aːn/}}<br />山
|аанъ<br />{{IPA|/aːŋ/}}<br />坑
|аапъ<br />{{IPA|/aːp̚/}}<br />圾
|аатъ<br />{{IPA|/aːt̚/}}<br />剎
|аакъ<br />{{IPA|/aːk̚/}}<br />客
|-
|
|аи<br />{{IPA|/ɐi̯/}}<br />西
|ау<br />{{IPA|/ɐu̯/}}<br />收
|ам<br />{{IPA|/ɐm/}}<br />心
|ан<br />{{IPA|/ɐn/}}<br />新
|анъ<br />{{IPA|/ɐŋ/}}<br />笙
|апъ<br />{{IPA|/ɐp̚/}}<br />濕
|атъ<br />{{IPA|/ɐt̚/}}<br />失
|акъ<br />{{IPA|/ɐk̚/}}<br />塞
|-
|е<br />{{IPA|/ɛː/}}<br />些
|еи<br />{{IPA|/ei̯/}}<br />四
|еу<br />{{IPA|/ɛːu̯/}}<br />掉
|ем<br />{{IPA|/ɛːm/}}<br />舐
|
|енъ<br />{{IPA|/ɛːŋ/}}<br />鄭
|епъ<br />{{IPA|/ɛːp̚/}}<br />夾
|
|екъ<br />{{IPA|/ɛːk̚/}}<br />石
|-
|и<br />{{IPA|/iː/}}<br />詩
|
|иу<br />{{IPA|/iːu̯/}}<br />消
|им<br />{{IPA|/iːm/}}<br />閃
|ин<br />{{IPA|/iːn/}}<br />先
|инъ<br />{{IPA|/eŋ/}}<br />星
|ипъ<br />{{IPA|/iːp̚/}}<br />攝
|итъ<br />{{IPA|/iːt̚/}}<br />洩
|икъ<br />{{IPA|/ek̚/}}<br />識
|-
|о<br />{{IPA|/ɔː/}}<br />疏
|ои<br />{{IPA|/ɔːy̯/}}<br />開
|оу<br />{{IPA|/ou̯/}}<br />蘇
|
|он<br />{{IPA|/ɔːn/}}<br />看
|онъ<br />{{IPA|/ɔːŋ/}}<br />康
|
|отъ<br />{{IPA|/ɔːt̚/}}<br />喝
|окъ<br />{{IPA|/ɔːk̚/}}<br />索
|-
|у<br />{{IPA|/uː/}}<br />夫
|уи<br />{{IPA|/uːy̯/}}<br />灰
|
|
|ун<br />{{IPA|/uːn/}}<br />寬
|унъ<br />{{IPA|/oŋ/}}<br />鬆
|
|утъ<br />{{IPA|/uːt̚/}}<br />闊
|укъ<br />{{IPA|/ok̚/}}<br />叔
|-
|ое<br />{{IPA|/œː/}}<br />鋸
|еои<br />{{IPA|/ɵy̯/}}<br />需
|
|
|еон<br />{{IPA|/ɵn/}}<br />詢
|оенъ<br />{{IPA|/œːŋ/}}<br />商
|
|еотъ<br />{{IPA|/ɵt̚/}}<br />摔
|оекъ<br />{{IPA|/œːk̚/}}<br />削
|-
|ю<br />{{IPA|/yː/}}<br />書
|
|
|
|юн<br />{{IPA|/yːn/}}<br />孫
|
|
|ютъ<br />{{IPA|/yːt̚/}}<br />雪
|
|-
|
|
|
|м<br />{{IPA|/m̩/}}<br />唔
|
|нъ<br />{{IPA|/ŋ̩/}}<br />吳
|
|
|
|}
*Only the finals ''м'' and ''нъ'' can be used as standalone [[nasal stop|nasal]] syllables.
*Note the use of hard signs (''ъ'') next to ''п'', ''т'' and ''к'' to represent {{IPA|/p̚/}}, {{IPA|/t̚/}} and {{IPA|/k̚/}} respectively, not soft sign (''ь'').
== Tones ==
Cantonese Cyrillic uses tone signs.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
![[Tone name]]
!jam1ping4<br />(陰平)!!jam1soeng5<br />(陰上)!!jam1heoi3<br />(陰去)
!joeng4ping4<br />(陽平)!!joeng4soeng5<br />(陽上)!!joeng4heoi3<br />(陽去)
!gou1jam1jap6<br />(高陰入)!!dai1jam1jap6<br />(低陰入)!!joeng4jap6<br />(陽入)
|-
!Tone Number
|1||2||3
|4||5||6
|1 (7)||3 (8)||6 (9)
|-
!Tone Sign
|(none)||<big><big><big><big>ʾ</big></big></big></big>||<big><big><big><big>ˇ</big></big></big></big>
|<big><big><big><big>ˋ</big></big></big></big>||<big><big><big><big>ʽ</big></big></big></big>||<big><big><big><big>ˊ</big></big></big></big>
|<big><big><big><big>ˏ</big></big></big></big>||<big><big><big><big>˓</big></big></big></big>||<big><big><big><big>ˬ</big></big></big></big>
|-
!The tone name in English
|high level or high falling||mid rising||mid level
|low falling||low rising||low level
|entering high level||entering mid level||entering low level
|-
![[Tone contour|Contour]]
|{{IPA|˥}} 55 / {{IPA|˥˧}} 53||{{IPA|˧˥}} 35||{{IPA|˧}} 33
|{{IPA|˨˩}} 21 / {{IPA|˩}} 11||{{IPA|˩˧}} 13||{{IPA|˨}} 22
|{{IPA|˥}} 5||{{IPA|˧}} 3||{{IPA|˨}} 2
|-
!Character Example
|分/詩
|粉/史
|訓/試
|焚/時
|奮/市
|份/是
|忽/識
|發/錫
|佛/食
|-
!Example (Cantonese Cyrillic)
|фан / си||фанʾ / сиʾ
|фанˇ / сиˇ
|фанˋ / сиˋ
|фанʽ / сиʽ
|фанˊ / сиˊ
|фатъˏ / сикъˏ
|фаатъ˓ / секъ˓
|фатъˬ / сикъˬ
|-
!Example (Jyutping)
|fan1/si1||fan2/si2
|fan3/si3
|fan4/si4
|fan5/si5
|fan6/si6
|fat1/sik1
|faat3/sek3
|fat6/sik6
|}
== Examples ==
Here is '''Ah! Vous dirai-je Maman''', '''Le Carillon de Vendome''' in Jyutping, Cantonese Cyrillic, French and English:
===Le Carillon de Vendome===
====Jyutping====
ngo5 dik1 pang4 jau5 lau4 haa6 liu5 sam6 mo1 <br />deoi3 ze5 zi2 hoi2 tyun4 jyu4 ci2 mei5 hou2?<br />san1 ou3 ji5 loeng4 ,bok3 joeng6 sai1,<br />ngo5 mun4 hak1 lak6 lei6 fu1 jan4,<br />wong6 do1 mou5 ,wong6 do1 mou5!
jruqypemf4d15ln2n6eg907yayew39m
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2018-02-17T11:58:40Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
/* Le Carillon de Vendome */
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
The Cantonese Cyrillic is a transcription system, it is a transcription system using Cyrillic characters.
== Initials ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
|б<br />{{IPA|/p/}}<br />巴
|п<br />{{IPA|/pʰ/}}<br />怕
|м<br />{{IPA|/m/}}<br />媽
|ф<br />{{IPA|/f/}}<br />花
|
|-
|д<br />{{IPA|/t/}}<br />打
|т<br />{{IPA|/tʰ/}}<br />他
|н<br />{{IPA|/n/}}<br />那
|
|л<br />{{IPA|/l/}}<br />啦
|-
|г<br />{{IPA|/k/}}<br />家
|к<br />{{IPA|/kʰ/}}<br />卡
|нъ<br />{{IPA|/ŋ/}}<br />牙
|х<br />{{IPA|/h/}}<br />蝦
|
|-
|гвъ<br />{{IPA|/kʷ/}}<br />瓜
|квъ<br />{{IPA|/kʷʰ/}}<br />誇
|
|
|въ<br />{{IPA|/w/}}<br />蛙
|-
|з<br />{{IPA|/ts/}}<br />渣
|ц<br />{{IPA|/tsʰ/}}<br />叉
|
|с<br />{{IPA|/s/}}<br />沙
|зъ<br />{{IPA|/j/}}<br />也
|}
== Finals ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
|аа<br />{{IPA|/aː/}}<br />沙
|ааи<br />{{IPA|/aːi̯/}}<br />徙
|аау<br />{{IPA|/aːu̯/}}<br />梢
|аам<br />{{IPA|/aːm/}}<br />三
|аан<br />{{IPA|/aːn/}}<br />山
|аанъ<br />{{IPA|/aːŋ/}}<br />坑
|аапъ<br />{{IPA|/aːp̚/}}<br />圾
|аатъ<br />{{IPA|/aːt̚/}}<br />剎
|аакъ<br />{{IPA|/aːk̚/}}<br />客
|-
|
|аи<br />{{IPA|/ɐi̯/}}<br />西
|ау<br />{{IPA|/ɐu̯/}}<br />收
|ам<br />{{IPA|/ɐm/}}<br />心
|ан<br />{{IPA|/ɐn/}}<br />新
|анъ<br />{{IPA|/ɐŋ/}}<br />笙
|апъ<br />{{IPA|/ɐp̚/}}<br />濕
|атъ<br />{{IPA|/ɐt̚/}}<br />失
|акъ<br />{{IPA|/ɐk̚/}}<br />塞
|-
|е<br />{{IPA|/ɛː/}}<br />些
|еи<br />{{IPA|/ei̯/}}<br />四
|еу<br />{{IPA|/ɛːu̯/}}<br />掉
|ем<br />{{IPA|/ɛːm/}}<br />舐
|
|енъ<br />{{IPA|/ɛːŋ/}}<br />鄭
|епъ<br />{{IPA|/ɛːp̚/}}<br />夾
|
|екъ<br />{{IPA|/ɛːk̚/}}<br />石
|-
|и<br />{{IPA|/iː/}}<br />詩
|
|иу<br />{{IPA|/iːu̯/}}<br />消
|им<br />{{IPA|/iːm/}}<br />閃
|ин<br />{{IPA|/iːn/}}<br />先
|инъ<br />{{IPA|/eŋ/}}<br />星
|ипъ<br />{{IPA|/iːp̚/}}<br />攝
|итъ<br />{{IPA|/iːt̚/}}<br />洩
|икъ<br />{{IPA|/ek̚/}}<br />識
|-
|о<br />{{IPA|/ɔː/}}<br />疏
|ои<br />{{IPA|/ɔːy̯/}}<br />開
|оу<br />{{IPA|/ou̯/}}<br />蘇
|
|он<br />{{IPA|/ɔːn/}}<br />看
|онъ<br />{{IPA|/ɔːŋ/}}<br />康
|
|отъ<br />{{IPA|/ɔːt̚/}}<br />喝
|окъ<br />{{IPA|/ɔːk̚/}}<br />索
|-
|у<br />{{IPA|/uː/}}<br />夫
|уи<br />{{IPA|/uːy̯/}}<br />灰
|
|
|ун<br />{{IPA|/uːn/}}<br />寬
|унъ<br />{{IPA|/oŋ/}}<br />鬆
|
|утъ<br />{{IPA|/uːt̚/}}<br />闊
|укъ<br />{{IPA|/ok̚/}}<br />叔
|-
|ое<br />{{IPA|/œː/}}<br />鋸
|еои<br />{{IPA|/ɵy̯/}}<br />需
|
|
|еон<br />{{IPA|/ɵn/}}<br />詢
|оенъ<br />{{IPA|/œːŋ/}}<br />商
|
|еотъ<br />{{IPA|/ɵt̚/}}<br />摔
|оекъ<br />{{IPA|/œːk̚/}}<br />削
|-
|ю<br />{{IPA|/yː/}}<br />書
|
|
|
|юн<br />{{IPA|/yːn/}}<br />孫
|
|
|ютъ<br />{{IPA|/yːt̚/}}<br />雪
|
|-
|
|
|
|м<br />{{IPA|/m̩/}}<br />唔
|
|нъ<br />{{IPA|/ŋ̩/}}<br />吳
|
|
|
|}
*Only the finals ''м'' and ''нъ'' can be used as standalone [[nasal stop|nasal]] syllables.
*Note the use of hard signs (''ъ'') next to ''п'', ''т'' and ''к'' to represent {{IPA|/p̚/}}, {{IPA|/t̚/}} and {{IPA|/k̚/}} respectively, not soft sign (''ь'').
== Tones ==
Cantonese Cyrillic uses tone signs.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
![[Tone name]]
!jam1ping4<br />(陰平)!!jam1soeng5<br />(陰上)!!jam1heoi3<br />(陰去)
!joeng4ping4<br />(陽平)!!joeng4soeng5<br />(陽上)!!joeng4heoi3<br />(陽去)
!gou1jam1jap6<br />(高陰入)!!dai1jam1jap6<br />(低陰入)!!joeng4jap6<br />(陽入)
|-
!Tone Number
|1||2||3
|4||5||6
|1 (7)||3 (8)||6 (9)
|-
!Tone Sign
|<big><big><big><big>˓</big></big></big></big>||<big><big><big><big>ˬ</big></big></big></big>||<big><big><big><big>ˈ</big></big></big></big>
|<big><big><big><big>ˋ</big></big></big></big>||<big><big><big><big>ʽ</big></big></big></big>||<big><big><big><big>ˊ</big></big></big></big>
|<big><big><big><big>˓</big></big></big></big>||<big><big><big><big>ˈ</big></big></big></big>||<big><big><big><big>ˊ</big></big></big></big>
|-
!The tone name in English
|high level or high falling||mid rising||mid level
|low falling||low rising||low level
|entering high level||entering mid level||entering low level
|-
![[Tone contour|Contour]]
|{{IPA|˥}} 55 / {{IPA|˥˧}} 53||{{IPA|˧˥}} 35||{{IPA|˧}} 33
|{{IPA|˨˩}} 21 / {{IPA|˩}} 11||{{IPA|˩˧}} 13||{{IPA|˨}} 22
|{{IPA|˥}} 5||{{IPA|˧}} 3||{{IPA|˨}} 2
|-
!Character Example
|分/詩
|粉/史
|訓/試
|焚/時
|奮/市
|份/是
|忽/識
|發/錫
|佛/食
|-
!Example (Cantonese Cyrillic)
|фан / си||фанʾ / сиʾ
|фанˇ / сиˇ
|фанˋ / сиˋ
|фанʽ / сиʽ
|фанˊ / сиˊ
|фатъˏ / сикъˏ
|фаатъ˓ / секъ˓
|фатъˬ / сикъˬ
|-
!Example (Jyutping)
|fan1/si1||fan2/si2
|fan3/si3
|fan4/si4
|fan5/si5
|fan6/si6
|fat1/sik1
|faat3/sek3
|fat6/sik6
|}
== Examples ==
Here is '''Le Carillon de Vendome''' in Jyutping, Cantonese Cyrillic, French and English:
Нъоʽ дикъ˓ панъˋ зъауʽ лауˋ хааˊ лиуʽ самˊ мо˓<br />Деоиˈ зеʽ зиˬ хоиˬ тюнˋ зъюˋ циˬ меиʽ хоуˬ?<br />Сан˓ оуˈ зъиʽ лоенъˋ, бокъˈ зъоенъˊ саи˓,<br />Нъоʽ мунˋ хакъ˓ лакъˊ леиˊ фу˓ зъанˋ,<br />Въонъˊ до˓ моуʽ, въонъˊ до˓ моуʽ!
ngo5 dik1 pang4 jau5 lau4 haa6 liu5 sam6 mo1 <br />deoi3 ze5 zi2 hoi2 tyun4 jyu4 ci2 mei5 hou2?<br />san1 ou3 ji5 loeng4, bok3 joeng6 sai1,<br />ngo5 mun4 hak1 lak6 lei6 fu1 jan4,<br />wong6 do1 mou5, wong6 do1 mou5!
Mes amis que reste-t-il
À ce Dauphin si gentil ?
Orléans, Beaugency,
Notre Dame de Cléry,
Vendôme, Vendôme !
My friends, what's left
For a Dauphin prince who is so nice?
Orléans, Beaugency,
Notre Dame de Cléry,
Vendôme, Vendôme!
fbysjlqtjjglabbpo664ujvav99g3g7
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2018-02-17T11:59:18Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
The Cantonese Cyrillic is a transcription system, it is a transcription system using Cyrillic characters.
== Initials ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
|б<br />{{IPA|/p/}}<br />巴
|п<br />{{IPA|/pʰ/}}<br />怕
|м<br />{{IPA|/m/}}<br />媽
|ф<br />{{IPA|/f/}}<br />花
|
|-
|д<br />{{IPA|/t/}}<br />打
|т<br />{{IPA|/tʰ/}}<br />他
|н<br />{{IPA|/n/}}<br />那
|
|л<br />{{IPA|/l/}}<br />啦
|-
|г<br />{{IPA|/k/}}<br />家
|к<br />{{IPA|/kʰ/}}<br />卡
|нъ<br />{{IPA|/ŋ/}}<br />牙
|х<br />{{IPA|/h/}}<br />蝦
|
|-
|гвъ<br />{{IPA|/kʷ/}}<br />瓜
|квъ<br />{{IPA|/kʷʰ/}}<br />誇
|
|
|въ<br />{{IPA|/w/}}<br />蛙
|-
|з<br />{{IPA|/ts/}}<br />渣
|ц<br />{{IPA|/tsʰ/}}<br />叉
|
|с<br />{{IPA|/s/}}<br />沙
|зъ<br />{{IPA|/j/}}<br />也
|}
== Finals ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
|аа<br />{{IPA|/aː/}}<br />沙
|ааи<br />{{IPA|/aːi̯/}}<br />徙
|аау<br />{{IPA|/aːu̯/}}<br />梢
|аам<br />{{IPA|/aːm/}}<br />三
|аан<br />{{IPA|/aːn/}}<br />山
|аанъ<br />{{IPA|/aːŋ/}}<br />坑
|аапъ<br />{{IPA|/aːp̚/}}<br />圾
|аатъ<br />{{IPA|/aːt̚/}}<br />剎
|аакъ<br />{{IPA|/aːk̚/}}<br />客
|-
|
|аи<br />{{IPA|/ɐi̯/}}<br />西
|ау<br />{{IPA|/ɐu̯/}}<br />收
|ам<br />{{IPA|/ɐm/}}<br />心
|ан<br />{{IPA|/ɐn/}}<br />新
|анъ<br />{{IPA|/ɐŋ/}}<br />笙
|апъ<br />{{IPA|/ɐp̚/}}<br />濕
|атъ<br />{{IPA|/ɐt̚/}}<br />失
|акъ<br />{{IPA|/ɐk̚/}}<br />塞
|-
|е<br />{{IPA|/ɛː/}}<br />些
|еи<br />{{IPA|/ei̯/}}<br />四
|еу<br />{{IPA|/ɛːu̯/}}<br />掉
|ем<br />{{IPA|/ɛːm/}}<br />舐
|
|енъ<br />{{IPA|/ɛːŋ/}}<br />鄭
|епъ<br />{{IPA|/ɛːp̚/}}<br />夾
|
|екъ<br />{{IPA|/ɛːk̚/}}<br />石
|-
|и<br />{{IPA|/iː/}}<br />詩
|
|иу<br />{{IPA|/iːu̯/}}<br />消
|им<br />{{IPA|/iːm/}}<br />閃
|ин<br />{{IPA|/iːn/}}<br />先
|инъ<br />{{IPA|/eŋ/}}<br />星
|ипъ<br />{{IPA|/iːp̚/}}<br />攝
|итъ<br />{{IPA|/iːt̚/}}<br />洩
|икъ<br />{{IPA|/ek̚/}}<br />識
|-
|о<br />{{IPA|/ɔː/}}<br />疏
|ои<br />{{IPA|/ɔːy̯/}}<br />開
|оу<br />{{IPA|/ou̯/}}<br />蘇
|
|он<br />{{IPA|/ɔːn/}}<br />看
|онъ<br />{{IPA|/ɔːŋ/}}<br />康
|
|отъ<br />{{IPA|/ɔːt̚/}}<br />喝
|окъ<br />{{IPA|/ɔːk̚/}}<br />索
|-
|у<br />{{IPA|/uː/}}<br />夫
|уи<br />{{IPA|/uːy̯/}}<br />灰
|
|
|ун<br />{{IPA|/uːn/}}<br />寬
|унъ<br />{{IPA|/oŋ/}}<br />鬆
|
|утъ<br />{{IPA|/uːt̚/}}<br />闊
|укъ<br />{{IPA|/ok̚/}}<br />叔
|-
|ое<br />{{IPA|/œː/}}<br />鋸
|еои<br />{{IPA|/ɵy̯/}}<br />需
|
|
|еон<br />{{IPA|/ɵn/}}<br />詢
|оенъ<br />{{IPA|/œːŋ/}}<br />商
|
|еотъ<br />{{IPA|/ɵt̚/}}<br />摔
|оекъ<br />{{IPA|/œːk̚/}}<br />削
|-
|ю<br />{{IPA|/yː/}}<br />書
|
|
|
|юн<br />{{IPA|/yːn/}}<br />孫
|
|
|ютъ<br />{{IPA|/yːt̚/}}<br />雪
|
|-
|
|
|
|м<br />{{IPA|/m̩/}}<br />唔
|
|нъ<br />{{IPA|/ŋ̩/}}<br />吳
|
|
|
|}
*Only the finals ''м'' and ''нъ'' can be used as standalone [[nasal stop|nasal]] syllables.
*Note the use of hard signs (''ъ'') next to ''п'', ''т'' and ''к'' to represent {{IPA|/p̚/}}, {{IPA|/t̚/}} and {{IPA|/k̚/}} respectively, not soft sign (''ь'').
== Tones ==
Cantonese Cyrillic uses tone signs.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
![[Tone name]]
!jam1ping4<br />(陰平)!!jam1soeng5<br />(陰上)!!jam1heoi3<br />(陰去)
!joeng4ping4<br />(陽平)!!joeng4soeng5<br />(陽上)!!joeng4heoi3<br />(陽去)
!gou1jam1jap6<br />(高陰入)!!dai1jam1jap6<br />(低陰入)!!joeng4jap6<br />(陽入)
|-
!Tone Number
|1||2||3
|4||5||6
|1 (7)||3 (8)||6 (9)
|-
!Tone Sign
|<big><big><big><big>˓</big></big></big></big>||<big><big><big><big>ˬ</big></big></big></big>||<big><big><big><big>ˈ</big></big></big></big>
|<big><big><big><big>ˋ</big></big></big></big>||<big><big><big><big>ʽ</big></big></big></big>||<big><big><big><big>ˊ</big></big></big></big>
|<big><big><big><big>˓</big></big></big></big>||<big><big><big><big>ˈ</big></big></big></big>||<big><big><big><big>ˊ</big></big></big></big>
|-
!The tone name in English
|high level or high falling||mid rising||mid level
|low falling||low rising||low level
|entering high level||entering mid level||entering low level
|-
![[Tone contour|Contour]]
|{{IPA|˥}} 55 / {{IPA|˥˧}} 53||{{IPA|˧˥}} 35||{{IPA|˧}} 33
|{{IPA|˨˩}} 21 / {{IPA|˩}} 11||{{IPA|˩˧}} 13||{{IPA|˨}} 22
|{{IPA|˥}} 5||{{IPA|˧}} 3||{{IPA|˨}} 2
|-
!Character Example
|分/詩
|粉/史
|訓/試
|焚/時
|奮/市
|份/是
|忽/識
|發/錫
|佛/食
|-
!Example (Cantonese Cyrillic)
|фан / си||фанʾ / сиʾ
|фанˇ / сиˇ
|фанˋ / сиˋ
|фанʽ / сиʽ
|фанˊ / сиˊ
|фатъˏ / сикъˏ
|фаатъ˓ / секъ˓
|фатъˬ / сикъˬ
|-
!Example (Jyutping)
|fan1/si1||fan2/si2
|fan3/si3
|fan4/si4
|fan5/si5
|fan6/si6
|fat1/sik1
|faat3/sek3
|fat6/sik6
|}
== Examples ==
Here is '''Le Carillon de Vendome''' in Jyutping, Cantonese Cyrillic, French and English:
Нъоʽ дикъ˓ панъˋ зъауʽ лауˋ хааˊ лиуʽ самˊ мо˓<br />Деоиˈ зеʽ зиˬ хоиˬ тюнˋ зъюˋ циˬ меиʽ хоуˬ?<br />Сан˓ оуˈ зъиʽ лоенъˋ, бокъˈ зъоенъˊ саи˓,<br />Нъоʽ мунˋ хакъ˓ лакъˊ леиˊ фу˓ зъанˋ,<br />Въонъˊ до˓ моуʽ, въонъˊ до˓ моуʽ!
ngo5 dik1 pang4 jau5 lau4 haa6 liu5 sam6 mo1 <br />deoi3 ze5 zi2 hoi2 tyun4 jyu4 ci2 mei5 hou2?<br />san1 ou3 ji5 loeng4, bok3 joeng6 sai1,<br />ngo5 mun4 hak1 lak6 lei6 fu1 jan4,<br />wong6 do1 mou5, wong6 do1 mou5!
Mes amis que reste-t-il<br />
À ce Dauphin si gentil ?<br />
Orléans, Beaugency,<br />
Notre Dame de Cléry,<br />
Vendôme, Vendôme !
My friends, what's left<br />
For a Dauphin prince who is so nice?<br />
Orléans, Beaugency,<br />
Notre Dame de Cléry,<br />
Vendôme, Vendôme!
qc4o570yc8sk365o5jrh6d33xxu30cz
Chandrabindu
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Created page with "A '''chandrabindu''' is a type of diacritical mark. It is used in the [[Devanagari]] (ँ), [[Bengali script|Bengali]] (ঁ), [[Gujarāti script|Gujarati]] (ઁ), Oriya (ଁ),..."
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A '''chandrabindu''' is a type of diacritical mark. It is used in the [[Devanagari]] (ँ), [[Bengali script|Bengali]] (ঁ), [[Gujarāti script|Gujarati]] (ઁ), Oriya (ଁ), Telugu (ఁ), Javanese (ꦀ) and other scripts.
It was also used in the Latin script, particularly in Gooperland during Latinisation, but has been replaced by Cyrillic alphabet in 1939, and again now used the modern Latin script without the diacritic.
== Latin script (Gooperland) ==
The chandrabindu is placed above the letters '''l''' (L̐ l̐) and '''n''' (N̐ n̐), representing palatalised l (IPA: /lʲ/) and palatalised n (IPA: /nʲ/) repsectively. In many alphabets it was replaced by the Cyrillic Lje and Nje in 1930s.
Today, it is written as L̃ l̃ (l with tilde) and Ñ ñ (n with tilde), respectively. Some modern Gooperlandian alphabets use N with chandrabindu to represent the same sound.
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A '''chandrabindu''' is a type of diacritical mark. It is used in the [[Devanagari]] (ँ), [[Bengali script|Bengali]] (ঁ), [[Gujarāti script|Gujarati]] (ઁ), Oriya (ଁ), Telugu (ఁ), Javanese (ꦀ) and other scripts.
It was also used in the Latin script, particularly in Gooperland during Latinisation, but many of the Latin alphabets from 1910s have been replaced by Cyrillic alphabet in 1939.
== Latin script (Gooperland) ==
The chandrabindu is placed above the letters '''l''' (L̐ l̐) and '''n''' (N̐ n̐), representing palatalised l (IPA: /lʲ/) and palatalised n (IPA: /nʲ/) repsectively. In many alphabets it was replaced by the Cyrillic Lje and Nje in 1930s.
Today, it is written as L̃ l̃ (l with tilde) and Ñ ñ (n with tilde), respectively. Some modern Gooperlandian alphabets use N with chandrabindu to represent the same sound.
tb9n7yovi2x9mfr40jtfu7xx5k5ltlh
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A '''chandrabindu''' is a type of diacritical mark. It is used in the [[Devanagari]] (ँ), [[Bengali script|Bengali]] (ঁ), [[Gujarāti script|Gujarati]] (ઁ), Oriya (ଁ), Telugu (ఁ), Javanese (ꦀ) and other scripts.
It was also used in the Latin script, particularly in Gooperland during Latinisation, but many of the Latin alphabets in Gooperland from 1910s have been replaced by Cyrillic alphabets in 1939.
== Latin script (Gooperland) ==
The chandrabindu is placed above the letters '''l''' (L̐ l̐) and '''n''' (N̐ n̐), representing palatalised l (IPA: /lʲ/) and palatalised n (IPA: /nʲ/) repsectively. In many alphabets they were replaced by the Cyrillic letters Lje and Nje in 1930s. Today, it is written as L̃ l̃ (l with tilde) and Ñ ñ (n with tilde), respectively.
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A '''chandrabindu''' is a type of diacritical mark. It is used in the [[Devanagari]] (ँ), [[Bengali script|Bengali]] (ঁ), [[Gujarāti script|Gujarati]] (ઁ), Oriya (ଁ), Telugu (ఁ), Javanese (ꦀ) and other scripts.
It was also used in the Latin script, particularly in Gooperland during Latinisation, but many of the Latin alphabets in Gooperland from 1910s have been banned by the Empire of Japan in 1939, making all languages of Gooperland purely spoken languages with no writing system (excluding French and Japanese) until 1946 (when Cyrillisation of Gooperland was initiated).
== Indic scripts ==
In Devanagari and other Indic scripts, the chandrabindu indicates vowel nasalisation.
== Latin script (Gooperland) ==
The chandrabindu is placed above the letters '''l''' (L̐ l̐) and '''n''' (N̐ n̐), representing palatalised l (IPA: /lʲ/) and palatalised n (IPA: /nʲ/) repsectively. Today, it is written as L̃ l̃ (l with tilde) and Ñ ñ (n with tilde), respectively.
<big><big>
L'alphabet de langue de tenushais.<br>
Alifaʙeta tenyshakьitsh.
Aa, Bʙ, Cc, Зз, Dd, Ee, Əə, Ff, Gg, Ii, Ïï, Jj, Kk, Ll, L̐l̐, Mm, Nn, Oo, Ɵɵ, Pp, Rr, Ss, Şş, Tt, Uu, Yy, Ÿÿ, Zz, Ьь, Xx, Vv, ja, je, ju, dz, şc, tsh.
</big></big>
<small>''A French language book showing the Tenushin language's alphabet, showing the Latin letter L with a chandrabindu diacritic. Note the small letter B is a small capital letter B (ʙ), in order to prevent confusion with Ь ь. (1904)''</small>
tvjgkhz2cbqqbgd6lf91l27ozh4fzms
Colloquial Townstead Hokkien Romanised
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Created page with "Colloquial Townstead Hokkien Romanised was Townstead State's official romanisation system used from 1850 to 1950, as a romanisation tool for Taiwanese Hokkien. == History == ..."
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Colloquial Townstead Hokkien Romanised was Townstead State's official romanisation system used from 1850 to 1950, as a romanisation tool for Taiwanese Hokkien.
== History ==
In 1759, the first book to use Latin alphabet to write Taiwanese Hokkien in Townstead State was ''Hong Chhoa's Book of Taiwanese Hokkien'', which was published later in the year. The Hong Chhoa's Taiwanese Latin alphabet gave rise to Colloquial Townstead Hokkien Romanised.
In 1806, work began on Colloquial Townstead Hokkien Romanised. The 1806 orthography of the Colloquial Townstead Hokkien Romanised does not mark tone, and diacritics were only used in sound changes. Joeng Kerbu later revised the 1806 orthography (known as 1808 orthography), and tones are marked by superscript numbers at the end of the syllable.
In 1824, the system was revised, including changing the position of diaeresis from above the vowels to below the vowels, as in POJ and Foochow Romanised. Tone marks became diacritics, and the 1824 alphabet included Greek characters.
In 1849, the system was revised again, replacing Greek characters with normal Latin characters. In 1850 Colloquial Townstead Hokkien Romanised began to be used. In 1853, the first book published using Colloquial Townstead Hokkien Romanised was ''Taiwanese Hokkien in Townstead'', a Taiwanese Hokkien dictionary. In 1866, the promotion of the Colloquial Townstead Hokkien Romanised in Townstead started, and was completed in early 1868.
In 1889, 3 million books written in Taiwanese Hokkien were published with Chinese characters, while 967,000 were published using Colloquial Townstead Hokkien Romanised.
In 1890, the New Testament was translated into Taiwanese Hokkien using Colloquial Townstead Hokkien Romanised. Some bibles are translated into Taiwanese and printed in Colloquial Townstead Hokkien Romanised.
With the pressure of the Townstead Taiwanese Hokkien Association came into power, in 1950, the TTHA promoted ''pe̍h-ōe-jī'' as the main romanisation system for Taiwanese Hokkien, and POJ is still in use in Townstead. As a result, Colloquial Townstead Hokkien Romanised could not be used in public settings. Today, younger people who talk in Taiwanese learn POJ and Chinese Characters while older generation who are advanced in learning learn Colloquial Townstead Hokkien Romanised.
== The system ==
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable"
!CTHR Letter
!IPA
!Bopomofo
!POJ
|-
|m
|[m]
|ㄇ
|m
|-
|n
|[n]
|ㄋ
|n
|-
|ng
|[ŋ]
|ㄫ
|ng
|-
|p
|[p]
|ㄅ
|p
|-
|f
|[pʰ]
|ㄆ
|ph
|-
|b
|[b]
|ㆠ
|b
|-
|t
|[t]
|ㄉ
|t
|-
|d
|[tʰ]
|ㄊ
|th
|-
|th
|[ts]
|ㄗ
|ch
|-
|thi
|[tsʰ]
|ㄘ
|chh
|-
|k
|[k]
|ㄍ
|k
|-
|g
|[g]
|ㆣ
|g
|-
|ch
|[kʰ]
|ㄎ
|kh
|-
|z
|[dz]
|ㆡ
|j
|-
|ci
|[tɕ]
|ㄐ
|chi
|-
|chi
|[tɕʰ]
|ㄑ
|chhi
|-
|di
|[dʑ]
|ㆢ
|ji
|-
|l
|[l]
|ㄌ
|l
|-
|∅
|null initial
| colspan="2" |∅
|-
|h
|[h]
|ㄏ
|h
|}
=== Vowels ===
==== Monophthongs ====
{| class="wikitable"
!CTHR Letter
!IPA
!Bopomofo
!POJ
|-
|a
|[a]
|ㄚ
|a
|-
|aɴ
|[ã]
|ㆩ
|a<big>ⁿ</big>
|-
|e
|[e]
|ㆤ
|e
|-
|eɴ
|[ẽ]
|ㆥ
|e<big>ⁿ</big>
|-
|e̤
|[ə]
|ㄜ
|o
|-
|i
|[i]
|ㄧ
|i
|-
|o
|[ɔ]
|ㆦ
|o͘
|-
|oɴ
|[ɔ̃]
|ㆧ
|oⁿ
|-
|u
|[u]
|ㄨ
|u
|-
|uɴ
|[ũ]
|ㆫ
|uⁿ
|}
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Colloquial Townstead Hokkien Romanised was Townstead State's official romanisation system used from 1850 to 1950, as a romanisation tool for Taiwanese Hokkien.
== History ==
In 1759, the first book to use Latin alphabet to write Taiwanese Hokkien in Townstead State was ''Hong Chhoa's Book of Taiwanese Hokkien'', which was published later in the year. The Hong Chhoa's Taiwanese Latin alphabet gave rise to Colloquial Townstead Hokkien Romanised.
In 1806, work began on Colloquial Townstead Hokkien Romanised. The 1806 orthography of the Colloquial Townstead Hokkien Romanised does not mark tone, and diacritics were only used in sound changes. Joeng Kerbu later revised the 1806 orthography (known as 1808 orthography), and tones are marked by superscript numbers at the end of the syllable.
In 1824, the system was revised, including changing the position of diaeresis from above the vowels to below the vowels, as in POJ and Foochow Romanised. Tone marks became diacritics, and the 1824 alphabet included Greek characters.
In 1849, the system was revised again, replacing Greek characters with normal Latin characters. In 1850 Colloquial Townstead Hokkien Romanised began to be used. In 1853, the first book published using Colloquial Townstead Hokkien Romanised was ''Taiwanese Hokkien in Townstead'', a Taiwanese Hokkien dictionary. In 1866, the promotion of the Colloquial Townstead Hokkien Romanised in Townstead started, and was completed in early 1868.
In 1889, 3 million books written in Taiwanese Hokkien were published with Chinese characters, while 967,000 were published using Colloquial Townstead Hokkien Romanised.
In 1890, the New Testament was translated into Taiwanese Hokkien using Colloquial Townstead Hokkien Romanised. Some bibles are translated into Taiwanese and printed in Colloquial Townstead Hokkien Romanised.
With the pressure of the Townstead Taiwanese Hokkien Association came into power, in 1950, the TTHA promoted ''pe̍h-ōe-jī'' as the main romanisation system for Taiwanese Hokkien, and POJ is still in use in Townstead. As a result, Colloquial Townstead Hokkien Romanised could not be used in public settings. Today, younger people who talk in Taiwanese learn POJ and Chinese characters while older generation who are advanced in learning learn Colloquial Townstead Hokkien Romanised.
== The system ==
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable"
!CTHR
!IPA
!Bopomofo
!POJ
|-
|m
|[m]
|ㄇ
|m
|-
|n
|[n]
|ㄋ
|n
|-
|ng
|[ŋ]
|ㄫ
|ng
|-
|p
|[p]
|ㄅ
|p
|-
|f
|[pʰ]
|ㄆ
|ph
|-
|b
|[b]
|ㆠ
|b
|-
|t
|[t]
|ㄉ
|t
|-
|d
|[tʰ]
|ㄊ
|th
|-
|ts
|[ts]
|ㄗ
|ch
|-
|tsh
|[tsʰ]
|ㄘ
|chh
|-
|k
|[k]
|ㄍ
|k
|-
|g
|[g]
|ㆣ
|g
|-
|x
|[kʰ]
|ㄎ
|kh
|-
|z
|[dz]
|ㆡ
|j
|-
|tsi
|[tɕ]
|ㄐ
|chi
|-
|tshi
|[tɕʰ]
|ㄑ
|chhi
|-
|ji
|[dʑ]
|ㆢ
|ji
|-
|l
|[l]
|ㄌ
|l
|-
|∅
|null initial
| colspan="2" |∅
|-
|h
|[h]
|ㄏ
|h
|}
=== Vowels ===
==== Monophthongs ====
{| class="wikitable"
!CTHR
!IPA
!Bopomofo
!POJ
|-
|a
|[a]
|ㄚ
|a
|-
|ain
|[ã]
|ㆩ
|a<big>ⁿ</big>
|-
|e
|[e]
|ㆤ
|e
|-
|ein
|[ẽ]
|ㆥ
|e<big>ⁿ</big>
|-
|e̤
|[ə]
|ㄜ
|o
|-
|i
|[i]
|ㄧ
|i
|-
|o
|[ɔ]
|ㆦ
|o͘
|-
|oin
|[ɔ̃]
|ㆧ
|oⁿ
|-
|u
|[u]
|ㄨ
|u
|-
|uin
|[ũ]
|ㆫ
|uⁿ
|}
==== Diphtongs & Triphtongs ====
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="4" |
Diphtongs
!
CTHR
|ai
|ao
|ia
|io
|iu
|ue̤
|uo
|ui
|-
!IPA
|[aɪ]
|[aʊ]
|[ɪa]
|[ɪo]
|[iu]
|[ua]
|[ue]
|[ui]
|-
!Bopomofo
|ㄞ
|ㄠ
|ㄧㄚ
|ㄧㄜ
|ㄧㄨ
|ㄨㄚ
|ㄨㆤ
|ㄨㄧ
|-
!POJ
|ai
|au
|ia
|io
|iu
|oa
|oe
|ui
|-
! rowspan="4" |
Triphtongs
!CTHR
|iao
|ue̤i
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!IPA
|[ɪaʊ]
|[uai]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Bopomofo
|ㄧㄠ
|ㄨㄞ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!POJ
|iau
|oai
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
==== Coda endings ====
{| class="wikitable"
!
CTHR
!IPA
!Bopomofo
!POJ
|-
! colspan="4" |Nasal consonants
|-
|<nowiki>-m</nowiki>
|[m]
|ㆬ
|<nowiki>-m</nowiki>
|-
|<nowiki>-n</nowiki>
|[n]
|ㄣ
|<nowiki>-n</nowiki>
|-
|<nowiki>-ng</nowiki>
|[ŋ]
|ㆭ
|<nowiki>-ng</nowiki>
|-
! colspan="4" |Stop consonants
|-
|<nowiki>-p</nowiki>
|[p̚]
|ㆴ
|<nowiki>-p</nowiki>
|-
|<nowiki>-t</nowiki>
|[t̚]
|ㆵ
|<nowiki>-t</nowiki>
|-
|<nowiki>-k</nowiki>
|[k̚]
|ㆶ
|<nowiki>-k</nowiki>
|-
|<nowiki>-h</nowiki>
|[ʔ]
|ㆷ
|<nowiki>-h</nowiki>
|}
=== Tone markings ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Tone #
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!7
!8
|-
! rowspan="2" |Name
|陰平
|上聲
|陰去
|陰入
|陽平
|陽去
|陽入
|-
|im-pìng
|tsiŏng-tsiain
|im-xî
|im-<span style="text-decoration:overline;">jip</span>
|iòng-pìng
|iòng-xî
|iong-<span style="text-decoration:overline;">jip</span>
|-
! rowspan="2" |Symbol
|None
|Acute accent
|Circumflex
|None<br>(-p,-t,-k,-h)
|Grave accent
|Breve
|Vinculum<br>(-p,-t,-k,-h)
|-
|
|<big><big><big>´</big></big></big>
|<big><big><big>ˆ</big></big></big>
|
|<big><big><big>`</big></big></big>
|<big><big><big>˘</big></big></big>
|<big><big><big>‾</big></big></big>
|-
! rowspan="2" |Pitch
|˥˥
|˥˩
|˧˩
|˧ʔ
|˨˦
|˧˧
|˥ʔ
|-
|55
|51
|31
|3ʔ
|24
|33
|5ʔ
|-
!POJ
|a
|á
|à
|ah
|â
|ā
|a̍h
|}
A hyphen links elements of a compound word. A double hyphen indicates that the following syllable has a neutral tone and therefore that the preceding syllable does not undergo tone sandhi.
If the syllable has no vowel, mark a nasal consonant.
If the syllable bears an eighth tone, then the whole syllable is overbarred.
== Computer encoding ==
=== For Mac ===
In Mac using Pages, to type Colloquial Townstead Hokkien Romanised, you may have to install Unicode Hex Keyboard, located under System Preferences > Keyboard. Open the Word Processor and make sure the Unicode Keyboard is active.
* To type a tone 2 accent, type a consonant, then a vowel, then ALT 0301.
* To type a tone 3 accent, type a consonant, then a vowel, then ALT 0302.
* To type a tone 5 accent, type a consonant, then a vowel, then ALT 0300.
* To type a tone 7 accent, type a consonant, then a vowel, then ALT 0306.
* To type a tone 8 accent, you have to type a consonant to be overbarred, then ALT 0305, then a vowel, then ALT 0305 and a stop consonant (-p, -t, -k or -h), then ALT 0305.
=== For Windows ===
The accents of CTHR are located at:
* Tone 2 accent - U+0301
* Tone 3 accent - U+0302
* Tone 5 accent - U+0300
* Tone 7 accent - U+0306
* Tone 8 accent - U+0305
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Crossburg City Languages
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The '''languages of Crossburg City in Delta Territory''' have been around since 1756, and most languages in Crossburg City, Delta Territory are written in Latin script. The only language to be written in Cyrillic script is Pholdenlandian Language (in Pholdenland suburb, Crossburg City, Delta Territory). Official languages are French, Finnish, Deltonian and the own languages listed below in Crossburg City. Each suburb has its own language.
== Gilbertlandian Language ==
The '''Gilbertlandian Language''' belongs to a family of Crossburgian languages. Its official status is in Gilbertland, a suburb of Crossburg City, Delta Territory.
=== Alphabet ===
The alphabet consisted of 32 letters. The letter yery, borrowed from Cyrillic, represents the Creaky voice from the preceding vowel, so it does not occur uppercase, except all caps text.
{| class="article-table"
!№
!Letter
!Name
!IPA
|-
|1
|A a
|a
|[a]
|-
|2
|Ả ả
|ak
|[ə]
|-
|3
|B b
|be
|[p]
|-
|4
|E e
|e
|[ɛ]
|-
|5
|F f
|ef
|[ɸ]
|-
|6
|G g
|ge
|[g]
|-
|7
|G′ g′
|gje
|[g<sup>j</sup>]
|-
|8
|H h
|he
|[h]
|-
|9
|I ı
|yi
|[ɯ]
|-
|10
|İ i
|i
|[i]
|-
|11
|J j
|je
|[d͡z]
|-
|12
|J̔ j̔
|jje
|[ð]
|-
|13
|L l
|el
|[l]
|-
|14
|M m
|em
|[m]
|-
|15
|N n
|en
|[n]
|-
|16
|Ŋ ŋ
|eng
|[ŋ]
|-
|17
|O o
|o
|[o]
|-
|18
|Ỏ ỏ
|ok
|[ɔ]
|-
|19
|Ổ ổ
|okk
|[o̞]
|-
|20
|P p
|pe
|[p̪]
|-
|21
|Q q
|que
|[ɡ̠]
|-
|22
|S s
|es
|[s]
|-
|23
|S′ s′
|esh
|[ʃ]
|-
|24
|T t
|te
|[t]
|-
|25
|Ы ы
|yery
|[◌̰]
|-
|26
|U u
|u
|[u]
|-
|27
|V v
|ve
|[v]
|-
|28
|Y y
|ya
|[j]
|-
|29
|Ý ý
|yei
|[ʔ]
|-
|30
|Å å
|aa
|[oː]
|-
|31
|Ä ä
|au
|[æ]
|-
|32
|Ö ö
|ou
|[ʊ]
|}
Of the 7 unused letters, the letter R is used to express nasalisation after a vowel, while the other letters (C, D, K, W, X, Z) are only used in loanwords, internet addresses and people or place names.
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The '''languages of Crossburg City in Delta Territory''' have been around since 1756, and most languages in Crossburg City, Delta Territory are written in Latin script. The only language to be written in Cyrillic script is Pholdenlandian Language (in Pholdenland suburb, Crossburg City, Delta Territory). Official languages are French, Finnish, Deltonian and the own languages listed below in Crossburg City. Each suburb has its own language.
== Gilbertlandian Language ==
The '''Gilbertlandian Language''' belongs to a family of Crossburgian languages. Its official status is in Gilbertland, a suburb of Crossburg City, Delta Territory.
=== Alphabet ===
The alphabet consisted of 32 letters. The letter yery, borrowed from Cyrillic, represents the Creaky voice from the preceding vowel, so it does not occur uppercase, except all caps text.
{| class="article-table sortable"
!№
!Letter
!Name
!IPA
|-
|1
|A a
|a
|[a]
|-
|2
|Ả ả
|ak
|[ə]
|-
|3
|B b
|be
|[p]
|-
|4
|E e
|e
|[ɛ]
|-
|5
|F f
|ef
|[ɸ]
|-
|6
|G g
|ge
|[g]
|-
|7
|G′ g′
|gje
|[g<sup>j</sup>]
|-
|8
|H h
|he
|[h]
|-
|9
|I ı
|yi
|[ɯ]
|-
|10
|İ i
|i
|[i]
|-
|11
|J j
|je
|[d͡z]
|-
|12
|J̔ j̔
|jje
|[ð]
|-
|13
|L l
|el
|[l]
|-
|14
|M m
|em
|[m]
|-
|15
|N n
|en
|[n]
|-
|16
|Ŋ ŋ
|eng
|[ŋ]
|-
|17
|O o
|o
|[o]
|-
|18
|Ỏ ỏ
|ok
|[ɔ]
|-
|19
|Ổ ổ
|okk
|[o̞]
|-
|20
|P p
|pe
|[p̪]
|-
|21
|Q q
|que
|[ɡ̠]
|-
|22
|S s
|es
|[s]
|-
|23
|S′ s′
|esh
|[ʃ]
|-
|24
|T t
|te
|[t]
|-
|25
|Ы ы
|yery
|[◌̰]
|-
|26
|U u
|u
|[u]
|-
|27
|V v
|ve
|[v]
|-
|28
|Y y
|ya
|[j]
|-
|29
|Ý ý
|yei
|[ʔ]
|-
|30
|Å å
|aa
|[oː]
|-
|31
|Ä ä
|au
|[æ]
|-
|32
|Ö ö
|ou
|[ʊ]
|}
Of the 7 unused letters, the letter R is used to express nasalisation after a vowel, while the other letters (C, D, K, W, X, Z) are only used in loanwords, internet addresses and people or place names.
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The '''languages of Crossburg City in Delta Territory''' have been around since 1756, and most languages in Crossburg City, Delta Territory are written in Latin script. The only language to be written in Cyrillic script is Pholdenland Crossburg Language (in Pholdenland suburb, Crossburg City, Delta Territory). Official languages are French, Finnish, Deltonian, Chinese and the own languages listed below in Crossburg City. Each suburb has its own language.
== Seigoi Crossburg ==
The Seigoi Crossburg is a language and its official status is in Seigoi, a suburb in Crossburg City.
=== Alphabet ===
The alphabet consists of 40 letters.
{| class="article-table"
!№
!Letter
!Name
!IPA
|-
|1
|A a
|a
|/ə/
|-
|2
|Á á
|á
|/a/
|-
|3
|B b
|ba
|/b/
|-
|4
|C c
|ca
|/ʂ/
|-
|5
|Ĉ ĉ
|ĉa
|/ɟ/
|-
|6
|Č č
|ča
|/c/
|-
|7
|D d
|da
|/ɖ/
|-
|8
|Đ đ
|đa
|/d/
|-
|9
|E e
|e
|/e/
|-
|10
|É é
|é
|/ɘ/
|-
|11
|F f
|fa
|/f/
|-
|12
|G g
|ga
|/g/
|-
|13
|Ǵ ǵ
|ǵa
|/t͡ʃ/
|-
|14
|H h
|ha
|/h/
|-
|15
|I i
|i
|/ɪ/
|-
|16
|Ia ia
|ia
|/ja/
|-
|17
|J j
|ja
|/d͡ʒ/
|-
|18
|K k
|ka
|/k/
|-
|19
|L l
|el
|/l/
|-
|20
|L′ l′
|el′o
|/ʎ/
|-
|21
|M m
|em
|/m/
|-
|22
|N n
|en
|/n/
|-
|23
|N′ n′
|en′o
|/ɳ/
|-
|24
|Ꞑ ꞑ
|enꞑ
|/ŋ/
|-
|25
|O o
|o
|/o/
|-
|26
|Ô ô
|ô
|/ɔ/
|-
|27
|P p
|pe
|/p/
|-
|28
|R r
|er
|/ʀ/
|-
|29
|Ŕ ŕ
|eŕ
|/r/
|-
|30
|S s
|es
|/s/
|-
|31
|Š š
|eš
|/ʑ/
|-
|32
|T t
|te
|/t/
|-
|33
|U u
|u
|/u/
|-
|34
|Ú ú
|ú
|/ɤ/
|-
|35
|V v
|ve
|/ʋ/
|-
|36
|Z z
|ez
|/ts/
|-
|37
|Ž ž
|ež
|/z/
|-
|38
|Ä ä
|ä
|/ä/
|-
|39
|Å å
|å
|/æ/
|-
|40
|Œ œ
|œ
|/œ/
|}
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The '''languages of Crossburg City in Delta Territory''' have been around since 1756, and most languages in Crossburg City, Delta Territory are written in Latin script. The only language to be written in Cyrillic script is Chairin Crossburg Language (in Chairin suburb, Crossburg City, Delta Territory). Official languages are French, Finnish, Deltonian, Chinese and the own languages listed below in Crossburg City. Each suburb has its own language.
== Luidang Crossburg ==
The Luidang Crossburg is a language and its official status is in Seigoi, a suburb in Crossburg City. It s spoken by 1.4 million people.
=== Alphabet ===
The alphabet consists of ?? letters. Letters with stroke represent breathy voice.
{| class="wikitable"
!
Letter
!
IPA
!Name
!Closest equalivent
|-
|A, a
|/ə/
|a
|'''a'''bout
|-
|Â, â
|/ɑ/
|â
|b'''a'''th
|-
|B, b
|/b/
|be
|'''b'''all, '''b'''oat
|-
|Ƀ, ƀ
|/bʱ/
|ƀe
|(this sound is not used in English)
|-
|C, c
|/k/, /s/
|ce
|'''c'''reative, plum'''s'''
|-
|Č, č
|/tʃ/
|če
|'''c'''hocolate
|-
|D, d
|/d/
|de
|'''d'''rum, '''d'''ubbed
|-
|Đ, đ
|/dʱ/
|đe
|(this sound is not used in English)
|-
|E, e
|/ɛ/
|e
|b'''e'''d
|}
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The '''languages of Crossburg City in Delta Territory''' have been around since 1756, and most languages in Crossburg City, Delta Territory are written in Latin script. The only language to be written in Cyrillic script is Chairin Crossburg Language (in Chairin suburb, Crossburg City, Delta Territory). Official languages are French, Finnish, Deltonian, Chinese and the own languages listed below in Crossburg City. Each suburb has its own language.
== Crossburg's alphabets ==
=== Luidang Crossburg ===
Luidang Crossburg includes the English alphabet (excluding W w, X x and Y y) with the special letters  â, Ƀ ƀ, Č č, Đ đ, Ǧ ǧ, Î î, Ƚ ƚ, Ŋ ŋ, Ř ř, Š š, Ŧ ŧ, Ü ü and Ž ž.
{| class="article-table" style="font-size:22px; text-align:center;"
|A a
|Â â
|B b
|Ƀ ƀ
|C c
|Č č
|D d
|Đ đ
|E e
|F f
|G g
|-
|Ǧ ǧ
|H h
|I i
|Î î
|J j
|K k
|L l
|Ƚ ƚ
|M m
|N n
|Ŋ ŋ
|-
|O o
|P p
|Q q
|R r
|Ř ř
|S s
|Š š
|T t
|Ŧ ŧ
|U u
|Ü ü
|-
|V v
|Z z
|Ž ž
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
The letters W w, X x and Y y are only used in loanwords.
Like all other Crossburg languages (except Chairin), there used to be a sh ligature and a ch ligature, placed in the alphabetical order after P and C, respectively. They were replaced with the current letters, S and C with a caron respectively, in 1986 for use in computers.
=== Sengin Crossburg ===
Sengin Crossburg includes the the English alphabet (excluding K k, W w, X x, Y y) with the special letters Ă ă, Â â, Č č, З з, Ʒ ʒ, É é, Ǧ ǧ, Ï ï, Ƚ ƚ, Ŋ ŋ, Ř ř, Š š, Ü ü, Ž ž, Ä ä, Θ θ and Ω ω.
{| class="article-table" style="font-size:22px; text-align:center;"
|A a
|Ă ă
|Â â
|B b
|C c
|Č č
|З з
|Ʒ ʒ
|D d
|E e
|É é
|F f
|-
|G g
|Ǧ ǧ
|H h
|I i
|Ï ï
|(ͺ)
|J j
|L l
|Ƚ ƚ
|M m
|N n
|Ŋ ŋ
|-
|O o
|P p
|Q q
|R r
|Ř ř
|S s
|Š š
|T t
|U u
|Ü ü
|V v
|Z z
|-
|Ž ž
|Ä ä
|Θ θ
|Ω ω
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
The letter "ͺ" is not part of the alphabet but it may be needed to reflect as a falling diphtong: ''eͅiynnзeraωza'' (grandmother) and ''iͅyadaͅt'' (water).
The letters K k, W w, X x and Y y are only used in loanwords.
In the old Sengin Crossburg alphabet, there to be a sh ligature, g with stroke and a ch ligature, placed in the alphabetical order after P, G and C, respectively. They were replaced with the current letters in 1986 for use in computers.
== Luidang Crossburg ==
The Luidang Crossburg is a SVO language and its official status is in Seigoi, a suburb in Crossburg City. It s spoken by 1.4 million people.
=== Alphabet ===
The alphabet consists of 36 letters. Letters with stroke represent breathy voice.
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!
Letter
!
IPA
!Name
!Closest equalivent
|-
|'''1'''
|A, a
|/ə/
|a
|'''a'''bout
|-
|'''2'''
|Â, â
|/ɑ/
|â
|b'''a'''th
|-
|'''3'''
|B, b
|/b/
|be
|'''b'''all, '''b'''oat
|-
|'''4'''
|Ƀ, ƀ
|/bʱ/
|ƀe
|(this sound is not used in English)
|-
|'''5'''
|C, c
|/k/, /s/
|ce
|'''c'''reative, plum'''s'''
|-
|'''6'''
|Č, č
|/tʃ/
|če
|'''c'''hocolate
|-
|'''7'''
|D, d
|/d/
|de
|'''d'''rum, '''d'''ubbed
|-
|'''8'''
|Đ, đ
|/dʱ/
|đe
|(this sound is not used in English)
|-
|'''9'''
|E, e
|/ɛ/
|e
|b'''e'''d
|-
|'''10'''
|F, f
|/f/
|ef
|'''f'''eel, '''f'''ill
|-
|'''11'''
|G, g
|/g/
|ge
|'''g'''oat, '''g'''reen
|-
|'''12'''
|Ǧ, ǧ
|/dʒ/
|ǧe
|'''j'''ump, '''j'''unction
|-
|'''13'''
|H, h
|/h/
|hâ
|'''h'''ouse, '''h'''ive
|-
|'''14'''
|I, i
|/ɪ/
|i
|b'''i'''t
|-
|'''15'''
|Î, î
|/ʏ/
|î
|Estuary English f'''oo'''t
|-
|'''16'''
|J, j
|/dz/
|je
|ro'''ds'''
|-
|'''17'''
|K, k
|/k/
|kâ
|'''k'''eep, '''k'''iss
|-
|'''18'''
|L, l
|/l/
|el
|'''l'''ike, '''l'''iver, '''l'''ook
|-
|'''19'''
|Ƚ, ƚ
|/lʱ/
|eƚ
|(this sound is not used in English)
|-
|'''20'''
|M, m
|/m/
|em
|'''m'''ild, '''m'''ilk
|-
|'''21'''
|N, n
|/n/
|en
|'''n'''ose, '''n'''ine, '''n'''ice
|-
|'''22'''
|Ŋ, ŋ
|/ŋ/
|eꞑ
|si'''ng'''
|-
|'''23'''
|O, o
|/ɔ/
|o
|n'''o'''t, th'''ough'''t
|-
|'''24'''
|P, p
|/p/
|pe
|'''p'''ick, '''p'''ie
|-
|'''25'''
|Q, q
|/ʁ/
|ku
|Gwynedd '''r'''ed
|-
|'''26'''
|R, r
|/ʐ/
|er
|(this sound is not used in English)
|-
|'''27'''
|Ř, ř
|/ɹ/
|eř
|'''r'''ope
|-
|'''28'''
|S, s
|/s/
|es
|'''s'''ound, '''s'''ort
|-
|'''29'''
|Š, š
|/ʃ/
|eš
|'''sh'''ip, '''sh'''illing
|-
|'''30'''
|T, t
|/t/
|te
|'''t'''oys, '''t'''old
|-
|'''31'''
|Ŧ, ŧ
|/tʱ/
|ŧe
|(this sound is not used in English)
|-
|'''32'''
|U, u
|/u/
|u
|b'''oo'''k
|-
|'''33'''
|Ü, ü
|/ʊ/
|ü
|h'''oo'''k
|-
|'''34'''
|V, v
|/v/, /w/
|ve
|'''v'''alve
|-
|'''35'''
|Z, z
|/ts/
|ez
|New York '''t'''ea
|-
|'''36'''
|Ž, ž
|/tʂ/
|ež
|(this sound is not used in English)
|}
The Luidang Crossburg equalivent for "'''etaoin shrdlu cmfwyp vbgkjq xz'''" is: "'''aeâln sidorv mczop bgřšč ƚqüǧŧ đꞑhƀž îjfk'''".
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/* Sengin Crossburg */
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The '''languages of Crossburg City in Delta Territory''' have been around since 1756, and most languages in Crossburg City, Delta Territory are written in Latin script. The only language to be written in Cyrillic script is Chairin Crossburg Language (in Chairin suburb, Crossburg City, Delta Territory). Official languages are French, Finnish, Deltonian, Chinese and the own languages listed below in Crossburg City. Each suburb has its own language.
== Crossburg's alphabets ==
=== Luidang Crossburg ===
Luidang Crossburg includes the English alphabet (excluding W w, X x and Y y) with the special letters  â, Ƀ ƀ, Č č, Đ đ, Ǧ ǧ, Î î, Ƚ ƚ, Ŋ ŋ, Ř ř, Š š, Ŧ ŧ, Ü ü and Ž ž.
{| class="article-table" style="font-size:22px; text-align:center;"
|A a
|Â â
|B b
|Ƀ ƀ
|C c
|Č č
|D d
|Đ đ
|E e
|F f
|G g
|-
|Ǧ ǧ
|H h
|I i
|Î î
|J j
|K k
|L l
|Ƚ ƚ
|M m
|N n
|Ŋ ŋ
|-
|O o
|P p
|Q q
|R r
|Ř ř
|S s
|Š š
|T t
|Ŧ ŧ
|U u
|Ü ü
|-
|V v
|Z z
|Ž ž
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
The letters W w, X x and Y y are only used in loanwords.
Like all other Crossburg languages (except Chairin), there used to be a sh ligature and a ch ligature, placed in the alphabetical order after P and C, respectively. They were replaced with the current letters, S and C with a caron respectively, in 1986 for use in computers.
=== Sengin Crossburg ===
Sengin Crossburg includes the the English alphabet (excluding K k, W w, X x, Y y) with the special letters Ă ă, Â â, Č č, З з, Ʒ ʒ, É é, Ǧ ǧ, Ï ï, Ƚ ƚ, Ŋ ŋ, Ř ř, Š š, Ü ü, Ž ž, Ä ä, Θ θ and Ω ω.
{| class="article-table" style="font-size:22px; text-align:center;"
|A a
|Ă ă
|Â â
|B b
|C c
|Č č
|З з
|Ʒ ʒ
|D d
|E e
|É é
|F f
|-
|G g
|Ǧ ǧ
|H h
|I i
|Ï ï
|(ͺ)
|J j
|L l
|Ƚ ƚ
|M m
|N n
|Ŋ ŋ
|-
|O o
|P p
|Q q
|R r
|Ř ř
|S s
|Š š
|T t
|U u
|Ü ü
|V v
|Z z
|-
|Ž ž
|Ä ä
|Θ θ
|Ω ω
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
The letter "ͺ" is not part of the alphabet but it may be needed to reflect as a falling diphtong: ''eͅiinnзeraωza'' (grandmother) and ''iͅlradaͅt'' (water).
The letters K k, W w, X x and Y y are only used in loanwords.
In the old Sengin Crossburg alphabet, there to be a sh ligature, g with stroke and a ch ligature, placed in the alphabetical order after P, G and C, respectively. They were replaced with the current letters in 1986 for use in computers.
== Luidang Crossburg ==
The Luidang Crossburg is a SVO language and its official status is in Seigoi, a suburb in Crossburg City. It s spoken by 1.4 million people.
=== Alphabet ===
The alphabet consists of 36 letters. Letters with stroke represent breathy voice.
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!
Letter
!
IPA
!Name
!Closest equalivent
|-
|'''1'''
|A, a
|/ə/
|a
|'''a'''bout
|-
|'''2'''
|Â, â
|/ɑ/
|â
|b'''a'''th
|-
|'''3'''
|B, b
|/b/
|be
|'''b'''all, '''b'''oat
|-
|'''4'''
|Ƀ, ƀ
|/bʱ/
|ƀe
|(this sound is not used in English)
|-
|'''5'''
|C, c
|/k/, /s/
|ce
|'''c'''reative, plum'''s'''
|-
|'''6'''
|Č, č
|/tʃ/
|če
|'''c'''hocolate
|-
|'''7'''
|D, d
|/d/
|de
|'''d'''rum, '''d'''ubbed
|-
|'''8'''
|Đ, đ
|/dʱ/
|đe
|(this sound is not used in English)
|-
|'''9'''
|E, e
|/ɛ/
|e
|b'''e'''d
|-
|'''10'''
|F, f
|/f/
|ef
|'''f'''eel, '''f'''ill
|-
|'''11'''
|G, g
|/g/
|ge
|'''g'''oat, '''g'''reen
|-
|'''12'''
|Ǧ, ǧ
|/dʒ/
|ǧe
|'''j'''ump, '''j'''unction
|-
|'''13'''
|H, h
|/h/
|hâ
|'''h'''ouse, '''h'''ive
|-
|'''14'''
|I, i
|/ɪ/
|i
|b'''i'''t
|-
|'''15'''
|Î, î
|/ʏ/
|î
|Estuary English f'''oo'''t
|-
|'''16'''
|J, j
|/dz/
|je
|ro'''ds'''
|-
|'''17'''
|K, k
|/k/
|kâ
|'''k'''eep, '''k'''iss
|-
|'''18'''
|L, l
|/l/
|el
|'''l'''ike, '''l'''iver, '''l'''ook
|-
|'''19'''
|Ƚ, ƚ
|/lʱ/
|eƚ
|(this sound is not used in English)
|-
|'''20'''
|M, m
|/m/
|em
|'''m'''ild, '''m'''ilk
|-
|'''21'''
|N, n
|/n/
|en
|'''n'''ose, '''n'''ine, '''n'''ice
|-
|'''22'''
|Ŋ, ŋ
|/ŋ/
|eꞑ
|si'''ng'''
|-
|'''23'''
|O, o
|/ɔ/
|o
|n'''o'''t, th'''ough'''t
|-
|'''24'''
|P, p
|/p/
|pe
|'''p'''ick, '''p'''ie
|-
|'''25'''
|Q, q
|/ʁ/
|ku
|Gwynedd '''r'''ed
|-
|'''26'''
|R, r
|/ʐ/
|er
|(this sound is not used in English)
|-
|'''27'''
|Ř, ř
|/ɹ/
|eř
|'''r'''ope
|-
|'''28'''
|S, s
|/s/
|es
|'''s'''ound, '''s'''ort
|-
|'''29'''
|Š, š
|/ʃ/
|eš
|'''sh'''ip, '''sh'''illing
|-
|'''30'''
|T, t
|/t/
|te
|'''t'''oys, '''t'''old
|-
|'''31'''
|Ŧ, ŧ
|/tʱ/
|ŧe
|(this sound is not used in English)
|-
|'''32'''
|U, u
|/u/
|u
|b'''oo'''k
|-
|'''33'''
|Ü, ü
|/ʊ/
|ü
|h'''oo'''k
|-
|'''34'''
|V, v
|/v/, /w/
|ve
|'''v'''alve
|-
|'''35'''
|Z, z
|/ts/
|ez
|New York '''t'''ea
|-
|'''36'''
|Ž, ž
|/tʂ/
|ež
|(this sound is not used in English)
|}
The Luidang Crossburg equalivent for "'''etaoin shrdlu cmfwyp vbgkjq xz'''" is: "'''aeâln sidorv mczop bgřšč ƚqüǧŧ đꞑhƀž îjfk'''".
0kjbrwk36dxz5wa42u9c791tatd8tsk
Degujak language
0
222
371
2018-05-20T03:37:31Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "Degujak is a constructed language created in 1555. It is also to be one of the oldest constructed langauages. It is spoken by more than 5,361,274 people. == Grammar == Deguja..."
371
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Degujak is a constructed language created in 1555. It is also to be one of the oldest constructed langauages. It is spoken by more than 5,361,274 people.
== Grammar ==
Degujak is a subject–verb–object language.
== Scripts ==
=== Mongolian script ===
Mongolian script was used today by more than 5 million people. It is the common script for writing Degujak and decoration purposes.
==== Alphabet ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Mongolian Script
!
IPA
!Transliteration
!Numeric value
!Greek equalivent
|-
|Timadaje
|ᠠ
|
|
|
|
|-
|Alpha
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Betta
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Gamla
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Dalti
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ei
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Shu
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Zata
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Etta
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Tetta
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Iyota
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Jyota
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Kapha
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Samppe
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Lamda
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Mi
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ni
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ngi
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Tipista
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ksyi
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ot
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pei
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Cath
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Qaf
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Rou
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Siema
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Taw
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ipsilon
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Phei
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Chei
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Psei
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Oumiga
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ddalti
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Greek alphabet ===
Greek alphabet is used by 204,000 people to write Degujak.
tjjfw7mj1a9gxyn11hoeshyzke0alsw
372
371
2018-05-20T04:30:08Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
372
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Degujak is a constructed language created in 1555. It is also to be one of the oldest constructed langauages. It is spoken by more than 5,361,274 people.
== Grammar ==
Degujak is a subject–verb–object language.
== Scripts ==
=== Mongolian script ===
Mongolian script was used today by more than 5 million people. It is the common script for writing Degujak and decoration purposes.
==== Alphabet ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Mongolian Script
!
IPA
!Transliteration
!Numeric value
!Greek equalivent
!Notes
|-
|Alpha
|ᠠ
|[a~æ]
|a
|1
|Α α
|
|-
|Betta
|ᠪ
|[β]
|b
|2
|Β β
|
|-
|Gamla
|ᠭ
|[g~ɣ]
|γ
|3
|Γ γ
|
|-
|Dalti
|ᠳ
|[d]
|d
|4
|Δ δ
|Only used in Greek and Hebrew loanwords and transcriptions
|-
|Ei
|ᠡ
|[e]
|e
|5
|Ε ε
|
|-
|Shu
|ᢨ
|[ʃ]
|š
|6
|–
|Only used in Russian loanwords and transcriptions
|-
|Zata
|ᡔ
|[z]
|z
|7
|Ζ ζ
|
|-
|Etta
|ᠧ
|[ɜ]
|é
|8
|Η η
|
|-
|Tetta
|ᢡ
|[tʰ]
|ṭ
|9
|Θ θ
|
|-
|Iota
|ᠢ
|[i]
|i
|10
|Ι ι
|
|-
|Jota
|ᠵ
|[ʒ]
|j
|–
|–
|Only used in Russian and French loanwords and transcriptions
|-
|Kapha
|ᡗ
|[k]
|k
|20
|Κ κ
|
|-
|Samppe
|ᢜ
|[c͡ç]
|ṩ
|–
|–
|Only used in loanwords and transcriptions
|-
|Lamda
|ᠯ
|[l]
|l
|30
|Λ λ
|
|-
|Mi
|ᠮ
|[m]
|m
|40
|Μ μ
|
|-
|Ni
|ᠨ
|[n]
|n
|50
|Ν ν
|
|-
|Ngi
|ᠩ
|[ŋ]
|ṅ
|60
|–
|
|-
|Ksyi
|ᡜ
|[ks]
|ṡ̃
|70
|Ξ ξ
|
|-
|Ot
|ᠣ
|[o]
|o
|80
|Ο ο
|
|-
|Pei
|ᠫ
|[p]
|p
|90
|Π π
|
|-
|Cath
|ᡚ
|[t͡s]
|c
|–
|–
|Only used in Hebrew, Russian and Arabic loanwords and transcriptions
|-
|Qaf
|ᠬ
|[q]
|q
|–
|–
|Only used in Arabic loanwords and transcriptions
|-
|Rou
|ᠷ
|[ɹ]
|r
|100
|Ρ ρ
|
|-
|Sima
|ᠰ
|[s]
|s
|200
|Σ σ/ς
|
|-
|Thann
|ᡨ
|[θ]
|θ
|–
|–
|
|-
|Ladeh
|ᡀ
|[ɭ]
|ŀ
|–
|–
|Only used in French loanwords and transcriptions
|-
|Taw
|ᠲ
|[t]
|t
|300
|Τ τ
|
|-
|Ipsilon
|ᠤ
|[u]
|u
|400
|Υ υ
|
|-
|Phei
|ᠹ
|[f]
|f
|500
|Φ φ
|
|-
|Chei
|ᡂ
|[kʰ]
|č̣
|600
|Χ χ
|Only used in Greek loanwords and transcriptions
|-
|Psei
|ᡥ
|[ps]
|p̣
|700
|Ψ ψ
|Only used in Greek loanwords and transcriptions
|-
|Oumiga
|ᢇ
|[ɔ]
|ō
|800
|Ω ω
|Only used in Greek loanwords and transcriptions
|-
|Ddalti
|ᢑ
|[ð]
|δ
|900
|–
|
|}
=== Greek alphabet ===
Greek alphabet is used by 204,000 people to write Degujak.
== Loanwords ==
There are 6,400 loanwords, coming from French, Spanish and Greek mostly, sometimes Na'vi or Klingon.
=== Examples of loanwords ===
{| class="wikitable"
!
Word
!
Origin
!Meaning
!
Original language
|-
|ᠲᠠᠷᠠᠩ / ''tarang''
|''taron''
|hunt
|Na'vi
|-
|ᡗᠤᠩᠰᠠᠹ / ''kunsaf''
|''kunsip''
|gunship
|Na'vi
|-
|ᢨᠠᠲᠡ / ''šate''
|''château''
|castles of France
|French
|}
== Numbers ==
{| class="wikitable"
!
Number
!Word
|-
|1
|ᡨᠠᡗ / ''θak''
|-
|2
|ᢑᠠᠪᠪᠡ / ''dabbe''
|-
|3
|
|-
|4
|
|-
|5
|
|}
anleoxtl7aumc80qioz0gvvircw8110
Dellis City Romanisation of Hokkien
0
127
180
2018-03-19T11:26:01Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "The Dellis City Romanisation of Hokkien is based off Modern Literal Taiwanese and was used to romanise place names of Dellis City, and is also seen on Dellis City Hokkien news..."
180
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The Dellis City Romanisation of Hokkien is based off Modern Literal Taiwanese and was used to romanise place names of Dellis City, and is also seen on Dellis City Hokkien newspapers. There is also [[Dellis City Cyrillisation of Hokkien]].
== Vowels ==
{| class="wikitable"
| IPA || {{IPA|a}} || {{IPA|ap}} || {{IPA|at}} || {{IPA|ak}} || {{IPA|aʔ}} || {{IPA|ã}} || {{IPA|ɔ}} || {{IPA|ɔk}} || {{IPA|ɔ̃}} || {{IPA|ə}} || {{IPA|o}} || {{IPA|e}} || {{IPA|ẽ}} || {{IPA|i}} || {{IPA|iɛn}} || {{IPA|iəŋ}}
|-
|Pe̍h-ōe-jī
|a
|ap
|at
|ak
|ah
|aⁿ
|o͘
|ok
|oⁿ
|o
|o
|e
|eⁿ
|i
|ian
|eng
|-
| MLT || a || ab/ap || ad/at || ag/ak || aq/ah || va || o || og/ok || vo || ø || ø || e || ve || i || ien || eng
|-
|Dellis City
|a
|aph
|ath
|akh
|a'
|ã
|o
|okh
|õ
|y
|y
|e
|ẽ
|i
|iyn
|en
|-
|Dellis City Cyrillic (1955)
|а
|ап'
|ат'
|ак'
|а'
|аъ
|о
|ок'
|оъ
|о̄
|о̄
|е
|еъ
|и
|иен
|ен
|-
|Dellis City Cyrillic (1832)
|а
|ап'
|ат'
|ак'
|аа
|аъ
|о
|ок'
|оъ
|о̄
|о̄
|е
|еъ
|и
|иен
|ен
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|- class="IPA"
| IPA || {{IPA|iək}} || {{IPA|ĩ}} || {{IPA|ai}} || {{IPA|aĩ}} || {{IPA|au}} || {{IPA|am}} || {{IPA|ɔm}} || {{IPA|m̩}} || {{IPA|ɔŋ}} || {{IPA|ŋ̍}} || {{IPA|u}} || {{IPA|ua}} || {{IPA|ue}} || {{IPA|uai}} || {{IPA|uan}} || {{IPA|ɨ}} || (i){{IPA|ũ}}
|-
| Pe̍h-ōe-jī || ek || iⁿ || ai || aiⁿ || au || am || om || m || ong || ng || u || oa || oe || oai || oan || i || (i)uⁿ
|-
| MLT || eg/ek || vi || ai || vai || au || am || om || m || ong || ng || u || oa || oe || oai || oan || i || v(i)u
|-
|Dellis City
|ekh
|ĩ
|ay
|ãy
|au
|am
|om
|m
|on
|ñ
|u
|ua
|ue
|uay
|uan
|y
|(i)ũ
|-
|Dellis City Cyrillic (1955)
|ек'
|иъ
|аи
|аиъ
|ay
|aм
|ом
|м
|он
|н
|y
|yа
|yе
|yaи
|yaн
|ы
|(ы)yъ
|-
|Dellis City Cyrillic (1832)
|ек'
|иъ
|аи
|аиъ
|ay
|aм
|ом
|м
|он
|н
|y
|оа
|ое
|оaи
|оaн
|ы
|(и)yъ
|}
== Consonants ==
{| class="wikitable"
| IPA || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|pʰ}} || {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|tʰ}} || {{IPA|n}} || {{IPA|nŋ}} || {{IPA|l}} || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|ɡ}} || {{IPA|kʰ}} || {{IPA|h}} || {{IPA|tɕi}} || {{IPA|ʑi}} || {{IPA|tɕʰi}} || {{IPA|ɕi}} || {{IPA|ts}} || {{IPA|dz}} || {{IPA|tsʰ}} || {{IPA|s}}
|-
| Pe̍h-ōe-jī || p || b || ph || m || t || th || n || nng || l || k || g || kh || h || chi || ji || chhi || si || ch || j || chh || s
|-
| MLT || p || b || ph || m || t || th || n || nng || l || k || g || kh || h || ci || ji || chi || si || z || j || zh || s
|-
|Dellis City
|p
|b
|ph
|m
|t
|d
|n
|n'
|l
|k
|g
|kk
|h
|cy
|jy
|cyi
|sy
|z
|j
|ch
|s
|-
|Dellis City Cyrillic (1955)
|п
|б
|ф
|м
|т
|д
|н
|нн
|л
|к
|г
|кк
|х
|чи
|джи
|чхи
|си
|з
|дж
|ж
|с
|-
|Dellis City Cyrillic (1832)
|п
|б
|ф
|м
|т
|δ
|н
|н'
|л
|к
|г
|к'
|х
|чи
|δжи
|gхи
|си
|ƶ
|δж
|ж
|с
|}
== Tones ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Tone name || Yin level<br />陰平(1) || Yin rising<br />陰上(2) || Yin departing<br />陰去(3) || Yin entering<br />陰入(4) || Yang level<br />陽平(5) || Yang rising<br />陽上(6) || Yang departing<br />陽去(7) || Yang entering<br />陽入(8) || High rising<br>(9) || Neutral tone<br>(0)
|- class="IPA"
| IPA || {{IPA|a˥}} || {{IPA|a˥˧}} || {{IPA|a˨˩}} || {{IPA|ap˩}}<br />{{IPA|at˩}}<br />{{IPA|ak˩}}<br />{{IPA|aʔ˩}} || {{IPA|a˧˥}} || {{IPA|a˥˧}} || {{IPA|a˧}} || {{IPA|ap˥}}<br />{{IPA|at˥}}<br />{{IPA|ak˥}}<br />{{IPA|aʔ˥}} || {{IPA|a˥˥}} || {{IPA|a˨}}
|-
| Pe̍h-ōe-jī || a || á || à || ap<br />at<br />ak<br />ah || â || á || ā || a̍p<br />a̍t<br />a̍k<br />a̍h || || --a
|-
| MLT || af || ar || ax || ab<br />ad<br />ag<br />aq || aa || aar || a || ap<br />at<br />ak<br />ah || || ~a
|-
|Dellis City
|ag
|av
|aj
|a·ph<br />a·th<br />a·kh<br />a·
|â
|âr
|ar
|aph<br />ath<br />akh<br />a'
|
|a
|-
|Dellis City Cyrillic (1955)
|а
|ӓ
|а̄
|ап'<br />ат'<br />ак'<br />а'
|ӑ
|а̃
|аа
|а·п'<br />а·т'<br />а·к'<br />а·а'
|
|-а
|-
|Dellis City Cyrillic (1832)
|а<sub>I</sub>
|а<sub>II</sub>
|а<sub>III</sub>
|ап'<sub>IV</sub><br />ат'<sub>IV</sub><br />ак'<sub>IV</sub><br />а'<sub>IV</sub>
|а<sub>V</sub>
|а<sub>VI</sub>
|а<sub>VII</sub>
|ап'<sub>VIII</sub><br />ат'<sub>VIII</sub><br />ак'<sub>VIII</sub><br />а'<sub>VIII</sub>
|
|а<sub>0</sub>
|-
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Note: For Dellis City Cyrillic orthography of 1832, a subscript Roman numeral is placed after the syllable.
== Examples ==
{|
|IPA:
|[ ɕɪɛn˧ ɕĩ˥ kɔŋ˥˩ hak̚˧ ɕiəŋ˥ tɪam˧ tɪam˧ tʰĩã˥ ]
|-
|Pe̍h-ōe-jī:
|Sian-siⁿ kóng, ha̍k-seng tiām-tiām thiaⁿ.
|-
|Dellis City
|Syan sĩ kôrng, hakh sen tiam tiam thiã.
|}
{|
|Translation:
|A teacher is speaking. Students are quietly listening.
|}
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The Dellis City Romanisation of Hokkien is based off Modern Literal Taiwanese and was used to romanise place names of Dellis City, and is also seen on Dellis City Hokkien newspapers. There is also [[Dellis City Cyrillisation of Hokkien]].
== Vowels ==
{| class="wikitable"
| IPA || {{IPA|a}} || {{IPA|ap}} || {{IPA|at}} || {{IPA|ak}} || {{IPA|aʔ}} || {{IPA|ã}} || {{IPA|ɔ}} || {{IPA|ɔk}} || {{IPA|ɔ̃}} || {{IPA|ə}} || {{IPA|o}} || {{IPA|e}} || {{IPA|ẽ}} || {{IPA|i}} || {{IPA|iɛn}} || {{IPA|iəŋ}}
|-
|Pe̍h-ōe-jī
|a
|ap
|at
|ak
|ah
|aⁿ
|o͘
|ok
|oⁿ
|o
|o
|e
|eⁿ
|i
|ian
|eng
|-
| MLT || a || ab/ap || ad/at || ag/ak || aq/ah || va || o || og/ok || vo || ø || ø || e || ve || i || ien || eng
|-
|Dellis City
|a
|aph
|ath
|akh
|a'
|ã
|o
|okh
|õ
|y
|y
|e
|ẽ
|i
|iyn
|en
|-
|Dellis City Cyrillic (1955)
|а
|ап'
|ат'
|ак'
|а'
|аъ
|о
|ок'
|оъ
|о̄
|о̄
|е
|еъ
|и
|иен
|ен
|-
|Dellis City Cyrillic (1832)
|а
|ап'
|ат'
|ак'
|аа
|аъ
|о
|ок'
|оъ
|о̄
|о̄
|е
|еъ
|и
|иен
|ен
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|- class="IPA"
| IPA || {{IPA|iək}} || {{IPA|ĩ}} || {{IPA|ai}} || {{IPA|aĩ}} || {{IPA|au}} || {{IPA|am}} || {{IPA|ɔm}} || {{IPA|m̩}} || {{IPA|ɔŋ}} || {{IPA|ŋ̍}} || {{IPA|u}} || {{IPA|ua}} || {{IPA|ue}} || {{IPA|uai}} || {{IPA|uan}} || {{IPA|ɨ}} || (i){{IPA|ũ}}
|-
| Pe̍h-ōe-jī || ek || iⁿ || ai || aiⁿ || au || am || om || m || ong || ng || u || oa || oe || oai || oan || i || (i)uⁿ
|-
| MLT || eg/ek || vi || ai || vai || au || am || om || m || ong || ng || u || oa || oe || oai || oan || i || v(i)u
|-
|Dellis City
|ekh
|ĩ
|ay
|ãy
|au
|am
|om
|m
|on
|ñ
|u
|ua
|ue
|uay
|uan
|y
|(i)ũ
|-
|Dellis City Cyrillic (1955)
|ек'
|иъ
|аи
|аиъ
|ay
|aм
|ом
|м
|он
|н
|y
|yа
|yе
|yaи
|yaн
|ы
|(ы)yъ
|-
|Dellis City Cyrillic (1832)
|ек'
|иъ
|аи
|аиъ
|ay
|aм
|ом
|м
|он
|н
|y
|оа
|ое
|оaи
|оaн
|ы
|(и)yъ
|}
== Consonants ==
{| class="wikitable"
| IPA || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|pʰ}} || {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|tʰ}} || {{IPA|n}} || {{IPA|nŋ}} || {{IPA|l}} || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|ɡ}} || {{IPA|kʰ}} || {{IPA|h}} || {{IPA|tɕi}} || {{IPA|ʑi}} || {{IPA|tɕʰi}} || {{IPA|ɕi}} || {{IPA|ts}} || {{IPA|dz}} || {{IPA|tsʰ}} || {{IPA|s}}
|-
| Pe̍h-ōe-jī || p || b || ph || m || t || th || n || nng || l || k || g || kh || h || chi || ji || chhi || si || ch || j || chh || s
|-
| MLT || p || b || ph || m || t || th || n || nng || l || k || g || kh || h || ci || ji || chi || si || z || j || zh || s
|-
|Dellis City
|p
|b
|ph
|m
|t
|d
|n
|n'
|l
|k
|g
|kk
|h
|cy
|jy
|cyi
|sy
|z
|j
|ch
|s
|-
|Dellis City Cyrillic (1955)
|п
|б
|ф
|м
|т
|д
|н
|нн
|л
|к
|г
|кк
|х
|чи
|джи
|чхи
|си
|з
|дж
|ж
|с
|-
|Dellis City Cyrillic (1832)
|п
|б
|ф
|м
|т
|δ
|н
|н'
|л
|к
|г
|к'
|х
|чи
|δжи
|gхи
|си
|ƶ
|δж
|ж
|с
|}
== Tones ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Tone name || Yin level<br />陰平(1) || Yin rising<br />陰上(2) || Yin departing<br />陰去(3) || Yin entering<br />陰入(4) || Yang level<br />陽平(5) || Yang rising<br />陽上(6) || Yang departing<br />陽去(7) || Yang entering<br />陽入(8) || High rising<br>(9) || Neutral tone<br>(0)
|- class="IPA"
| IPA || {{IPA|a˥}} || {{IPA|a˥˧}} || {{IPA|a˨˩}} || {{IPA|ap˩}}<br />{{IPA|at˩}}<br />{{IPA|ak˩}}<br />{{IPA|aʔ˩}} || {{IPA|a˧˥}} || {{IPA|a˥˧}} || {{IPA|a˧}} || {{IPA|ap˥}}<br />{{IPA|at˥}}<br />{{IPA|ak˥}}<br />{{IPA|aʔ˥}} || {{IPA|a˥˥}} || {{IPA|a˨}}
|-
| Pe̍h-ōe-jī || a || á || à || ap<br />at<br />ak<br />ah || â || á || ā || a̍p<br />a̍t<br />a̍k<br />a̍h || || --a
|-
| MLT || af || ar || ax || ab<br />ad<br />ag<br />aq || aa || aar || a || ap<br />at<br />ak<br />ah || || ~a
|-
|Dellis City
|ag
|av
|aj
|a·ph<br />a·th<br />a·kh<br />a·
|â
|âr
|ar
|aph<br />ath<br />akh<br />a'
|
|a
|-
|Dellis City Cyrillic (1955)
|а
|ӓ
|а̄
|ап'<br />ат'<br />ак'<br />а'
|ӑ
|а̃
|аа
|а·п'<br />а·т'<br />а·к'<br />а·а'
|
|-а
|-
|Dellis City Cyrillic (1832)
|а<sub>I</sub>
|а<sub>II</sub>
|а<sub>III</sub>
|ап'<sub>IV</sub><br />ат'<sub>IV</sub><br />ак'<sub>IV</sub><br />а'<sub>IV</sub>
|а<sub>V</sub>
|а<sub>VI</sub>
|а<sub>VII</sub>
|ап'<sub>VIII</sub><br />ат'<sub>VIII</sub><br />ак'<sub>VIII</sub><br />а'<sub>VIII</sub>
|
|а<sub>0</sub>
|-
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Note: For Dellis City Cyrillic orthography of 1832, a subscript Roman numeral is placed after the syllable.
== Examples ==
{|
|IPA:
|[ ɕɪɛn˧ ɕĩ˥ kɔŋ˥˩ hak̚˧ ɕiəŋ˥ tɪam˧ tɪam˧ tʰĩã˥ ]
|-
|Pe̍h-ōe-jī:
|Sian-siⁿ kóng, ha̍k-seng tiām-tiām thiaⁿ.
|-
|Dellis City
|Syagn sĩg kôrng, hakh segn tiarm tiarm thiãg.
|}
{|
|Translation:
|A teacher is speaking. Students are quietly listening.
|}
fadlrml4n6xzqil8gdj3r6y1sljhwl5
Deltonian Alphabet
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Deltonian Language is a tonal lanugage, it has a numeral system called Deltonian Numerals. It uses diacritical marks to mark tones or use for numbers greater than 599. It has 9 tones.
== Letters ==
The alphabet consists of 23 letters, the letter Z (zed / zee) had no letter name, and it was only used as a numeral (e.g. ZAª for 501).
{| class="article-table"
!Uppercase
!A
!B
!C
!D
!E
!G
!H
!I
!K
!L
!M
!N
!O
!P
!Q
!R
!S
!T
!U
!V
!Y
!Z
|-
!Lowercase
|a
|b
|c
|d
|e
|g
|h
|i
|k
|l
|m
|n
|o
|p
|q
|r
|s
|t
|u
|v
|y
|z
|-
!Numerical
Value
|1
|2
|3
|4
|5
|6
|7
|8
|9
|10
|20
|30
|40
|50
|60
|70
|80
|90
|100
|200
|300
|400
|-
!Letter
Name
|á
|bé
|cé
|dé
|é
|gé
|hí
|í
|ká
|él
|ém
|én
|o
|pé
|qí
|rí
|shí
|té
|ú
|jé
|yá
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|}
== Diacritics ==
The diacritics were used to mark tones, or use as numerals greater than 499.
{| class="article-table"
!Diacritc
!Tone Name
!Tone Number
!Numerical Value
|-
|'''◌́'''
|High-Level
|1
|500
|-
|'''◌̋'''
|High-Falling
|2
|1000
|-
|'''◌̆'''
|Mid-Rising
|3
|5000
|-
|'''◌̄'''
|Mid-Level
|4
|10000
|-
|'''◌̑'''
|Mid-Falling
|5
|50000
|-
|'''◌̂'''
|Low-Rising
|6
|100000
|-
|'''◌̀'''
|Low-Level
|7
|500000
|-
|◌̇
|Creaky-Rising
|8
|1000000
|-
|◌̣
|Creaky-Falling
|9
|5000000
|-
|'''◌̊'''
|Neutral
|0
|10000000
|-
|'''◌̧'''
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|50000000
|-
|'''◌͗'''
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|100000000
|}
== See also ==
* [[Deltonian Numerals]]
00l411orrabuononlaqtsdxaqr20khq
Dujui language
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Dujui is an [[Ottaborta languages|Ottaborta language]] spoken in the Dujui state of Ottaborta Autonomous Republic. It is spoken by approximately 1,039,222 people.
== Phonology ==
Dujui has consonants, all of which are restricted to syllable-initial position:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |
!Labial
!Linguolabial
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Epiglottal
|-
! rowspan="2" |Stop
!unaspirated
|p
|t̼
|t
|
|
|k
|
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|
|tʰ
|
|
|kʰ
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Affricate
!unaspirated
|
|
|
|t͡ʃ
|
|
|
|-
!aspirated
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!voiceless
|f
|θ̼
|s
|ʃ
|
|
|
|-
!voiced
|v
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|m
|n̼
|n
|
|
|ŋ
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|
|
|
|
|j
|ɰ
|
|}
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Dujui is an [[Ottaborta languages|Ottaborta language]] spoken in the Dujui state of Ottaborta Autonomous Republic. It is spoken by approximately 1,039,222 people.
== Phonology ==
Dujui has consonants, all of which are restricted to syllable-initial position except /ŋ/:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |
!Labial
!Linguolabial
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Epiglottal
|-
! rowspan="2" |Stop
!unaspirated
|p
|t̼
|t
|
|
|k
|ʡ
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|
|tʰ
|
|
|kʰ
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Affricate
!unaspirated
|
|
|ts
|tʃ
|
|
|
|-
!aspirated
|
|
|tsʰ
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!voiceless
|f
|θ̼
|s
|ʃ
|
|x
|
|-
!voiced
|v
|
|z
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|m
|n̼
|n
|
|
|ŋ
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|
|
|l
|
|j
|ɰ
|
|}
Tujui has the following vowels /i ɑ ɛ o ɯ u ʊ ə ɜ ɚ ɑː iː/, diphtongs /ɑi iɛ io iu iːu aʊ uʊ/ and two triphtongs /oɑi iaʊ/.
West Tujui has /uː/ in place of /uʊ/, while North Tujui has /əː/ in place of /ɚ/ and /ɲ/ in place of /n̼/.
Central and West Dujui have nasal vowels, while North Dujui does not distinguish between oral and nasal vowels.
There are 8 tones.
== Writing system ==
Dujui language uses the Latin script.
The consonants are:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |
!Labial
!Linguolabial
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Epiglottal
|-
! rowspan="2" |Stop
!unaspirated
|'''b''' p
|'''th''' t̼
|'''d '''t
|
|
|'''g '''k
|'''r '''ʡ
|-
!aspirated
|'''p''' pʰ
|
|'''t '''tʰ
|
|
|'''k '''kʰ
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Affricate
!unaspirated
|
|
|'''z '''ts
|'''c '''tʃ
|
|
|
|-
!aspirated
|
|
|tsʰ
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!voiceless
|'''f''' f
|'''shh''' θ̼
|'''s '''s
|'''sh '''ʃ
|
|'''h '''x
|
|-
!voiced
|'''w''' v
|
|'''sz '''z
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|'''m''' m
|'''nh''' n̼
|'''n '''n
|
|
|'''ng '''ŋ
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|
|
|'''l '''l
|
|'''y '''j
|'''gh '''ɰ
|
|}
The vowels are:
{| class="wikitable"
!
a
!e
!i
!o
!u
!ue
!ah
!ih
|-
|'''a''' ɑ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
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Dujui is an [[Ottaborta languages|Ottaborta language]] spoken in the Dujui state of Ottaborta Autonomous Republic. It is spoken by approximately 1,039,222 people.
== Phonology ==
Dujui has consonants.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |
!Labial
!Linguolabial
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Labialised Velar
!Glottal
|-
! rowspan="2" |Stop
!unaspirated
|p
|t̼
|t
|
|
|k
|
|ʔ
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|
|tʰ
|
|
|kʰ
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Affricate
!unaspirated
|
|
|ts
|tʃ
|
|
|
|
|-
!aspirated
|
|
|tsʰ
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!voiceless
|f
|θ̼
|s
|ʃ
|
|x
|
|
|-
!voiced
|v
|
|z
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|m
|n̼
|n
|
|
|ŋ
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|
|
|ɹ
|
|j
|ɰ
|w
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Lateral Approximant
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|
|}
Dujui has the following vowels /i ɑ ɛ o ɯ u ʊ ə ɜ ɚ æ ɑː iː/ and diphtongs /ɑi iɛ io iu iːu aʊ uʊ eʊ/.
Dujui used to have the following consonants /ɣ ɲ ʀ ʕ ʋ ð̼ m̥/. They were later merged in Modern Dujui with the respective consonants /g nʲ ɹ kʰ w t̼ hm/. The phonemes /ɣ ɲ/ are also dropped from other Ottaborta languages as well (replacements: /g nʲ/).
== Writing system ==
Ancient Dujui and Middle Dujui used Chinese characters as the preferred writing system. In 1756, Liftlandian linguists began to use Latin script to transcribe Middle Dujui. This led to the development of the present-day Latin alphabet.
=== Middle Dujui Latin alphabet ===
'''a ă å â b <span style="text-decoration: overline;">bj</span> c d'''
0lz1o8tk0levymd9qxqxl03czg44kuz
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Dujui is an [[Ottaborta languages|Ottaborta language]] spoken in the Dujui state of Ottaborta Autonomous Republic. It is spoken by approximately 1,039,222 people.
== Phonology ==
Dujui has consonants.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |
!Labial
!Linguolabial
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Labialised Velar
!Glottal
|-
! rowspan="2" |Stop
!unaspirated
|p
|t̼
|t
|
|
|k
|
|ʔ
|-
!aspirated
|pʰ
|
|tʰ
|
|
|kʰ
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Affricate
!unaspirated
|
|
|ts
|tʃ
|
|
|
|
|-
!aspirated
|
|
|tsʰ
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!voiceless
|f
|θ̼
|s
|ʃ
|
|x
|
|
|-
!voiced
|v
|
|z
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|m
|n̼
|n
|
|
|ŋ
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Implosive
|ɓ
|
|ɗ
|
|ʄ
|ɠ̊
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|
|
|ɹ
|
|j
|ɰ
|w
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Lateral Approximant
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|
|}
Dujui has the following vowels /i ɑ ɛ o ɯ u ʊ ə ɤ ɜ ɚ æ/ and diphtongs /ɑi iɛ io iu iu aʊ uʊ eʊ/.
Dujui used to have the following consonants /ɣ ɲ ʀ ʕ ʋ ð̼ m̥ n̥ ŋ̊ b d ð/. They were later merged in Modern Dujui with the respective consonants /ʄ nʲ ɹ kʰ w t̼ hm hn hŋ ɓ ɗ/. The /ð/ has also been replaced with /ɗ/. The phonemes /ɣ ɲ/ are also dropped from other Ottaborta languages as well (replacements: /g nʲ/).
== Writing system ==
Ancient Dujui and Middle Dujui used Chinese characters as the preferred writing system. In 1879, Liftlandian linguists began to use Latin script to transcribe Middle Dujui. This led to the development of the present-day Latin alphabet. In 1899, a Latin alphabet was reformed and came into use in 1910. Almost all of the publications are printed using Chinese characters in 1908, then the use of Chinese characters was downgraded to 85% in 1912, then 74.4% in 1913, 62% in 1914 (in 1915 it is the same), 57.5% in 1916, 32% in 1918, 10% in 1920, and by 1922, there are no more books printed in Chinese characters, with the use of Latin alphabet for publication appeared 98.8% all the time.
=== Middle Dujui Latin alphabet ===
'''a ă å â b <span style="text-decoration: overline;">bj</span> c ĉ ch d đ e ê ë g ĝ gi h ĥ hm hn hng i î ï iu j ĵ k l ł m mm n ng ngm ngng nj o ô ơ p ph pp q r s sh t th u û ư v x y ŷ ʕ ʔ'''
In uppercase,
'''A Ă Å Â B <span style="text-decoration: overline;">Bj</span> C Ĉ CH D Đ E Ê Ë G Ĝ GI H Ĥ Hm Hn Hng I Î Ï IU J Ĵ K L Ł M MM N Ng Ngm Ngng Nj O Ô Ơ P Ph Pp Q R S Sh T Th Tsh U Û Ư V X Y Ŷ ʕ ʔ'''
The letter "<span style="text-decoration: overline;">bj</span>" is called "[[BJ with overbar]]". The tetragraph "ngng" was consisdered a separate letter of the alphabet.
{| class="wikitable"
!IPA
!
Letter
|-
!ə
|A a
|-
!æ
|Ă ă
|-
!ɤ
|Å å
|-
!ɑ
|Â â
|-
!ɓ
|B b
|-
!v
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">Bj</span> <span style="text-decoration: overline;">bj</span>
|-
!kʰ
|C c
|-
!tʃ
|Ĉ ĉ
|-
!x
|Ch ch
|-
!◌̃
|D d
|-
!ɗ
|Đ đ
|-
!e
|E e
|-
!
|Ê ê
|-
|
|
|}
ikipvcgd69zaak69tv8qcs2elvxscht
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Dujui is an [[Ottaborta languages|Ottaborta language]] spoken in the Dujui state of Ottaborta Autonomous Republic. It is spoken by approximately 1,039,222 people.
== Writing system ==
Ancient Dujui and Middle Dujui used Chinese characters as the preferred writing system. In 1879, Liftlandian linguists began to use Latin script to transcribe Middle Dujui. This led to the development of the present-day Latin alphabet. In 1899, a Latin alphabet was reformed and came into use in 1910. Almost all of the publications are printed using Chinese characters in 1908, then the use of Chinese characters was downgraded to 85% in 1912, then 74.4% in 1913, 62% in 1914 (in 1915 it is the same), 57.5% in 1916, 32% in 1918, 10% in 1920, and by 1922, there are no more books printed in Chinese characters, with the use of Latin alphabet for publication appeared 98.8% all the time.
=== Middle Dujui Latin alphabet ===
'''a ă å â b <span style="text-decoration: overline;">bj</span> c ĉ ch d đ e ê ë g ĝ gi h ĥ hm hn hng i î ï iu j ĵ k l ł m mm n ng ngm ngng nj o ô ơ p ph pp q r s sh t th u û ư v x y ŷ ʕ ʔ'''
In uppercase,
'''A Ă Å Â B <span style="text-decoration: overline;">Bj</span> C Ĉ Ch D Đ E Ê Ë G Ĝ Gi H Ĥ Hm Hn Hng I Î Ï IU J Ĵ K L Ł M Mm N Ng Ngm Ngng Nj O Ô Ơ P Ph Pp Q R S Sh T Th Tsh U Û Ư V X Y Ŷ ʕ ʔ'''
The letter "<span style="text-decoration: overline;">bj</span>" is called "[[BJ with overbar]]". The tetragraph "ngng" was consisdered a separate letter of the alphabet.
{| class="wikitable"
!IPA
!
Letter
|-
!ə
|A a
|-
!æ
|Ă ă
|-
!ø
|Å å
|-
!ɑ
|Â â
|-
!ɓ
|B b
|-
!v
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">Bj</span> <span style="text-decoration: overline;">bj</span>
|-
!kʰ
|C c
|-
!x
|Ĉ ĉ
|-
!tɬ
|Ch ch
|-
!◌̃
|D d
|-
!ɗ
|Đ đ
|-
!e
|E e
|-
!ε
|Ê ê
|-
!ɜ
|Ë ë
|-
!χ
|G g
|-
!g
|Ĝ ĝ
|-
!z
|Gi gi
|-
!ʜ
|H h
|-
!ħ
|Ĥ ĥ
|-
!m̥
|Hm hm
|-
!n̥
|Hn hn
|-
!ŋ̊
|Hng hng
|-
!i
|I i
|-
!dɮ
|J j
|-
!j
|Ĵ ĵ
|-
!k
|K k
|-
!l
|L l
|-
!ɭ
|Ł ł
|-
!m
|M m
|-
!mː
|Mm mm
|-
!n
|N n
|-
!ŋ
|Ng ng
|-
!ŋm
|Ngm ngm
|-
!ŋː
|Ngng ngng
|-
!o
|O o
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|}
6r46t81kqka75ee2jsfg5m8x1qujb19
Dupuois-uang-ce Numerals
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Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "The '''Dupuois-uang-ce Numerals''' are created by Shinwoi Ganzen in the 3rd century BC, and its modern form has evolved in the 1832. It was used in everyday life until 1709, w..."
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The '''Dupuois-uang-ce Numerals''' are created by Shinwoi Ganzen in the 3rd century BC, and its modern form has evolved in the 1832. It was used in everyday life until 1709, when Gooperland replaced those with Arabic numerals. Today, it is used for measuring things where US customary units is used (today American customary ones are used in Central Hatsune Miku, Toyajikawa and Matsuri (previously used Japanese units of measurement until replacement to US customary in 1900), numbering lists, and Gooperlandian Bible's psalm numbers.
== The numbers ==
There are signs for: 1, 5, 10, 100, 1000, 10000, 100000 and 1000000 (1 million):
{| class="article-table"
!I
!F
!Δ
!X
!Ш
!Ξ
!E
!A
|-
|1
|5
|10
|100
|1000
|10000
|100000
|1000000
|-
!I
!V
!X
!C
!M
!M̅
!M̅̅
!'''M̅̅̅'''
|}
To indicate 500, 5000, 50000, 500000 and 5000000, the superscript lowercase f is written after the power of 10: Δ<sup>f</sup> = 50, X<sup>f</sup> = 500, Ш<sup>f</sup> = 5000, Ξ<sup>f</sup> = 5000, E<sup>f</sup> = 500000 and A<sup>f</sup> = 5000000 (5 million).
Unlike Roman numerals, number 4 is written IIII and 9 as FIIII (not IF or IΔ).
The year 1832 is written as ШX<sup>f</sup>XXXΔΔΔII (MDCCCXXXII in Roman numerals).
A numeral grater than 999999999 will have a '''◌̀ '''(grave accent) added above the power: Ì represents 1 billion (or 1000000000).
=== Special symbols ===
There are special symbols to represent the fractions. '''P''' is one half.
{| class="article-table"
!DUC
!Roman
!Value
|-
|G
|•
|<sup>1</sup>/<sub>12</sub>
|-
|G·
|••
|<sup>2</sup>/<sub>12</sub> = <sup>1</sup>/<sub>6</sub>
|-
|G⁚
|•••
|<sup>3</sup>/<sub>12</sub> = <sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub>
|-
|G⁖
|••••
|<sup>4</sup>/<sub>12</sub>
|-
|G⁘
|•••••
|<sup>5</sup>/<sub>12</sub>
|-
|P
|S
|<sup>6</sup>/<sub>12 </sub>= <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>
|-
|P·
|S•
|<sup>7</sup>/<sub>12</sub>
|-
|P⁚
|S••
|<sup>8</sup>/<sub>12</sub> = <sup>2</sup>/<sub>3</sub>
|-
|P⁖
|S••••
|<sup>9</sup>/<sub>12</sub> = <sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub>
|-
|K
|?
|<sup>1</sup>/<sub>24</sub>
|-
|Ƙ
|?
|
|}
he1pqetsy8a29t9nzk61i6dw8rxxuei
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The '''Dupuois-uang-ce Numerals''' are created by Shinwoi Ganzen in the 3rd century BC, and its modern form has evolved in the 1832. It was used in everyday life until 1709, when Gooperland replaced those with Arabic numerals. Today, it is used for measuring things where US customary units is used (today American customary ones are used in Central Hatsune Miku, Toyajikawa and Matsuri (previously used Japanese units of measurement until replacement to US customary in 1900), numbering lists, and Gooperlandian Bible's psalm numbers.
== The numbers ==
There are signs for: 1, 5, 10, 100, 1000, 10000, 100000 and 1000000 (1 million):
{| class="article-table"
!I
!F
!Δ
!X
!Ш
!Ξ
!E
!A
|-
|1
|5
|10
|100
|1000
|10000
|100000
|1000000
|-
!I
!V
!X
!C
!M
!M̅
!M̅̅
!'''M̅̅̅'''
|}
To indicate 500, 5000, 50000, 500000 and 5000000, the superscript lowercase f is written after the power of 10: Δ<sup>f</sup> = 50, X<sup>f</sup> = 500, Ш<sup>f</sup> = 5000, Ξ<sup>f</sup> = 5000, E<sup>f</sup> = 500000 and A<sup>f</sup> = 5000000 (5 million).
Unlike Roman numerals, number 4 is written IIII and 9 as FIIII (not IF or IΔ).
The year 1832 is written as ШX<sup>f</sup>XXXΔΔΔII (MDCCCXXXII in Roman numerals).
A numeral grater than 999999999 will have a '''◌̀ '''(grave accent) added above the power: Ì represents 1 billion (or 1000000000).
=== Special symbols ===
There are special symbols to represent the fractions. '''P''' is one half.
{| class="article-table"
!DUC
!Roman
!Value
|-
|G
|•
|<sup>1</sup>/<sub>12</sub>
|-
|G·
|••
|<sup>2</sup>/<sub>12</sub> = <sup>1</sup>/<sub>6</sub>
|-
|G⁚
|•••
|<sup>3</sup>/<sub>12</sub> = <sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub>
|-
|G⁖
|••••
|<sup>4</sup>/<sub>12</sub>
|-
|G⁘
|•••••
|<sup>5</sup>/<sub>12</sub>
|-
|P
|S
|<sup>6</sup>/<sub>12 </sub>= <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>
|-
|P·
|S•
|<sup>7</sup>/<sub>12</sub>
|-
|P⁚
|S••
|<sup>8</sup>/<sub>12</sub> = <sup>2</sup>/<sub>3</sub>
|-
|P⁖
|S••••
|<sup>9</sup>/<sub>12</sub> = <sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub>
|-
|K
|?
|<sup>1</sup>/<sub>24</sub>
|-
|T
|?
|<sup>1</sup>/<sub>48</sub>
|-
|Ѵ
|Ƨ
|<sup>1</sup>/<sub>72</sub>
|-
|B
|?
|<sup>1</sup>/<sub>96</sub>
|-
|B<sup>a</sup>
|?
|<sup>1</sup>/<sub>120</sub>
|}
6xkdf5rrypdoa7hy8uu5zq6wfb8eiab
Eastwindian alphabet
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191
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2018-04-29T06:50:35Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "The Eastwindian is a constructed and tonal language, and official in Eastwind State, Arcanus. Eastwindian is written using Latin. This Latin-based alphabet also makes use of c..."
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The Eastwindian is a constructed and tonal language, and official in Eastwind State, Arcanus. Eastwindian is written using Latin. This Latin-based alphabet also makes use of chandrabindu.
{| class="wikitable"
!Letter
!IPA
!Name
!Closest equalivent
!Notes
|-
|A, a
|[ə]
|a
|'''a'''bout, Tin'''a'''
|In some loanwords it may be pronunced as [a] (which is normally written with A̐) or [ɑ] (which is normally written with Ä).
|-
|Ä, ä
|[a]
|a direseze ("A diaeresis")
|h'''a'''t
|Some loanwords make use of A instead of the proper Ä.
|-
|A̐, a̐
|[ɑ]
|a candrabinda ("A chandrabindu")
|b'''a'''th (Cockney English)
|Some loanwords make use of A instead of the proper A̐.
|-
|B, b
|[b]
|be
|'''b'''ounce, '''b'''all, '''b'''oy
|
|-
|C, c
|[k], [s]
|ce
|'''s'''ound'''s''', pre'''ss'''
|The hard C occurs when the letter C precedes the non-rounded vowels. The soft C occurs when the letter C precedes the rounded vowels.
|-
|Ch, ch
|[tʃ]
|che
|'''ch'''air
|Some speakers use [tɕ] for ''ch'' digraph (considered as an allophone).
|-
|D, d
|[d]
|de
|'''d'''ay, '''d'''ates, '''d'''ime, '''d'''ice, '''d'''ill
|
|-
|Dz, dz
|[dz]
|dze
|ro'''ds''', ki'''ds'''
|Rare, 3rd least frequently used letter. Does not occur in the beginning of the words, except loanwords, romanisations of place names and personal names.
|-
|Dzh, dzh
|[dʒ]
|dzhe
|bri'''dg'''e, '''j'''am, e'''dg'''e, pi'''g'''eon, '''G'''eorge, '''j'''ust
|Rare, 2nd least frequently used letter. Mostly appears in loanwords of French, German, English and Macedonian origin.
|-
|Ddzh, ddzh
|[dʑ]
|ddzhe
|
|Rare, 1st least frequently used letter. Mostly appeared in loanwords of Chinese, Romanian, Serbo-Croatian, Yi and Japanese origin.
|-
|E, e
|[ɛ]
|e
|b'''e'''d, f'''a'''t (Singaporean English)
|In some loanwords, it can be also pronounced as [e], which is usually written Ë.
|-
|É, é
|[ɛ˥]
|e ytta ("E high")
|
|
|-
|Ë, ë
|[e]
|e direseze ("E diaeresis")
|b'''e'''d (Australian English)
|Some loanwords make use of E instead of Ë.
|-
|F, f
|[f]
|ef
|'''f'''ill, '''f'''ood
|
|-
|G, g
|[ɡ̠]
|ge
|'''g'''audy (Australian English, allophone of /g/)
|
|-
|Gh, gh
|[ɰ]
|ghe
|a'''r'''a (Belgian French, allophone of /ʀ/ for some speakers)
|
|-
|H, h
|[◌̃]
|aita
|
|The letter H indicates vowel nasalisation, as in ''ehttarna'' ({{IPA|[ɛ̃ttəːɹnəː]}}, meaning ''beauty''), or can form digraphs, trigraphs and tetragraphs, such as ''gh'' and ''dzh'' (a rare trigraph).
|-
|Ħ, ħ
|[x]
|aita strokdzha
|lo'''ch''' (Scottish English)
|
|-
|I, i
|[i]
|i
|b'''i'''t, fr'''ee'''
|
|}
l8lqmjzpi8f4x23ac3kj0coy34arik4
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Kenstallyies30
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Eastwindian is a constructed language, and official in Eastwind State, Arcanus. Eastwindian is written using Latin. This Latin-based alphabet also makes use of chandrabindu.
{| class="wikitable"
!Letter
!IPA
!Name
!Closest equalivent
!Notes
|-
|A, a
|[ə]
|a
|'''a'''bout, Tin'''a'''
|In some loanwords it may be pronunced as [a] (which is normally written with A̐) or [ɑ] (which is normally written with Ä).
|-
|Ä, ä
|[a]
|a direseze ("A diaeresis")
|h'''a'''t
|Some loanwords make use of A instead of the proper Ä.
|-
|A̐, a̐
|[ɑ]
|a ca̐ndrabindä ("A chandrabindu")
|b'''a'''th (Cockney English)
|Some loanwords make use of A instead of the proper A̐.
|-
|B, b
|[b]
|be
|'''b'''ounce, '''b'''all, '''b'''oy
|
|-
|C, c
|[k], [s]
|ce
|'''s'''ound'''s''', pre'''ss'''
|The hard C occurs when the letter C precedes the non-rounded vowels. The soft C occurs when the letter C precedes the rounded vowels.
|-
|Ch, ch
|[tʃ]
|ce a̐ita̐
|'''ch'''air
|Some speakers use [tɕ] for ''ch'' digraph (considered as an allophone).
|-
|Chh, chh
|[tʃʰ]
|ce dublu a̐ita̐ ("C double H")
|
|
|-
|D, d
|[d]
|de
|'''d'''ay, '''d'''ates, '''d'''ime, '''d'''ice, '''d'''ill
|
|-
|Dz, dz
|[dz]
|de ze
|ro'''ds''', ki'''ds'''
|Rare, 3rd least frequently used letter. Does not occur in the beginning of the words, except loanwords, romanisations of place names and personal names.
|-
|Dzh, dzh
|[dʒ]
|de ze a̐ita̐
|bri'''dg'''e, '''j'''am, e'''dg'''e, pi'''g'''eon, '''G'''eorge, '''j'''ust
|Rare, 2nd least frequently used letter. Mostly appears in loanwords of French, German, English and Macedonian origin.
|-
|Ddzh, ddzh
|[dʑ]
|de de ze a̐ita̐
|
|Rare, 1st least frequently used letter. Mostly appeared in loanwords of Chinese, Romanian, Serbo-Croatian, Yi and Japanese origin. The only tetragraph that has a place in alphabet in any language.
|-
|E, e
|[ɛ]
|e
|b'''e'''d, f'''a'''t (Singaporean English)
|In some loanwords, it can be also pronounced as [e], which is usually written Ë.
|-
|É, é
|[ɛ˥]
|e ytta ("E high")
|
|
|-
|Ē, ē
|[ɛ˧]
|e meddä ("E mid")
|
|
|-
|Ë, ë
|[e]
|e direseze ("E diaeresis")
|b'''e'''d (Australian English)
|Some loanwords make use of E instead of Ë.
|-
|F, f
|[f]
|ef
|'''f'''ill, '''f'''ood
|
|-
|G, g
|[ɡ̠]
|ge
|'''g'''audy (Australian English, allophone of /g/)
|
|-
|Gh, gh
|[ɰ]
|ghe
|a'''r'''a (Belgian French, allophone of /ʀ/ for some speakers)
|
|-
|H, h
|[◌̃]
|aita
|
|The letter H indicates vowel nasalisation, as in ''ehttarna'' ({{IPA|[ɛ̃ttəːɹnəː]}}, meaning ''beauty''), or this letter can form digraphs, trigraphs and tetragraphs, such as ''gh'' and ''dzh'' (a rare trigraph).
|-
|Ħ, ħ
|[x]
|a̐ita̐ strokzha ("H stroke")
|lo'''ch''' (Scottish English)
|
|-
|I, i
|[i]
|i
|b'''i'''t, fr'''ee'''
|
|-
|Ì, ì
|[i˥˩]
|i ytta mingpit ("I high falling")
|
|Some people write the letter "Ì" as "I". This is usually found on some signs.
|-
|Í, í
|[i˥]
|i ytta ("I high")
|
|Some people write the letter "Í" as "I". This is usually found on some signs.
|-
|J, j
|[ɗ], [h]
|je
|'''đ'''uôi (Vietnamese), '''h'''igh, '''h'''ills, '''h'''ands
|
|-
|K, k
|[k]
|ke
|'''k'''iss, '''k'''ind, '''k'''eep, '''k'''it, '''c'''lean
|
|-
|L, l
|[l]
|el
|'''l'''ive, '''l'''ife, '''l'''ot, '''l'''ook, '''l'''ower, '''l'''ight, '''l'''ists
|
|-
|Lh, lh
|[ɭ]
|el a̐ita̐
|be'''ll'''e jambe (Standard French)
|
|-
|M, m
|[m], [m̥]
|em
|'''m'''ile, '''m'''inimum, '''m'''inis
|
|-
|N, n
|[n]
|en
|'''n'''ice, '''gn'''ome, '''n'''ight, '''n'''ull
|
|-
|Ñ, ñ
|[ɲ]
|eñe
|'''n'''ew (in British, not American), Ni'''ñ'''o (Spanish)
|Some loanwords use the "NY" combination rather than "Ñ" for the [ɲ] sound.
|-
|Ng, ng
|[ŋ]
|en ge
|si'''ng''', Mi'''ng''', di'''ng'''
|
|-
|O, o
|[ɔ]
|o
|n'''o'''t, th'''ough'''t, g'''oa'''t, b'''u'''t (Newfoundland)
|
|-
|Ó, ó
|[ɔ˥]
|o ytta ("O high")
|
|Some people use "O" instead of "Ó" in some signs, particularly in coffee shops.
|-
|Ǒ, ǒ
|[ɔ˨˩˦]
|o pa̐nashte deppa ("O low dipping"
|
|Some people use "O" instead of "Ǒ" in some signs, particularly in coffee shops.
|-
|Ò, ò
|[ɔ˥˩]
|o ytta mingpit ("O high falling")
|
|Some people use "O" instead of "Ò" in some signs, particularly in coffee shops.
|-
|Ō, ō
|[ɔ˧]
|o meddä ("O mid")
|
|Some people use "O" instead of "Ō" in some signs, particularly in coffee shops.
|-
|Ö, ö
|[o]
|o direseze ("O diaeresis")
|g'''o''' (American), y'''aw'''n
|
|-
|P, p
|[p]
|pe
|'''p'''ick, '''p'''it, '''p'''ut, '''p'''at, '''p'''ine
|When romanising Chinese, 北京 in Chinese, is romanised as Pëking (until 1988) and Bëijing (since 1988).
|-
|Q, q
|[k], [q]
|ku
|
|Q only occurs in romanisations of Chinese and other languages with non-Latin script and loanwords. When a word is borrowed from French, the letter "Q" remains, as in "pla̐qué".
|-
|R, r
|[ɹ̠]
|er
|'''r'''at, '''r'''ed, '''wr'''ote, '''r'''ight
|Some speakers pronounce "r" as a trill.
|-
|S, s
|[θ]
|es
|'''th'''at, '''th'''in
|This notation is unusual for Eastwindian as the letter S is pronounced as a voiceless alveolar sibilant elsewhere. The voiceless alveolar sibilant in Eastwindian should be represented by the digraph "SS".
|-
|Ss, ss
|[s]
|ess
|'''s'''ay, e'''s'''timate, roa'''s'''t
|
|-
|Sht, sht
|[ʃ]
|es a̐ita̐ te
|'''sh'''ip, '''sh'''ow, '''sh'''adow
|
|-
|T, t
|[t]
|te
|type, '''t'''ime, '''t'''ook, '''t'''ake, '''t'''ears
|
|-
|U, u
|[u]
|u
|b'''oo'''k, h'''oo'''k, b'''oo'''t, l'''oo'''t
|
|-
|Ú, ú
|[u˥]
|u ytta ("U high")
|
|
|-
|Ǔ, ǔ
|[u˨˩˦]
|u pa̐nashte deppa ("U low dipping")
|
|
|-
|Ù, ù
|[u˥˩]
|u ytta mingpit ("U high falling")
|
|
|-
|Ū, ū
|[u˧]
|u meddä ("U mid")
|
|
|-
|V, v
|[ʋ], [ʋ̥]
|ve
|'''v'''ine (Indian South African)
|
|-
|W, w
|[v]
|dublu ve ("Double V")
|'''v'''accum, e'''v'''ol'''v'''e, '''v'''alve
|
|}
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Eastwindian is a constructed language, and official in Eastwind State, Arcanus. Eastwindian is written using Latin. This Latin-based alphabet also makes use of chandrabindu. It has 58 letters.
{| class="wikitable"
!Letter
!IPA
!#
!Name
!Closest equalivent
!Notes
|-
|A, a
|[ə]
|1
|a
|'''a'''bout, Tin'''a'''
|In some loanwords it may be pronunced as [a] (which is normally written with A̐) or [ɑ] (which is normally written with Ä).
|-
|Ä, ä
|[a]
|2
|a direseze ("A diaeresis")
|h'''a'''t
|Some loanwords make use of A instead of the proper Ä.
|-
|A̐, a̐
|[ɑ]
|3
|a ca̐ndrabindä ("A chandrabindu")
|b'''a'''th (Cockney English)
|Some loanwords make use of A instead of the proper A̐.
|-
|B, b
|[b]
|4
|be
|'''b'''ounce, '''b'''all, '''b'''oy
|
|-
|C, c
|[k], [s]
|5
|ce
|'''s'''ound'''s''', pre'''ss'''
|The hard C occurs when the letter C precedes the non-rounded vowels. The soft C occurs when the letter C precedes the rounded vowels.
|-
|Ch, ch
|[tʃ]
|6
|ce a̐ita̐
|'''ch'''air
|Some speakers use [tɕ] for ''ch'' digraph (considered as an allophone).
|-
|Chh, chh
|[ʃʰ]
|7
|ce dublu a̐ita̐ ("C double H")
|
|
|-
|D, d
|[d]
|8
|de
|'''d'''ay, '''d'''ates, '''d'''ime, '''d'''ice, '''d'''ill
|
|-
|Dz, dz
|[dz]
|9
|de zeta
|ro'''ds''', ki'''ds'''
|Rare, 3rd least frequently used letter. Does not occur in the beginning of the words, except loanwords, romanisations of place names and personal names.
|-
|Dzh, dzh
|[dʒ]
|10
|de zeta a̐ita̐
|bri'''dg'''e, '''j'''am, e'''dg'''e, pi'''g'''eon, '''G'''eorge, '''j'''ust
|Rare, 2nd least frequently used letter. Mostly appears in loanwords of French, German, English and Macedonian origin.
|-
|Ddzh, ddzh
|[dʑ]
|11
|de de zeta a̐ita̐
|
|Rare, 1st least frequently used letter. Mostly appeared in loanwords of Chinese, Romanian, Serbo-Croatian, Yi and Japanese origin. The only tetragraph that has a place in alphabet in any language.
|-
|E, e
|[ɛ]
|12
|e
|b'''e'''d, f'''a'''t (Singaporean English)
|In some loanwords, it can be also pronounced as [e], which is usually written Ë.
|-
|É, é
|[ɛ˥]
|13
|e ytta ("E high")
|
|
|-
|Ē, ē
|[ɛ˧]
|14
|e meddä ("E mid")
|
|
|-
|Ë, ë
|[e]
|15
|e diresezeta ("E diaeresis")
|b'''e'''d (Australian English)
|Some loanwords make use of E instead of Ë.
|-
|F, f
|[f]
|16
|ef
|'''f'''ill, '''f'''ood
|
|-
|G, g
|[ɡ̠]
|17
|ge
|'''g'''audy (Australian English, allophone of /g/)
|
|-
|Gh, gh
|[ɰ]
|18
|ghe
|a'''r'''a (Belgian French, allophone of /ʀ/ for some speakers)
|
|-
|H, h
|[◌̃]
|19
|a̐ita̐
|
|The letter H indicates vowel nasalisation, as in ''ehttarna'' ({{IPA|[ɛ̃ttəːɹnəː]}}, meaning ''beauty''), or this letter can form digraphs, trigraphs and tetragraphs, such as ''gh'' and ''dzh'' (a rare trigraph).
|-
|Ħ, ħ
|[x]
|20
|a̐ita̐ strokzha ("H stroke")
|lo'''ch''' (Scottish English)
|
|-
|I, i
|[i]
|21
|i
|b'''i'''t, fr'''ee'''
|
|-
|Ì, ì
|[i˥˩]
|22
|i ytta mingpit ("I high falling")
|
|Some people write the letter "Ì" as "I". This is usually found on some signs.
|-
|Í, í
|[i˥]
|23
|i ytta ("I high")
|
|Some people write the letter "Í" as "I". This is usually found on some signs.
|-
|J, j
|[ɗ], [h], [j]
|24
|je
|'''đ'''uôi (Vietnamese), '''h'''igh, '''h'''ills, '''h'''ands, '''y'''ou, '''y'''arn
|
|-
|K, k
|[k]
|25
|ke
|'''k'''iss, '''k'''ind, '''k'''eep, '''k'''it, '''c'''lean
|
|-
|L, l
|[l]
|26
|el
|'''l'''ive, '''l'''ife, '''l'''ot, '''l'''ook, '''l'''ower, '''l'''ight, '''l'''ists
|
|-
|Lh, lh
|[ɭ]
|27
|el a̐ita̐
|be'''ll'''e jambe (Standard French)
|
|-
|M, m
|[m], [m̥]
|28
|em
|'''m'''ile, '''m'''inimum, '''m'''inis
|
|-
|N, n
|[n]
|29
|en
|'''n'''ice, '''gn'''ome, '''n'''ight, '''n'''ull
|
|-
|Ñ, ñ
|[ɲ]
|30
|eñe
|'''n'''ew (in British, not American), Ni'''ñ'''o (Spanish)
|Some loanwords use the "NY" combination rather than "Ñ" for the [ɲ] sound.
|-
|Ng, ng
|[ŋ]
|31
|en ge
|si'''ng''', Mi'''ng''', di'''ng'''
|
|-
|O, o
|[ɔ]
|32
|o
|n'''o'''t, th'''ough'''t, g'''oa'''t, b'''u'''t (Newfoundland)
|
|-
|Ó, ó
|[ɔ˥]
|33
|o ytta ("O high")
|
|Some people use "O" instead of "Ó" in some signs, particularly in coffee shops.
|-
|Ǒ, ǒ
|[ɔ˨˩˦]
|34
|o pa̐nashte deppa ("O low dipping"
|
|Some people use "O" instead of "Ǒ" in some signs, particularly in coffee shops.
|-
|Ò, ò
|[ɔ˥˩]
|35
|o ytta mingpit ("O high falling")
|
|Some people use "O" instead of "Ò" in some signs, particularly in coffee shops.
|-
|Ō, ō
|[ɔ˧]
|36
|o meddä ("O mid")
|
|Some people use "O" instead of "Ō" in some signs, particularly in coffee shops.
|-
|Ö, ö
|[o]
|37
|o direseze ("O diaeresis")
|g'''o''' (American), y'''aw'''n
|
|-
|P, p
|[p]
|38
|pe
|'''p'''ick, '''p'''it, '''p'''ut, '''p'''at, '''p'''ine
|When romanising Chinese, 北京 in Chinese, is romanised as Pëking (until 1988) and Bëijing (since 1988).
|-
|Q, q
|[k], [q]
|39
|ku
|
|Q only occurs in romanisations of Chinese and other languages with non-Latin script and loanwords. When a word is borrowed from French, the letter "Q" remains, as in "pla̐qué".
|-
|R, r
|[ɹ̠]
|40
|er
|'''r'''at, '''r'''ed, '''wr'''ote, '''r'''ight
|The syllabic r (like the American pronounciations of water, work, market and start) is written with double-r: "RR", as in ''jarruda̐rra̐'' (bound).
|-
|Rr, rr
|[r̩]
|41
|
|
|
|-
|S, s
|[θ]
|42
|es
|'''th'''at, '''th'''in
|This notation is unusual for Eastwindian as the letter S is pronounced as a voiceless alveolar sibilant elsewhere. The voiceless alveolar sibilant in Eastwindian should be represented by the digraph "SS".
|-
|Ss, ss
|[s]
|43
|ess
|'''s'''ay, e'''s'''timate, roa'''s'''t
|
|-
|Sht, sht
|[ʃ]
|44
|es a̐ita̐ te
|'''sh'''ip, '''sh'''ow, '''sh'''adow
|
|-
|T, t
|[t]
|45
|te
|type, '''t'''ime, '''t'''ook, '''t'''ake, '''t'''ears
|
|-
|Tss, tss
|[ʃtʃ]
|46
|e
|
|
|-
|U, u
|[u]
|47
|u
|b'''oo'''k, h'''oo'''k, b'''oo'''t, l'''oo'''t
|
|-
|Ú, ú
|[u˥]
|48
|u ytta ("U high")
|
|
|-
|Ǔ, ǔ
|[u˨˩˦]
|49
|u pa̐nashte deppa ("U low dipping")
|
|
|-
|Ù, ù
|[u˥˩]
|50
|u ytta mingpit ("U high falling")
|
|
|-
|Ū, ū
|[u˧]
|51
|u meddä ("U mid")
|
|
|-
|V, v
|[ʋ], [ʋ̥]
|52
|ve
|'''v'''ine (Indian South African)
|
|-
|W, w
|[v]
|53
|dublu ve ("Double V")
|'''v'''accum, e'''v'''ol'''v'''e, '''v'''alve
|The letter W only occurs in foreign words of origin, from other languages, like French, English, etc., place names and Internet addresses. The [v] sound is normally written [bh].
|-
|X, x
|[ks], [gz]
|54
|ix
|pic'''ks''', pric'''ks''', fi'''x'''
|Only occurs in loanwords, names and romanisations, such as ''Alexändrahä'' (Alexandra).
|-
|Y, y
|[ʲ], [y]
|55
|upsa̐ilòn ("Upsilon")
|can'''y'''on, fe'''w''' (Multicultural London English)
|The letter "Y" denotes palatalisation of consonants, but the value [y] is only in loanwords from German.
|-
|Z, z
|[ts]
|56
|zeta
|'''ts'''unami, ca'''ts''', pa'''ts'''
|
|-
|Zh, zh
|[tsʰ]
|57
|zeta a̐ita̐
|
|
|-
|Zs, zs
|[ʒ]
|58
|zeta es
|plea'''s'''ure, trea'''s'''ure
|
|-
|Zhh, zhh
|[ʒʰ]
|59
|zeta a̐ita̐ a̐ita̐
|
|
|-
|Zzh, zzh
|[z]
|60
|zeta zeta a̐ita̐
|'''z'''ebra, ro'''s'''es
|
|}
== Capitalisation ==
Capitalisation is used in the beginning of the sentences and proper names. When a word begins with a di- or trigraph, only the first letter of the two or three components of digraph is capitalised: ''Zhougheckin'' (writer), not ''ZHougheckin''.
When writing as part of the abbreviation, or when writing all caps, the entire pair is capitalised.
* ''Ma̐sscahnera givghaybha zhalhaessatou'' (literally meaning ''Machinery factory system'')
* ''MHZH'' (the entire pair is capitalised, it is not ''MHZh''.)
* ''MA̐SSCAHNERA GIVGHAYBHA ZHALHAESSATOU'' (not ''ZhALhAESsATOU''.)
== Keyboard layout ==
Because French is the other official language of Eastwindian state, the European AZERTY is normally used. Note that the following letters with diacritics are not present on the keyboard: Ä, Ē, Ë, Ì, Í, Ó, Ǒ, Ò, Ō, Ö, Ú, Ǔ, Ù and Ū. The macron is located on the "S" key, and the caron on the "H" key. The letter "A̐" is located on the "A" key.
An alternative layout is the US-International. It includes letters from the normal European AZERTY, and the letters Ä, A̐, Ë, Ì, Ǒ, Ò, Ō, Ǔ, Ù and Ū are not present on the keyboard. Instead, a dead key must be typed followed by the appropriate letter.
== Scrabble ==
This version is handmade.
* 2 blank tiles (scoring 0 points)
* 1 point: A ×10, E ×10, R ×10, S ×9, T ×9, I ×9, M ×8
* 2 points: O ×7, U ×6, Z ×6, N ×6, L ×6, V ×6, NG ×6
* 3 points: SS ×5, F ×5, CH ×5, P ×5, B ×5, J ×5, Y ×5
* 4 points: G ×5, D ×4, GH ×4, K ×4, H ×4
* 5 points: CHH ×3, ZS ×3, ZZH ×2, LH ×2, RR ×2
* 8 points: ZH ×2, ZHH ×2
* 10 points: TSS ×1
Diacritical marks are ignored. ''DZ'', ''DZH'' and ''DDZH'', which are fairly rare in Eastwindian, have no tiles, nor do ''Q'', ''W'' and ''X'', which are only used in loanwords, Internet addresses, abbreviations and romanisations. ''Q'' and ''X'' can be used with a blank, but ''W'', ''DZ'', ''DZH'' and ''DDZH'' cannot be represented with a blank.
== See also ==
[[Eastwindian language]]
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Eastwindian is a constructed language, and official in Eastwind State, Arcanus. Eastwindian is written using Latin. This Latin-based alphabet also makes use of chandrabindu. It has 58 letters.
{| class="wikitable"
!Letter
!IPA
!#
!Name
!Closest equalivent
!Notes
|-
|A, a
|[ə]
|1
|a
|'''a'''bout, Tin'''a'''
|In some loanwords it may be pronunced as [a] (which is normally written with A̐) or [ɑ] (which is normally written with Ä).
|-
|Ä, ä
|[a]
|2
|a direseze ("A diaeresis")
|h'''a'''t
|Some loanwords make use of A instead of the proper Ä.
|-
|A̐, a̐
|[ɑ]
|3
|a ca̐ndrabindä ("A chandrabindu")
|b'''a'''th (Cockney English)
|Some loanwords make use of A instead of the proper A̐.
|-
|B, b
|[b]
|4
|be
|'''b'''ounce, '''b'''all, '''b'''oy
|
|-
|C, c
|[k], [s]
|5
|ce
|'''s'''ound'''s''', pre'''ss'''
|The hard C occurs when the letter C precedes the non-rounded vowels. The soft C occurs when the letter C precedes the rounded vowels.
|-
|Ch, ch
|[tʃ]
|6
|ce a̐ita̐
|'''ch'''air
|Some speakers use [tɕ] for ''ch'' digraph (considered as an allophone).
|-
|Chh, chh
|[ʃʰ]
|7
|ce dublu a̐ita̐ ("C double H")
|
|
|-
|D, d
|[d]
|8
|de
|'''d'''ay, '''d'''ates, '''d'''ime, '''d'''ice, '''d'''ill
|
|-
|Dz, dz
|[dz]
|9
|de zeta
|ro'''ds''', ki'''ds'''
|Rare, 3rd least frequently used letter. Does not occur in the beginning of the words, except loanwords, romanisations of place names and personal names.
|-
|Dzh, dzh
|[dʒ]
|10
|de zeta a̐ita̐
|bri'''dg'''e, '''j'''am, e'''dg'''e, pi'''g'''eon, '''G'''eorge, '''j'''ust
|Rare, 2nd least frequently used letter. Mostly appears in loanwords of French, German, English and Macedonian origin.
|-
|Ddzh, ddzh
|[dʑ]
|11
|de de zeta a̐ita̐
|
|Rare, 1st least frequently used letter. Mostly appeared in loanwords of Chinese, Romanian, Serbo-Croatian, Yi and Japanese origin. The only tetragraph that has a place in alphabet in any language.
|-
|E, e
|[ɛ]
|12
|e
|b'''e'''d, f'''a'''t (Singaporean English)
|In some loanwords, it can be also pronounced as [e], which is usually written Ë.
|-
|É, é
|[ɛ˥]
|13
|e ytta ("E high")
|
|
|-
|Ē, ē
|[ɛ˧]
|14
|e meddä ("E mid")
|
|
|-
|Ë, ë
|[e]
|15
|e diresezeta ("E diaeresis")
|b'''e'''d (Australian English)
|Some loanwords make use of E instead of Ë.
|-
|F, f
|[f]
|16
|ef
|'''f'''ill, '''f'''ood
|
|-
|G, g
|[ɡ̠]
|17
|ge
|'''g'''audy (Australian English, allophone of /g/)
|
|-
|Gh, gh
|[ɰ]
|18
|ghe
|a'''r'''a (Belgian French, allophone of /ʀ/ for some speakers)
|
|-
|H, h
|[◌̃]
|19
|a̐ita̐
|
|The letter H indicates vowel nasalisation, as in ''ehttarna'' ({{IPA|[ɛ̃ttəːɹnəː]}}, meaning ''beauty''), or this letter can form digraphs, trigraphs and tetragraphs, such as ''gh'' and ''dzh'' (a rare trigraph).
|-
|Ħ, ħ
|[x]
|20
|a̐ita̐ strokzha ("H stroke")
|lo'''ch''' (Scottish English)
|
|-
|I, i
|[i]
|21
|i
|b'''i'''t, fr'''ee'''
|
|-
|Ì, ì
|[i˥˩]
|22
|i ytta mingpit ("I high falling")
|
|Some people write the letter "Ì" as "I". This is usually found on some signs.
|-
|Í, í
|[i˥]
|23
|i ytta ("I high")
|
|Some people write the letter "Í" as "I". This is usually found on some signs.
|-
|J, j
|[ɗ], [h], [j]
|24
|je
|'''đ'''uôi (Vietnamese), '''h'''igh, '''h'''ills, '''h'''ands, '''y'''ou, '''y'''arn
|
|-
|K, k
|[k]
|25
|ke
|'''k'''iss, '''k'''ind, '''k'''eep, '''k'''it, '''c'''lean
|
|-
|L, l
|[l]
|26
|el
|'''l'''ive, '''l'''ife, '''l'''ot, '''l'''ook, '''l'''ower, '''l'''ight, '''l'''ists
|
|-
|Lh, lh
|[ɭ]
|27
|el a̐ita̐
|be'''ll'''e jambe (Standard French)
|
|-
|M, m
|[m], [m̥]
|28
|em
|'''m'''ile, '''m'''inimum, '''m'''inis
|
|-
|N, n
|[n]
|29
|en
|'''n'''ice, '''gn'''ome, '''n'''ight, '''n'''ull
|
|-
|Ñ, ñ
|[ɲ]
|30
|eñe
|'''n'''ew (in British, not American), Ni'''ñ'''o (Spanish)
|Some loanwords use the "NY" combination rather than "Ñ" for the [ɲ] sound.
|-
|Ng, ng
|[ŋ]
|31
|en ge
|si'''ng''', Mi'''ng''', di'''ng'''
|
|-
|O, o
|[ɔ]
|32
|o
|n'''o'''t, th'''ough'''t, g'''oa'''t, b'''u'''t (Newfoundland)
|
|-
|Ó, ó
|[ɔ˥]
|33
|o ytta ("O high")
|
|Some people use "O" instead of "Ó" in some signs, particularly in coffee shops.
|-
|Ǒ, ǒ
|[ɔ˨˩˦]
|34
|o pa̐nashte deppa ("O low dipping"
|
|Some people use "O" instead of "Ǒ" in some signs, particularly in coffee shops.
|-
|Ò, ò
|[ɔ˥˩]
|35
|o ytta mingpit ("O high falling")
|
|Some people use "O" instead of "Ò" in some signs, particularly in coffee shops.
|-
|Ō, ō
|[ɔ˧]
|36
|o meddä ("O mid")
|
|Some people use "O" instead of "Ō" in some signs, particularly in coffee shops.
|-
|Ö, ö
|[o]
|37
|o direseze ("O diaeresis")
|g'''o''' (American), y'''aw'''n
|
|-
|P, p
|[p]
|38
|pe
|'''p'''ick, '''p'''it, '''p'''ut, '''p'''at, '''p'''ine
|When romanising Chinese, 北京 in Chinese, is romanised as Pëking (until 1988) and Bëijing (since 1988).
|-
|Q, q
|[k], [q]
|39
|ku
|
|Q only occurs in romanisations of Chinese and other languages with non-Latin script and loanwords. When a word is borrowed from French, the letter "Q" remains, as in "pla̐qué".
|-
|R, r
|[ɹ̠]
|40
|er
|'''r'''at, '''r'''ed, '''wr'''ote, '''r'''ight
|The syllabic r (like the American pronounciations of water, work, market and start) is written with double-r: "RR", as in ''jarruda̐rra̐'' (bound).
|-
|Rr, rr
|[r̩]
|41
|er er
|
|
|-
|S, s
|[θ]
|42
|es
|'''th'''at, '''th'''in
|This notation is unusual for Eastwindian as the letter S is pronounced as a voiceless alveolar sibilant elsewhere. The voiceless alveolar sibilant in Eastwindian should be represented by the digraph "SS".
|-
|Ss, ss
|[s]
|43
|ess
|'''s'''ay, e'''s'''timate, roa'''s'''t
|
|-
|Sht, sht
|[ʃ]
|44
|es a̐ita̐ te
|'''sh'''ip, '''sh'''ow, '''sh'''adow
|
|-
|T, t
|[t]
|45
|te
|type, '''t'''ime, '''t'''ook, '''t'''ake, '''t'''ears
|
|-
|Tss, tss
|[ʃtʃ]
|46
|te es es
|
|
|-
|U, u
|[u]
|47
|u
|b'''oo'''k, h'''oo'''k, b'''oo'''t, l'''oo'''t
|
|-
|Ú, ú
|[u˥]
|48
|u ytta ("U high")
|
|
|-
|Ǔ, ǔ
|[u˨˩˦]
|49
|u pa̐nashte deppa ("U low dipping")
|
|
|-
|Ù, ù
|[u˥˩]
|50
|u ytta mingpit ("U high falling")
|
|
|-
|Ū, ū
|[u˧]
|51
|u meddä ("U mid")
|
|
|-
|V, v
|[ʋ], [ʋ̥]
|52
|ve
|'''v'''ine (Indian South African)
|
|-
|W, w
|[v]
|53
|dublu ve ("Double V")
|'''v'''accum, e'''v'''ol'''v'''e, '''v'''alve
|The letter W only occurs in foreign words of origin, from other languages, like French, English, etc., place names and Internet addresses. The [v] sound is normally written [bh].
|-
|X, x
|[ks], [gz]
|54
|ix
|pic'''ks''', pric'''ks''', fi'''x'''
|Only occurs in loanwords, names and romanisations, such as ''Alexändrahä'' (Alexandra).
|-
|Y, y
|[ʲ], [y]
|55
|upsa̐ilòn ("Upsilon")
|can'''y'''on, fe'''w''' (Multicultural London English)
|The letter "Y" denotes palatalisation of consonants, but the value [y] is only in loanwords from German.
|-
|Z, z
|[ts]
|56
|zeta
|'''ts'''unami, ca'''ts''', pa'''ts'''
|
|-
|Zh, zh
|[tsʰ]
|57
|zeta a̐ita̐
|
|
|-
|Zs, zs
|[ʒ]
|58
|zeta es
|plea'''s'''ure, trea'''s'''ure
|
|-
|Zhh, zhh
|[ʒʰ]
|59
|zeta a̐ita̐ a̐ita̐
|
|
|-
|Zzh, zzh
|[z]
|60
|zeta zeta a̐ita̐
|'''z'''ebra, ro'''s'''es
|
|}
== Capitalisation ==
Capitalisation is used in the beginning of the sentences and proper names. When a word begins with a di- or trigraph, only the first letter of the two or three components of digraph is capitalised: ''Zhougheckin'' (writer), not ''ZHougheckin''.
When writing as part of the abbreviation, or when writing all caps, the entire pair is capitalised.
* ''Ma̐sscahnera givghaybha zhalhaessatou'' (literally meaning ''Machinery factory system'')
* ''MHZH'' (the entire pair is capitalised, it is not ''MHZh''.)
* ''MA̐SSCAHNERA GIVGHAYBHA ZHALHAESSATOU'' (not ''ZhALhAESsATOU''.)
== Keyboard layout ==
Because French is the other official language of Eastwindian state, the European AZERTY is normally used. Note that the following letters with diacritics are not present on the keyboard: Ä, Ē, Ë, Ì, Í, Ó, Ǒ, Ò, Ō, Ö, Ú, Ǔ, Ù and Ū. The macron is located on the "S" key, and the caron on the "H" key. The letter "A̐" is located on the "A" key.
An alternative layout is the US-International. It includes letters from the normal European AZERTY, and the letters Ä, A̐, Ë, Ì, Ǒ, Ò, Ō, Ǔ, Ù and Ū are not present on the keyboard. Instead, a dead key must be typed followed by the appropriate letter.
== Scrabble ==
This version is handmade.
* 2 blank tiles (scoring 0 points)
* 1 point: A ×10, E ×10, R ×10, S ×9, T ×9, I ×9, M ×8
* 2 points: O ×7, U ×6, Z ×6, N ×6, L ×6, V ×6, NG ×6
* 3 points: SS ×5, F ×5, CH ×5, P ×5, B ×5, J ×5, Y ×5
* 4 points: G ×5, D ×4, GH ×4, K ×4, H ×4
* 5 points: CHH ×3, ZS ×3, ZZH ×2, LH ×2, RR ×2
* 8 points: ZH ×2, ZHH ×2
* 10 points: TSS ×1
Diacritical marks are ignored. ''DZ'', ''DZH'' and ''DDZH'', which are fairly rare in Eastwindian, have no tiles, nor do ''Q'', ''W'' and ''X'', which are only used in loanwords, Internet addresses, abbreviations and romanisations. ''Q'' and ''X'' can be used with a blank, but ''W'', ''DZ'', ''DZH'' and ''DDZH'' cannot be represented with a blank.
== See also ==
[[Eastwindian language]]
9j1y2pt7i521fc2zum7dxqxnaetuq90
Edinburgian Alphabet
0
112
161
2018-02-21T11:19:57Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "The Edinburgian Alphabet follows the Northwest Semitic abjad order: C, then, Ĥ, then V and ʾ, then goes to Ɯw̓ (final letter). == Letters == {| class="article-table" !Let..."
161
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The Edinburgian Alphabet follows the Northwest Semitic abjad order: C, then, Ĥ, then V and ʾ, then goes to Ɯw̓ (final letter).
== Letters ==
{| class="article-table"
!Letter
!Letter name
!IPA
|-
|C c
|cee
|k̚
|-
|Cw̓ cw̓
|coow
|k̚ʷ
|-
|Ĥ ĥ
|hee
|ɥ̊
|-
|Ĥw̓ ĥw̓
|hoow
|ɥ̊ʷ
|-
|V v
|vaj
|v
|-
|ʾ
|alef
|ʔ
|-
|B b
|bat
|b
|-
|G g
|gimal
|g
|-
|D d
|dalath
|d
|-
|Dw̓ dw̓
|doow
|dʷ
|-
|H h
|he
|h
|-
|W w
|waw
|w
|-
|Ww̓ ww̓
|woow
|wʷ
|-
|Z z
|zayin
|z
|-
|Zw̓ zw̓
|zoow
|zʷ
|-
|Ḥ ḥ
|het
|x
|-
|Ṭ ṭ
|teth
|θ
|-
|Ṭw̓ ṭw̓
|thew
|θʷ
|-
|Y y
|yoda
|y
|-
|Yw̓ yw̓
|yoow
|yʷ
|-
|K k
|kap'
|k
|-
|L l
|lamad
|l
|-
|M m
|mim
|m
|-
|Mw̓ mw̓
|moo
|mʷ
|-
|N n
|nun
|n
|-
|S s
|semkath
|s
|-
|Sw̓ sw̓
|soow
|sʷ
|-
|ʿ
|ayen
|ʕ
|-
|P p
|pe
|p
|-
|Pw̓ pw̓
|poow
|pʷ
|-
|Ṣ ṣ
|tsadi
|ɕ
|-
|Q q
|qoph
|q
|-
|Qw̓ qw̓
|qeew
|qʷ
|-
|R r
|rosh
|ʀ
|-
|Rw̓ rw̓
|reew
|ʀʷ
|-
|Š š
|shin
|ʃ
|-
|Šw̓ šw̓
|sheya
|ʃʷ
|-
|T t
|taw
|t
|-
|A a
|a
|ɑ
|-
|Aw̓ aw̓
|av
|ɑʷ
|-
|E e
|e
|ɛ
|-
|Ew̓ ew̓
|ev
|ɛʷ
|}
ndl2548yrngyqxhsdgxgpxs5qkf1672
Fraser alphabet
0
143
215
2018-04-06T13:30:02Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "Fraser alphabet is an artificial script invented in 1915 for writing Lisu, language. == Consonants == {| class="wikitable" |+'''Fraser consonants''' ! colspan="2" | !Labial ..."
215
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text/x-wiki
Fraser alphabet is an artificial script invented in 1915 for writing Lisu, language.
== Consonants ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Fraser consonants'''
! colspan="2" |
!Labial
!Alveolar
!Alveolar<br>
sibilant
!Post-<br>
alveolar
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
! rowspan="3" |Plosive
!Tenuis
|ꓑ [p]
|ꓔ [t]
|ꓝ [ts]
|ꓚ [tʃ]
|ꓗ [k]
|<sup>1</sup>
|-
!Aspirate
|ꓒ [pʰ]
|ꓕ [tʰ]
|ꓞ [tsʰ]
|ꓛ [tʃʰ]
|ꓘ [kʰ]
|
|-
!Voiced
|ꓐ [b]
|ꓓ [d]
|ꓜ [dz]
|ꓙ [dʒ]
|ꓖ [ɡ]
|ꓨ [ɦ]<sup>3</sup>
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!Voiceless
|ꓩ [f]
|
|ꓢ [s]
|ꓫ [ʃ]
|ꓧ [x]
|ꓦ [h̃]<sup>3</sup>
|-
!Voiced
|ꓪ [v]
|
|ꓤ [z]
|ꓣ [ʒ]
|ꓭ [ɰ]?, [ɣ]<sup>2</sup>
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|ꓟ [m]
|ꓠ [n]
|
|
|ꓥ [ŋ]
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|ꓪ [w], [u̯]<sup>2</sup>
|ꓡ [l]
|
|ꓬ [ʝ], [i̯]<sup>2</sup>
|
|}
# Initial glottal stop is not written. It is automatic before all initial vowels but [ɯ] and [ə].
# ꓭ sometimes represents a "vowel", presumably a medial [ɰ], and sometimes a consonant [ɣ]. ꓪ and ꓬ are likewise ambiguous.
# ꓨ only occurs in an imperative particle. It is an allophone of ꓦ [h̃], which causes nasalization to the syllable.
# Q and ⬇ are not part of Fraser alphabet and are only used as Fraser numerals.
== Vowels ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Fraser vowels'''
!
! colspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" |Central/back
|-
!High
|ꓲ [i]
|ꓵ [y]
|ꓶ [ɯ]
|ꓴ [u]
|-
!Mid
|ꓰ [e]
|ꓱ [ø]
|ꓷ [ə]
|ꓳ [ʊ]
|-
!Low
|ꓯ [ɛ]
|
|ꓮ** [ɑ]
|
|}
: <nowiki>**Not written after a consonant.</nowiki>
For example, ⟨ꓝ⟩ is [tsɑ̄], while ⟨ꓝꓰ⟩ is [tsē].
== Numbers ==
Lisu and Naxi uses Arabic numerals, but Chisakoan, Tairian, Katsugichian uses the numerals based off the Greek numerals but follow the non-ordering:
{| class="article-table"
!Value
!Greek
!1915
!1936
!1992
|-
|1
|
|ꓮ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ꓮ</span>
|
|-
|2
|
|ꓐ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ꓐ</span>
|
|-
|3
|
|ꓑ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ꓑ</span>
|
|-
|4
|
|ꓒ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ꓒ</span>
|
|-
|5
|
|ꓓ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ꓓ</span>
|
|-
|6
|
|ꓰ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ꓰ</span>
|
|-
|7
|
|ꓢ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ꓢ</span>
|
|-
|8
|
|ꓜ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ꓜ</span>
|
|-
|9
|
|ꓝ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ꓝ</span>
|
|-
|10
|
|ꓛ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ꓛ</span>
|
|-
|20
|
|ꓞ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ꓞ</span>
|
|-
|30
|
|ꓣ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ꓣ</span>
|
|-
|40
|
|ꓤ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ꓤ</span>
|
|-
|50
|
|ꓡ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ꓡ</span>
|
|-
|60
|
|ꓠ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ꓠ</span>
|
|-
|70
|
|ꓪ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ꓪ</span>
|
|-
|80
|
|ꓦ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ꓦ</span>
|
|-
|90
|
|Q
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">Q</span>
|
|-
|100
|
|ꓨ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ꓨ</span>
|
|-
|200
|
|ꓖ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ꓖ</span>
|
|-
|300
|
|ꓭ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ꓭ</span>
|
|-
|400
|
|ꓚ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ꓚ</span>
|
|-
|500
|
|ꓙ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ꓙ</span>
|
|-
|600
|
|ꓔ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ꓔ</span>
|
|-
|700
|
|ꓕ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ꓕ</span>
|
|-
|800
|
|ꓳ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ꓳ</span>
|
|-
|900
|
|⬇
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">⬇</span>
|
|-
|1000
|
|ꓷ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ꓷ</span>
|
|-
|2000
|
|<sup>ꓐ</sup>⬇
|ꓐ´
|
|-
|3000
|
|<sup>ꓑ</sup>⬇
|ꓑ´
|
|-
|4000
|
|<sup>ꓒ</sup>⬇
|ꓒ´
|
|-
|5000
|
|<sup>ꓓ</sup>⬇
|ꓓ´
|
|-
|6000
|
|<sup>ꓰ</sup>⬇
|ꓰ´
|
|-
|7000
|
|<sup>ꓢ</sup>⬇
|ꓢ´
|
|-
|8000
|
|<sup>ꓜ</sup>⬇
|ꓜ´
|
|-
|9000
|
|<sup>ꓝ</sup>⬇
|ꓝ´
|
|-
|10000
|
|<sup>ꓛ</sup>⬇
|ꓛ´
|
|}
fm1bsidhn805nurp6p8c16ppkpeh9x3
Gangedan romanisation
0
232
397
2018-05-30T10:23:19Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "Gangedan is written with Chinese characters, but this romanisation scheme was developed in 1998 by Gangedan State Council. == Overview == The romanisation scheme for Gangedan..."
397
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Gangedan is written with Chinese characters, but this romanisation scheme was developed in 1998 by Gangedan State Council.
== Overview ==
The romanisation scheme for Gangedan was developed in 1998 for use in the government publications printed in Gangedan using Latin script. Chinese characters are still widespread.
An interesting feature is that the single vowel indicates vowel nasalisation, while a double vowel indicates a non-nasal vowel. This is unusual for other romanisation systems.
Hiatus is marked with a diaeresis, e.g. teök<sup>35</sup> (priority). The diaeresis indicates that two vowels should be pronunced separately, rather than as a diphtong.
Tones, however not marked by diacritics or tone spelling but simply put the superscript values of the Chao's tone lettering system.
r12jsgslwr79otidygq47gxdrdrg8my
399
397
2018-06-01T07:11:58Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
399
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Gangedan is written with Chinese characters, but this romanisation scheme was developed in 1998 by Gangedan State Council.
== Overview ==
The romanisation scheme for Gangedan was developed in 1998 for use in the government publications printed in Gangedan using Latin script. Chinese characters are still widespread.
An interesting feature is that the single vowel indicates vowel nasalisation, while a double vowel indicates a non-nasal vowel. This is unusual for other romanisation systems.
Hiatus is marked with a diaeresis, e.g. teök<sup>35</sup> (priority). The diaeresis indicates that two vowels should be pronunced separately, rather than as a diphtong.
Tones, however not marked by diacritics or tone spelling but simply put the superscript values of the Chao's tone lettering system.
== Vowels ==
{| class="wikitable"
!
Grapheme(s)
!IPA
|-
|a
|[ã]
|-
|aa
|[a]
|-
|e
|[ɛ̃]
|-
|ee
|[ɛ]
|-
|i
|[ĩ~ɨ̃]
|-
|ii
|[i~ɨ]
|-
|o
|[õ~ɔ̃]
|-
|oo
|[o~ɔ]
|-
|u
|[ũ~ʊ̃]
|-
|uu
|[u~ʊ]
|}
== Two to four vowel combinations ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Grapheme(s)
!IPA
|-
|ae
|[æ̃]
|-
|aae
|[æ]
|-
|ai
|[aɪ]
jj
|-
|ao
|[aʊ]
|-
|ea
|[ɞ̃]
|-
|eea
|[ɞ]
|-
|eo
|[ɤ̃]
|-
|eeo
|[ɤ]
|-
|eu
|[ɯ̃]
|-
|eeu
|[ɯ]
|-
|ia
|[jã]
|-
|iaa
|[ja]
|-
|iu
|[jo]
|-
|ua
|[ua]
|-
|oa
|[wa]
|-
|oai
|[waɪ]
|-
|eü
|[ɛ̃ʔũ]
|-
|eüu
|[ɛ̃ʔu]
|-
|eeüu
|[ɛʔu]
|-
|eö
|[ɛ̃ʔɔ̃]
|-
|eeö
|[ɛʔɔ̃]
|-
|eeöo
|[ɛʔɔ]
|}
== Consonants ==
{| class="wikitable"
!
Grapheme(s)
!
IPA
|-
|b
|
|-
|bb
|
|-
|c
|
|-
|d
|
|-
|dd
|
|-
|f
|
|-
|g
|
|-
|h
|
|-
|j
|
|-
|k
|
|-
|l
|
|-
|m
|
|-
|n
|
|-
|p
|
|-
|r
|
|-
|s
|
|-
|t
|
|-
|v
|
|-
|x
|
|-
|z
|
|}
6r03z7o59v4yqzh9qo67k3jaoa7e4xr
Gingou Colloquial Romanised
0
247
434
2018-06-23T09:55:10Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "Gingou Colloquial Romanised is a romanisation system for Yitanda, a Thelle language (a group of 10 languages) spoken in Yitanda state of the Thelle Autonomus Republic of Nooki..."
434
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Gingou Colloquial Romanised is a romanisation system for Yitanda, a Thelle language (a group of 10 languages) spoken in Yitanda state of the Thelle Autonomus Republic of Nookipedian. It uses the Latin alphabet.
== Consonants ==
{| class="wikitable"
!
Grapheme(s)
!IPA
!Cîr-Ló
!
Example
|-
|m
|[m]
|м
|
|-
|n
|[mʷ]
|н
|
|-
|ng
|[ŋ]
|ӈ
|
|-
|b
|[p]
|б
|
|-
|d
|[t]
|д
|
|-
|g
|[ɽ]
|г
|
|-
|p
|[pʰ]
|п
|
|-
|t
|[tʰ]
|т
|
|-
|k
|[k]
|к
|
|-
|s
|[s]
|с
|
|-
|sh
|[ʃ]
|ш
|
|-
|j
|[dz]
|ѕ
|
|-
|c
|[ts]
|ц
|
|-
|ch
|[tʃ]
|ч
|
|-
|f
|[f]
|ф
|
|-
|v
|[v]
|в
|
|-
|h
|[kʰ]
|х
|
|}
== Vowels ==
{| class="wikitable"
!
Grapheme(s)
!IPA
!
Cîr-Ló
!Example
|-
|i
|[i]
|
|
|-
|ing
|[iŋ]
|
|
|-
|e̤ng
|[aŋ]
|
|
|-
|o
|[u]
|
|
|-
|e̤
|[a]
|
|
|-
|uang
|[œ.əŋ]
|
|
|-
|ai
|[əɪ]
|
|
|-
|aing
|[əɪŋ]
|
|
|-
|ṳing
|[ʏɪŋ]
|
|
|-
|io̤
|[iɔ]
|
|
|-
|u
|[œ]
|
|
|-
|ia
|[iə]
|
|
|-
|iang
|[iəŋ]
|
|
|-
|ie
|[iʏ]
|
|
|-
|ṳ
|[ʏ]
|
|
|-
|a̤
|[e]
|
|
|-
|a̤i
|[eɪ]
|
|
|-
|e
|[je]
|
|
|-
|o̤ng
|[ɔŋ]
|
|
|-
|ong
|[uŋ]
|
|
|-
|uai
|[œ.əɪ]
|
|
|-
|uo̤ng
|[œ.ɔŋ]
|
|
|-
|a
|[ə]
|
|
|-
|o̤
|[ɔ]
|
|
|-
|iong
|[iɔn]
|
|
|-
|uing
|[uɪŋ]
|
|
|-
|ṳi
|[ʏi]
|
|
|-
|ṳe
|[ʏ.je]
|
|
|-
|aṳ
|
|
|
|-
|eng
|
|
|
|-
|uaing
|
|
|
|-
|au
|
|
|
|-
|ang
|
|
|
|-
|iau
|
|
|
|-
|ua
|
|
|
|-
|r
|
|
|
|}
gbnktb9w4oukb15edkveczxk7lickm1
443
434
2018-06-27T07:59:40Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
443
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Gingou Colloquial Romanised is a romanisation system for Yitanda, a Thelle language (a group of 10 languages) spoken in Yitanda state of the Thelle Autonomus Republic of Nookipedian. It uses the Latin alphabet.
== Consonants ==
{| class="wikitable"
!
Grapheme(s)
!IPA
!Cîr-Ló
!
Example
|-
|m
|[m]
|м
|丸 múng му́ң
|-
|n
|[mʷ]
|н
|加 núaing ну́аиң
|-
|ng
|[ŋ]
|ң
|母 ngû ңу
|-
|b
|[p]
|б
|比 bṳ̀ing бўиъң
|-
|d
|[t]
|д
|牛 <span style="text-decoration: overline;">diong</span> дё̄ң
|-
|g
|[ɽ]
|г
|甘 gâṳ гау
|-
|p
|[pʰ]
|п
|田 pó по́
|-
|t
|[tʰ]
|т
|石 tán та́ә
|-
|k
|[k]
|к
|竹 kṳ̋i кў̋и
|-
|s
|[s]
|с
|谷 sâi сaи
|-
|sh
|[ʃ]
|ш
|角 <span style="text-decoration: overline;">shiong</span> шӣоң
|-
|j
|[dz]
|ѕ
|衁 jáu ѕа́у
|-
|c
|[ts]
|ц
|
|-
|ch
|[tʃ]
|ч
|
|-
|f
|[f]
|ф
|
|-
|v
|[v]
|в
|
|-
|h
|[kʰ]
|х
|
|}
== Vowels ==
{| class="wikitable"
!
Grapheme(s)
!IPA
!
Cîr-Ló
!Example
|-
|i
|[i]
|и
|
|-
|ing
|[iŋ]
|иң
|
|-
|e̤ng
|[aŋ]
|эң
|
|-
|o
|[u]
|о
|
|-
|e̤
|[a]
|э
|
|-
|uang
|[œəŋ]
|уаң
|
|-
|ai
|[əɪ]
|аи
|
|-
|aing
|[əɪŋ]
|аиң
|
|-
|ṳing
|[ʏɪŋ]
|ўиң
|
|-
|io̤
|[iɔ]
|ё
|
|-
|u
|[œ]
|у
|
|-
|ia
|[iə]
|иа
|
|-
|iang
|[iəŋ]
|иаң
|
|-
|ie
|[iʏ]
|ие
|
|-
|ṳ
|[ʏ]
|ў
|
|-
|a̤
|[e]
|ӓ
|
|-
|a̤i
|[eɪ]
|ӓи
|
|-
|e
|[je]
|е
|
|-
|o̤ng
|[ɔŋ]
|ӧң
|
|-
|ong
|[uŋ]
|оң
|
|-
|uai
|[œəɪ]
|уаи
|
|-
|uo̤ng
|[œɔŋ]
|уӧң
|
|-
|a
|[ə]
|а
|
|-
|o̤
|[ɔ]
|ӧ
|
|-
|iong
|[iɔn]
|ёң
|
|-
|uing
|[uɪŋ]
|уиң
|
|-
|ṳi
|[ʏi]
|ўи
|
|-
|ṳe
|[ʏje]
|ўе
|
|-
|aṳ
|[əʏ]
|аў
|
|-
|eng
|[jeŋ]
|ең
|
|-
|uaing
|[uəɪŋ]
|уаиң
|
|-
|au
|[əu]
|ау
|
|-
|ang
|[əŋ]
|аң
|
|-
|iau
|[iəu]
|иау
|
|-
|ua
|[uə]
|уа
|
|-
|r
|[ɚ]
|р
|
|-
|(-n)
|[◌̃]
|ә
|
|}
== Tones (example in brackets) ==
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Tone
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!0
|-
!Flat
!Low
!High
!Rising
!Mid
!Arriving
!Departing
!Mid Ch.
!High Ch.
!Neutral
|-
!Symbol
|<big><big>ˆ</big></big><br>(uâng)
|<big><big>ˋ</big></big><br>(uàng)
|''N/A''<br>(uang)
|<big><big>‾</big></big><br>(<span style="text-decoration: overline;">uang</span>)
|<big><big>ˊ</big></big><br>(uǎng)
|<big><big>˝</big></big><br>(ua̋ng)
|<big><big>˘</big></big><br>(uăng)
|''N/A''<br>(uah)
|<big><big>˭</big></big><br>(<span style="text-decoration: overline;
text-decoration-style: double;">uah</span>)
|~ (tilde)
|-
!Cîr-Ló
|''N/A''
|ъ
|˪
|ˉ
|ˊ
|˝
|ˋ
|''N/A'' (-ь)
|˪ (-ь)
|~ (tilde)
|-
! rowspan="2" |Pitch
|˧˧˨
|˨˨
|˥˥
|˩˧˥
|˧˧
|˦˨˩
|˩˨˨
|˧ʔ
|˥ʔ
| rowspan="2" |''N/A''
|-
|332
|22
|55
|135
|33
|421
|122
|3ʔ
|5ʔ
|}
pxmqopg0preee2y7vfsdaf4vrl1gxjx
Guanglotian writing
0
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Guanglotian is official in the state of Guanglote, Looneyland, South-East Asia. Guanglotian, started writing with the use of Chinese characters in 1300 CE. In 1856, the Cyrillic alphabet displaced Chinese characters due to Soviet influence. In 1927, a Latin alphabet displaced it, and in 1938 by the Cyrillic. In 1979, a Latin-based alphabet (modified from Vietnamese alphabet) was created for use by Vietnamese people speaking Guanglotian as a second language. Cyrillic remains official in Guanglotian.
== Latin-based alphabet (1927 - 1938) ==
{| class="wikitable"
!
A a
!
B b
!
C c
!
Ç ç
!D d
!Đ đ
!E e
!Ĕ ĕ
!Ә ә
|-
|[æ]
|[b]
|[ts]
|[ts’]
|[d]
|[ɗ]
|[ɛ]
|[e]
|[ә]
|-
!F f
!G g
!
Ƣ ƣ
!
H h
!Ⱨ ⱨ
!Ħ ħ
!Ч ч
!I i
!I ı
|-
|[f]
|[χ]
|[ɣ]
|[h]
|[ʡ]
|[ħ]
|[ɥ]
|[i]
|[~]
|-
!Ĭ ĭ
!J j
!K k
!Ⱪ ⱪ
!L l
!Ł ł
!M m
!N n
!Ꞑ ꞑ
|-
|[ɨ]
|[dʒ]
|[k]
|[ᶑ]
|[l]
|[w]
|[m]
|[n]
|[ŋ]
|-
!O o
!Ŏ ŏ
!P p
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!S s
!Ş ş
!Ꞩ ꞩ
|-
|[o]
|[ɔ]
|[p]
|[q]
|[k’]
|[ɹ]
|[s]
|[ʃ]
|[ʃʼ]
|-
!T t
!Ᵹ ᵹ
!Ꝿ ꝿ
!U u
!Ü ü
!Y y
!Ɏ ɏ
!V v
!Ꝟ ꝟ
|-
|[t]
|[ð]
|[ɖ]
|[u]
|[ɵ]
|[y]
|[ɘ]
|[v]
|[ⱱ]
|-
!X x
!Ҳ ҳ
!Ӿ ӿ
!Z z
!Ⱬ ⱬ
!Ƶ ƶ
!<s>Ⱬ</s> <s>ⱬ</s>
!Ӡ ӡ
!<s>Ӡ</s> <s>ӡ</s>
|-
|[x]
|[qχ]
|[ɰ]
|[z]
|[ʑ]
|[ʒ]
|[cç]
|[
|
|}
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Guanglotian is official in the state of Guanglote, Looneyland, South-East Asia. Guanglotian, started writing with the use of Chinese characters in 1300 CE. In 1856, the Cyrillic alphabet displaced Chinese characters due to Soviet influence. In 1927, a Latin alphabet displaced it, and in 1938 by the Cyrillic. In 1979, a Latin-based alphabet (modified from Vietnamese alphabet) was created for use by Vietnamese people speaking Guanglotian as a second language. Cyrillic remains official in Guanglotian.
== Latin-based alphabet (1927 - 1938) ==
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!Đ đ
!E e
!Ĕ ĕ
!Ә ә
|-
|[æ]
|[b]
|[tsʰ]
|[ts’]
|[d]
|[ɗ]
|[ɛ]
|[e]
|[ә]
|-
!F f
!G g
!Ƣ ƣ
!H h
!Ⱨ ⱨ
!Ħ ħ
!Ч ч
!I i
!I ı
|-
|[f]
|[χ]
|[ɣ]
|[h]
|[ʡ]
|[ħ]
|[ɜ]
|[i]
|[~]
|-
!Ĭ ĭ
!J j
!K k
!Ⱪ ⱪ
!L l
!Ł ł
!M m
!N n
!Ꞑ ꞑ
|-
|[ɨ]
|[dʒ]
|[k]
|[dz]
|[ɫ]
|[ɬ]
|[m]
|[n]
|[ŋ]
|-
!O o
!Ŏ ŏ
!P p
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!S s
!Ş ş
!Ꞩ ꞩ
|-
|[o]
|[ɔ]
|[p]
|[q]
|[k’]
|[ɹ]
|[s]
|[ʃ]
|[ʃʼ]
|-
!T t
!Ᵹ ᵹ
!Ꝿ ꝿ
!U u
!Ü ü
!Y y
!Ɏ ɏ
!V v
!Ꝟ ꝟ
|-
|[t]
|[ð]
|[ɖ]
|[u]
|[ʊ]
|[y]
|[j]
|[v]
|[ⱱ]
|-
!X x
!Ҳ ҳ
!Ӿ ӿ
!Z z
!Ⱬ ⱬ
!Ƶ ƶ
!<s>Ⱬ</s> <s>ⱬ</s>
!Ӡ ӡ
!<s>Ӡ</s> <s>ӡ</s>
|-
|[x]
|[ɢ]
|[ʕ]
|[ts]
|[ʈʂ]
|[z]
|[ʒ]
|[ʐ]
|[ʝ]
|}
== Cyrillic alphabet ==
{| class="wikitable"
!А а
!Б б
!В в
!ВI вI
!Г г
!ГI гI
!Д д
!Д̆ д̆
!ДI дI
!Д̆I д̆I
|-
|[æ]
|[b]
|[v]
|[ⱱ]
|[χ]
|[ɣ]
|[d]
|[ð]
|[ɗ]
|[ɖ]
|-
!Дз дз
!Дж дж
!Е е
!Ѐ ѐ
!Ә ә
!Ж ж
!Ӂ ӂ
!З з
!Ӟ ӟ
!Ӡ ӡ
|-
|[dz]
|[dʒ]
|[ɛ]
|[e]
|[ә]
|[ʈʂ]
|[ʒ]
|[ts]
|[z]
|[ʐ]
|-
!И и
!<span style="color:red;">Й й</span>
!К к
!Ҟ ҟ
!Ҝ ҝ
!Л л
!Ԓ ԓ
!М м
!Н н
!Ң ң
|-
|[i]
|[j]
|[k]
|[k’]
|[q]
|[ɫ]
|[ɬ]
|[m]
|[n]
|[ŋ]
|-
!О о
!Ӧ ӧ
!П п
!Р р
!С с
!Т т
!У у
!Ү ү
!<span style="color:red;">Ф ф</span>
!Х х
|-
|[o]
|[ɔ]
|[p]
|[ɹ]
|[s]
|[t]
|[u]
|[y]
|[f]
|[x]
|-
!Ҳ ҳ
!Ӿ ӿ
!Ц ц
!ЦI цI
!Ѧ ѧ
!Ѫ ѫ
!Ш ш
!ШI шI
!<span style="color:red;">Щ щ</span>
!<span style="color:green;">Ъ ъ</span>
|-
|[ɢ]
|[ʕ]
|[tsʰ]
|[ts’]
|[ɜ]
|[ʊ]
|[ʃ]
|[ʃʼ]
|[ʃtʃ]
|[~]
|-
!Ы ы
!<span style="color:red;">Ь ь</span>
!<span style="color:red;">Э э</span>
!Ю ю
!Я я
!Х̑ х̑
!ХI хI
!
УI уI
!
!
|-
|[ɨ]
|[j]
|[e]
|[ju]
|[ja]
|[ʡ]
|[ħ]
|[ʝ]
|
|
|}
* <span style="color:green;">green</span>: The letter Ъ indicates vowel nasalisation, as in еъц [ɛ̃tsʰ] (eat).
* <span style="color:red;">red</span>: The letters Й, Ф, Щ, Ь and Э are found only in Russian loanwords.
This alphabet includes the letters ѧ and ѫ, which were removed from the Russian alphabet in 1708.
== Modified Vietnamese alphabet ==
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!
Ă ă
!
 â
!B b
!Ƀ ƀ
!C c
!C̆ c̆
!D d
!Đ đ
!E e
|-
|[æ]
|[ja]
|[ɜ]
|[b]
|[ⱱ]
|[tsʰ]
|[ts’]
|[d]
|[ɗ]
|[ɛ]
|-
!
Ê ê
!F f
!G g
!Ğ ğ
!Г г
!H h
!Ħ ħ
!J̆ j̆
!I i
!J j
|-
|[e]
|[f]
|[χ]
|[ɣ]
|[ɢ]
|[h]
|[ħ]
|[ʡ]
|[i]
|[dʒ]
|-
!K k
!K̆ k̆
!L l
!L̆ ʟ̆
!M m
!N n
!Ꞑ ꞑ
!O o
!Ô ô
!Ơ ơ
|-
|[k]
|[k’]
|[l]
|[ɬ]
|[m]
|[n]
|[ŋ]
|[ɔ]
|[o]
|[ә]
|-
!P p
!Q q
!Q̆ q̆
!R r
!S s
!Ш ш
!S̆ s̆
!T t
!T̆ t̆
!Д д
|-
|[p]
|[q]
|[ʕ]
|[ɹ]
|[s]
|[ʃ]
|[ʃʼ]
|[t]
|[ð]
|[ɖ]
|-
!U u
!Û û
!Ư ư
!V v
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!З з
!Z̆ z̆
!Ӡ ӡ
|-
|[u]
|[ʊ]
|[ɨ]
|[v]
|[x]
|[y]
|[z]
|[ʐ]
|[ʒ]
|[ʝ]
|-
!Ц ц
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[ts]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
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Guanglotian is official in the state of Guanglote, Looneyland, South-East Asia. Guanglotian, started writing with the use of Chinese characters in 1300 CE. In 1856, the Cyrillic alphabet displaced Chinese characters due to Soviet influence. In 1927, a Latin alphabet displaced it, and in 1938 by the Cyrillic. In 1979, a Latin-based alphabet (modified from Vietnamese alphabet) was created for use by Vietnamese people speaking Guanglotian as a second language. Cyrillic remains official in Guanglotian.
== Latin-based alphabet (1927 - 1938) ==
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!Đ đ
!E e
!Ĕ ĕ
!Ә ә
|-
|[æ]
|[b]
|[tsʰ]
|[ts’]
|[d]
|[ɗ]
|[ɛ]
|[e]
|[ә]
|-
!F f
!G g
!Ƣ ƣ
!H h
!Ⱨ ⱨ
!Ħ ħ
!Ч ч
!I i
!I ı
|-
|[f]
|[χ]
|[ɣ]
|[h]
|[ʡ]
|[ħ]
|[ɜ]
|[i]
|[~]
|-
!Ĭ ĭ
!J j
!K k
!Ⱪ ⱪ
!L l
!Ł ł
!M m
!N n
!Ꞑ ꞑ
|-
|[ɨ]
|[dʒ]
|[k]
|[dz]
|[ɫ]
|[ɬ]
|[m]
|[n]
|[ŋ]
|-
!O o
!Ŏ ŏ
!P p
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!S s
!Ş ş
!Ꞩ ꞩ
|-
|[o]
|[ɔ]
|[p]
|[q]
|[k’]
|[ɹ]
|[s]
|[ʃ]
|[ʃʼ]
|-
!T t
!Ᵹ ᵹ
!Ꝿ ꝿ
!U u
!Ü ü
!Y y
!Ɏ ɏ
!V v
!Ꝟ ꝟ
|-
|[t]
|[ð]
|[ɖ]
|[u]
|[ʊ]
|[y]
|[j]
|[v]
|[ⱱ]
|-
!X x
!Ҳ ҳ
!Ӿ ӿ
!Z z
!Ⱬ ⱬ
!Ƶ ƶ
!<s>Ⱬ</s> <s>ⱬ</s>
!Ӡ ӡ
!<s>Ӡ</s> <s>ӡ</s>
|-
|[x]
|[ɢ]
|[ʕ]
|[ts]
|[ʈʂ]
|[z]
|[ʒ]
|[ʐ]
|[ʝ]
|}
== Cyrillic alphabet ==
{| class="wikitable"
!А а
!Б б
!В в
!ВI вI
!Г г
!ГI гI
!Д д
!Д̆ д̆
!ДI дI
!Д̆I д̆I
|-
|[æ]
|[b]
|[v]
|[ⱱ]
|[χ]
|[ɣ]
|[d]
|[ð]
|[ɗ]
|[ɖ]
|-
!Дз дз
!Дж дж
!Е е
!Ѐ ѐ
!Ә ә
!Ж ж
!Ӂ ӂ
!З з
!Ӟ ӟ
!Ӡ ӡ
|-
|[dz]
|[dʒ]
|[ɛ]
|[e]
|[ә]
|[ʈʂ]
|[ʒ]
|[ts]
|[z]
|[ʐ]
|-
!И и
!<span style="color:red;">Й й</span>
!К к
!Ҟ ҟ
!Ҝ ҝ
!Л л
!Ԓ ԓ
!М м
!Н н
!Ң ң
|-
|[i]
|[j]
|[k]
|[k’]
|[q]
|[ɫ]
|[ɬ]
|[m]
|[n]
|[ŋ]
|-
!О о
!Ӧ ӧ
!П п
!Р р
!С с
!Т т
!У у
!Ү ү
!<span style="color:red;">Ф ф</span>
!Х х
|-
|[o]
|[ɔ]
|[p]
|[ɹ]
|[s]
|[t]
|[u]
|[y]
|[f]
|[x]
|-
!Ҳ ҳ
!Ӿ ӿ
!Ц ц
!ЦI цI
!Ѧ ѧ
!Ѫ ѫ
!Ш ш
!ШI шI
!<span style="color:red;">Щ щ</span>
!<span style="color:green;">Ъ ъ</span>
|-
|[ɢ]
|[ʕ]
|[tsʰ]
|[ts’]
|[ɜ]
|[ʊ]
|[ʃ]
|[ʃʼ]
|[ʃtʃ]
|[~]
|-
!Ы ы
!<span style="color:red;">Ь ь</span>
!<span style="color:red;">Э э</span>
!Ю ю
!Я я
!Х̑ х̑
!ХI хI
!
УI уI
!
!
|-
|[ɨ]
|[j]
|[e]
|[ju]
|[ja]
|[ʡ]
|[ħ]
|[ʝ]
|
|
|}
* <span style="color:green;">green</span>: The letter Ъ indicates vowel nasalisation, as in еъц [ɛ̃tsʰ] (eat).
* <span style="color:red;">red</span>: The letters Й, Ф, Щ, Ь and Э are found only in Russian loanwords.
This alphabet includes the letters ѧ and ѫ, which were removed from the Russian alphabet in 1708.
== Modified Vietnamese alphabet ==
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!
Ă ă
!
 â
!B b
!Ƀ ƀ
!C c
!C̆ c̆
!D d
!Đ đ
!E e
|-
|[æ]
|[ja]
|[ɜ]
|[b]
|[ⱱ]
|[tsʰ]
|[ts’]
|[d]
|[ɗ]
|[ɛ]
|-
!
Ê ê
!F f
!G g
!Ğ ğ
!Г г
!H h
!Ħ ħ
!J̆ j̆
!I i
!J j
|-
|[e]
|[f]
|[χ]
|[ɣ]
|[ɢ]
|[h]
|[ħ]
|[ʡ]
|[i]
|[dʒ]
|-
!K k
!K̆ k̆
!L l
!L̆ ʟ̆
!M m
!N n
!Ꞑ ꞑ
!O o
!Ô ô
!Ơ ơ
|-
|[k]
|[k’]
|[l]
|[ɬ]
|[m]
|[n]
|[ŋ]
|[ɔ]
|[o]
|[ә]
|-
!P p
!Q q
!Q̆ q̆
!R r
!S s
!Ш ш
!S̆ s̆
!T t
!T̆ t̆
!Д д
|-
|[p]
|[q]
|[ʕ]
|[ɹ]
|[s]
|[ʃ]
|[ʃʼ]
|[t]
|[ð]
|[ɖ]
|-
!U u
!Û û
!Ư ư
!V v
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!З з
!Z̆ z̆
!Ӡ ӡ
|-
|[u]
|[ʊ]
|[ɨ]
|[v]
|[x]
|[y]
|[z]
|[ʐ]
|[ʒ]
|[ʝ]
|-
!Ц ц
!
Ә ә
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[ts]
|[~]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
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Guanglotian is official in the state of Guanglote, Looneyland, South-East Asia. Guanglotian, started writing with the use of Chinese characters in 1300 CE. In 1856, the Cyrillic alphabet displaced Chinese characters due to Soviet influence. In 1927, a Latin alphabet displaced it.
In 1938, the use of the Guanglotian Latin alphabet was suppressed in preference to katakana, when Looneyland was under Japanese control. In 1945, a Cyrillic alphabet was created.
In 1979, a Latin-based alphabet (modified from Vietnamese alphabet) was created for use by Vietnamese people speaking Guanglotian as a second language.
Currently, Cyrillic remains the only legimate writing system by Guanglotian speakers in the state of Guanglote.
== Latin-based alphabet (1927 - 1938) ==
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!Đ đ
!E e
!Ĕ ĕ
!Ә ә
|-
|[æ]
|[b]
|[tsʰ]
|[ts’]
|[d]
|[ɗ]
|[ɛ]
|[e]
|[ә]
|-
!F f
!G g
!Ƣ ƣ
!H h
!Ⱨ ⱨ
!Ħ ħ
!Ч ч
!I i
!I ı
|-
|[f]
|[χ]
|[ɣ]
|[h]
|[ʡ]
|[ħ]
|[ɜ]
|[i]
|[~]
|-
!Ĭ ĭ
!J j
!K k
!Ⱪ ⱪ
!L l
!Ł ł
!M m
!N n
!Ꞑ ꞑ
|-
|[ɨ]
|[dʒ]
|[k]
|[dz]
|[ɫ]
|[ɬ]
|[m]
|[n]
|[ŋ]
|-
!O o
!Ŏ ŏ
!P p
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!S s
!Ş ş
!Ꞩ ꞩ
|-
|[o]
|[ɔ]
|[p]
|[q]
|[k’]
|[ɹ]
|[s]
|[ʃ]
|[ʃʼ]
|-
!T t
!Ᵹ ᵹ
!Ꝿ ꝿ
!U u
!Ü ü
!Y y
!Ɏ ɏ
!V v
!Ꝟ ꝟ
|-
|[t]
|[ð]
|[ɖ]
|[u]
|[ʊ]
|[y]
|[j]
|[v]
|[ⱱ]
|-
!X x
!Ҳ ҳ
!Ӿ ӿ
!Z z
!Ⱬ ⱬ
!Ƶ ƶ
!<s>Ⱬ</s> <s>ⱬ</s>
!Ӡ ӡ
!<s>Ӡ</s> <s>ӡ</s>
|-
|[x]
|[ɢ]
|[ʕ]
|[ts]
|[ʈʂ]
|[z]
|[ʒ]
|[ʐ]
|[ʝ]
|}
== Cyrillic alphabet ==
{| class="wikitable"
!А а
!Б б
!В в
!ВI вI
!Г г
!ГI гI
!Д д
!Д̆ д̆
!ДI дI
!Д̆I д̆I
|-
|[æ]
|[b]
|[v]
|[ⱱ]
|[χ]
|[ɣ]
|[d]
|[ð]
|[ɗ]
|[ɖ]
|-
!Дз дз
!Дж дж
!Е е
!Ѐ ѐ
!Ә ә
!Ж ж
!Ӂ ӂ
!З з
!Ӟ ӟ
!Ӡ ӡ
|-
|[dz]
|[dʒ]
|[ɛ]
|[e]
|[ә]
|[ʈʂ]
|[ʒ]
|[ts]
|[z]
|[ʐ]
|-
!И и
!<span style="color:red;">Й й</span>
!К к
!Ҟ ҟ
!Ҝ ҝ
!Л л
!Ԓ ԓ
!М м
!Н н
!Ң ң
|-
|[i]
|[j]
|[k]
|[k’]
|[q]
|[ɫ]
|[ɬ]
|[m]
|[n]
|[ŋ]
|-
!О о
!Ӧ ӧ
!П п
!Р р
!С с
!Т т
!У у
!Ү ү
!<span style="color:red;">Ф ф</span>
!Х х
|-
|[o]
|[ɔ]
|[p]
|[ɹ]
|[s]
|[t]
|[u]
|[y]
|[f]
|[x]
|-
!Ҳ ҳ
!Ӿ ӿ
!Ц ц
!ЦI цI
!Ѧ ѧ
!Ѫ ѫ
!Ш ш
!ШI шI
!<span style="color:red;">Щ щ</span>
!<span style="color:green;">Ъ ъ</span>
|-
|[ɢ]
|[ʕ]
|[tsʰ]
|[ts’]
|[ɜ]
|[ʊ]
|[ʃ]
|[ʃʼ]
|[ʃtʃ]
|[~]
|-
!Ы ы
!<span style="color:red;">Ь ь</span>
!<span style="color:red;">Э э</span>
!Ю ю
!Я я
!Х̑ х̑
!ХI хI
!
УI уI
!
!
|-
|[ɨ]
|[j]
|[e]
|[ju]
|[ja]
|[ʡ]
|[ħ]
|[ʝ]
|
|
|}
* <span style="color:green;">green</span>: The letter Ъ indicates vowel nasalisation, as in еъц [ɛ̃tsʰ] (eat).
* <span style="color:red;">red</span>: The letters Й, Ф, Щ, Ь and Э are found only in loanwords.
This alphabet includes the letters ѧ and ѫ, which were removed from the Russian alphabet in 1708.
== Modified Vietnamese alphabet ==
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!
Ă ă
!
 â
!B b
!Ƀ ƀ
!C c
!C̆ c̆
!D d
!Đ đ
!E e
|-
|[æ]
|[ja]
|[ɜ]
|[b]
|[ⱱ]
|[tsʰ]
|[ts’]
|[d]
|[ɗ]
|[ɛ]
|-
!
Ê ê
!F f
!G g
!Ğ ğ
!Г г
!H h
!Ħ ħ
!J̆ j̆
!I i
!J j
|-
|[e]
|[f]
|[χ]
|[ɣ]
|[ɢ]
|[h]
|[ħ]
|[ʡ]
|[i]
|[dʒ]
|-
!K k
!K̆ k̆
!L l
!L̆ ʟ̆
!M m
!N n
!Ꞑ ꞑ
!O o
!Ô ô
!Ơ ơ
|-
|[k]
|[k’]
|[ɫ]
|[ɬ]
|[m]
|[n]
|[ŋ]
|[ɔ]
|[o]
|[ә]
|-
!P p
!Q q
!Q̆ q̆
!R r
!S s
!S̆ s̆
!Ṡ ṡ
!T t
!T̆ t̆
!Ṫ ṫ
|-
|[p]
|[q]
|[ʕ]
|[ɹ]
|[s]
|[ʃ]
|[ʃʼ]
|[t]
|[ð]
|[ɖ]
|-
!U u
!Û û
!Ư ư
!V v
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!Ź ź
!Z̆ z̆
!Ż ż
|-
|[u]
|[ʊ]
|[ɨ]
|[v]
|[x]
|[y]
|[z]
|[ʐ]
|[ʒ]
|[ʝ]
|-
!Ц ц
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[ts]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
'''‘''' is not a letter in the alphabet above but it indicates vowel nasalisation.
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Guanglotian is official in the state of Guanglote, Looneyland, South-East Asia. Guanglotian, started writing with the use of Chinese characters in 1300 CE. In 1856, the Cyrillic alphabet displaced Chinese characters due to Soviet influence. In 1927, a Latin alphabet displaced it.
In 1938, the use of the Guanglotian Latin alphabet was suppressed in preference to katakana, when Looneyland was under Japanese control. In 1945, a Cyrillic alphabet was created.
In 1979, a Latin-based alphabet (modified from Vietnamese alphabet) was created for use by Vietnamese people speaking Guanglotian as a second language.
Currently, Cyrillic remains the only writing system by Guanglotian speakers in the state of Guanglote.
== Latin-based alphabet (1927 - 1938) ==
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!Đ đ
!E e
!Ĕ ĕ
!Ә ә
|-
|[æ]
|[b]
|[tsʰ]
|[ts’]
|[d]
|[ɗ]
|[ɛ]
|[e]
|[ә]
|-
!F f
!G g
!Ƣ ƣ
!H h
!Ⱨ ⱨ
!Ħ ħ
!Ч ч
!I i
!I ı
|-
|[f]
|[χ]
|[ɣ]
|[h]
|[ʡ]
|[ħ]
|[ɜ]
|[i]
|[~]
|-
!Ĭ ĭ
!J j
!K k
!Ⱪ ⱪ
!L l
!Ł ł
!M m
!N n
!Ꞑ ꞑ
|-
|[ɨ]
|[dʒ]
|[k]
|[dz]
|[ɫ]
|[ɬ]
|[m]
|[n]
|[ŋ]
|-
!O o
!Ŏ ŏ
!P p
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!S s
!Ş ş
!Ꞩ ꞩ
|-
|[o]
|[ɔ]
|[p]
|[q]
|[k’]
|[ɹ]
|[s]
|[ʃ]
|[ʃʼ]
|-
!T t
!Ᵹ ᵹ
!Ꝿ ꝿ
!U u
!Ü ü
!Y y
!Ɏ ɏ
!V v
!Ꝟ ꝟ
|-
|[t]
|[ð]
|[ɖ]
|[u]
|[ʊ]
|[y]
|[j]
|[v]
|[ⱱ]
|-
!X x
!Ҳ ҳ
!Ӿ ӿ
!Z z
!Ⱬ ⱬ
!Ƶ ƶ
!<s>Ⱬ</s> <s>ⱬ</s>
!Ӡ ӡ
!<s>Ӡ</s> <s>ӡ</s>
|-
|[x]
|[ɢ]
|[ʕ]
|[ts]
|[ʈʂ]
|[z]
|[ʒ]
|[ʐ]
|[ʝ]
|}
== Cyrillic alphabet ==
{| class="wikitable"
!А а
!Б б
!В в
!ВI вI
!Г г
!ГI гI
!Д д
!Д̆ д̆
!ДI дI
!Д̆I д̆I
|-
|[æ]
|[b]
|[v]
|[ⱱ]
|[χ]
|[ɣ]
|[d]
|[ð]
|[ɗ]
|[ɖ]
|-
!Дз дз
!Дж дж
!Е е
!Ѐ ѐ
!Ә ә
!Ж ж
!Ӂ ӂ
!З з
!Ӟ ӟ
!Ӡ ӡ
|-
|[dz]
|[dʒ]
|[ɛ]
|[e]
|[ә]
|[ʈʂ]
|[ʒ]
|[ts]
|[z]
|[ʐ]
|-
!И и
!<span style="color:red;">Й й</span>
!К к
!Ҟ ҟ
!Ҝ ҝ
!Л л
!Ԓ ԓ
!М м
!Н н
!Ң ң
|-
|[i]
|[j]
|[k]
|[k’]
|[q]
|[ɫ]
|[ɬ]
|[m]
|[n]
|[ŋ]
|-
!О о
!Ӧ ӧ
!П п
!Р р
!С с
!Т т
!У у
!Ү ү
!<span style="color:red;">Ф ф</span>
!Х х
|-
|[o]
|[ɔ]
|[p]
|[ɹ]
|[s]
|[t]
|[u]
|[y]
|[f]
|[x]
|-
!Ҳ ҳ
!Ӿ ӿ
!Ц ц
!ЦI цI
!Ѧ ѧ
!Ѫ ѫ
!Ш ш
!ШI шI
!<span style="color:red;">Щ щ</span>
!<span style="color:green;">Ъ ъ</span>
|-
|[ɢ]
|[ʕ]
|[tsʰ]
|[ts’]
|[ɜ]
|[ʊ]
|[ʃ]
|[ʃʼ]
|[ʃtʃ]
|[~]
|-
!Ы ы
!<span style="color:red;">Ь ь</span>
!<span style="color:red;">Э э</span>
!Ю ю
!Я я
!Х̑ х̑
!ХI хI
!
УI уI
!
!
|-
|[ɨ]
|[j]
|[e]
|[ju]
|[ja]
|[ʡ]
|[ħ]
|[ʝ]
|
|
|}
* <span style="color:green;">green</span>: The letter Ъ indicates vowel nasalisation, as in еъц [ɛ̃tsʰ] (eat).
* <span style="color:red;">red</span>: The letters Й, Ф, Щ, Ь and Э are found only in loanwords.
This alphabet includes the letters ѧ and ѫ, which were removed from the Russian alphabet in 1708.
== Modified Vietnamese alphabet ==
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!
Ă ă
!
 â
!B b
!Ƀ ƀ
!C c
!C̆ c̆
!D d
!Đ đ
!E e
|-
|[æ]
|[ja]
|[ɜ]
|[b]
|[ⱱ]
|[tsʰ]
|[ts’]
|[d]
|[ɗ]
|[ɛ]
|-
!
Ê ê
!F f
!G g
!Ğ ğ
!Г г
!H h
!Ħ ħ
!J̆ j̆
!I i
!J j
|-
|[e]
|[f]
|[χ]
|[ɣ]
|[ɢ]
|[h]
|[ħ]
|[ʡ]
|[i]
|[dʒ]
|-
!K k
!K̆ k̆
!L l
!L̆ ʟ̆
!M m
!N n
!Ꞑ ꞑ
!O o
!Ô ô
!Ơ ơ
|-
|[k]
|[k’]
|[ɫ]
|[ɬ]
|[m]
|[n]
|[ŋ]
|[ɔ]
|[o]
|[ә]
|-
!P p
!Q q
!Q̆ q̆
!R r
!S s
!S̆ s̆
!Ṡ ṡ
!T t
!T̆ t̆
!Ṫ ṫ
|-
|[p]
|[q]
|[ʕ]
|[ɹ]
|[s]
|[ʃ]
|[ʃʼ]
|[t]
|[ð]
|[ɖ]
|-
!U u
!Û û
!Ư ư
!V v
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!Ź ź
!Z̆ z̆
!Ż ż
|-
|[u]
|[ʊ]
|[ɨ]
|[v]
|[x]
|[y]
|[z]
|[ʐ]
|[ʒ]
|[ʝ]
|-
!Ц ц
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[ts]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
'''‘''' is not a letter in the alphabet above but it indicates vowel nasalisation.
== Katakana syllabary (1938 - 1945) ==
{| class="wikitable"
!1856 Cyrs
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!1927 Latn
!a
!e
!ĕ
!ә
!ч
!i
!ĭ
!o
!ŏ
!u
!ü
!y
|-
!1945 Cyrs
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!M. Viet
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!Uzbek-like
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
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Guanglotian is official in the state of Guanglote, Looneyland, South-East Asia. Guanglotian, started writing with the use of Chinese characters in 1300 CE. In 1856, the Cyrillic alphabet displaced Chinese characters due to Soviet influence. In 1927, a Latin alphabet displaced it.
In 1938, the use of the Guanglotian Latin alphabet was suppressed in preference to katakana, when Looneyland was under Japanese control. In 1945, a Cyrillic alphabet was created.
In 1979, a Latin-based alphabet (modified from Vietnamese alphabet) was created for use by Vietnamese people speaking Guanglotian as a second language.
Currently, Cyrillic remains the only writing system by Guanglotian speakers in the state of Guanglote.
== Latin-based alphabet (1927 - 1938) ==
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!Đ đ
!E e
!Ĕ ĕ
!Ә ә
|-
|[æ]
|[b]
|[tsʰ]
|[ts’]
|[d]
|[ɗ]
|[ɛ]
|[e]
|[ә]
|-
!F f
!G g
!Ƣ ƣ
!H h
!Ⱨ ⱨ
!Ħ ħ
!Ч ч
!I i
!I ı
|-
|[f]
|[χ]
|[ɣ]
|[h]
|[ʡ]
|[ħ]
|[ɜ]
|[i]
|[~]
|-
!Ĭ ĭ
!J j
!K k
!Ⱪ ⱪ
!L l
!Ł ł
!M m
!N n
!Ꞑ ꞑ
|-
|[ɨ]
|[dʒ]
|[k]
|[dz]
|[ɫ]
|[ɬ]
|[m]
|[n]
|[ŋ]
|-
!O o
!Ŏ ŏ
!P p
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!S s
!Ş ş
!Ꞩ ꞩ
|-
|[o]
|[ɔ]
|[p]
|[q]
|[k’]
|[ɹ]
|[s]
|[ʃ]
|[ʃʼ]
|-
!T t
!Ᵹ ᵹ
!Ꝿ ꝿ
!U u
!Ü ü
!Y y
!Ɏ ɏ
!V v
!Ꝟ ꝟ
|-
|[t]
|[ð]
|[ɖ]
|[u]
|[ʊ]
|[y]
|[j]
|[v]
|[ⱱ]
|-
!X x
!Ҳ ҳ
!Ӿ ӿ
!Z z
!Ⱬ ⱬ
!Ƶ ƶ
!<s>Ⱬ</s> <s>ⱬ</s>
!Ӡ ӡ
!<s>Ӡ</s> <s>ӡ</s>
|-
|[x]
|[ɢ]
|[ʕ]
|[ts]
|[ʈʂ]
|[z]
|[ʒ]
|[ʐ]
|[ʝ]
|}
== Cyrillic alphabet ==
{| class="wikitable"
!А а
!Б б
!В в
!ВI вI
!Г г
!ГI гI
!Д д
!Д̆ д̆
!ДI дI
!Д̆I д̆I
|-
|[æ]
|[b]
|[v]
|[ⱱ]
|[χ]
|[ɣ]
|[d]
|[ð]
|[ɗ]
|[ɖ]
|-
!Дз дз
!Дж дж
!Е е
!Ѐ ѐ
!Ә ә
!Ж ж
!Ӂ ӂ
!З з
!Ӟ ӟ
!Ӡ ӡ
|-
|[dz]
|[dʒ]
|[ɛ]
|[e]
|[ә]
|[ʈʂ]
|[ʒ]
|[ts]
|[z]
|[ʐ]
|-
!И и
!<span style="color:red;">Й й</span>
!К к
!Ҟ ҟ
!Ҝ ҝ
!Л л
!Ԓ ԓ
!М м
!Н н
!Ң ң
|-
|[i]
|[j]
|[k]
|[k’]
|[q]
|[ɫ]
|[ɬ]
|[m]
|[n]
|[ŋ]
|-
!О о
!Ӧ ӧ
!П п
!Р р
!С с
!Т т
!У у
!Ү ү
!<span style="color:red;">Ф ф</span>
!Х х
|-
|[o]
|[ɔ]
|[p]
|[ɹ]
|[s]
|[t]
|[u]
|[y]
|[f]
|[x]
|-
!Ҳ ҳ
!Ӿ ӿ
!Ц ц
!ЦI цI
!Ѧ ѧ
!Ѫ ѫ
!Ш ш
!ШI шI
!<span style="color:red;">Щ щ</span>
!<span style="color:green;">Ъ ъ</span>
|-
|[ɢ]
|[ʕ]
|[tsʰ]
|[ts’]
|[ɜ]
|[ʊ]
|[ʃ]
|[ʃʼ]
|[ʃtʃ]
|[~]
|-
!Ы ы
!<span style="color:red;">Ь ь</span>
!<span style="color:red;">Э э</span>
!Ю ю
!Я я
!Х̑ х̑
!ХI хI
!
УI уI
!
!
|-
|[ɨ]
|[j]
|[e]
|[ju]
|[ja]
|[ʡ]
|[ħ]
|[ʝ]
|
|
|}
* <span style="color:green;">green</span>: The letter Ъ indicates vowel nasalisation, as in еъц [ɛ̃tsʰ] (eat).
* <span style="color:red;">red</span>: The letters Й, Ф, Щ, Ь and Э are found only in loanwords.
This alphabet includes the letters ѧ and ѫ, which were removed from the Russian alphabet in 1708.
== Modified Vietnamese alphabet ==
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!
Ă ă
!
 â
!B b
!Ƀ ƀ
!C c
!C̆ c̆
!D d
!Đ đ
!E e
|-
|[æ]
|[ja]
|[ɜ]
|[b]
|[ⱱ]
|[tsʰ]
|[ts’]
|[d]
|[ɗ]
|[ɛ]
|-
!
Ê ê
!F f
!G g
!Ğ ğ
!Г г
!H h
!Ħ ħ
!J̆ j̆
!I i
!J j
|-
|[e]
|[f]
|[χ]
|[ɣ]
|[ɢ]
|[h]
|[ħ]
|[ʡ]
|[i], [j]
|[dʒ]
|-
!K k
!K̆ k̆
!L l
!L̆ ʟ̆
!M m
!N n
!Ꞑ ꞑ
!O o
!Ô ô
!Ơ ơ
|-
|[k]
|[k’]
|[ɫ]
|[ɬ]
|[m]
|[n]
|[ŋ]
|[ɔ]
|[o]
|[ә]
|-
!P p
!Q q
!Q̆ q̆
!R r
!S s
!S̆ s̆
!Ṡ ṡ
!T t
!T̆ t̆
!Ṫ ṫ
|-
|[p]
|[q]
|[ʕ]
|[ɹ]
|[s]
|[ʃ]
|[ʃʼ]
|[t]
|[ð]
|[ɖ]
|-
!U u
!Û û
!Ư ư
!V v
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!Ź ź
!Z̆ z̆
!Ż ż
|-
|[u]
|[ʊ]
|[ɨ]
|[v]
|[x]
|[y]
|[z]
|[ʐ]
|[ʒ]
|[ʝ]
|-
!Ц ц
!
I ı
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[ts]
|[j]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
'''‘''' is not a letter in the alphabet above but it indicates vowel nasalisation.
== Katakana syllabary (1938 - 1945) ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="5" |1856 Cyrs
!а
!
е
!є
!є̈
!э
!ι
!и
!о
!
ѧ
!
у
!
ѫ
!
ү
!ю
!я
|-
! colspan="5" |1927 Latn
!a
!e
!ĕ
!ә
!ч
!i
!ĭ
!o
!ŏ
!u
!ü
!y
!ɏu
!ɏa
|-
! colspan="5" |1945 Cyrs
!а
!
е
!
ѐ, э
!
ә
!
ѧ
!и
!ы
!
о
!ӧ
!
у
!
ѫ
!
ү
!ю
!я
|-
! colspan="5" |M. Viet
!a
!e
!ê
!
ơ
!
â
!i
!
ư
!ô
!o
!u
!
û
!y
!ıu
!ıa
|-
! colspan="5" |Uzbek-like
!a
!e
!e‘
!a‘
!u‘
!i
!i‘
!o‘
!o
!u
!u‘
!y
!ju
!ja
|-
| colspan="5" |-
|
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|-
|б
|b
|б
|b
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|-
|ц
|c
|ц
|c
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|-
|ҵ
|ç
|цI
|c̆
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|-
|д
|d
|д
|d
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|-
|δ
|ᵹ
|д̆
|dh
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|-
|ф
|f
|ф
|f
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|-
|г
|g
|г
|g
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|}
be0myeyteuzw1uycdrmr39pnc3dxh46
Guangyengdai's Romanisation
0
190
310
2018-04-28T11:59:23Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "'''Guangyengdai's Romanisation''' is one of the romanisation systems for Chinese. It was created by Chowenh Guangyengdai. == Initials == Initials are the same as Hànyǔ Pīn..."
310
wikitext
text/x-wiki
'''Guangyengdai's Romanisation''' is one of the romanisation systems for Chinese. It was created by Chowenh Guangyengdai.
== Initials ==
Initials are the same as Hànyǔ Pīnyīn except for b, p, d, t, z, zh, ch, w, y and r.
* ''z'' becomes ''dh''.
* ''zh'' becomes ''dhs''.
* ''ch'' becomes ''ç''.
* ''b'' becomes ''p''.
* ''p'' becomes ''ph''.
* ''d'' becomes ''t''.
* ''t'' becomes ''th''.
* ''w'' becomes ''v''.
* ''y'' becomes ''ı''.
* ''r'' becomes ''ğ''.
== Finals ==
The finals in use are: a, e, i, o, u, ü (same in pinyin). The -ng becomes n·g.
== Tones ==
Tonal spelling is used:
{| class="article-table"
!
!Tone 1
!Tone 2
!Tone 3
!Tone 4
!Tone 0
|-
!a
|aa
|ha
|arr
|à
|a
|-
!e
|ou
|he
|err
|è
|e
|-
!i
|ee
|hi
|irr
|ì
|i
|-
!o
|oo
|hou
|orr
|ò
|o
|-
!u
|uu
|hue
|urr
|ù
|u
|-
!ü
|üe
|hüer
|ürr
|ǜ
|ü
|}
4owsdhag63bklfvhrgdss3txp4bs1mg
Hainanese Transliteration Scheme
0
227
384
2018-05-25T12:56:37Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "The Hainanese Transliteration Scheme was developed in 1969 by the Hainanese linguists. Its romanisation system does not use diacritics; instead uses tone numbers. == Alphabet..."
384
wikitext
text/x-wiki
The Hainanese Transliteration Scheme was developed in 1969 by the Hainanese linguists. Its romanisation system does not use diacritics; instead uses tone numbers.
== Alphabet ==
The alphabet consists of 26 letters.
{| class="wikitable"
|A
|B
|C
|D
|E
|F
|G
|H
|I
|J
|K
|L
|M
|N
|O
|P
|Q
|R
|S
|T
|U
|V
|W
|X
|Y
|Z
|-
|a
|b
|c
|d
|e
|f
|g
|h
|i
|j
|k
|l
|m
|n
|o
|p
|q
|r
|s
|t
|u
|v
|w
|x
|y
|z
|}
Note: C, F, J, K, Q, R, T, W and X are only used to write loanwords.
== Initials ==
{| class="wikitable"
!
HTS
!Character
!IPA
|-
| <center>b</center>
| <center>波</center>
| <center>{{IPA|/ʔb/}}</center>
|-
| <center>p</center>
| <center>坡</center>
| <center>{{IPA|/pʰ/}}</center>
|-
| <center>m</center>
| <center>摩</center>
| <center>{{IPA|/m/}}</center>
|-
| <center>v</center>
| <center>无</center>
| <center>{{IPA|/v/}}</center>
|-
| <center>d</center>
| <center>装</center>
| <center>{{IPA|/t/}}</center>
|-
| <center>dd</center>
| <center>刀</center>
| <center>{{IPA|/ʔd/}}</center>
|-
| <center>n</center>
| <center>挪</center>
| <center>{{IPA|/n/}}</center>
|-
| <center>l</center>
| <center>罗</center>
| <center>{{IPA|/l/}}</center>
|-
| <center>g</center>
| <center>哥</center>
| <center>{{IPA|/k/}}</center>
|-
| <center>ng</center>
| <center>俄</center>
| <center>{{IPA|/ŋ/}}</center>
|-
| <center>h</center>
| <center>可</center>
| <center>{{IPA|/x/}}</center>
|-
| <center>hh</center>
| <center>号</center>
| <center>{{IPA|/h/}}</center>
|-
| <center>z</center>
| <center>支</center>
| <center>{{IPA|/ts/}}</center>
|-
| <center>s</center>
| <center>妻</center>
| <center>{{IPA|/s/}}</center>
|-
| <center>y</center>
| <center>余</center>
| <center>{{IPA|/z/}}</center>
|-
|}
== Finals ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
| || i {{IPA|[i]}} 医 || u {{IPA|[u]}} 呜
|-
| a {{IPA|[a]}} 亚 || ia {{IPA|[ia]}} 也 || ua {{IPA|[ua]}} 换
|-
| o {{IPA|[o]}} 哦 || io {{IPA|[io]}} 喲 ||
|-
| e {{IPA|[ɛ]}} 下 || || ue {{IPA|[ue]}} 话
|-
| ai {{IPA|[ai]}} 哀 || || uai {{IPA|[uai]}} 坏
|-
| oi {{IPA|[ɔi]}} 鞋 || || ui {{IPA|[ui]}} 貴
|-
| ao {{IPA|[au]}} 凹 || iao {{IPA|[iau]}} 妖 ||
|-
| ou {{IPA|[ɔu]}} 歐 || iu {{IPA|[iu]}} 柚 ||
|-
| am {{IPA|[am]}} 暗 || iam {{IPA|[iam]}} 厌 ||
|-
| || im {{IPA|[im]}} 音 ||
|-
| an {{IPA|[an]}} 安 || || uan {{IPA|[uan]}} 弯
|-
| || in {{IPA|[in]}} 烟 || un {{IPA|[un]}} 温
|-
| ang {{IPA|[aŋ]}} 红 || iang {{IPA|[iaŋ]}} 央 || uang {{IPA|[uaŋ]}} 汪
|-
| eng {{IPA|[eŋ]}} 英 || ||
|-
| ong {{IPA|[ɔŋ]}} 翁|| iong {{IPA|[iɔŋ]}} 匈 ||
|-
| ab {{IPA|[ap]}} 盒 || iab {{IPA|[iap]}} 协 ||
|-
| || ib {{IPA|[ip]}} 邑 ||
|-
| ad {{IPA|[at]}} 遏 || || uad {{IPA|[uat]}} 挖
|-
| || id {{IPA|[it]}} 乙 || ud {{IPA|[ut]}} 核
|-
| ag {{IPA|[ak]}} 鹤 || iag {{IPA|[iak]}} 菊 || uag {{IPA|[uak]}} 廓
|-
| eg {{IPA|[ek]}} 益 || ||
|-
| og {{IPA|[ok]}} 喔 || iog {{IPA|[iok]}} 育 ||
|-
|}
== Tones ==
Tones are indicated by superscript numbers 1 to 8.
2ae8r39tff7wv16lvyymulu54okcudw
Hanwei's Latin Alphabet
0
142
214
2018-04-06T07:26:23Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "The Hanwei's Latin Alphabet (also known as Zhong's Latin) was used to write Maple language (official in Maple City, Delta Territory) since 1907. It was created by Yueng Chong ..."
214
wikitext
text/x-wiki
The Hanwei's Latin Alphabet (also known as Zhong's Latin) was used to write Maple language (official in Maple City, Delta Territory) since 1907. It was created by Yueng Chong in Hong Kong, who helped to write the Maple language. It consists of the letters of the Italian alphabet plus À, Ƀ, Č, Ć, DZ, Đ, Ğ, X, Ì, LL, Ñ, Š, Ŧ, Ù, Å and Ä.
== The current alphabet ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Place
! class="unsortable" | Letter
! class="unsortable" | Cyrillic
!Place (Cyrillic)
! class="unsortable" | IPA
! class="unsortable" | Letter name
! class="unsortable" | Approximation
|-
|1
|A, a
|А, а
|1
|/ɑ/
|a (/ɑː/)
|
|-
|2
|À, à
|Я, я
|35
|/a/
|à (/aː/)
|
|-
|3
|B, b
|Б, б
|2
|/b/
|bi (/biː/)
|
|-
|4
|Ƀ, ƀ
|Бј, бј
|7
|/ʔb/
|ƀi (/ʔbiː/)
|
|-
|5
|C, c
|Ц, ц
|30
|/k/, /s/
|ci (/siː/)
|
|-
|6
|Č, č
|Ч, ч
|31
|/tʃ/
|či (/tʃiː/)
|
|-
|7
|Ć, ć
|Ҹ, ҹ
|32
|/tɕ/
|ći (/tɕiː/)
|
|-
|8
|D, d
|Д, д
|6
|/d/
|di (/diː/)
|
|-
|9
|Dz, dz
|Ѕ, ѕ
|11
|/d͡z/
|dzi (/d͡ziː/)
|
|-
|10
|Đ, đ
|Ђ, ђ
|8
|/d͡ʑ/
|đi (/d͡ʑiː/)
|
|-
|11
|E, e
|Е, е
|9
|/e/, /ɛ/
|e (/eː/)
|
|-
|12
|F, f
|Ф, ф
|28
|/f/
|ef (/efː/)
|
|-
|13
|G, g
|Г, г
|4
|/g/, /d͡ʒ/
|gi (/d͡ʒiː/)
|
|-
|14
|Ğ, ğ
|Ғ, ғ
|5
|/ʁ/
|ğà (/ʁaː/)
|
|-
|15
|H, h
|Х, х
|29
|/h/
|hà (/haː/)
|
|-
|16
|X, x
|Ќ, ќ
|26
|/q͡χ/
|xà (/q͡χaː/)
|
|-
|17
|I, i
|И, и
|13
|/i/
|ài (/aiː/)
|
|-
|18
|L, l
|Л, л
|15
|/l/
|àl (/al/)
|
|-
|19
|Ll, ll
|Љ, љ
|16
|/ʎ/
|àll (/aʎ/)
|
|-
|20
|M, m
|М, м
|17
|/m/
|àm (/am/)
|
|-
|21
|N, n
|Н, н
|18
|/n/
|àn (/an/)
|
|-
|22
|Ñ, ñ
|Њ, њ
|19
|/ŋ/
|àñ (/aŋ/)
|
|-
|23
|O, o
|О, о
|20
|/ɔ/
|o (/ɔː/)
|
|-
|24
|P, p
|П, п
|21
|/p/
|pi (/piː/)
|
|-
|25
|Q, q
|К, к
|14
|/q/
|ku (/kuː/)
|
|-
|26
|R, r
|Р, р
|22
|/ɹ̠ʷ/, /ɹ̠/
|àr (/aɹ̠/)
|
|-
|27
|S, s
|С, с
|23
|/s/
|às (/as/)
|
|-
|28
|Š, š
|Ш, ш
|33
|/ʃ/
|àš (/aʃ/)
|
|-
|29
|T, t
|Т, т
|24
|/t/
|ti (/tiː/)
|
|-
|30
|Ŧ, ŧ
|Ћ, ћ
|25
|/θ/
|iŧ (/iθ/)
|
|-
|31
|U, u
|У, у
|27
|/u/
|u (/uː/)
|
|-
|32
|Ù, ù
|Ю, ю
|34
|/y/
|ù (/yː/)
|
|-
|33
|V, v
|В, в
|3
|/v/
|vi (/viː/)
|
|-
|34
|Z, z
|З, з
|12
|/z/
|zi (/ziː/)
|
|-
|35
|Ž, ž
|Ж, ж
|10
|/ʒ/
|ži (/ʒiː/)
|
|-
|36
|Å, å
|А̊, а̊
|36
|/o/
|å (/oː/)
|
|-
|37
|Ä, ä
|Ӓ, ӓ
|37
|/ä/
|ä (/äː/)
|
|}
8hezgdzc2f17pui8yxrg87k81hvsurk
Hatsunian alphabet
0
230
395
2018-05-29T10:15:59Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "The Hatsunian alphabet is based on Latin script, since 1980. Previously, it used Cyrillic and Latin derived from POJ and Cyrillic with unusual letters like Ⅎ, Ƣ, N̐, Ƀ. ..."
395
wikitext
text/x-wiki
The Hatsunian alphabet is based on Latin script, since 1980. Previously, it used Cyrillic and Latin derived from POJ and Cyrillic with unusual letters like Ⅎ, Ƣ, N̐, Ƀ.
Hatsunian is a click language, and it is official in the Hatsune Miku State in Gooperland (where the capital city of Gooperland, Hatsune Miku, is located).
Hatsunian has linguolabial consonants and Khosian clicks. It is the most widely spoken click language, with a total of approximately 10 speakers.
It is also the only language to have linguolabial click as a phoneme.
=== Prior to 1920 ===
Hatsunian started writing with two alphabets: Tai Tham and Thai alphabet in the 14th century. There were no spaces between words, but spaces function as a full stop.
In 1833, a Cyrillic alphabet was devised by Berkov Lumtsov and replaced both Tai Tham and Thai scripts used to write that language. In 1877, the Cyrillic alphabet for Hatsunian was revised. In 1903, a Latin-based alphabet was devised by Kebub Mirr and lasted 9 years during the Latinisation of Gooperland. In 1912, it was replaced by another alphabet.
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!A̍ a̍
!B b
!Ƀ ƀ
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!Đ đ
!E e
!
É é
!E̍ e̍
!F f
!Ⅎ ɟ
!G g
!<big>ɠ</big> ɠ
!Ƣ ƣ
|-
|[ɑ]
|[æ]
|[ʙ]
|[ɓ]
|[c]
|[cʼ]
|[d]
|[d̼]
|[ɛ]
|[ɜ]
|[ɘ]
|[f]
|[ʃʷ]
|[g]
|[ɠ]
|[ɣ]
|-
|А а
|Ӕ ӕ
|Б б
|Б‘ б‘
|Ҡ ҡ
|Ҡ‘ ҡ‘
|Д д
|Д̆ д̆
|Е е
|Э э
|Е‘ е‘
|Ф ф
|Ꚗ ꚗ
|Г г
|Ӷ ӷ
|Ғ ғ
|-
|A a
|Ǎ ǎ
|B b
|B̌ b̌
|C c
|Č č
|D d
|Đ đ
|E e
|É é
|È è
|F f
|Šw šw
|G g
|G‘ g‘
|Ǧ ǧ
|-
!
H h
!
Ħ ħ
!
I i
!
I̍ i̍
!
J j
!K k
!
K̐ k̐
!
L l
!
M m
!
M̐ m̐
!N n
!
N̐ n̐
!
O o
!
O̍ o̍
!
O͘ o͘
!
O̍͘ o̍͘
|-
|[h]
|[ħ]
|[i]
|[ɯ]
|[ʒ]
|[k]
|[kʰ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[m̥]
|[n]
|[n̼]
|[o]
|[ə]
|[ɔ]
|[œ]
|-
|Һ һ
|Ꚕ ꚕ
|И и
|Й й
|Ж ж
|К к
|К‘ к‘
|Л л
|М м
|М‘ м‘
|Н н
|Н‘ н‘
|О о
|О‘ о‘
|Ө ө
|Ө‘ ө‘
|-
|H h
|Ħ ħ
|I i
|Í í
|J j
|K k
|Ǩ ǩ
|L l
|M m
|M̌ m̌
|N n
|Ň ň
|O o
|Ó ó
|Ö ö
|Ò ò
|-
!
P p
!Ꝑ ꝑ
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!Ꞃ ꞃ
!S s
!Ş ş
!ʕ ſ
!T t
!Ŧ ŧ
!Ƥ ƥ
!Ƥ̍ ƥ̍
!U u
!U̍ u̍
!Ṳ ṳ
|-
|[p]
|[pʼ]
|[q]
|[qʼ]
|[r]
|[ꞎ]
|[s]
|[sʼ]
|[ʃ]
|[t]
|[θ]
|[pʷ]
|[bʷ]
|[u]
|[ɵ]
|[ɨ]
|-
|П п
|П‘ п‘
|Қ қ
|Қ‘ қ‘
|Р р
|Р‘ р‘
|С с
|С‘ с‘
|Ш ш
|Т т
|Т‘ т‘
|Ҧ ҧ
|Ҧ‘ ҧ‘
|У у
|У‘ у‘
|Ў ў
|-
|P p
|P̌ p̌
|Q q
|Q̌ q̌
|R r
|Ř ř
|S s
|S‘ s‘
|Š š
|T t
|Ť ť
|Pw pw
|Bw bw
|U u
|Ü ü
|Ï ï
|-
!Ṳ̍ ṳ̍
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!Ⱬ ⱬ
!Ʒ ʒ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_turned.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_turned.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender_turned.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender_turned.png|11x11px]]
!
Г г
!
Ӷ ӷ
!
Ҕ ҕ
!Ӻ ӻ
|-
|[ʌ]
|[v]
|[w]
|[x]
|[ɤ]
|[z]
|[dz]
|[dʒ]
|[ʘ]
|[ʘ̃]
|[ǀ̼]
|[ᵑǀ̼]
|[ǀ]
|[ǃ]
|[ǃ̬]
|[ǁ]
|-
|Ў‘ ў‘
|В в
|Ԝ ԝ
|Х х
|Ӫ ӫ
|З з
|Ѕ ѕ
|Җ җ
|Щ щ
|Щ‘ щ‘
|Ҵ ҵ
|Ҵ‘ ҵ‘
|Ч ч
|Ч‘ ч‘
|Ч‘ъ ч‘ъ
|Тъ тъ
|-
|Ï‘ ï‘
|V v
|W w
|X x
|Y y
|Z z
|Dz dz
|Dj dj
|Gx gx
|G͠x g͠x
|Tx tx
|T͠x t͠x
|Ĉ ĉ
|Ĉ‘ ĉ‘
|Ĉx ĉx
|Ĉx‘ ĉx‘
|-
!Ч ч
!Ҹ ҹ
!Ꚓ ꚓ
!Ꚇ ꚇ
!Ъ ъ
!Ы ы
!Ь ь
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ɂ ɂ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[ɥ]
|[ǀ]
|[ǂ]
|[ɰ]
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|[y]
|[ʲ]
|[ts]
|[ʔ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ү ү
|Ҹ ҹ
|Ҹъ ҹъ
|Ꚇ ꚇ
|Ъ ъ
|І і
|Ь ь
|Ц ц
|’
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ū ū
|Ĵ ĵ
|Ǧx ǧx
|Ĉĉ ĉĉ
|"
|Ý ý
|'
|Ts ts
|Ɂ ɂ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== 1920s and probihition under Japanese rule ===
In 1921, with the pressure of the Empire of Japan, the Empire of Japan promoted Japanese to Hatsunian people. This meant that some Hatsunian people still write Hatsunian using the alphabet. In 1922, 28,303 people speak Japanese while the rest spoke Hatsunian.
However, in 1937, Japan banned the use of Hatsunian in schools and education as part of the cultural assimilation, and the alphabet and all of Hatsunian publications were outlawed in 1939, making Hatsunian a purely spoken language.
=== After World War II ===
After United States of Gooperland (now Gooperland) gained independence from Japan, a Cyrillic alphabet was introduced. It was devised by Kikuir Larr.
{| class="wikitable"
!Letter
!Sound
!Modern Latin
|-
|А а
|[ɑ]
|A a
|-
|Ӕ ӕ
|[æ]
|Ǎ ǎ
|-
|Б б
|[ʙ]
|B b
|-
|Б‘ б‘
|[ɓ]
|B̌ b̌
|-
|В в
|[v]
|V v
|-
|Г г
|[g]
|G g
|-
|Ӷ ӷ
|[ɠ]
|G‘ g‘
|-
|Ғ ғ
|[ɣ]
|Ǧ ǧ
|-
|Д д
|[d]
|D d
|-
|Д̆ д̆
|[d̼]
|Đ đ
|}
8x8ctzghaec5dyrt3il5yrl8ivc0ljw
403
395
2018-06-04T06:26:42Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
403
wikitext
text/x-wiki
The Hatsunian alphabet is based on Latin script, since 1980. Previously, it used Cyrillic and Latin derived from POJ and Cyrillic with unusual letters like Ⅎ, Ƣ, N̐, Ƀ.
Hatsunian is a click language, and it is official in the Hatsune Miku State in Gooperland (where the capital city of Gooperland, Hatsune Miku, is located).
Hatsunian has linguolabial consonants and Khosian clicks. It is the most widely spoken click language, with a total of approximately 10,256,243 speakers.
It is also the only language to have linguolabial click as a phoneme.
=== Prior to 1920 ===
Hatsunian started writing with two alphabets: Tai Tham and Thai alphabet in the 14th century. There were no spaces between words, but spaces function as a full stop.
In 1833, a Cyrillic alphabet was devised by Berkov Lumtsov and replaced both Tai Tham and Thai scripts used to write that language. In 1877, the Cyrillic alphabet for Hatsunian was revised. In 1903, a Latin-based alphabet was devised by Kebub Mirr and lasted 9 years during the Latinisation of Gooperland. In 1912, it was replaced by another alphabet.
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!A̍ a̍
!B b
!Ƀ ƀ
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!Đ đ
!E e
!
É é
!E̍ e̍
!F f
!Ⅎ ɟ
!G g
!<big>ɠ</big> ɠ
!Ƣ ƣ
|-
|[ɑ]
|[æ]
|[ʙ]
|[ɓ]
|[c]
|[cʼ]
|[d]
|[d̼]
|[ɛ]
|[ɜ]
|[ɘ]
|[f]
|[ʃʷ]
|[g]
|[ɠ]
|[ɣ]
|-
|А а
|Ӕ ӕ
|Б б
|Б‘ б‘
|Ҡ ҡ
|Ҡ‘ ҡ‘
|Д д
|Д̆ д̆
|Е е
|Э э
|Е‘ е‘
|Ф ф
|Ꚗ ꚗ
|Г г
|Ӷ ӷ
|Ғ ғ
|-
|A a
|Ǎ ǎ
|B b
|B̌ b̌
|C c
|Č č
|D d
|Đ đ
|E e
|É é
|È è
|F f
|Šw šw
|G g
|G‘ g‘
|Ǧ ǧ
|-
!
H h
!
Ħ ħ
!
I i
!
I̍ i̍
!
J j
!K k
!
K̐ k̐
!
L l
!
M m
!
M̐ m̐
!N n
!
N̐ n̐
!
O o
!
O̍ o̍
!
O͘ o͘
!
O̍͘ o̍͘
|-
|[h]
|[ħ]
|[i]
|[ɯ]
|[ʒ]
|[k]
|[kʰ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[m̥]
|[n]
|[n̼]
|[o]
|[ə]
|[ɔ]
|[œ]
|-
|Һ һ
|Ꚕ ꚕ
|И и
|Й й
|Ж ж
|К к
|К‘ к‘
|Л л
|М м
|М‘ м‘
|Н н
|Н‘ н‘
|О о
|О‘ о‘
|Ө ө
|Ө‘ ө‘
|-
|H h
|Ħ ħ
|I i
|Í í
|J j
|K k
|Ǩ ǩ
|L l
|M m
|M̌ m̌
|N n
|Ň ň
|O o
|Ó ó
|Ö ö
|Ò ò
|-
!
P p
!Ꝑ ꝑ
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!Ꞃ ꞃ
!S s
!Ş ş
!ʕ ſ
!T t
!Ŧ ŧ
!Ƥ ƥ
!Ƥ̍ ƥ̍
!U u
!U̍ u̍
!Ṳ ṳ
|-
|[p]
|[pʼ]
|[q]
|[qʼ]
|[r]
|[ꞎ]
|[s]
|[sʼ]
|[ʃ]
|[t]
|[θ]
|[pʷ]
|[bʷ]
|[u]
|[ɵ]
|[ɨ]
|-
|П п
|П‘ п‘
|Қ қ
|Қ‘ қ‘
|Р р
|Р‘ р‘
|С с
|С‘ с‘
|Ш ш
|Т т
|Т‘ т‘
|Ҧ ҧ
|Ҧ‘ ҧ‘
|У у
|У‘ у‘
|Ў ў
|-
|P p
|P̌ p̌
|Q q
|Q̌ q̌
|R r
|Ř ř
|S s
|S‘ s‘
|Š š
|T t
|Ť ť
|Pw pw
|Bw bw
|U u
|Ü ü
|Ï ï
|-
!Ṳ̍ ṳ̍
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!Ⱬ ⱬ
!Ʒ ʒ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_turned.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_turned.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender_turned.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender_turned.png|11x11px]]
!
Г г
!
Ӷ ӷ
!
Ҕ ҕ
!Ӻ ӻ
|-
|[ʌ]
|[v]
|[w]
|[x]
|[ɤ]
|[z]
|[dz]
|[dʒ]
|[ʘ]
|[ʘ̃]
|[ǀ̼]
|[ᵑǀ̼]
|[ǀ]
|[ǃ]
|[ǃ̬]
|[ǁ]
|-
|Ў‘ ў‘
|В в
|Ԝ ԝ
|Х х
|Ӫ ӫ
|З з
|Ѕ ѕ
|Җ җ
|Щ щ
|Щ‘ щ‘
|Ҵ ҵ
|Ҵ‘ ҵ‘
|Ч ч
|Ч‘ ч‘
|Ч‘ъ ч‘ъ
|Тъ тъ
|-
|Ï‘ ï‘
|V v
|W w
|X x
|Y y
|Z z
|Dz dz
|Dj dj
|Gx gx
|G͠x g͠x
|Tx tx
|T͠x t͠x
|Ĉ ĉ
|Ĉ‘ ĉ‘
|Ĉx ĉx
|Ĉx‘ ĉx‘
|-
!Ч ч
!Ҹ ҹ
!Ꚓ ꚓ
!Ꚇ ꚇ
!Ъ ъ
!Ы ы
!Ь ь
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ɂ ɂ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[ɥ]
|[ǀ]
|[ǂ]
|[ɰ]
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|[y]
|[ʲ]
|[ts]
|[ʔ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ү ү
|Ҹ ҹ
|Ҹъ ҹъ
|Ꚇ ꚇ
|Ъ ъ
|І і
|Ь ь
|Ц ц
|’
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ū ū
|Ĵ ĵ
|Ǧx ǧx
|Ĉĉ ĉĉ
|"
|Ý ý
|'
|Ts ts
|Ɂ ɂ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== 1920s and probihition under Japanese rule ===
In 1921, with the pressure of the Empire of Japan, the Empire of Japan promoted Japanese to Hatsunian people. This meant that some Hatsunian people still write Hatsunian using the alphabet. In 1922, 28,303 people speak Japanese while the rest spoke Hatsunian.
However, in 1937, Japan banned the use of Hatsunian in schools and education as part of the cultural assimilation, and the alphabet and all of Hatsunian publications were outlawed in 1939, making Hatsunian a purely spoken language.
=== After World War II ===
After United States of Gooperland (now Gooperland) gained independence from Japan, a Cyrillic alphabet was introduced. It was devised by Kikuir Larr.
{| class="wikitable"
!Letter
!Sound
!Modern Latin
|-
|А а
|[ɑ]
|A a
|-
|Ӕ ӕ
|[æ]
|Ǎ ǎ
|-
|Б б
|[ʙ]
|B b
|-
|Б‘ б‘
|[ɓ]
|B̌ b̌
|-
|В в
|[v]
|V v
|-
|Г г
|[g]
|G g
|-
|Ӷ ӷ
|[ɠ]
|G‘ g‘
|-
|Ғ ғ
|[ɣ]
|Ǧ ǧ
|-
|Д д
|[d]
|D d
|-
|Д̆ д̆
|[d̼]
|Đ đ
|}
5i18uw3cfgb4rrxjnarzfdh3f51qm6v
404
403
2018-06-04T06:31:08Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
404
wikitext
text/x-wiki
The Hatsunian alphabet is based on Latin script, since 1980. Previously, it used Cyrillic and Latin derived from POJ and Cyrillic with unusual letters like Ⅎ, Ƣ, N̐, Ƀ.
Hatsunian is a click language, and it is official in the Hatsune Miku State in Gooperland (where the capital city of Gooperland, Hatsune Miku, is located).
Hatsunian has linguolabial consonants and Khosian clicks. It is the most widely spoken click language, with a total of approximately 10,256,243 speakers.
It is also the only language to have linguolabial click as a phoneme.
=== Prior to 1920 ===
Hatsunian started writing with two alphabets: Tai Tham and Thai alphabet in the 14th century. There were no spaces between words, but spaces function as a full stop.
In 1833, a Cyrillic alphabet was devised by Berkov Lumtsov and replaced both Tai Tham and Thai scripts used to write that language. In 1877, the Cyrillic alphabet for Hatsunian was revised. In 1903, a Latin-based alphabet was devised by Kebub Mirr and lasted 9 years during the Latinisation of Gooperland. In 1912, it was replaced by another alphabet.
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!A̍ a̍
!B b
!Ƀ ƀ
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!Đ đ
!E e
!
É é
!E̍ e̍
!F f
!Ⅎ ɟ
!G g
!<big>ɠ</big> ɠ
!Ƣ ƣ
|-
|[ɑ]
|[æ]
|[ʙ]
|[ɓ]
|[c]
|[cʼ]
|[d]
|[d̼]
|[ɛ]
|[ɜ]
|[ɘ]
|[f]
|[ʃʷ]
|[g]
|[ɠ]
|[ɣ]
|-
|А а
|Ӕ ӕ
|Б б
|Б‘ б‘
|Ҡ ҡ
|Ҡ‘ ҡ‘
|Д д
|Д̆ д̆
|Е е
|Э э
|Е‘ е‘
|Ф ф
|Ꚗ ꚗ
|Г г
|Ӷ ӷ
|Ғ ғ
|-
|A a
|Ǎ ǎ
|B b
|B̌ b̌
|C c
|Č č
|D d
|Đ đ
|E e
|É é
|È è
|F f
|Šw šw
|G g
|G‘ g‘
|Ǧ ǧ
|-
!
H h
!
Ħ ħ
!
I i
!
I̍ i̍
!
J j
!K k
!
K̐ k̐
!
L l
!
M m
!
M̐ m̐
!N n
!
N̐ n̐
!
O o
!
O̍ o̍
!
O͘ o͘
!
O̍͘ o̍͘
|-
|[h]
|[ħ]
|[i]
|[ɯ]
|[ʒ]
|[k]
|[kʰ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[m̥]
|[n]
|[n̼]
|[o]
|[ə]
|[ɔ]
|[œ]
|-
|Һ һ
|Ꚕ ꚕ
|И и
|Й й
|Ж ж
|К к
|К‘ к‘
|Л л
|М м
|М‘ м‘
|Н н
|Н‘ н‘
|О о
|О‘ о‘
|Ө ө
|Ө‘ ө‘
|-
|H h
|Ħ ħ
|I i
|Í í
|J j
|K k
|Ǩ ǩ
|L l
|M m
|M̌ m̌
|N n
|Ň ň
|O o
|Ó ó
|Ö ö
|Ò ò
|-
!
P p
!Ꝑ ꝑ
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!Ꞃ ꞃ
!S s
!Ş ş
!ʕ ſ
!T t
!Ŧ ŧ
!Ƥ ƥ
!Ƥ̍ ƥ̍
!U u
!U̍ u̍
!Ṳ ṳ
|-
|[p]
|[pʼ]
|[q]
|[qʼ]
|[r]
|[ꞎ]
|[s]
|[sʼ]
|[ʃ]
|[t]
|[θ]
|[pʷ]
|[bʷ]
|[u]
|[ɵ]
|[ɨ]
|-
|П п
|П‘ п‘
|Қ қ
|Қ‘ қ‘
|Р р
|Р‘ р‘
|С с
|С‘ с‘
|Ш ш
|Т т
|Т‘ т‘
|Ҧ ҧ
|Ҧ‘ ҧ‘
|У у
|У‘ у‘
|Ў ў
|-
|P p
|P̌ p̌
|Q q
|Q̌ q̌
|R r
|Ř ř
|S s
|S‘ s‘
|Š š
|T t
|Ť ť
|Pw pw
|Bw bw
|U u
|Ü ü
|Ï ï
|-
!Ṳ̍ ṳ̍
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!Ⱬ ⱬ
!Ʒ ʒ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_turned.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_turned.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender_turned.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender_turned.png|11x11px]]
!
Г г
!
Ӷ ӷ
!
Ҕ ҕ
!Ӻ ӻ
|-
|[ʌ]
|[v]
|[w]
|[x]
|[ɤ]
|[z]
|[dz]
|[dʒ]
|[ʘ]
|[ʘ̃]
|[ǀ̼]
|[ᵑǀ̼]
|[ǀ]
|[ǃ]
|[ǃ̬]
|[ǁ]
|-
|Ў‘ ў‘
|В в
|Ԝ ԝ
|Х х
|Ӫ ӫ
|З з
|Ѕ ѕ
|Җ җ
|Щ щ
|Щ‘ щ‘
|Ҵ ҵ
|Ҵ‘ ҵ‘
|Ч ч
|Ч‘ ч‘
|Ч‘ъ ч‘ъ
|Тъ тъ
|-
|Ï‘ ï‘
|V v
|W w
|X x
|Y y
|Z z
|Dz dz
|Dj dj
|Gx gx
|G͠x g͠x
|Tx tx
|T͠x t͠x
|Ĉ ĉ
|Ĉ‘ ĉ‘
|Ĉx ĉx
|Ĉx‘ ĉx‘
|-
!Ч ч
!Ҹ ҹ
!Ꚓ ꚓ
!Ꚇ ꚇ
!Ъ ъ
!Ы ы
!Ь ь
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ɂ ɂ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[ɥ]
|[ǀ]
|[ǂ]
|[ɰ]
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|[y]
|[ʲ]
|[ts]
|[ʔ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ү ү
|Ҹ ҹ
|Ҹъ ҹъ
|Ꚇ ꚇ
|Ъ ъ
|І і
|Ь ь
|Ц ц
|’
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ū ū
|Ĵ ĵ
|Ǧx ǧx
|Ĉĉ ĉĉ
|"
|Ý ý
|'
|Ts ts
|Ɂ ɂ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== 1920s and probihition under Japanese rule ===
In 1921, with the pressure of the Empire of Japan, the Empire of Japan promoted Japanese to Hatsunian people. This meant that some Hatsunian people still write Hatsunian using the alphabet. In 1922, 28,303 people speak Japanese while the rest spoke Hatsunian.
However, in 1937, Japan banned the use of Hatsunian in schools and education as part of the cultural assimilation, and the alphabet and all of Hatsunian publications were outlawed in 1939, making Hatsunian a purely spoken language.
=== After World War II ===
After United States of Gooperland (now Gooperland) gained independence from Japan, a Cyrillic alphabet was introduced. It was devised by Kikuir Larr.
{| class="wikitable"
!Letter
!Sound
!Modern Latin
|-
|А а
|[ɑ]
|A a
|-
|Ӕ ӕ
|[æ]
|Ǎ ǎ
|-
|Б б
|[ʙ]
|B b
|-
|Б‘ б‘
|[ɓ]
|B̌ b̌
|-
|В в
|[v]
|V v
|-
|Г г
|[g]
|G g
|-
|Ӷ ӷ
|[ɠ]
|G‘ g‘
|-
|Ғ ғ
|[ɣ]
|Ǧ ǧ
|-
|Д д
|[d]
|D d
|-
|Д̆ д̆
|[d̼]
|Đ đ
|-
|Е е
|[ɛ]
|E e
|-
|Ж ж
|[ʒ]
|J j
|-
|З з
|[z]
|Z z
|-
|И и
|[i]
|I i
|-
|Й й
|[ɯ]
|Í í
|-
|К к
|[k]
|K k
|-
|К‘ к‘
|[kʰ]
|Ǩ ǩ
|-
|Л л
|[l]
|L l
|-
|М м
|[m]
|M m
|-
|М‘ м‘
|[m̥]
|M̌ m̌
|-
|Н н
|[n]
|N n
|-
|Н‘ н‘
|[n̼]
|Ň ň
|-
|О о
|[o]
|O o
|}
88m72npfm08bxzsjgrgk8e504ifkcft
480
404
2022-06-27T00:49:10Z
1.159.188.228
HďhdgehdhhdhidjdhdjdndjcjdďďĎ
480
wikitext
text/x-wiki
The Hatsunian alphabet is based on Latin script, since 1980. Previously, it used Cyrillic and Latin derived from POJ and Cyrillic with unusual letters like Ⅎ, Ƣ, N̐, Ƀ.
Hatsunian is a click language, and it is official in the Hatsune Miku State in Gooperland (where the capital city of Gooperland, Hatsune Miku, is located).
Hatsunian has linguolabial consonants and Khosian clicks. It is the most widely spoken click language, with a total of approximately 10,256,243 speakers.
It is also the only language to have linguolabial click as a phoneme.
=== Prior to 274hhhhhofoueufzdgu ===
Hatsunian started writing with two alphabets: Tai Tham and Thai alphabet in the 14th century. There were no spaces between words, but spaces function as a full stop.
In 1833, a Cyrillic alphabet was devised by Berkov Lumtsov and replaced both Tai Tham and Thai scripts used to write that language. In 1877, the Cyrillic alphabet for Hatsunian was revised. In 1903, a Latin-based alphabet was devised by Kebub Mirr $gucj$hcv7$*&&746rand lasted 9 years during the Latinisation of Gooperland. In 1912, it was replaced by another alphabet.
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!A̍ a̍
!B b
!Ƀ ƀ
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!Đ đ
!E e
!
É é
!E̍ e̍
!F f
!Ⅎ ɟ
!G g
!<big>ɠ</big> ɠ
!Ƣ ƣ
|-
|[ɑ]
|[æ]
|[ʙ]
|[ɓ]
|[c]
|[cʼ]
|[d]
|[d̼]
|[ɛ]
|[ɜ]
|[ɘ]
|[f]
|[ʃʷ]
|[g]
|[ɠ]
|[ɣ]
|-
|А а
|Ӕ ӕ
|Б б
|Б‘ б‘
|Ҡ ҡ
|Ҡ‘ ҡ‘
|Д д
|Д̆ д̆
|Е е
|Э э
|Е‘ е‘
|Ф ф
|Ꚗ ꚗ
|Г г
|Ӷ ӷ
|Ғ ғ
|-
|A a
|Ǎ ǎ
|B b
|B̌ b̌
|C c
|Č č
|D d
|Đ đ
|E e
|É é
|È è
|F f
|Šw šw
|G g
|G‘ g‘
|Ǧ ǧ
|-
!
H h
!
Ħ ħ
!
I i
!
I̍ i̍
!
J j
!K k
!
K̐ k̐
!
L l
!
M m
!
M̐ m̐
!N n
!
N̐ n̐
!
O o
!
O̍ o̍
!
O͘ o͘
!
O̍͘ o̍͘
|-
|[h]
|[ħ]
|[i]
|[ɯ]
|[ʒ]
|[k]
|[kʰ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[m̥]
|[n]
|[n̼]
|[o]
|[ə]
|[ɔ]
|[œ]
|-
|Һ һ
|Ꚕ ꚕ
|И и
|Й й
|Ж ж
|К к
|К‘ к‘
|Л л
|М м
|М‘ м‘
|Н н
|Н‘ н‘
|О о
|О‘ о‘
|Ө ө
|Ө‘ ө‘
|-
|H h
|Ħ ħ
|I i
|Í í
|J j
|K k
|Ǩ ǩ
|L l
|M m
|M̌ m̌
|N n
|Ň ň
|O o
|Ó ó
|Ö ö
|Ò ò
|-
!
P p
!Ꝑ ꝑ
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!Ꞃ ꞃ
!S s
!Ş ş
!ʕ ſ
!T t
!Ŧ ŧ
!Ƥ ƥ
!Ƥ̍ ƥ̍
!U u
!U̍ u̍
!Ṳ ṳ
|-
|[p]
|[pʼ]
|[q]
|[qʼ]
|[r]
|[ꞎ]
|[s]
|[sʼ]
|[ʃ]
|[t]
|[θ]
|[pʷ]
|[bʷ]
|[u]
|[ɵ]
|[ɨ]
|-
|П п
|П‘ п‘
|Қ қ
|Қ‘ қ‘
|Р р
|Р‘ р‘
|С с
|С‘ с‘
|Ш ш
|Т т
|Т‘ т‘
|Ҧ ҧ
|Ҧ‘ ҧ‘
|У у
|У‘ у‘
|Ў ў
|-
|P p
|P̌ p̌
|Q q
|Q̌ q̌
|R r
|Ř ř
|S s
|S‘ s‘
|Š š
|T t
|Ť ť
|Pw pw
|Bw bw
|U u
|Ü ü
|Ï ï
|-
!Ṳ̍ ṳ̍
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!Ⱬ ⱬ
!Ʒ ʒ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_turned.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_turned.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender_turned.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender_turned.png|11x11px]]
!
Г г
!
Ӷ ӷ
!
Ҕ ҕ
!Ӻ ӻ
|-
|[ʌ]
|[v]
|[w]
|[x]
|[ɤ]
|[z]
|[dz]
|[dʒ]
|[ʘ]
|[ʘ̃]
|[ǀ̼]
|[ᵑǀ̼]
|[ǀ]
|[ǃ]
|[ǃ̬]
|[ǁ]
|-
|Ў‘ ў‘
|В в
|Ԝ ԝ
|Х х
|Ӫ ӫ
|З з
|Ѕ ѕ
|Җ җ
|Щ щ
|Щ‘ щ‘
|Ҵ ҵ
|Ҵ‘ ҵ‘
|Ч ч
|Ч‘ ч‘
|Ч‘ъ ч‘ъ
|Тъ тъ
|-
|Ï‘ ï‘
|V v
|W w
|X x
|Y y
|Z z
|Dz dz
|Dj dj
|Gx gx
|G͠x g͠x
|Tx tx
|T͠x t͠x
|Ĉ ĉ
|Ĉ‘ ĉ‘
|Ĉx ĉx
|Ĉx‘ ĉx‘
|-
!Ч ч
!Ҹ ҹ
!Ꚓ ꚓ
!Ꚇ ꚇ
!Ъ ъ
!Ы ы
!Ь ь
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ɂ ɂ
!-k
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[ɥ]
|[ǀ]
|[ǂ]
|[ɰ]
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|[y]
|[ʲ]
|[ts]
|[ʔ]
|Ll.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ү ү
|Ҹ ҹ
|Ҹъ ҹъ
|Ꚇ ꚇ
|Ъ ъ
|І і
|Ь ь
|Ц ц
|’
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ū ū
|Ĵ ĵ
|Ǧx ǧx
|Ĉĉ ĉĉ
|"
|Ý ý
|'
|Ts ts
|Ɂ ɂ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== 1920s and probihition under Japanese rule ===
In 1921, with the pressure of the Empire of Japan, the Empire of Japan promoted Japanese to Hatsunian people. This meant that some Hatsunian people still write Hatsunian using the alphabet. In 1922, 28,303 people speak Japanese while the rest spoke Hatsunian.
However, in 1937, Japan banned the use of Hatsunian in schools and education as part of the cultural assimilation, and the alphabet and all of Hatsunian publications were outlawed in 1939, making Hatsunian a purely spoken language.
=== After World War II ===
After United States of Gooperland (now Gooperland) gained independence from Japan, a Cyrillic alphabet was introduced. It was devised by Kikuir Larr.
{| class="wikitable"
!Letter
!Sound
!Modern Latin
|-
|А а
|[ɑ]
|A a
|-
|Ӕ ӕ
|[æ]
|Ǎ ǎ
|-
|Б б
|[ʙ]
|B b
|-
|Б‘ б‘
|[ɓ]
|B̌ b̌
|-
|В в
|[v]
|V v
|-
|Г г
|[g]
|G g
|-
|Ӷ ӷ
|[ɠ]
|G‘ g‘
|-
|Ғ ғ
|[ɣ]
|Ǧ ǧ
|-
|Д д
|[d]
|D d
|-
|Д̆ д̆
|[d̼]
|Đ đ
|-
|Е е
|[ɛ]
|E e
|-
|Ж ж
|[ʒ]
|J j
|-
|З з
|[z]
|Z z
|-
|И и
|[i]
|I i
|-
|Й й
|[ɯ]
|Í í
|-
|К к
|[k]
|K k
|-
|К‘ к‘
|[kʰ]
|Ǩ ǩ
|-
|Л л
|[l]
|L l
|-
|М м
|[m]
|M m
|-
|М‘ м‘
|[m̥]
|M̌ m̌
|-
|Н н
|[n]
|N n
|-
|Н‘ н‘
|[n̼]
|
|-
|О о
|[o]
|O o
|}
krevv7o3mj3yrq202kt9lpju9doc2l7
492
480
2023-09-02T20:49:15Z
47.18.61.198
492
wikitext
text/x-wiki
The Hatsunian alphabet is based on Latin script, since 1980. Previously, it used Cyrillic and Latin derived from POJ and Cyrillic with unusual letters like Ⅎ, Ƣ, N̐, Ƀ.
Hatsunian is a click language, and it is official in the Hatsune Miku State in Gooperland (where the capital city of Gooperland, Hatsune Miku, is located).
Hatsunian has linguolabial consonants and Khosian clicks. It is the most widely spoken click language, with a total of approximately 10,256,243 speakers.
It is also the only language to have linguolabial click as a phoneme.
=== Prior to 274hhhhhofoueufzdgu ===
Hatsunian started writing with two alphabets: Tai Tham and Thai alphabet in the 14th century. There were no spaces between words, but spaces function as a full stop.
In 1833, a Cyrillic alphabet was devised by Berkov Lumtsov and replaced both Tai Tham and Thai scripts used to write that language. In 1877, the Cyrillic alphabet for Hatsunian was revised. In 1903, a Latin-based alphabet was devised by Kebub Mirr $gucj$hcv7$*&&746rand lasted 9 years during the Latinisation of Gooperland. In 1912, it was replaced by another alphabet.
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!A̍ a̍
!B b
!Ƀ ƀ
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!Đ đ
!E e
!
É é
!E̍ e̍
!F f
!Ⅎ ɟ
!G g
!<big>ɠ</big> ɠ
!Ƣ ƣ
|-
|[ɑ]
|[æ]
|[ʙ]
|[ɓ]
|[c]
|[cʼ]
|[d]
|[d̼]
|[ɛ]
|[ɜ]
|[ɘ]
|[f]
|[ʃʷ]
|[g]
|[ɠ]
|[ɣ]
|-
|А а
|Ӕ ӕ
|Б б
|Б‘ б‘
|Ҡ ҡ
|Ҡ‘ ҡ‘
|Д д
|Д̆ д̆
|Е е
|Э э
|Е‘ е‘
|Ф ф
|Ꚗ ꚗ
|Г г
|Ӷ ӷ
|Ғ ғ
|-
|A a
|Ǎ ǎ
|B b
|B̌ b̌
|C c
|Č č
|D d
|Đ đ
|E e
|É é
|È è
|F f
|Šw šw
|G g
|G‘ g‘
|Ǧ ǧ
|-
!
H h
!
Ħ ħ
!
I i
!
I̍ i̍
!
J j
!K k
!
K̐ k̐
!
L l
!
M m
!
M̐ m̐
!N n
!
N̐ n̐
!
O o
!
O̍ o̍
!
O͘ o͘
!
O̍͘ o̍͘
|-
|[h]
|[ħ]
|[i]
|[ɯ]
|[ʒ]
|[k]
|[kʰ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[m̥]
|[n]
|[n̼]
|O o
|[ə]
|[ɔ]
|[œ]
|-
|Һ һ
|Ꚕ ꚕ
|И и
|Й й
|Ж ж
|К к
|К‘ к‘
|Л л
|М м
|М‘ м‘
|Н н
|Н‘ н‘
|О о
|О‘ о‘
|Ө ө
|Ө‘ ө‘
|-
|H h
|Ħ ħ
|I i
|Í í
|J j
|K k
|Ǩ ǩ
|L l
|M m
|M̌ m̌
|N n
|Ň ň
|O o
|Ó ó
|Ö ö
|Ò ò
|-
!
P p
!Ꝑ ꝑ
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!Ꞃ ꞃ
!S s
!Ş ş
!ʕ ſ
!T t
!Ŧ ŧ
!Ƥ ƥ
!Ƥ̍ ƥ̍
!U u
!U̍ u̍
!Ṳ ṳ
|-
|[p]
|[pʼ]
|[q]
|[qʼ]
|[r]
|[ꞎ]
|[s]
|[sʼ]
|[ʃ]
|[t]
|[θ]
|[pʷ]
|[bʷ]
|[u]
|[ɵ]
|[ɨ]
|-
|П п
|П‘ п‘
|Қ қ
|Қ‘ қ‘
|Р р
|Р‘ р‘
|С с
|С‘ с‘
|Ш ш
|Т т
|Т‘ т‘
|Ҧ ҧ
|Ҧ‘ ҧ‘
|У у
|У‘ у‘
|Ў ў
|-
|P p
|P̌ p̌
|Q q
|Q̌ q̌
|R r
|Ř ř
|S s
|S‘ s‘
|Š š
|T t
|Ť ť
|Pw pw
|Bw bw
|U u
|Ü ü
|Ï ï
|-
!Ṳ̍ ṳ̍
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!Ⱬ ⱬ
!Ʒ ʒ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_turned.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_turned.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender_turned.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender_turned.png|11x11px]]
!
Г г
!
Ӷ ӷ
!
Ҕ ҕ
!Ӻ ӻ
|-
|[ʌ]
|[v]
|[w]
|[x]
|[ɤ]
|[z]
|[dz]
|[dʒ]
|[ʘ]
|[ʘ̃]
|[ǀ̼]
|[ᵑǀ̼]
|[ǀ]
|[ǃ]
|[ǃ̬]
|[ǁ]
|-
|Ў‘ ў‘
|В в
|Ԝ ԝ
|Х х
|Ӫ ӫ
|З з
|Ѕ ѕ
|Җ җ
|Щ щ
|Щ‘ щ‘
|Ҵ ҵ
|Ҵ‘ ҵ‘
|Ч ч
|Ч‘ ч‘
|Ч‘ъ ч‘ъ
|Тъ тъ
|-
|Ï‘ ï‘
|V v
|W w
|X x
|Y y
|Z z
|Dz dz
|Dj dj
|Gx gx
|G͠x g͠x
|Tx tx
|T͠x t͠x
|Ĉ ĉ
|Ĉ‘ ĉ‘
|Ĉx ĉx
|Ĉx‘ ĉx‘
|-
!Ч ч
!Ҹ ҹ
!Ꚓ ꚓ
!Ꚇ ꚇ
!Ъ ъ
!Ы ы
!Ь ь
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ɂ ɂ
!-k
!Ⱄⱄ
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[ɥ]
|[ǀ]
|[ǂ]
|[ɰ]
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|[y]
|[ʲ]
|[ts]
|[ʔ]
|Ll.
|[ɔ̃]
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ү ү
|Ҹ ҹ
|Ҹъ ҹъ
|Ꚇ ꚇ
|Ъ ъ
|І і
|Ь ь
|Ц ц
|’
|
|Ѫ ѫ
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ū ū
|Ĵ ĵ
|Ǧx ǧx
|Ĉĉ ĉĉ
|"
|Ý ý
|'
|Ts ts
|Ɂ ɂ
|
|Ąą
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== 1920s and probihition under Japanese rule ===
In 1921, with the pressure of the Empire of Japan, the Empire of Japan promoted Japanese to Hatsunian people. This meant that some Hatsunian people still write Hatsunian using the alphabet. In 1922, 28,303 people speak Japanese while the rest spoke Hatsunian.
However, in 1937, Japan banned the use of Hatsunian in schools and education as part of the cultural assimilation, and the alphabet and all of Hatsunian publications were outlawed in 1939, making Hatsunian a purely spoken language.
=== After World War II ===
After United States of Gooperland (now Gooperland) gained independence from Japan, a Cyrillic alphabet was introduced. It was devised by Kikuir Larr.
{| class="wikitable"
!Letter
!Sound
!Modern Latin
|-
|А а
|[ɑ]
|A a
|-
|Ӕ ӕ
|[æ]
|Ǎ ǎ
|-
|Б б
|[ʙ]
|B b
|-
|Б‘ б‘
|[ɓ]
|B̌ b̌
|-
|В в
|[v]
|V v
|-
|Г г
|[g]
|G g
|-
|Ӷ ӷ
|[ɠ]
|G‘ g‘
|-
|Ғ ғ
|[ɣ]
|Ǧ ǧ
|-
|Д д
|[d]
|D d
|-
|Д̆ д̆
|[d̼]
|Đ đ
|-
|Е е
|[ɛ]
|E e
|-
|Ж ж
|[ʒ]
|J j
|-
|З з
|[z]
|Z z
|-
|И и
|[i]
|I i
|-
|Й й
|[ɯ]
|Í í
|-
|К к
|[k]
|K k
|-
|К‘ к‘
|[kʰ]
|Ǩ ǩ
|-
|Л л
|[l]
|L l
|-
|М м
|[m]
|M m
|-
|М‘ м‘
|[m̥]
|M̌ m̌
|-
|Н н
|[n]
|N n
|-
|Н‘ н‘
|[n̼]
|
|-
|О о
|[o]
|O o
|}
gv46trzgf57mqejdkevqpkbfbb1k0uf
Havanagari
0
252
446
2018-06-29T07:30:44Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "Havanagari (portmanteau of ''Han'', meaning Chinese characters and ''Devanagari'', a script of Hindi, Hindi Devanagari: हवनगरी, Hindi Havanagari: 𡜉𡘩巨尻) i..."
446
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Havanagari (portmanteau of ''Han'', meaning Chinese characters and ''Devanagari'', a script of Hindi, Hindi Devanagari: हवनगरी, Hindi Havanagari: 𡜉𡘩巨尻) is a Chinese character-based writing system that is only used by the small amount of authors (156 authors). Since Havanagari do not constitute an alphabet, it was never accepted and is not an official writing system of Hindi language.
== Characters ==
Each character represents a word, morpheme or a modifier, examples include:
* 尒 = चम (''cama'')
* 𡘃 = घट (''ghaṭa'')
* 𪨤 = ट (''ṭa'')
* 𪜂 = पंचांग (''paṃcāṃga'')
* 𪢫 = म (''ma'')
* 𡜉 = ह (''ha'')
=== Vowel nasalisation ===
The following Havanagari characters indicate vowel nasalisation. Some also pull double-duty as a word or a morpheme (indicated by an asterisk).
* 𪢱
* 偘*
* 匚
* 卅*
* 唃*
* 坴*
* 夨*
* 屳*
* 鮎*
* 笹*
* 丼*
djn6hrh9ubwb2f4bsgdqbcjvjbskgrd
Hiragana Numerals
0
98
133
2018-02-03T08:54:19Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
add
133
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Hiragana Numerals are numeral systems used in Smurf language, Hatsunian language, Ainu language and Japanese language from 1440s to 1956 in Japanese, Ainu and Hatsunian, and today it is only used in Smurf language as well as displaying prices in Hatsune Miku's Chinese markets or restaurants (along with Suzhou and Roman numerals).
{| border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:500px;" class="article-table"
|-
! scope="col"|Numerical value
! scope="col"|Hiragana numeral
! scope="col"|Roman numeral
! scope="col"|Japanese numeral
! scope="col"|Romanisation
|-
|1
|'''あ'''
|I
|
|a
|-
|2
|'''い'''
|II
|
|i
|-
|3
|'''う'''
|III
|
|u
|-
|4
|'''え'''
|IIII or IV
|
|e
|-
|5
|'''お'''
|V
|
|o
|-
|6
|'''か'''
|VI
|
|ka
|-
|7
|'''き'''
|VII
|
|ki
|-
|8
|'''く'''
|VIII
|
|ku
|-
|9
|'''こ'''
|VIIII or IX
|
|ko
|-
|10
|
|
|
|
|}
5v3fj19rzr72snjn0ird7dnmd71dfn6
134
133
2018-02-03T12:47:28Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
change
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
Hiragana Numerals are numeral systems used in Smurf language, Hatsunian language, Ainu language and Japanese language from 1440s to 1956 in Japanese, Ainu and Hatsunian, and today it is only used in Smurf language as well as displaying prices in Hatsune Miku's Chinese markets or restaurants (along with Suzhou and Roman numerals).
{| border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:500px;" class="article-table"
|-
! scope="col"|Numerical value
! scope="col"|Hiragana numeral
! scope="col"|Roman numeral
! scope="col"|Romanisation
|-
|1
|'''あ'''
|I
|a
|-
|2
|'''い'''
|II
|i
|-
|3
|'''う'''
|III
|u
|-
|4
|'''え'''
|IV
|e
|-
|5
|'''お'''
|V
|o
|-
|6
|'''か'''
|VI
|ka
|-
|7
|'''き'''
|VII
|ki
|-
|8
|'''く'''
|VIII
|ku
|-
|9
|'''こ'''
|IX
|ko
|-
|10
|'''さ'''
|X
|sa
|-
|20
|'''し'''
|XX
|shi
|-
|30
|'''す'''
|XXX
|su
|-
|40
|'''せ'''
|XL
|se
|-
|50
|'''そ'''
|L
|so
|-
|60
|'''た'''
|LX
|ta
|-
|70
|'''ち'''
|LXX
|chi
|-
|80
|'''つ'''
|LXXX
|tsu
|-
|90
|'''て'''
|XC
|te
|-
|100
|'''と'''
|C
|to
|-
|200
|'''な'''
|CC
|na
|-
|300
|'''に'''
|CCC
|ni
|-
|400
|'''ぬ'''
|CD
|nu
|-
|500
|'''の'''
|D
|no
|-
|600
|'''は'''
|DC
|ha
|-
|700
|'''ふ'''
|DCC
|fu
|-
|800
|'''ほ'''
|DCCC
|ho
|-
|900
|'''ま'''
|CM
|ma
|-
|1,000
|'''み'''
|M
|mi
|-
|2,000
|'''む'''
|MM
|mu
|-
|3,000
|'''め'''
|MMM
|me
|-
|4,000
|'''や'''
|M<span style="text-decoration: overline;">V</span>
|ya
|-
|5,000
|'''ゆ'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">V</span>
|yu
|-
|6,000
|'''ゐ'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">V</span>M
|wi
|-
|7,000
|'''ゑ'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">V</span>MM
|we
|-
|8,000
|'''ゟ'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">V</span>MMM
|yori
|-
|9,000
|'''ʔ'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">IX</span>
|N/A
|}
==Numbers greater than 9999==
===In Smurf and Hatsunian===
There are modifying signs used to indicate the numbers above 9999, with the symbol for 10,000, 100,000, 1,000,000, 10,000,000, 100,000,000, 1,000,000,000, 10,000,000,000, 100,000,000,000 and 1,000,000,000,000 respectively. (For example, ''ko'' with dot below represents number 9,000,000.)
{| border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:500px;" class="article-table"
|-
! scope="col"|Numerical value
! scope="col"|Symbol
! scope="col"|Roman numeral
! scope="col"|Example
|-
|10,000
|'''†◌'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">X</span>
|†あ
|-
|100,000
|'''‡◌'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">C</span>
|‡あ
|-
|1,000,000
|'''◌̣'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">M</span>
|あ̣
|-
|10,000,000
|'''◌̱'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline; text-decoration-style: double;">X</span>
|<u>あ</u>
|-
|100,000,000
|'''◌̔'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline; text-decoration-style: double;">C</span>
|あ̔
|-
|1,000,000,000
|'''◌:'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline; text-decoration-style: double;">M</span>
|あ:
|-
|10,000,000,000
|'''-◌-'''
|X̅̅̅
|<nowiki>-あ-</nowiki>
|-
|100,000,000,000
|'''--◌--'''
|C̅̅̅
|<nowiki>--あ--</nowiki>
|-
|1,000,000,000,000
|'''+◌+'''
|M̅̅̅
|<nowiki>+あ+</nowiki>
|}
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Hiragana Numerals are numeral systems used in Smurf language, Hatsunian language, Ainu language and Japanese language from 1440s to 1956 in Japanese, Ainu and Hatsunian, and today it is only used in Smurf language as well as displaying prices in Hatsune Miku's Chinese markets or restaurants (along with Suzhou and Roman numerals).
{| border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:500px;" class="article-table"
|-
! scope="col"|Numerical value
! scope="col"|Hiragana numeral
! scope="col"|Roman numeral
! scope="col"|Romanisation
|-
|1
|'''あ'''
|I
|a
|-
|2
|'''い'''
|II
|i
|-
|3
|'''う'''
|III
|u
|-
|4
|'''え'''
|IV
|e
|-
|5
|'''お'''
|V
|o
|-
|6
|'''か'''
|VI
|ka
|-
|7
|'''き'''
|VII
|ki
|-
|8
|'''く'''
|VIII
|ku
|-
|9
|'''こ'''
|IX
|ko
|-
|10
|'''さ'''
|X
|sa
|-
|20
|'''し'''
|XX
|shi
|-
|30
|'''す'''
|XXX
|su
|-
|40
|'''せ'''
|XL
|se
|-
|50
|'''そ'''
|L
|so
|-
|60
|'''た'''
|LX
|ta
|-
|70
|'''ち'''
|LXX
|chi
|-
|80
|'''つ'''
|LXXX
|tsu
|-
|90
|'''て'''
|XC
|te
|-
|100
|'''と'''
|C
|to
|-
|200
|'''な'''
|CC
|na
|-
|300
|'''に'''
|CCC
|ni
|-
|400
|'''ぬ'''
|CD
|nu
|-
|500
|'''の'''
|D
|no
|-
|600
|'''は'''
|DC
|ha
|-
|700
|'''ふ'''
|DCC
|fu
|-
|800
|'''ほ'''
|DCCC
|ho
|-
|900
|'''ま'''
|CM
|ma
|-
|1,000
|'''み'''
|M
|mi
|-
|2,000
|'''む'''
|MM
|mu
|-
|3,000
|'''め'''
|MMM
|me
|-
|4,000
|'''や'''
|M<span style="text-decoration: overline;">V</span>
|ya
|-
|5,000
|'''ゆ'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">V</span>
|yu
|-
|6,000
|'''ゐ'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">V</span>M
|wi
|-
|7,000
|'''ゑ'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">V</span>MM
|we
|-
|8,000
|'''ゟ'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">V</span>MMM
|yori
|-
|9,000
|'''ʔ'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">IX</span>
|N/A
|}
==Numbers greater than 9999==
===In Smurf and Hatsunian===
There are modifying signs used to indicate the numbers above 9999, with the symbol for 10,000, 100,000, 1,000,000, 10,000,000, 100,000,000, 1,000,000,000, 10,000,000,000, 100,000,000,000 and 1,000,000,000,000 respectively. (For example, ''ko'' with dot below represents number 9,000,000.)
{| border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:500px;" class="article-table"
|-
! scope="col"|Numerical value
! scope="col"|Symbol
! scope="col"|Roman numeral
! scope="col"|Example
|-
|10,000
|'''†◌'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">X</span>
|†あ
|-
|100,000
|'''‡◌'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">C</span>
|‡あ
|-
|1,000,000
|'''◌̣'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">M</span>
|あ̣
|-
|10,000,000
|'''◌̱'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline; text-decoration-style: double;">X</span>
|<u>あ</u>
|-
|100,000,000
|'''◌̔'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline; text-decoration-style: double;">C</span>
|あ̔
|-
|1,000,000,000
|'''◌:'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline; text-decoration-style: double;">M</span>
|あ:
|-
|10,000,000,000
|'''-◌-'''
|X̅̅̅
|<nowiki>-あ-</nowiki>
|-
|100,000,000,000
|'''--◌--'''
|C̅̅̅
|<nowiki>--あ--</nowiki>
|-
|1,000,000,000,000
|'''+◌+'''
|M̅̅̅
|<nowiki>+あ+</nowiki>
|}
== Usage ==
=== Book publishing dates and year of construction of buildings ===
Book publishing dates between 1700 and 1925 used Hiragana numerals: for example, <span style="text-decoration: overline;">みましう</span> represented 1923. By 1925, this was replaced by Roman numerals, but some authors continued to use this until 1931.
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Hiragana Numerals are numeral systems used in Smurf language, Hatsunian language, Ainu language and Japanese language from 1440s to 1956 in Japanese, Ainu and Hatsunian, and today it is only used in Smurf language as well as displaying prices in Hatsune Miku's Chinese markets or restaurants (along with Suzhou and Roman numerals).
{| border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:500px;" class="article-table"
|-
! scope="col"|Numerical value
! scope="col"|Hiragana numeral
! scope="col"|Roman numeral
! scope="col"|Romanisation
|-
|1
|'''あ'''
|I
|a
|-
|2
|'''い'''
|II
|i
|-
|3
|'''う'''
|III
|u
|-
|4
|'''え'''
|IV
|e
|-
|5
|'''お'''
|V
|o
|-
|6
|'''か'''
|VI
|ka
|-
|7
|'''き'''
|VII
|ki
|-
|8
|'''く'''
|VIII
|ku
|-
|9
|'''こ'''
|IX
|ko
|-
|10
|'''さ'''
|X
|sa
|-
|20
|'''し'''
|XX
|shi
|-
|30
|'''す'''
|XXX
|su
|-
|40
|'''せ'''
|XL
|se
|-
|50
|'''そ'''
|L
|so
|-
|60
|'''た'''
|LX
|ta
|-
|70
|'''ち'''
|LXX
|chi
|-
|80
|'''つ'''
|LXXX
|tsu
|-
|90
|'''て'''
|XC
|te
|-
|100
|'''と'''
|C
|to
|-
|200
|'''な'''
|CC
|na
|-
|300
|'''に'''
|CCC
|ni
|-
|400
|'''ぬ'''
|CD
|nu
|-
|500
|'''の'''
|D
|no
|-
|600
|'''は'''
|DC
|ha
|-
|700
|'''ふ'''
|DCC
|fu
|-
|800
|'''ほ'''
|DCCC
|ho
|-
|900
|'''ま'''
|CM
|ma
|-
|1,000
|'''み'''
|M
|mi
|-
|2,000
|'''む'''
|MM
|mu
|-
|3,000
|'''め'''
|MMM
|me
|-
|4,000
|'''や'''
|M<span style="text-decoration: overline;">V</span>
|ya
|-
|5,000
|'''ゆ'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">V</span>
|yu
|-
|6,000
|'''ゐ'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">V</span>M
|wi
|-
|7,000
|'''ゑ'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">V</span>MM
|we
|-
|8,000
|'''ゟ'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">V</span>MMM
|yori
|-
|9,000
|'''ʔ'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">IX</span>
|N/A
|}
==Numbers greater than 9999==
===In Smurf and Hatsunian===
There are modifying signs used to indicate the numbers above 9999, with the symbol for 10,000, 100,000, 1,000,000, 10,000,000, 100,000,000, 1,000,000,000, 10,000,000,000, 100,000,000,000 and 1,000,000,000,000 respectively. (For example, ''ko'' with dot below represents number 9,000,000.)
{| border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:500px;" class="article-table"
|-
! scope="col"|Numerical value
! scope="col"|Symbol
! scope="col"|Roman numeral
! scope="col"|Example
|-
|10,000
|'''†◌'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">X</span>
|†あ
|-
|100,000
|'''‡◌'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">C</span>
|‡あ
|-
|1,000,000
|'''◌̣'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">M</span>
|あ̣
|-
|10,000,000
|'''◌̱'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline; text-decoration-style: double;">X</span>
|<u>あ</u>
|-
|100,000,000
|'''◌̔'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline; text-decoration-style: double;">C</span>
|あ̔
|-
|1,000,000,000
|'''◌:'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline; text-decoration-style: double;">M</span>
|あ:
|-
|10,000,000,000
|'''-◌-'''
|X̅̅̅
|<nowiki>-あ-</nowiki>
|-
|100,000,000,000
|'''--◌--'''
|C̅̅̅
|<nowiki>--あ--</nowiki>
|-
|1,000,000,000,000
|'''+◌+'''
|M̅̅̅
|<nowiki>+あ+</nowiki>
|}
=== Japanese ===
In Japanese, the words テングランド (literally "ten grand"), ハンドレッドグランド (literally "hundred grand"), ミリオン (literally "million"), ビリオン (literally "billion") and トリリオン (literally "trillion"), which had values of 10,000, 100,000, 1,000,000, 1,000,000,000 and 1,000,000,000,000, were placed as superscript, next to any hiragana to denote a large number, for example: '''か<sup>ミリオン</sup> '''denotes 6,000,000'', and '''''お<sup>ミリオン</sup>う<sup>ハンドレッドグランド</sup>い<sup>テングランド</sup>ゟぬたあ''' represents 5,328,461.
== Usage ==
=== Book publishing dates and year of construction of buildings ===
Book publishing dates between 1700 and 1925 used Hiragana numerals: for example, <span style="text-decoration: overline;">みましう</span> represented 1923. By 1925, this was replaced by Roman numerals, but some authors continued to use this until 1931.
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Hiragana Numerals are numeral systems used in Smurf language, Hatsunian language, Ainu language and Japanese language from 1440s to 1956 in Japanese, Ainu and Hatsunian, and today it is only used in Smurf language as well as displaying prices in Hatsune Miku's Chinese markets or restaurants (along with Suzhou and Roman numerals).
{| border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:500px;" class="article-table"
|-
! scope="col"|Numerical value
! scope="col"|Hiragana numeral
! scope="col"|Roman numeral
! scope="col"|Romanisation
|-
|1
|'''あ'''
|I
|a
|-
|2
|'''い'''
|II
|i
|-
|3
|'''う'''
|III
|u
|-
|4
|'''え'''
|IV
|e
|-
|5
|'''お'''
|V
|o
|-
|6
|'''か'''
|VI
|ka
|-
|7
|'''き'''
|VII
|ki
|-
|8
|'''く'''
|VIII
|ku
|-
|9
|'''こ'''
|IX
|ko
|-
|10
|'''さ'''
|X
|sa
|-
|20
|'''し'''
|XX
|shi
|-
|30
|'''す'''
|XXX
|su
|-
|40
|'''せ'''
|XL
|se
|-
|50
|'''そ'''
|L
|so
|-
|60
|'''た'''
|LX
|ta
|-
|70
|'''ち'''
|LXX
|chi
|-
|80
|'''つ'''
|LXXX
|tsu
|-
|90
|'''て'''
|XC
|te
|-
|100
|'''と'''
|C
|to
|-
|200
|'''な'''
|CC
|na
|-
|300
|'''に'''
|CCC
|ni
|-
|400
|'''ぬ'''
|CD
|nu
|-
|500
|'''の'''
|D
|no
|-
|600
|'''は'''
|DC
|ha
|-
|700
|'''ふ'''
|DCC
|fu
|-
|800
|'''ほ'''
|DCCC
|ho
|-
|900
|'''ま'''
|CM
|ma
|-
|1,000
|'''み'''
|M
|mi
|-
|2,000
|'''む'''
|MM
|mu
|-
|3,000
|'''め'''
|MMM
|me
|-
|4,000
|'''や'''
|M<span style="text-decoration: overline;">V</span>
|ya
|-
|5,000
|'''ゆ'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">V</span>
|yu
|-
|6,000
|'''ゐ'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">V</span>M
|wi
|-
|7,000
|'''ゑ'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">V</span>MM
|we
|-
|8,000
|'''𛀀'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">V</span>MMM
|yori
|-
|9,000
|'''𛀁'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">IX</span>
|N/A
|}
==Numbers greater than 9999==
===In Smurf and Hatsunian===
There are modifying signs used to indicate the numbers above 9999, with the symbol for 10,000, 100,000, 1,000,000, 10,000,000, 100,000,000, 1,000,000,000, 10,000,000,000, 100,000,000,000 and 1,000,000,000,000 respectively. (For example, ''ko'' with dot below represents number 9,000,000.)
{| border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:500px;" class="article-table"
|-
! scope="col"|Numerical value
! scope="col"|Symbol
! scope="col"|Roman numeral
! scope="col"|Example
|-
|10,000
|'''†◌'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">X</span>
|†あ
|-
|100,000
|'''‡◌'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">C</span>
|‡あ
|-
|1,000,000
|'''◌̣'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">M</span>
|あ̣
|-
|10,000,000
|'''◌̱'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline; text-decoration-style: double;">X</span>
|<u>あ</u>
|-
|100,000,000
|'''◌̔'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline; text-decoration-style: double;">C</span>
|あ̔
|-
|1,000,000,000
|'''◌:'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline; text-decoration-style: double;">M</span>
|あ:
|-
|10,000,000,000
|'''-◌-'''
|X̅̅̅
|<nowiki>-あ-</nowiki>
|-
|100,000,000,000
|'''--◌--'''
|C̅̅̅
|<nowiki>--あ--</nowiki>
|-
|1,000,000,000,000
|'''+◌+'''
|M̅̅̅
|<nowiki>+あ+</nowiki>
|}
=== Japanese ===
In Japanese, the words テングランド (literally "ten grand"), ハンドレッドグランド (literally "hundred grand"), ミリオン (literally "million"), ビリオン (literally "billion") and トリリオン (literally "trillion"), which had values of 10,000, 100,000, 1,000,000, 1,000,000,000 and 1,000,000,000,000, were placed as superscript, next to any hiragana to denote a large number, for example: '''か<sup>ミリオン</sup> '''denotes 6,000,000'', and '''''お<sup>ミリオン</sup>う<sup>ハンドレッドグランド</sup>い<sup>テングランド</sup>𛀀ぬたあ''' represents 5,328,461.
== Usage ==
=== Book publishing dates and year of construction of buildings ===
Book publishing dates between 1700 and 1925 used Hiragana numerals: for example, <span style="text-decoration: overline;">みましう</span> represented 1923. By 1925, this was replaced by Roman numerals, but some authors continued to use this until 1931.
===<nowiki/>===
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Hiragana Numerals are numeral systems used in Smurf language, Hatsunian language, Ainu language and Japanese language from 1440s to 1956 in Japanese, Ainu and Hatsunian, and today it is only used in Smurf language as well as displaying prices in Hatsune Miku's Chinese markets or restaurants (along with Suzhou and Roman numerals).
{| border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:500px;" class="article-table"
|-
! scope="col"|Numerical value
! scope="col"|Hiragana numeral
! scope="col"|Roman numeral
! scope="col"|Romanisation
|-
|1
|'''あ'''
|I
|a
|-
|2
|'''い'''
|II
|i
|-
|3
|'''う'''
|III
|u
|-
|4
|'''え'''
|IV
|e
|-
|5
|'''お'''
|V
|o
|-
|6
|'''か'''
|VI
|ka
|-
|7
|'''き'''
|VII
|ki
|-
|8
|'''く'''
|VIII
|ku
|-
|9
|'''こ'''
|IX
|ko
|-
|10
|'''さ'''
|X
|sa
|-
|20
|'''し'''
|XX
|shi
|-
|30
|'''す'''
|XXX
|su
|-
|40
|'''せ'''
|XL
|se
|-
|50
|'''そ'''
|L
|so
|-
|60
|'''た'''
|LX
|ta
|-
|70
|'''ち'''
|LXX
|chi
|-
|80
|'''つ'''
|LXXX
|tsu
|-
|90
|'''て'''
|XC
|te
|-
|100
|'''と'''
|C
|to
|-
|200
|'''な'''
|CC
|na
|-
|300
|'''に'''
|CCC
|ni
|-
|400
|'''ぬ'''
|CD
|nu
|-
|500
|'''の'''
|D
|no
|-
|600
|'''は'''
|DC
|ha
|-
|700
|'''ふ'''
|DCC
|fu
|-
|800
|'''ほ'''
|DCCC
|ho
|-
|900
|'''ま'''
|CM
|ma
|-
|1,000
|'''み'''
|M
|mi
|-
|2,000
|'''む'''
|MM
|mu
|-
|3,000
|'''め'''
|MMM
|me
|-
|4,000
|'''や'''
|M<span style="text-decoration: overline;">V</span>
|ya
|-
|5,000
|'''ゆ'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">V</span>
|yu
|-
|6,000
|'''ゐ'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">V</span>M
|wi
|-
|7,000
|'''ゑ'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">V</span>MM
|we
|-
|8,000
|'''𛀀'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">V</span>MMM
|e (archaic)
|-
|9,000
|'''𛀁'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">IX</span>
|ye (archaic)
|}
==Numbers greater than 9999==
===In Smurf and Hatsunian===
There are modifying signs used to indicate the numbers above 9999, with the symbol for 10,000, 100,000, 1,000,000, 10,000,000, 100,000,000, 1,000,000,000, 10,000,000,000, 100,000,000,000 and 1,000,000,000,000 respectively. (For example, ''ko'' with dot below represents number 9,000,000.)
{| border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:500px;" class="article-table"
|-
! scope="col"|Numerical value
! scope="col"|Symbol
! scope="col"|Roman numeral
! scope="col"|Example
|-
|10,000
|'''†◌'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">X</span>
|†あ
|-
|100,000
|'''‡◌'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">C</span>
|‡あ
|-
|1,000,000
|'''◌̣'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">M</span>
|あ̣
|-
|10,000,000
|'''◌̱'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline; text-decoration-style: double;">X</span>
|<u>あ</u>
|-
|100,000,000
|'''◌̔'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline; text-decoration-style: double;">C</span>
|あ̔
|-
|1,000,000,000
|'''◌:'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline; text-decoration-style: double;">M</span>
|あ:
|-
|10,000,000,000
|'''-◌-'''
|X̅̅̅
|<nowiki>-あ-</nowiki>
|-
|100,000,000,000
|'''--◌--'''
|C̅̅̅
|<nowiki>--あ--</nowiki>
|-
|1,000,000,000,000
|'''+◌+'''
|M̅̅̅
|<nowiki>+あ+</nowiki>
|}
=== Japanese ===
In Japanese, the words テングランド (literally "ten grand"), ハンドレッドグランド (literally "hundred grand"), ミリオン (literally "million"), ビリオン (literally "billion") and トリリオン (literally "trillion"), which had values of 10,000, 100,000, 1,000,000, 1,000,000,000 and 1,000,000,000,000, were placed as superscript, next to any hiragana to denote a large number, for example: '''か<sup>ミリオン</sup> '''denotes 6,000,000'', and '''''お<sup>ミリオン</sup>う<sup>ハンドレッドグランド</sup>い<sup>テングランド</sup>𛀀ぬたあ''' represents 5,328,461.
== Usage ==
=== Book publishing dates and year of construction of buildings ===
Book publishing dates between 1700 and 1925 used Hiragana numerals: for example, <span style="text-decoration: overline;">みましう</span> represented 1923. By 1925, this was replaced by Roman numerals, but some authors continued to use this until 1931.
===<nowiki/>===
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Hiragana Numerals are numeral systems used in Smurf language, Ainu language and Japanese language from 1440s to 1956 in Japanese, Ainu and Hatsunian, and today it is only used in Smurf language as well as displaying prices in Hatsune Miku's Chinese markets or restaurants (along with Suzhou and Roman numerals).
{| border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:500px;" class="article-table"
|-
! scope="col"|Numerical value
! scope="col"|Hiragana numeral
! scope="col"|Roman numeral
! scope="col"|Romanisation
|-
|1
|'''あ'''
|I
|a
|-
|2
|'''い'''
|II
|i
|-
|3
|'''う'''
|III
|u
|-
|4
|'''え'''
|IV
|e
|-
|5
|'''お'''
|V
|o
|-
|6
|'''か'''
|VI
|ka
|-
|7
|'''き'''
|VII
|ki
|-
|8
|'''く'''
|VIII
|ku
|-
|9
|'''こ'''
|IX
|ko
|-
|10
|'''さ'''
|X
|sa
|-
|20
|'''し'''
|XX
|shi
|-
|30
|'''す'''
|XXX
|su
|-
|40
|'''せ'''
|XL
|se
|-
|50
|'''そ'''
|L
|so
|-
|60
|'''た'''
|LX
|ta
|-
|70
|'''ち'''
|LXX
|chi
|-
|80
|'''つ'''
|LXXX
|tsu
|-
|90
|'''て'''
|XC
|te
|-
|100
|'''と'''
|C
|to
|-
|200
|'''な'''
|CC
|na
|-
|300
|'''に'''
|CCC
|ni
|-
|400
|'''ぬ'''
|CD
|nu
|-
|500
|'''の'''
|D
|no
|-
|600
|'''は'''
|DC
|ha
|-
|700
|'''ふ'''
|DCC
|fu
|-
|800
|'''ほ'''
|DCCC
|ho
|-
|900
|'''ま'''
|CM
|ma
|-
|1,000
|'''み'''
|M
|mi
|-
|2,000
|'''む'''
|MM
|mu
|-
|3,000
|'''め'''
|MMM
|me
|-
|4,000
|'''や'''
|M<span style="text-decoration: overline;">V</span>
|ya
|-
|5,000
|'''ゆ'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">V</span>
|yu
|-
|6,000
|'''ゐ'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">V</span>M
|wi
|-
|7,000
|'''ゑ'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">V</span>MM
|we
|-
|8,000
|'''𛀀'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">V</span>MMM
|e (archaic)
|-
|9,000
|'''𛀁'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">IX</span>
|ye (archaic)
|}
==Numbers greater than 9999==
===In Smurf language===
There are modifying signs used to indicate the numbers above 9999, with the symbol for 10,000, 100,000, 1,000,000, 10,000,000, 100,000,000, 1,000,000,000, 10,000,000,000, 100,000,000,000 and 1,000,000,000,000 respectively. (For example, ''ko'' with dot below represents number 9,000,000.)
{| border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:500px;" class="article-table"
|-
! scope="col"|Numerical value
! scope="col"|Symbol
! scope="col"|Roman numeral
! scope="col"|Example
|-
|10,000
|'''†◌'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">X</span>
|†あ
|-
|100,000
|'''‡◌'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">C</span>
|‡あ
|-
|1,000,000
|'''◌̣'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">M</span>
|あ̣
|-
|10,000,000
|'''◌̱'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline; text-decoration-style: double;">X</span>
|<u>あ</u>
|-
|100,000,000
|'''◌̔'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline; text-decoration-style: double;">C</span>
|あ̔
|-
|1,000,000,000
|'''◌:'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline; text-decoration-style: double;">M</span>
|あ:
|-
|10,000,000,000
|'''-◌-'''
|X̅̅̅
|<nowiki>-あ-</nowiki>
|-
|100,000,000,000
|'''--◌--'''
|C̅̅̅
|<nowiki>--あ--</nowiki>
|-
|1,000,000,000,000
|'''+◌+'''
|M̅̅̅
|<nowiki>+あ+</nowiki>
|}
=== Japanese ===
In Japanese, the words テングランド (literally "ten grand"), ハンドレッドグランド (literally "hundred grand"), ミリオン (literally "million"), ビリオン (literally "billion") and トリリオン (literally "trillion"), which had values of 10,000, 100,000, 1,000,000, 1,000,000,000 and 1,000,000,000,000, were placed as superscript, next to any hiragana to denote a large number, for example: '''か<sup>ミリオン</sup> '''denotes 6,000,000'', and '''''お<sup>ミリオン</sup>う<sup>ハンドレッドグランド</sup>い<sup>テングランド</sup>𛀀ぬたあ''' represents 5,328,461.
== Usage ==
=== Book publishing dates and year of construction of buildings ===
Book publishing dates between 1700 and 1925 used Hiragana numerals: for example, <span style="text-decoration: overline;">みましう</span> represented 1923. By 1925, this was replaced by Roman numerals, but some authors continued to use this until 1931.
===<nowiki/>===
b4aeraxa9qdcgv4gdghzgekwgcbhwpk
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Hiragana Numerals are numeral systems used in Smurf language, Ainu language and Japanese language from 1440s to 1956 in Japanese and Ainu, and today it is only used in Smurf language as well as displaying prices in Hatsune Miku's Chinese markets or restaurants (along with Suzhou and Roman numerals).
{| border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:500px;" class="article-table"
|-
! scope="col"|Numerical value
! scope="col"|Hiragana numeral
! scope="col"|Roman numeral
! scope="col"|Romanisation
|-
|1
|'''あ'''
|I
|a
|-
|2
|'''い'''
|II
|i
|-
|3
|'''う'''
|III
|u
|-
|4
|'''え'''
|IV
|e
|-
|5
|'''お'''
|V
|o
|-
|6
|'''か'''
|VI
|ka
|-
|7
|'''き'''
|VII
|ki
|-
|8
|'''く'''
|VIII
|ku
|-
|9
|'''こ'''
|IX
|ko
|-
|10
|'''さ'''
|X
|sa
|-
|20
|'''し'''
|XX
|shi
|-
|30
|'''す'''
|XXX
|su
|-
|40
|'''せ'''
|XL
|se
|-
|50
|'''そ'''
|L
|so
|-
|60
|'''た'''
|LX
|ta
|-
|70
|'''ち'''
|LXX
|chi
|-
|80
|'''つ'''
|LXXX
|tsu
|-
|90
|'''て'''
|XC
|te
|-
|100
|'''と'''
|C
|to
|-
|200
|'''な'''
|CC
|na
|-
|300
|'''に'''
|CCC
|ni
|-
|400
|'''ぬ'''
|CD
|nu
|-
|500
|'''の'''
|D
|no
|-
|600
|'''は'''
|DC
|ha
|-
|700
|'''ふ'''
|DCC
|fu
|-
|800
|'''ほ'''
|DCCC
|ho
|-
|900
|'''ま'''
|CM
|ma
|-
|1,000
|'''み'''
|M
|mi
|-
|2,000
|'''む'''
|MM
|mu
|-
|3,000
|'''め'''
|MMM
|me
|-
|4,000
|'''や'''
|M<span style="text-decoration: overline;">V</span>
|ya
|-
|5,000
|'''ゆ'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">V</span>
|yu
|-
|6,000
|'''ゐ'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">V</span>M
|wi
|-
|7,000
|'''ゑ'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">V</span>MM
|we
|-
|8,000
|'''𛀀'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">V</span>MMM
|e (archaic)
|-
|9,000
|'''𛀁'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">IX</span>
|ye (archaic)
|}
==Numbers greater than 9999==
===In Smurf language===
There are modifying signs used to indicate the numbers above 9999, with the symbol for 10,000, 100,000, 1,000,000, 10,000,000, 100,000,000, 1,000,000,000, 10,000,000,000, 100,000,000,000 and 1,000,000,000,000 respectively. (For example, ''ko'' with dot below represents number 9,000,000.)
{| border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:500px;" class="article-table"
|-
! scope="col"|Numerical value
! scope="col"|Symbol
! scope="col"|Roman numeral
! scope="col"|Example
|-
|10,000
|'''†◌'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">X</span>
|†あ
|-
|100,000
|'''‡◌'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">C</span>
|‡あ
|-
|1,000,000
|'''◌̣'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">M</span>
|あ̣
|-
|10,000,000
|'''◌̱'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline; text-decoration-style: double;">X</span>
|<u>あ</u>
|-
|100,000,000
|'''◌̔'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline; text-decoration-style: double;">C</span>
|あ̔
|-
|1,000,000,000
|'''◌:'''
|<span style="text-decoration: overline; text-decoration-style: double;">M</span>
|あ:
|-
|10,000,000,000
|'''-◌-'''
|X̅̅̅
|<nowiki>-あ-</nowiki>
|-
|100,000,000,000
|'''--◌--'''
|C̅̅̅
|<nowiki>--あ--</nowiki>
|-
|1,000,000,000,000
|'''+◌+'''
|M̅̅̅
|<nowiki>+あ+</nowiki>
|}
=== Japanese ===
In Japanese, the words テングランド (literally "ten grand"), ハンドレッドグランド (literally "hundred grand"), ミリオン (literally "million"), ビリオン (literally "billion") and トリリオン (literally "trillion"), which had values of 10,000, 100,000, 1,000,000, 1,000,000,000 and 1,000,000,000,000, were placed as superscript, next to any hiragana to denote a large number, for example: '''か<sup>ミリオン</sup> '''denotes 6,000,000'', and '''''お<sup>ミリオン</sup>う<sup>ハンドレッドグランド</sup>い<sup>テングランド</sup>𛀀ぬたあ''' represents 5,328,461.
== Usage ==
=== Book publishing dates and year of construction of buildings ===
Book publishing dates between 1700 and 1925 used Hiragana numerals: for example, <span style="text-decoration: overline;">みましう</span> represented 1923. By 1925, this was replaced by Roman numerals, but some authors continued to use this until 1931.
===<nowiki/>===
8t7n2ujg1ahyzl8bcs387q3xdvphuo8
Hokkaidoian Alphabet
0
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The '''Hokkaidoian Alphabet''' is a Latin-based alphabet used to write Hokkaidoian, a language of Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan. It is not a tonal language, but it includes 5 letters to indicate low tone: À, È, Ì, Ò, Ù. It has a distinction to use dotted and dotless I and J.
== The alphabet ==
{| class="article-table sortable"
!Letter
!Letter name
!IPA
!English/other language example
|-
|ʿ
|waw rinye
|[ʔ]
|
|-
|A a
|a
|[a]
|
|-
|À à
|a jiu tanej
|[a˨]
|
|-
|Ă ă
|a brev
|[aː]
|
|-
|B b
|be
|[b]
|
|-
|C c
|ce
|[t͡s]
|
|-
|Ç ç
|çe
|[ç]
|
|-
|Ĉ ĉ
|ĉe
|[t͡sʰ]
|
|-
|D d
|de
|[d]
|
|-
|З з
|cyreli ze
|[d͡z]
|
|-
|Ʒ ʒ
|ezh
|[ʒ]
|
|-
|E e
|e
|[e]
|
|-
|È è
|e jiu tanej
|[e˨]
|
|-
|Ë ë
|cyreli yo
|[ə]
|
|-
|F f
|ef
|[f]
|
|-
|G g
|ge
|[g]
|
|-
|Ğ ğ
|ğe
|[ɢ]
|
|-
|H h
|ha
|[h]
|
|-
|I ı
|noi dotta i
|[ɯ]
|
|-
|İ i
|dotta i
|[i]
|
|-
|Ì ì
|i jiu tanej
|[i˨]
|
|-
|J ȷ
|noi dotta je
|[ʑ]
|
|-
|J̇ j
|dotta je
|[dʒ]
|
|-
|K k
|ka
|[k]
|
|-
|L l
|el
|[l]
|
|-
|Ł ł
|el striki
|[hw]
|
|-
|M m
|em
|[m]
|
|-
|N n
|en
|[n]
|
|-
|Ꞥ ꞥ
|en striki
|[ŋ]
|
|-
|O o
|o
|[o]
|
|-
|Ò ò
|o jiu tanej
|[o˨]
|
|-
|Ŏ ŏ
|o brev
|[oː]
|
|-
|P p
|pe
|[p]
|
|-
|R r
|er
|[r]
|
|}
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The '''Hokkaidoian Alphabet''' is a Latin-based alphabet used to write Hokkaidoian, a language of Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan. It is not a tonal language, but it includes 5 letters to indicate low tone: À, È, Ì, Ò, Ù. It has a distinction to use dotted and dotless I and J.
== The alphabet ==
{| class="article-table sortable"
!Letter
!Letter name
!IPA
!English/other language example
|-
|ʿ
|waw rinye
|[ʔ]
|
|-
|A a
|a
|[a]
|
|-
|À à
|a jiu tanej
|[a˨]
|
|-
|Ă ă
|a brev
|[aː]
|
|-
|B b
|be
|[b]
|
|-
|C c
|ce
|[t͡s]
|
|-
|Ç ç
|çe
|[ç]
|
|-
|Ĉ ĉ
|ĉe
|[t͡sʰ]
|
|-
|D d
|de
|[d]
|
|-
|З з
|cyreli ze
|[d͡z]
|
|-
|Ʒ ʒ
|ezh
|[ʒ]
|
|-
|E e
|e
|[e]
|
|-
|È è
|e jiu tanej
|[e˨]
|
|-
|Ë ë
|cyreli yo
|[ə]
|
|-
|F f
|ef
|[f]
|
|-
|G g
|ge
|[g]
|
|-
|Ğ ğ
|ğe
|[ɢ]
|
|-
|H h
|ha
|[h]
|
|-
|I ı
|noi dotta i
|[ɯ]
|
|-
|İ i
|dotta i
|[i]
|
|-
|Ì ì
|i jiu tanej
|[i˨]
|
|-
|J ȷ
|noi dotta je
|[ʑ]
|
|-
|J̇ j
|dotta je
|[dʒ]
|
|-
|K k
|ka
|[k]
|
|-
|L l
|el
|[l]
|
|-
|Ł ł
|el striki
|[hw]
|
|-
|M m
|em
|[m]
|
|-
|N n
|en
|[n]
|
|-
|Ꞥ ꞥ
|en striki
|[ŋ]
|
|-
|O o
|o
|[o]
|
|-
|Ò ò
|o jiu tanej
|[o˨]
|
|-
|Ŏ ŏ
|o brev
|[oː]
|
|-
|ʾ
|dalt rinye
|[ħ]
|
|-
|P p
|pe
|[p]
|
|-
|R r
|er
|[ʀ]
|
|-
|S s
|es
|[s]
|
|-
|Ş ş
|esh
|[ʃ]
|
|-
|T t
|te
|[t]
|
|-
|U u
|u
|[u]
|
|-
|Ù ù
|u jiu tanej
|[u˨]
|
|-
|Ü ü
|u dieresez
|[ʊ]
|
|-
|W w
|dubela ve
|[ÿ]
|
|-
|Y y
|i greka
|[
|
|}
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The '''Hokkaidoian Alphabet''' is a Latin-based alphabet used to write Hokkaidoian, a language of Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan. It is not a tonal language, but it includes 5 letters to indicate low tone: À, È, Ì, Ò, Ù. It has a distinction to use dotted and dotless I and J.
== The alphabet ==
{| class="article-table sortable"
!Letter
!Letter name
!IPA
!Approximation to another languages
|-
|ʿ
|waw rinye
|[ʔ]
|English ''c'''a'''t''
|-
|A a
|a
|[a]
|Canadian English ''h'''a'''t''
|-
|À à
|a jiu tanej
|[a˨]
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|Ă ă
|a brev
|[aː]
|Dutch '''''aa'''s'' "bait"
|-
|B b
|be
|[b]
|English '''''b'''ed''
|-
|C c
|ce
|[t͡s]
|New York English '''''t'''ea''
|-
|Ç ç
|çe
|[ç]
|British English '''''h'''ue''
|-
|Ĉ ĉ
|ĉe
|[t͡sʰ]
|Chinese '''''c'''ǎo ''"grass"
|-
|D d
|de
|[d]
|English '''''d'''ash''
|-
|З з
|cyreli ze
|[d͡z]
|British English '''''d'''ay''
|-
|Ʒ ʒ
|ezh
|[ʒ]
|English ''vi'''si'''on''
|-
|E e
|e
|[e]
|American English ''pl'''ay'''''
|-
|È è
|e jiu tanej
|[e˨]
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|Ë ë
|cyreli yo
|[ə]
|British english ''b'''ir'''d''
|-
|F f
|ef
|[f]
|English '''''f'''ill''
|-
|G g
|ge
|[g]
|English '''''g'''a'''gg'''le''
|-
|Ğ ğ
|ğe
|[ɢ]
|Australian English '''''g'''audy''
|-
|H h
|ha
|[h]
|English '''''h'''igh''
|-
|I ı
|noi dotta i
|[ɯ]
|Californian English ''g'''oo'''se''
|-
|İ i
|dotta i
|[i]
|Australian English ''b'''i'''t''
|-
|Ì ì
|i jiu tanej
|[i˨]
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|J ȷ
|noi dotta je
|[ʑ]
|Ghanian English ''vi'''si'''on''
|-
|J̇ j
|dotta je
|[dʒ]
|English '''''j'''ump''
|-
|K k
|ka
|[k]
|English '''''k'''iss''
|-
|L l
|el
|[l]
|New York English '''''l'''et''
|-
|Ł ł
|el striki
|[hw]
|English '''''wh'''y''
|-
|M m
|em
|[m]
|English '''''m'''outh''
|-
|N n
|en
|[n]
|English '''''n'''ight''
|-
|Ꞥ ꞥ
|en striki
|[ŋ]
|English ''si'''ng'''er''
|-
|O o
|o
|[o]
|French ''rés'''eau '''''"network"
|-
|Ò ò
|o jiu tanej
|[o˨]
|Hmong ''po'''s''''' "thorn"
|-
|Ŏ ŏ
|o brev
|[oː]
|Japanese ''k'''ō'''tsū'' "traffic"
|-
|ʾ
|dalt rinye
|[ħ]
|Maltese ''''wie'''ħ'''ed ''''"one"
|-
|P p
|pe
|[p]
|English '''''p'''ack''
|-
|R r
|er
|[ʀ]
|Northumbria English '''''r'''ed''
|-
|S s
|es
|[s]
|Auckland English '''''s'''and''
|-
|Ş ş
|esh
|[ʃ]
|English '''''sh'''ip''
|-
|T t
|te
|[t]
|English '''''t'''ick''
|-
|U u
|u
|[u]
|Australian English ''b'''oo'''k''
|-
|Ù ù
|u jiu tanej
|[u˨]
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|Ü ü
|u dieresez
|[ʊ]
|Australian English ''h'''oo'''k''
|-
|W w
|dubela ve
|[ÿ] or [j]
|[ÿ]: -
[j]: English '''''y'''et''
|-
|Y y
|i greka
|[a̰] or [o̰]
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|Ý ý
|i greka acuto
|[a̤] or [o̤]
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|Z z
|zeta
|[z]
|Multicultural London English '''''z'''oo''
|-
|Ż ż
|zeta dotto
|[ɕ]
|Ghanian English '''''sh'''ip''
|}
The letters ''Q'' (named ku), ''V'' (named ve) and ''X'' (named iks) do not belong to the Hokkaidoian alphabet, but they are used in loanwords, internet addresses, or proper names. There are 46 letters, making it longest alphabet in the Hokkaido Prefecture's languages. Both Y and Ý represent creaky voice ([a̰] after either b, c, d, f, p or z, or [o̰] after k, l, m, n, r, s or ç) and breathy voice ([a̤] after either a, e, f, g, h, j or [o̤] after either s, ş or w) respectively.
== Alphabetical order ==
Hokkaidoian uses the order of letters in the table above. If Q, V and X are present, they were usually take positions in the Latin alphabet (after P, U and W respectively).
34ga21fjt8z3en8i9d3d97aypcajd0r
Ikurigawan alphabets
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Kenstallyies30
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Created page with "Ikurigawan alphabet includes the Vietnamese alphabet plus f, j, w, z, letters from Romanian (Î, Ș, Ț), letters from Turkish (Ç, Ğ, Ö), Icelandic letter thorn (Þ) and IP..."
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Ikurigawan alphabet includes the Vietnamese alphabet plus f, j, w, z, letters from Romanian (Î, Ș, Ț), letters from Turkish (Ç, Ğ, Ö), Icelandic letter thorn (Þ) and IPA letter eng (Ŋ ŋ).
== Letter names and pronunciation ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Letter
!Name
!Name when used in spelling
!IPA
|-
|A a
|a
|
|/aː˧/
|-
|Ă ă
|á
|
|/aː˧˥/
|-
|Â â
|ớ
|
|/əː˧˥/
|-
|B b
|ba
|
|/ɓa˧/
|-
|C c
|ca
|
|/ca˧/
|-
|Ç ç
|ça
|
|/tɕa˧/
|-
|D d
|da
|
|/za˧/
|-
|Đ đ
|đa
|
|/ɗa˧/
|-
|E e
|e
|
|/ɛː˧/
|-
|Ê ê
|ê
|
|/eː˧/
|-
|F f
|fa
|
|/ʁa˧/
|-
|G g
|ga
|
|/ga˧/
|-
|Ğ ğ
|ğa
|
|/ɣa˧/
|-
|H h
|ha
|ho
|/ha˧/
|-
|I i
|i
|
|/iː˧/
|-
|Î î
|ì
|
|/iː˨˩/
|-
|J j
|je
|
|/ʒɛ˨˩/
|-
|K k
|ka
|
|/ka˧/
|-
|L l
|el
|
|/ɛl˧/
|-
|M m
|em
|
|/ɛm˧/
|-
|N n
|en
|
|/ɛn˧/
|-
|Ŋ ŋ
|eŋ
|
|/ɛŋ˧/
|-
|O o
|o
|
|/ɔː˧/
|-
|Ô ô
|ô
|
|/oː˧/
|-
|Ö ö
|ö
|
|/øː˧/
|-
|Ơ ơ
|ơ
|
|/əː˧/
|-
|P p
|pa
|
|/pa˧/
|-
|Q q
|qa
|
|/wa˧/
|-
|R r
|re
|
|/re˧/
|-
|S s
|sa
|
|/sa˧/
|-
|Ș ș
|șa
|
|/ʂa˧/
|-
|T t
|ta
|
|/ta˧/
|-
|Ț ț
|ța
|
|/tʰa˧/
|-
|U u
|u
|
|/uː˧/
|-
|Ư ư
|ư
|
|/ɨː˧/
|-
|V v
|va
|
|/ʋa˧/
|-
|W w
|dửbâ va
|
|/zɨ˨˩˥bə̆˧ʋa˧/
|-
|X x
|itâse
|xu
|/iː˧tə̆˧se˧, su˧/
|-
|Y y
|i vái, i gârēta
|y
|/i˧ʋai˧, i˧ga˧ret˥aː˧/
|-
|Z z
|zatá
|
|/ts˧ata˧˥/
|-
|Ž ž
|žatá
|
|/dz˧ata˧˥/
|-
|Þ þ
|þi
|
|/θi˧/
|}
== Consonants ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Grapheme
!Word initial (IPA)
!Word final
|-
!B b
|/ɓ/
|/p’/
|-
!
C c
|/c/
|/dʒ/
|-
!
Ç ç
|/tɕ/
|/t/
|-
!D d
|/z/
|/t’/
|-
!Đ đ
|/ɗ/
| rowspan="5" |
|-
!F f
|/ʁ/
|-
!G g
|/g/
|-
!Ğ ğ
|/ɣ/
|-
!H h
|/h/
|-
!J j
|/ʒ/
|/tɕ/
|-
!K k
|/k/
|/k/
|-
!Kh kh
|/k’/
| rowspan="2" |
|-
!L l
|/l/
|-
!M m
|/m/
|/m/
|-
!N n
|/n/
|/n/
|-
!Ŋ ŋ
|/n/
|/ŋ/
|-
!P p
|/p/
|/p/
|-
!Ph ph
|/p’/
|
|-
!Q q
|/w/
|/w/
|-
!R r
|/z/
|/r/
|-
!S s
|/s/
|/s/
|-
!Ș ș
|/ʂ/
|/ʂ/
|-
!T t
|/t/
|/t/
|-
!Ț ț
|/tʰ/
|
|-
!V v
|/ʋ/
|/ʋ/
|-
!W w
|/ʋ̥/
|
|-
!X x
|/s/
|/x/
|-
!Z z
|/ts/
|/ts/
|-
!Ž ž
|/dz/
|/dz/
|-
!Þ þ
|/θ/
|
|}
== Vowels ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Grapheme
!IPA
!Notes
|-
|A a
|[a]
|
|-
|Ă ă
|[ă]
|
|-
|Â â
|[ə̆]
|
|-
|E e
|[ɛ]
|
|-
|Ê ê
|[e]
|
|-
|I i
|[i]
|/j/ after any vowel letter
|-
|Î î
|[y]
|/j/ after any vowel letter
|-
|O o
|[ɔ]
|
|-
|Ô ô
|[o]
|
|-
|Ö ö
|[ø]
|
|-
|Ơ ơ
|[ə]
|
|-
|U u
|[u]
|
|-
|Ư ư
|[ɨ]
|
|-
|Y y
|[y]
|
|}
== Tone marks ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto"
! align="center" | '''Name'''
! align="center" | '''Contour'''
! align="center" | '''Diacritic'''
|-
| align="left" | Mai
| align="left" | mid level, ˧
| align="left" | unmarked
|-
| align="left" |Hajà
| align="left" | low falling, ˨˩
| align="left" |[[grave accent]]
|-
| align="left" |Hửy
| align="left" | dipping, ˨˩˥
| align="left" |[[hook above]]
|-
| align="left" |Tõu
| align="left" | glottalised rising, ˧˥ˀ
| align="left" |[[tilde]]
|-
| align="left" |Șaó
| align="left" | high rising, ˧˥
| align="left" |[[acute accent]]
|-
| align="left" |Wựp
| align="left" | low rising, ˩˧
| align="left" |[[dot (diacritic)#Underdot|dot below]]
|-
|Myēi
|{{IPA|˥}} high level
|macron
|}
== Comparison with Vietnamese alphabet ==
The Ikurigawan alphabet is the same as Vietnamese alphabet except for F, J, W, Z, Ç, Ğ, Ö, Î, Ș, Ț, Ŋ and Þ, the letters that are present in this alphabet do not occur in Vietnamese.
'''Vietnamese alphabet'''
Aa Ăă Ââ Bb Cc Dd Đđ Ee Êê Gg Hh Ii Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Ôô Ơơ Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Ưư Vv Xx Yy
'''Ikurigawan alphabet'''
Aa Ăă Ââ Bb Cc Çç Dd Đđ Ee Êê Ff Gg Ğğ Hh Ii Îî Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Ôô Öö Ơơ Pp Qq Rr Ss Șș Tt Țț Uu Ưư Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Žž Þþ
r3r1mkqlzfw7tquskk5jv7a9h3eoysj
Interian Alphabet
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The '''Interian Language''' is written in Latin and Cyrillic scripts. (Interian is the official language in Inter City, Delta City, Delta Territory.)
==Alphabet==
{| border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:500px;" class="article-table"
|-
! scope="col"|Latin
! scope="col"|Cyrillic
! scope="col"|Letter name
! scope="col"|IPA
! scope="col"|Hebrew
! scope="col"|Arabic
! scope="col"|Phoenician
! scope="col"|Syriac
! scope="col"|Aramaic
|-
|·
|'
|Aleph
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_(linguistics) ∅]
|א
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7 ا]
|𐤀
|ܐ
|𐡀
|-
|B b
|Б б
|Bet
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_stop b]]
|ב
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8 ب]
|𐤁
|ܒ
|𐡁
|-
|G g
|Г г
|Gimel
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_velar_stop ɡ]]
|ג
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC ج]
|𐤂
|ܓ
|𐡂
|-
|D d
|Д д
|Dalet
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_stops#Alveolar d]]
|ד
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0 ذ]
|𐤃
|ܕ
|𐡃
|-
|H h
|Х х
|He
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative h]]
|ה
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87 ه]
|𐤄
|ܗ
|𐡄
|-
|W w
|Ў ў
|Waw
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_labio-velar_approximant w]]
|ו
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88 و]
|𐤅
|ܘ
|𐡅
|-
|Z z
|З з
|Zayin
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative#Voiced_alveolar_sibilant z]]
|ז
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2 ز]
|𐤆
|ܙ
|𐡆
|-
|X x
|Ҳ ҳ
|Heth
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative x]]
|ח
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD ح]
|𐤇
|ܚ
|𐡇
|-
|TH th
|Ѳ ѳ
|Tet
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_dental_and_alveolar_stops#Alveolar t]]
|ט
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7 ط]
|𐤈
|ܛ
|𐡈
|-
|Y y
|Ы ы
|Yodh
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatal_approximant#Palatal j]]
|י
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A ي]
|𐤉
|ܝ
|𐡉
|-
|K k
|К к
|Kaph
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_stop k]]
|כ ך
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83 ك]
|𐤊
|ܟ
|𐡊
|-
|L l
|Л л
|Lamedh
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants l]]
|ל
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84 ل]
|𐤋
|ܠ
|𐡋
|-
|M m
|М м
|Mem
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilabial_nasal m]]
|מ ם
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85 م]
|𐤌
|ܡ
|𐡌
|-
|N n
|Н н
|Nun
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_nasals#Alveolar n]]
|נ ן
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86 ن]
|𐤍
|ܢ
|𐡍
|-
|S s
|С с
|Samekh
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative#Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant s]]
|ס
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EF%BB%80 ض]/
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3 س]
|𐤎
|ܣ
|𐡎
|-
|:
|"
|Ayin
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottal_stop ʔ]]
|ע
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9 ع]
|𐤏
|ܥ
|𐡏
|-
|P p
|П п
|Pe
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_stop p]]
|פ ף
| -
|𐤐
|ܦ
|𐡐
|-
|TS ts
|Ц ц
|Tsade
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant_affricate t͡s]]
|צ ץ
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5 ص]
|𐤑
|ܨ
|𐡑
|-
|Q q
|Қ қ
|Qoph
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_stop k]]
|ק
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82 ق]
|𐤒
|ܩ
|𐡒
|-
|R r
|Р р
|Resh
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative ʁ]]
|ר
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1 ر]
|𐤓
|ܪ
|𐡓
|-
|SH sh
|Ш ш
|Shin
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative ʃ]]
|ש
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4 ش]
|𐤔
|ܫ
|𐡔
|-
|T t
|Т т
|Taw
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_dental_and_alveolar_stops#Alveolar t]]
|ת
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA ت]
|𐤕
|ܬ
|𐡕
|}
==Special letters==
The Interian has special letters: C, Ç, F, V, !, ‼, ‖, |, -, ×, ÷. They were treated as special letters.
{| border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:500px;" class="article-table"
|-
! scope="col"|Latin
! scope="col"|Cyrillic
! scope="col"|Letter name
! scope="col"|IPA
|-
|C c
|С́ с́
|Sho
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_stop#Palatal_or_alveolo-palatal c]]
|-
|Ç ç
|Ч ч
|Cho
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative ɕ]]
|-
|F f
|Ф ф
|Ef
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative ɸ]]
|-
|V v
|В в
|Ve
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative v]]
|-
|!
|.
|Gjao
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative ð]]
|-
|‼
|..
|Gjjyao
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_stop b̪]]
|-
||
|...
|Chup
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative χ]]
|-
|‖
|....
|Puk
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative ɣ]]
|-
| -
|`
|Hasah
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenuis_bilabial_click ʘ]]
|-
|×
|``
|Tsiem
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenuis_dental_click ǀ]]
|-
|÷
|```
|Obliak
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenuis_alveolar_lateral_click ǁ]]
|}
==Vowels==
Vowels can have prime added after a letter or as an alternative variant.
{| border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:500px;" class="article-table"
|-
! scope="col"|Latin
! scope="col"|Latin Alternative
! scope="col"|Cyrillic
! scope="col"|Cyrillic Alternative
! scope="col"|Letter Name
! scope="col"|IPA
|-
|B′ b′
|A a
|Б′ б′
|А а
|Ya
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel a]]
|-
|H′ h′
|E e
|Х′ х′
|Е е
|Ye
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel ɛ]], [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel e]]
|-
|Y′ y′
|I i
|Ы′ ы′
|И и
|Yi
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel i]]
|-
|S′ s′
|O o
|С′ с′
|О о
|Yo
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel o]]
|-
|W′ w′
|U u
|Ў′ ў′
|У у
|Yu
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel ʊ]], [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel ɯ]]
|-
|B″ b″
|Ā ā
|Б″ б″
|А̄ а̄
|Yak
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel a]ː]
|-
|H″ h″
|Ē ē
|Х″ х″
|Е̄ е̄
|Yek
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel ɛ]ː], [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel e]ː]
|-
|Y″ y″
|Ī ī
|Ы″ ы″
|Ӣ ӣ
|Yeek
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel i]ː]
|-
|S″ s″
|Ō ō
|С″ с″
|О̄ о̄
|Yok
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel o]ː]
|-
|W″ w″
|Ū ū
|Ў″ ў″
|Ӯ ӯ
|Yuk
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel ʊ]ː], [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel ɯ]ː]
|}
==Words list==
See: ''[[Interian vocabulary]] ''
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The '''Interian Language''' is written in Latin and Cyrillic scripts. (Interian is the official language in Inter City, Delta City, Delta Territory.)
==Alphabet==
{| border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:500px;" class="article-table"
|-
! scope="col"|Latin
! scope="col"|Cyrillic
! scope="col"|Letter name
! scope="col"|IPA
! scope="col"|Hebrew
! scope="col"|Arabic
! scope="col"|Phoenician
! scope="col"|Syriac
! scope="col"|Aramaic
|-
|·
|·
|Aleph
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_(linguistics) ∅]
|א
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7 ا]
|𐤀
|ܐ
|𐡀
|-
|B b
|Б б
|Bet
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_stop b]]
|ב
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8 ب]
|𐤁
|ܒ
|𐡁
|-
|G g
|Г г
|Gimel
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_velar_stop ɡ]]
|ג
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC ج]
|𐤂
|ܓ
|𐡂
|-
|D d
|Д д
|Dalet
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_stops#Alveolar d]]
|ד
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0 ذ]
|𐤃
|ܕ
|𐡃
|-
|H h
|Х х
|He
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative h]]
|ה
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87 ه]
|𐤄
|ܗ
|𐡄
|-
|W w
|Ў ў
|Waw
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_labio-velar_approximant w]]
|ו
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88 و]
|𐤅
|ܘ
|𐡅
|-
|Z z
|З з
|Zayin
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative#Voiced_alveolar_sibilant z]]
|ז
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2 ز]
|𐤆
|ܙ
|𐡆
|-
|X x
|Ҳ ҳ
|Heth
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative x]]
|ח
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD ح]
|𐤇
|ܚ
|𐡇
|-
|TH th
|Ѳ ѳ
|Tet
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_dental_and_alveolar_stops#Alveolar t]]
|ט
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7 ط]
|𐤈
|ܛ
|𐡈
|-
|Y y
|Ы ы
|Yodh
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatal_approximant#Palatal j]]
|י
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A ي]
|𐤉
|ܝ
|𐡉
|-
|K k
|К к
|Kaph
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_stop k]]
|כ ך
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83 ك]
|𐤊
|ܟ
|𐡊
|-
|L l
|Л л
|Lamedh
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants l]]
|ל
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84 ل]
|𐤋
|ܠ
|𐡋
|-
|M m
|М м
|Mem
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilabial_nasal m]]
|מ ם
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85 م]
|𐤌
|ܡ
|𐡌
|-
|N n
|Н н
|Nun
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_nasals#Alveolar n]]
|נ ן
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86 ن]
|𐤍
|ܢ
|𐡍
|-
|S s
|С с
|Samekh
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative#Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant s]]
|ס
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EF%BB%80 ض]/
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3 س]
|𐤎
|ܣ
|𐡎
|-
|`
|`
|Ayin
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottal_stop ʔ]]
|ע
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9 ع]
|𐤏
|ܥ
|𐡏
|-
|P p
|П п
|Pe
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_stop p]]
|פ ף
| -
|𐤐
|ܦ
|𐡐
|-
|TS ts
|Ц ц
|Tsade
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant_affricate t͡s]]
|צ ץ
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5 ص]
|𐤑
|ܨ
|𐡑
|-
|Q q
|Қ қ
|Qoph
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_stop k]]
|ק
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82 ق]
|𐤒
|ܩ
|𐡒
|-
|R r
|Р р
|Resh
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative ʁ]]
|ר
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1 ر]
|𐤓
|ܪ
|𐡓
|-
|SH sh
|Ш ш
|Shin
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative ʃ]]
|ש
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4 ش]
|𐤔
|ܫ
|𐡔
|-
|T t
|Т т
|Taw
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_dental_and_alveolar_stops#Alveolar t]]
|ת
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA ت]
|𐤕
|ܬ
|𐡕
|}
==Special letters==
The Interian has special letters: C, Ç, F, V. They were treated as special letters.
{| class="article-table" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:500px;"
|-
! scope="col" |Latin
! scope="col" |Cyrillic
! scope="col" |Letter name
! scope="col" |IPA
|-
|C c
|С́ с́
|Sho
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_stop#Palatal_or_alveolo-palatal c]]
|-
|Ç ç
|Ч ч
|Cho
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative ɕ]]
|-
|F f
|Ф ф
|Ef
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative ɸ]]
|-
|V v
|В в
|Ve
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative v]]
|}
==Vowels==
Vowels can have prime added after a letter or as an alternative variant.
{| class="article-table" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:500px;"
|-
! scope="col" |Latin
! scope="col" |Latin Alternative
! scope="col" |Cyrillic
! scope="col" |Cyrillic Alternative
! scope="col" |Letter Name
! scope="col" |IPA
|-
|B′ b′
|A a
|Б′ б′
|А а
|Ya
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel a]]
|-
|H′ h′
|E e
|Х′ х′
|Е е
|Ye
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel ɛ]], [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel e]]
|-
|Y′ y′
|I i
|Ы′ ы′
|И и
|Yi
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel i]]
|-
|S′ s′
|O o
|С′ с′
|О о
|Yo
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel o]]
|-
|W′ w′
|U u
|Ў′ ў′
|У у
|Yu
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel ʊ]], [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel ɯ]]
|-
|B″ b″
|Ā ā
|Б″ б″
|А̄ а̄
|Yak
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel a]ː]
|-
|H″ h″
|Ē ē
|Х″ х″
|Е̄ е̄
|Yek
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel ɛ]ː], [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel e]ː]
|-
|Y″ y″
|Ī ī
|Ы″ ы″
|Ӣ ӣ
|Yeek
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel i]ː]
|-
|S″ s″
|Ō ō
|С″ с″
|О̄ о̄
|Yok
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel o]ː]
|-
|W″ w″
|Ū ū
|Ў″ ў″
|Ӯ ӯ
|Yuk
|[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel ʊ]ː], [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel ɯ]ː]
|}
== Punctuation ==
There is a punctuation:
{| class="article-table"
!Punctuation
!Type
!English equalivent
|-
|
|Word separator
|
|-
|⁚
|Full stop
|.
|-
|⁝
|Colon
|<nowiki>:</nowiki>
|-
|⁞
|Comma
|,
|-
|⸵
|Exclamation mark
|!
|-
|⁙
|Question mark
|?
|-
|⁘
|Beginning of a sentence
|''N/A''
|-
|⁌ ⁍
|Quote marks
|"
|-
|⸙
|Beginning of a paragraph
|⁋
|-
|🔱
|End of a paragraph
|''N/A''
|}
==Words list==
See: ''[[Interian vocabulary]] ''
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== Core ==
{| class="article-table"
!Word
!Cyrillic
!Pronunciation
!Meaning
|-
|''shh′p''
|''шх′п''
|[shep]
|the
|-
|''qy′''
|''қы′''
|[ki]
|a
|-
|''s′gh′·k''
|''с′гх′·к''
|[ogek]
|an
|-
|''s″m''
|''с″м''
|[oːm]
|then
|-
|''y′n''
|''ы′н''
|[in]
|now
|-
|''lh′th`''
|''лх′ѳ`''
|[lhʔt]
|before
|-
|''`nb′l''
|`нб′
|[ʔnal]
|after
|-
|
|
|
|
|}
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'''Isabel Castillo Flores' romanisations, Cyrillisations and other transcriptions '''are used as romanisation tools of Mandarin Chinese.
==Romanisation Number 1==
Romanisation Number 1 was developed in 2016.
=== Initials ===
In each cell below, the bold letters indicate RN1, and the brackets enclose the symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]].
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
!colspan=2|
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo-palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
!rowspan=2| [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
!{{small|[[Tenuis consonant|unaspirated]]}}
|style="background: #ccf;"|[[Voiceless bilabial plosive|'''<big>p</big>''' {{IPA|[p]}}]]
|style="background: #cfc;"|[[Voiceless alveolar plosive|'''<big>d</big>''' {{IPA|[t]}}]]
|
|
|style="background: #fcc;"|[[Voiceless velar plosive|'''<big>k</big>''' {{IPA|[k]}}]]
|-
!{{small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
|style="background: #ccf;"|[[Voiceless bilabial plosive|'''<big>pη</big>''' {{IPA|[pʰ]}}]]
|style="background: #cfc;"|[[Voiceless alveolar plosive|'''<big>t</big>''' {{IPA|[tʰ]}}]]
|
|
|style="background: #fcc;"|[[Voiceless velar plosive|'''<big>gη</big>''' {{IPA|[kʰ]}}]]
|-
!colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|style="background: #ccf;"|[[Bilabial nasal|'''<big>m</big>''' {{IPA|[m]}}]]
|style="background: #cfc;"|[[Alveolar nasal|'''<big>n</big>''' {{IPA|[n]}}]]
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=2|[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!{{small|[[Tenuis consonant|unaspirated]]}}
|
|style="background: #ffc;"|[[Voiceless alveolar affricate|'''<big>dz</big>''' {{IPA|[ts]}}]]
|style="background: #cff;"|[[Voiceless retroflex affricate|'''<big>dzs</big>''' {{IPA|[ʈʂ]}}]]
|style="background: #fcf;"|[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|'''<big>ddzs</big>''' {{IPA|[tɕ]}}]]
|
|-
!{{small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
|
|style="background: #ffc;"|[[Voiceless alveolar affricate|'''<big>c</big>''' {{IPA|[tsʰ]}}]]
|style="background: #cff;"|[[Voiceless retroflex affricate|'''<big>ç</big>''' {{IPA|[ʈʂʰ]}}]]
|style="background: #fcf;"|[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|'''<big>ky</big>''' {{IPA|[tɕʰ]}}]]
|
|-
!colspan=2|[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|style="background: #ccf;"|[[Voiceless labiodental fricative|'''<big>φ</big>''' {{IPA|[f]}}]]
|style="background: #ffc;"|[[Voiceless alveolar sibilant|'''<big>s</big>''' {{IPA|[s]}}]]
|style="background: #cff;"|[[Voiceless retroflex sibilant|'''<big>ψ</big>''' {{IPA|[ʂ]}}]]
|style="background: #fcf;"|[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant|'''<big>χ</big>''' {{IPA|[ɕ]}}]]
|style="background: #fcc;"|[[Voiceless velar fricative|'''<big>θ</big>''' {{IPA|[x]}}]]
|-
!colspan=2|[[Liquid consonant|Liquid]]
|
|style="background: #cfc;"|[[Alveolar lateral approximant|'''<big>l</big>''' {{IPA|[l]}}]]
|style="background: #cff;"|[[Retroflex approximant|'''<big>r</big>''' {{IPA|[ɻ~ʐ]}}]]
|
|
|-
!colspan=2|[[Semivowel]]
|colspan=5|'''<big>y</big>''' [[Palatal approximant|[j]]]/[[Labialized palatal approximant|[ɥ]]]<sup>1</sup> and '''<big>w</big>''' [[Labio-velar approximant|{{IPA|[w]}}]]
|}
=== Finals ===
Those finals are the same as Pinyin:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=12|Coda
|-
!colspan=3|∅!!colspan=2|{{IPA|/i/}}!!colspan=2|{{IPA|/u/}}!!colspan=2|{{IPA|/n/}}!!colspan=3|{{IPA|/ŋ/}}
|-
!rowspan=4|Medial
!∅
|{{IPA|[ɨ]}}<br><br>-i||{{IPA|[ɤ]}}<br>e<br>-e||{{IPA|[a]}}<br>a<br>-a
|{{IPA|[ei̯]}}<br>ei<br>-ei||{{IPA|[ai̯]}}<br>ai<br>-ai
|{{IPA|[ou̯]}}<br>ou<br>-ou||{{IPA|[au̯]}}<br>ao<br>-ao
|{{IPA|[ən]}}<br>en<br>-en||{{IPA|[an]}}<br>an<br>-an
|{{IPA|[ʊŋ]}}<br><br>-ong||{{IPA|[əŋ]}}<br>eng<br>-eng||{{IPA|[aŋ]}}<br>ang<br>-ang
|-
!{{IPA|/j/}}
|{{IPA|[i]}}<br>yi<br>-i||{{IPA|[je]}}<br>ye<br>-ie||{{IPA|[ja]}}<br>ya<br>-ia
| ||
|{{IPA|[jou̯]}}<br>you<br>-iu||{{IPA|[jau̯]}}<br>yao<br>-iao
|{{IPA|[in]}}<br>yin<br>-in||{{IPA|[jɛn]}}<br>yan<br>-ian
|{{IPA|[jʊŋ]}}<br>yong<br>-iong||{{IPA|[iŋ]}}<br>ying<br>-ing||{{IPA|[jaŋ]}}<br>yang<br>-iang
|-
!{{IPA|/w/}}
|{{IPA|[u]}}<br>wu<br>-u||{{IPA|[wo]}}<br>wo<br>-uo <sup>3</sup>||{{IPA|[wa]}}<br>wa<br>-ua
|{{IPA|[wei̯]}}<br>wei<br>-ui||{{IPA|[wai̯]}}<br>wai<br>-uai
| ||
|{{IPA|[wən]}}<br>wen<br>-un||{{IPA|[wan]}}<br>wan<br>-uan
| ||{{IPA|[wəŋ]}}<br>weng<br> ||{{IPA|[waŋ]}}<br>wang<br>-uang
|-
!{{IPA|/y/}}
|{{IPA|[y]}}<br>yu<br>-ü <sup>2</sup> ||{{IPA|[ɥe]}}<br>yue<br>-üe <sup>2</sup>||
| ||
| ||
|{{IPA|[yn]}}<br>yun<br>-ün <sup>2</sup>||{{IPA|[ɥɛn]}}<br>yuan<br>-üan <sup>2</sup>
| || ||
|}
===Tones===
Those tones are indicated by diacritics and a letter:
Tone 1 is indicated by reversed comma above (also known as rough breathing sign) and a letter Q:<br>
<br>
<big><big><big>a̔q e̔q i̔q o̔q u̔q ü̔q A̔Q E̔Q I̔Q O̔Q U̔Q Ü̔Q</big></big></big>
Tone 2 is indicated by acute and a letter K:
<br>
<br>
<big><big><big>ák ék ík ók úk ǘk ÁK ÉK ÍK ÓK ÚK ǗK</big></big></big>
Tone 3 is indicated by macron and a letter V:
<br>
<br>
<big><big><big>āv ēv īv ōv ūv ǖv ĀV ĒV ĪV ŌV ŪV ǕV</big></big></big>
Tone 4 is indicated by circumflex and a letter J:
<br>
<br>
<big><big><big>âj êj îj ôj ûj ü̂j ÂJ ÊJ ÎJ ÔJ ÛJ Ü̂J</big></big></big>
===Examples===
'''Dzsêj dzsa̔qngη túkpηiâjn dzso̔qngη de suo̔qvyo̔qvu ddzsuéksêj do̔qu yákngηék de ψuo̔q ψîj χu̔qnīv de!'''
<br>'''Rêjnθék yūv θuók rékn de χia̔qngηsîj ψîj pηùwêji!'''
<br>'''Miákoθuîj de rêjnθék ψîjddzsiâjn do̔qu ψîj çúkncuîj de χiāvoψuo̔q!'''
'''DZSÊJ DZSA̔QNGΗ TÚKPΗIÂJN DZSO̔QNGΗ DE SUO̔QVYO̔QVU DDZSUÉKSÊJ DO̔QU YÁKNGΗÉK DE ΨUO̔Q ΨÎJ ΧU̔QNĪV DE!
<br>'''RÊJNΘÉK YŪV ΘUÓK RÉKN DE ΧIA̔QNGΗSÎJ ΨÎJ PΗÙWÊJI!'''
<br>'''MIÁKOΘUÎJ DE RÊJNΘÉK ΨÎJDDZSIÂJN DO̔QU ΨÎJ ÇÚKNCUÎJ DE ΧIĀVOΨUO̔Q!'''
Zhè zhāng túpiàn zhōng de suǒyǒu juésè dōu yángé de shuō shì xūnǐ de!
<br>Rènhé yǔ huó rén de xiāngsì shì pùwèi!
<br>Miáohuì de rènhé shìjiàn dōu shì chúncuì de xiǎoshuō!
All characters in this picture are strictly phoney!
<br>Any fancied resemblance to the living person is the bunk!
<br>Any incident portrayed is pure fiction!
<br>– ''Porky's Road Race'' notice, 1937
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'''Isabel Castillo Flores' romanisations, Cyrillisations and other transcriptions '''are used as transliteration tools of Mandarin Chinese.
==Romanisation Number 1==
Romanisation Number 1 was developed in 2016.
=== Initials ===
In each cell below, the bold letters indicate RN1, and the brackets enclose the symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]].
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
!colspan=2|
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo-palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
!rowspan=2| [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
!{{small|[[Tenuis consonant|unaspirated]]}}
|style="background: #ccf;"|[[Voiceless bilabial plosive|'''<big>p</big>''' {{IPA|[p]}}]]
|style="background: #cfc;"|[[Voiceless alveolar plosive|'''<big>d</big>''' {{IPA|[t]}}]]
|
|
|style="background: #fcc;"|[[Voiceless velar plosive|'''<big>k</big>''' {{IPA|[k]}}]]
|-
!{{small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
|style="background: #ccf;"|[[Voiceless bilabial plosive|'''<big>pη</big>''' {{IPA|[pʰ]}}]]
|style="background: #cfc;"|[[Voiceless alveolar plosive|'''<big>t</big>''' {{IPA|[tʰ]}}]]
|
|
|style="background: #fcc;"|[[Voiceless velar plosive|'''<big>gη</big>''' {{IPA|[kʰ]}}]]
|-
!colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|style="background: #ccf;"|[[Bilabial nasal|'''<big>m</big>''' {{IPA|[m]}}]]
|style="background: #cfc;"|[[Alveolar nasal|'''<big>n</big>''' {{IPA|[n]}}]]
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=2|[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!{{small|[[Tenuis consonant|unaspirated]]}}
|
|style="background: #ffc;"|[[Voiceless alveolar affricate|'''<big>dz</big>''' {{IPA|[ts]}}]]
|style="background: #cff;"|[[Voiceless retroflex affricate|'''<big>dzs</big>''' {{IPA|[ʈʂ]}}]]
|style="background: #fcf;"|[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|'''<big>ddzs</big>''' {{IPA|[tɕ]}}]]
|
|-
!{{small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
|
|style="background: #ffc;"|[[Voiceless alveolar affricate|'''<big>c</big>''' {{IPA|[tsʰ]}}]]
|style="background: #cff;"|[[Voiceless retroflex affricate|'''<big>ç</big>''' {{IPA|[ʈʂʰ]}}]]
|style="background: #fcf;"|[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|'''<big>ky</big>''' {{IPA|[tɕʰ]}}]]
|
|-
!colspan=2|[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|style="background: #ccf;"|[[Voiceless labiodental fricative|'''<big>φ</big>''' {{IPA|[f]}}]]
|style="background: #ffc;"|[[Voiceless alveolar sibilant|'''<big>s</big>''' {{IPA|[s]}}]]
|style="background: #cff;"|[[Voiceless retroflex sibilant|'''<big>ψ</big>''' {{IPA|[ʂ]}}]]
|style="background: #fcf;"|[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant|'''<big>χ</big>''' {{IPA|[ɕ]}}]]
|style="background: #fcc;"|[[Voiceless velar fricative|'''<big>θ</big>''' {{IPA|[x]}}]]
|-
!colspan=2|[[Liquid consonant|Liquid]]
|
|style="background: #cfc;"|[[Alveolar lateral approximant|'''<big>l</big>''' {{IPA|[l]}}]]
|style="background: #cff;"|[[Retroflex approximant|'''<big>r</big>''' {{IPA|[ɻ~ʐ]}}]]
|
|
|-
!colspan=2|[[Semivowel]]
|colspan=5|'''<big>y</big>''' [[Palatal approximant|[j]]]/[[Labialized palatal approximant|[ɥ]]]<sup>1</sup> and '''<big>w</big>''' [[Labio-velar approximant|{{IPA|[w]}}]]
|}
=== Finals ===
Those finals are the same as Pinyin:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=12|Coda
|-
!colspan=3|∅!!colspan=2|{{IPA|/i/}}!!colspan=2|{{IPA|/u/}}!!colspan=2|{{IPA|/n/}}!!colspan=3|{{IPA|/ŋ/}}
|-
!rowspan=4|Medial
!∅
|{{IPA|[ɨ]}}<br><br>-i||{{IPA|[ɤ]}}<br>e<br>-e||{{IPA|[a]}}<br>a<br>-a
|{{IPA|[ei̯]}}<br>ei<br>-ei||{{IPA|[ai̯]}}<br>ai<br>-ai
|{{IPA|[ou̯]}}<br>ou<br>-ou||{{IPA|[au̯]}}<br>ao<br>-ao
|{{IPA|[ən]}}<br>en<br>-en||{{IPA|[an]}}<br>an<br>-an
|{{IPA|[ʊŋ]}}<br><br>-ong||{{IPA|[əŋ]}}<br>eng<br>-eng||{{IPA|[aŋ]}}<br>ang<br>-ang
|-
!{{IPA|/j/}}
|{{IPA|[i]}}<br>yi<br>-i||{{IPA|[je]}}<br>ye<br>-ie||{{IPA|[ja]}}<br>ya<br>-ia
| ||
|{{IPA|[jou̯]}}<br>you<br>-iu||{{IPA|[jau̯]}}<br>yao<br>-iao
|{{IPA|[in]}}<br>yin<br>-in||{{IPA|[jɛn]}}<br>yan<br>-ian
|{{IPA|[jʊŋ]}}<br>yong<br>-iong||{{IPA|[iŋ]}}<br>ying<br>-ing||{{IPA|[jaŋ]}}<br>yang<br>-iang
|-
!{{IPA|/w/}}
|{{IPA|[u]}}<br>wu<br>-u||{{IPA|[wo]}}<br>wo<br>-uo <sup>3</sup>||{{IPA|[wa]}}<br>wa<br>-ua
|{{IPA|[wei̯]}}<br>wei<br>-ui||{{IPA|[wai̯]}}<br>wai<br>-uai
| ||
|{{IPA|[wən]}}<br>wen<br>-un||{{IPA|[wan]}}<br>wan<br>-uan
| ||{{IPA|[wəŋ]}}<br>weng<br> ||{{IPA|[waŋ]}}<br>wang<br>-uang
|-
!{{IPA|/y/}}
|{{IPA|[y]}}<br>yu<br>-ü <sup>2</sup> ||{{IPA|[ɥe]}}<br>yue<br>-üe <sup>2</sup>||
| ||
| ||
|{{IPA|[yn]}}<br>yun<br>-ün <sup>2</sup>||{{IPA|[ɥɛn]}}<br>yuan<br>-üan <sup>2</sup>
| || ||
|}
===Tones===
Those tones are indicated by diacritics and a letter:
Tone 1 is indicated by reversed comma above (also known as rough breathing sign) and a letter Q:<br>
<br>
<big><big><big>a̔q e̔q i̔q o̔q u̔q ü̔q A̔Q E̔Q I̔Q O̔Q U̔Q Ü̔Q</big></big></big>
Tone 2 is indicated by acute and a letter K:
<br>
<br>
<big><big><big>ák ék ík ók úk ǘk ÁK ÉK ÍK ÓK ÚK ǗK</big></big></big>
Tone 3 is indicated by macron and a letter V:
<br>
<br>
<big><big><big>āv ēv īv ōv ūv ǖv ĀV ĒV ĪV ŌV ŪV ǕV</big></big></big>
Tone 4 is indicated by circumflex and a letter J:
<br>
<br>
<big><big><big>âj êj îj ôj ûj ü̂j ÂJ ÊJ ÎJ ÔJ ÛJ Ü̂J</big></big></big>
===Examples===
'''Dzsêj dzsa̔qngη túkpηiâjn dzso̔qngη de suo̔qvyo̔qvu ddzsuéksêj do̔qu yákngηék de ψuo̔q ψîj χu̔qnīv de!'''
<br>'''Rêjnθék yūv θuók rékn de χia̔qngηsîj ψîj pηùwêji!'''
<br>'''Miákoθuîj de rêjnθék ψîjddzsiâjn do̔qu ψîj çúkncuîj de χiāvoψuo̔q!'''
'''DZSÊJ DZSA̔QNGΗ TÚKPΗIÂJN DZSO̔QNGΗ DE SUO̔QVYO̔QVU DDZSUÉKSÊJ DO̔QU YÁKNGΗÉK DE ΨUO̔Q ΨÎJ ΧU̔QNĪV DE!
<br>'''RÊJNΘÉK YŪV ΘUÓK RÉKN DE ΧIA̔QNGΗSÎJ ΨÎJ PΗÙWÊJI!'''
<br>'''MIÁKOΘUÎJ DE RÊJNΘÉK ΨÎJDDZSIÂJN DO̔QU ΨÎJ ÇÚKNCUÎJ DE ΧIĀVOΨUO̔Q!'''
Zhè zhāng túpiàn zhōng de suǒyǒu juésè dōu yángé de shuō shì xūnǐ de!
<br>Rènhé yǔ huó rén de xiāngsì shì pùwèi!
<br>Miáohuì de rènhé shìjiàn dōu shì chúncuì de xiǎoshuō!
All characters in this picture are strictly phoney!
<br>Any fancied resemblance to the living person is the bunk!
<br>Any incident portrayed is pure fiction!
<br>– ''Porky's Road Race'' notice, 1937
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/* Examples */ : ù –> ûj
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'''Isabel Castillo Flores' romanisations, Cyrillisations and other transcriptions '''are used as transliteration tools of Mandarin Chinese.
==Romanisation Number 1==
Romanisation Number 1 was developed in 2016.
=== Initials ===
In each cell below, the bold letters indicate RN1, and the brackets enclose the symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]].
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
!colspan=2|
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo-palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
!rowspan=2| [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
!{{small|[[Tenuis consonant|unaspirated]]}}
|style="background: #ccf;"|[[Voiceless bilabial plosive|'''<big>p</big>''' {{IPA|[p]}}]]
|style="background: #cfc;"|[[Voiceless alveolar plosive|'''<big>d</big>''' {{IPA|[t]}}]]
|
|
|style="background: #fcc;"|[[Voiceless velar plosive|'''<big>k</big>''' {{IPA|[k]}}]]
|-
!{{small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
|style="background: #ccf;"|[[Voiceless bilabial plosive|'''<big>pη</big>''' {{IPA|[pʰ]}}]]
|style="background: #cfc;"|[[Voiceless alveolar plosive|'''<big>t</big>''' {{IPA|[tʰ]}}]]
|
|
|style="background: #fcc;"|[[Voiceless velar plosive|'''<big>gη</big>''' {{IPA|[kʰ]}}]]
|-
!colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|style="background: #ccf;"|[[Bilabial nasal|'''<big>m</big>''' {{IPA|[m]}}]]
|style="background: #cfc;"|[[Alveolar nasal|'''<big>n</big>''' {{IPA|[n]}}]]
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=2|[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!{{small|[[Tenuis consonant|unaspirated]]}}
|
|style="background: #ffc;"|[[Voiceless alveolar affricate|'''<big>dz</big>''' {{IPA|[ts]}}]]
|style="background: #cff;"|[[Voiceless retroflex affricate|'''<big>dzs</big>''' {{IPA|[ʈʂ]}}]]
|style="background: #fcf;"|[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|'''<big>ddzs</big>''' {{IPA|[tɕ]}}]]
|
|-
!{{small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
|
|style="background: #ffc;"|[[Voiceless alveolar affricate|'''<big>c</big>''' {{IPA|[tsʰ]}}]]
|style="background: #cff;"|[[Voiceless retroflex affricate|'''<big>ç</big>''' {{IPA|[ʈʂʰ]}}]]
|style="background: #fcf;"|[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|'''<big>ky</big>''' {{IPA|[tɕʰ]}}]]
|
|-
!colspan=2|[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|style="background: #ccf;"|[[Voiceless labiodental fricative|'''<big>φ</big>''' {{IPA|[f]}}]]
|style="background: #ffc;"|[[Voiceless alveolar sibilant|'''<big>s</big>''' {{IPA|[s]}}]]
|style="background: #cff;"|[[Voiceless retroflex sibilant|'''<big>ψ</big>''' {{IPA|[ʂ]}}]]
|style="background: #fcf;"|[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant|'''<big>χ</big>''' {{IPA|[ɕ]}}]]
|style="background: #fcc;"|[[Voiceless velar fricative|'''<big>θ</big>''' {{IPA|[x]}}]]
|-
!colspan=2|[[Liquid consonant|Liquid]]
|
|style="background: #cfc;"|[[Alveolar lateral approximant|'''<big>l</big>''' {{IPA|[l]}}]]
|style="background: #cff;"|[[Retroflex approximant|'''<big>r</big>''' {{IPA|[ɻ~ʐ]}}]]
|
|
|-
!colspan=2|[[Semivowel]]
|colspan=5|'''<big>y</big>''' [[Palatal approximant|[j]]]/[[Labialized palatal approximant|[ɥ]]]<sup>1</sup> and '''<big>w</big>''' [[Labio-velar approximant|{{IPA|[w]}}]]
|}
=== Finals ===
Those finals are the same as Pinyin:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=12|Coda
|-
!colspan=3|∅!!colspan=2|{{IPA|/i/}}!!colspan=2|{{IPA|/u/}}!!colspan=2|{{IPA|/n/}}!!colspan=3|{{IPA|/ŋ/}}
|-
!rowspan=4|Medial
!∅
|{{IPA|[ɨ]}}<br><br>-i||{{IPA|[ɤ]}}<br>e<br>-e||{{IPA|[a]}}<br>a<br>-a
|{{IPA|[ei̯]}}<br>ei<br>-ei||{{IPA|[ai̯]}}<br>ai<br>-ai
|{{IPA|[ou̯]}}<br>ou<br>-ou||{{IPA|[au̯]}}<br>ao<br>-ao
|{{IPA|[ən]}}<br>en<br>-en||{{IPA|[an]}}<br>an<br>-an
|{{IPA|[ʊŋ]}}<br><br>-ong||{{IPA|[əŋ]}}<br>eng<br>-eng||{{IPA|[aŋ]}}<br>ang<br>-ang
|-
!{{IPA|/j/}}
|{{IPA|[i]}}<br>yi<br>-i||{{IPA|[je]}}<br>ye<br>-ie||{{IPA|[ja]}}<br>ya<br>-ia
| ||
|{{IPA|[jou̯]}}<br>you<br>-iu||{{IPA|[jau̯]}}<br>yao<br>-iao
|{{IPA|[in]}}<br>yin<br>-in||{{IPA|[jɛn]}}<br>yan<br>-ian
|{{IPA|[jʊŋ]}}<br>yong<br>-iong||{{IPA|[iŋ]}}<br>ying<br>-ing||{{IPA|[jaŋ]}}<br>yang<br>-iang
|-
!{{IPA|/w/}}
|{{IPA|[u]}}<br>wu<br>-u||{{IPA|[wo]}}<br>wo<br>-uo <sup>3</sup>||{{IPA|[wa]}}<br>wa<br>-ua
|{{IPA|[wei̯]}}<br>wei<br>-ui||{{IPA|[wai̯]}}<br>wai<br>-uai
| ||
|{{IPA|[wən]}}<br>wen<br>-un||{{IPA|[wan]}}<br>wan<br>-uan
| ||{{IPA|[wəŋ]}}<br>weng<br> ||{{IPA|[waŋ]}}<br>wang<br>-uang
|-
!{{IPA|/y/}}
|{{IPA|[y]}}<br>yu<br>-ü <sup>2</sup> ||{{IPA|[ɥe]}}<br>yue<br>-üe <sup>2</sup>||
| ||
| ||
|{{IPA|[yn]}}<br>yun<br>-ün <sup>2</sup>||{{IPA|[ɥɛn]}}<br>yuan<br>-üan <sup>2</sup>
| || ||
|}
===Tones===
Those tones are indicated by diacritics and a letter:
Tone 1 is indicated by reversed comma above (also known as rough breathing sign) and a letter Q:<br>
<br>
<big><big><big>a̔q e̔q i̔q o̔q u̔q ü̔q A̔Q E̔Q I̔Q O̔Q U̔Q Ü̔Q</big></big></big>
Tone 2 is indicated by acute and a letter K:
<br>
<br>
<big><big><big>ák ék ík ók úk ǘk ÁK ÉK ÍK ÓK ÚK ǗK</big></big></big>
Tone 3 is indicated by macron and a letter V:
<br>
<br>
<big><big><big>āv ēv īv ōv ūv ǖv ĀV ĒV ĪV ŌV ŪV ǕV</big></big></big>
Tone 4 is indicated by circumflex and a letter J:
<br>
<br>
<big><big><big>âj êj îj ôj ûj ü̂j ÂJ ÊJ ÎJ ÔJ ÛJ Ü̂J</big></big></big>
===Examples===
'''Dzsêj dzsa̔qngη túkpηiâjn dzso̔qngη de suo̔qvyo̔qvu ddzsuéksêj do̔qu yákngηék de ψuo̔q ψîj χu̔qnīv de!'''
<br>'''Rêjnθék yūv θuók rékn de χia̔qngηsîj ψîj pηûjwêji!'''
<br>'''Miákoθuîj de rêjnθék ψîjddzsiâjn do̔qu ψîj çúkncuîj de χiāvoψuo̔q!'''
'''DZSÊJ DZSA̔QNGΗ TÚKPΗIÂJN DZSO̔QNGΗ DE SUO̔QVYO̔QVU DDZSUÉKSÊJ DO̔QU YÁKNGΗÉK DE ΨUO̔Q ΨÎJ ΧU̔QNĪV DE!
<br>'''RÊJNΘÉK YŪV ΘUÓK RÉKN DE ΧIA̔QNGΗSÎJ ΨÎJ PΗÛJWÊJI!'''
<br>'''MIÁKOΘUÎJ DE RÊJNΘÉK ΨÎJDDZSIÂJN DO̔QU ΨÎJ ÇÚKNCUÎJ DE ΧIĀVOΨUO̔Q!'''
Zhè zhāng túpiàn zhōng de suǒyǒu juésè dōu yángé de shuō shì xūnǐ de!
<br>Rènhé yǔ huó rén de xiāngsì shì pùwèi!
<br>Miáohuì de rènhé shìjiàn dōu shì chúncuì de xiǎoshuō!
All characters in this picture are strictly phoney!
<br>Any fancied resemblance to the living person is the bunk!
<br>Any incident portrayed is pure fiction!
<br>– ''Porky's Road Race'' notice, 1937
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== Romanisation №1 =="
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'''Isabel Castillo Flores' romanisations, Cyrillisations and other transcriptions '''are used as transliteration tools of Mandarin Chinese.
== Romanisation №1 ==
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Itanigawan alphabet
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Kenstallyies30
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Created page with "Itanigawan, official in Itanigawa state of Gooperland, has been written with Latin alphabet since the 1970s (and also between 1916 and 1938 during Latinisation of Gooperland)...."
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Itanigawan, official in Itanigawa state of Gooperland, has been written with Latin alphabet since the 1970s (and also between 1916 and 1938 during Latinisation of Gooperland).
== History ==
* Before 1916: Thai alphabet is used in Itanigawan language.
* 1916: Latin-based alphabet began to be official in Itanigawan.
* 1938: Along with the other Latinised alphabets (except Irish, Italian and French languages) of the United States of Gooperland, Japan banned the Itanigawan Latin alphabet along with the language from everyday writing, education and publication making Itanigawan a purely spoken language. (Irish, Italian, French and Japanese are not banned from everyday writing, education and publication.)
* 1946: After the United States of Gooperland (now Gooperland) gained independence from Japan, the ban on writing in Gooperlandian languages has been lifted, and Cyrillic script is used instead of Latin script. Cryillic script became official with Itanigawan language.
* 1979: Latin script returns.
* 1986: Some letters that are non-Latin script have been replaced with Latin letters to facilitate printing and computer use.
== Current alphabet ==
The alphabet is:
<big><big>Aa Àà Bb Dd Ee Gg Hh H̀h̀ Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ǹǹ Oo Òò Pp Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Xx Yy Zz Ɲɲ Ơơ Ưư G̛g̛ C̛c̛ SHsh THth Əə ʔ</big></big>
The turned apostrophe 〈‘〉 indicating vowel nasalisation does not constitute a letter.
== Comparison ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Current<br>Latin script
!IPA
!1979-1986<br>Latin script
!Cyrillic<br>script
!1916-1938<br>Latin script
!-1916<br>Thai script
!Approximation
|-
|A a
|[ɑ]
|A a
|А а
|
|
|
|-
|À à
|[a]
|À à
|Аь аь
|
|
|
|-
|B b
|[β]
|B b
|Б б
|
|
|
|-
|D d
|[d]
|D d
|Д д
|
|
|
|-
|E e
|[ɛ]
|E e
|Е е
|
|
|
|-
|G g
|[g]
|G g
|Г г
|
|
|
|-
|H h
|[h]
|H h
|Х х
|
|
|
|-
|H̀ h̀
|[f]
|H̀ h̀
|Ф ф
|
|
|
|-
|I i
|[i]
|I i
|И и
|
|
|
|-
|J j
|[j]
|J j
|Ј ј
|
|
|
|-
|K k
|[k]
|K k
|К к
|
|
|
|-
|L l
|[l]
|L l
|Л л
|
|
|
|-
|M m
|[m]
|M m
|М м
|
|
|
|-
|N n
|[n]
|N n
|Н н
|
|
|
|-
|Ǹ ǹ
|[ŋ]
|Ǹ ǹ
|Нг нг
|
|
|
|-
|O o
|[o]
|O o
|О о
|
|
|
|-
|Ò ò
|[ɔ]
|Ò ò
|Оь оь
|
|
|
|-
|P p
|[p]
|P p
|П п
|
|
|
|-
|R r
|[ɹ]
|R r
|Р р
|
|
|
|-
|S s
|[s]
|S s
|С с
|
|
|
|-
|T t
|[t]
|T t
|Т т
|
|
|
|-
|U u
|[u]
|U u
|У у
|
|
|
|-
|V v
|[ⱱ]
|V v
|В в
|
|
|
|-
|X x
|[ɕ]
|X x
|Х х
|
|
|
|-
|Y y
|[y]
|Y y
|Уь уь
|
|
|
|-
|Z z
|[z]
|Z z
|З з
|
|
|
|-
|Ɲ ɲ
|[ɲ]
|Ɲ ɲ
|Нь нь
|
|
|
|-
|Ơ ơ
|[ɤ]
|Ơ ơ
|Оу оу
|
|
|
|-
|Ư ư
|[ɨ]
|Ư ư
|Ы ы
|
|
|
|-
|G̛ g̛
|[ɣ]
|Γ γ
|Гь гь
|
|
|
|-
|C̛ c̛
|[tʃ]
|Ψ ψ
|Ч ч
|
|
|
|-
|Sh sh
|[ʃ]
|Sh sh
|Ш ш
|
|
|
|-
|Th th
|[θ]
|Th th
|Ть ть
|
|
|
|-
|Ə ə
|[ə]
|Ə ə
|Еь еь
|
|
|
|-
|ʔ
|[ʔ]
|ʔ
|
|
|
|
|-
|‘
|[~] (nasalisation)
|
|Ъ ъ
|
|
|
|}
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Iyoipai language
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Created page with "Iyoipai language is a Looneylandian language spoken in Iyoipai State of Looneyland, Russia, parts of Azerbaijan, United Kingdom, Hong Kong, Poland, Macau and Vietnam. It is sp..."
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Iyoipai language is a Looneylandian language spoken in Iyoipai State of Looneyland, Russia, parts of Azerbaijan, United Kingdom, Hong Kong, Poland, Macau and Vietnam. It is spoken by 1,022,344 people.
== Morphology ==
The word order is SVO.
== Alphabet ==
From 842 CE to 1780, Iyoipai was exclusively written with Chinese characters. In the 1780, a Cyrillic alphabet replaced Chinese characters as the writing system for Iyoipai. In 1844, the Iyoipai Cyrillic alphabet reforms, removing some letters unnecessary for Iyoipai.
A Latin alphabet was created for Iyoipai and was used from 1924 to 1938, when the use of Iyoipai Latin alphabet was suppressed in preference to katakana (when Looneyland was under Japanese control).
From 1946, Iyoipai began to be appear in Cyrillic. Cyrillic remains the official writing system for Iyoipai today. Nevertheless, Iyoipai people in Azerbaijan use a Latin-based alphabet based on Azerbaijani alphabet, while Iyoipai people in Vietnam use a Vietnamese alphabet with the addition of F, J and Z (those letters are not included in the normal Vietnamese alphabet). Iyoipai people in Poland use a Latin alphabet based on Polish alphabet but adding letters specific to Iyoipai. Iyoipai people in Hong Kong and Macau used different Latin alphabets. Iyoipai people in Russia use a modified Russian Cyrillic alphabet.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Latin alphabet (1924-1938)
!A a
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!Đ đ
!E e
!É é
!Ə ə
!F f
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!G g
!Ƣ ƣ
!H h
!I i
!Í í
!J j
!K k
!Ⱪ ⱪ
!L l
!M m
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!N n
!Ꞑ ꞑ
!O o
!Ɵ ɵ
!Ó ó
!P p
!Ꞃ ꞃ
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!S s
!Ş ş
!T t
!Ŧ ŧ
!U u
!Ʉ ʉ
!V v
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!З з
!Ż ż
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ъ ъ
!Ь ь
!ʕ ſ
!Ɂ ɂ
!Г г
!Ґ ґ
!Ӷ ӷ
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Ꚍ ꚍ
![[File:Capital Abkz Che.png|12x12px]] [[File:Lowercase Abkz Che.png|10x10px]]
![[File:Capital Abkz Che with Descender.png|12x12px]] [[File:Lowercase Abkz Che with Descender.png|10x10px]]
!
Ч ч
!
Ҷ ҷ
!
Ħ ħ
!
 â
!An an
!En en
!
Én én
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
p309spf0kir8v9136daguod1chxlapa
436
435
2018-06-24T07:09:14Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
436
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Iyoipai language is a Looneylandian language spoken in Iyoipai State of Looneyland, Russia, parts of Azerbaijan, United Kingdom, Hong Kong, Poland, Macau and Vietnam. It is spoken by 1,022,344 people.
== Morphology ==
The word order is SVO.
== Alphabet ==
From 842 CE to 1780, Iyoipai was exclusively written with Chinese characters. In the 1780, a Cyrillic alphabet replaced Chinese characters as the writing system for Iyoipai. In 1844, the Iyoipai Cyrillic alphabet reforms, removing some letters unnecessary for Iyoipai.
A Latin alphabet was created for Iyoipai and was used from 1924 to 1938, when the use of Iyoipai Latin alphabet was suppressed in preference to katakana (when Looneyland was under Japanese control).
From 1946, Iyoipai began to be appear in Cyrillic. Cyrillic remains the official writing system for Iyoipai today. Nevertheless, Iyoipai people in Azerbaijan use a Latin-based alphabet based on Azerbaijani alphabet, while Iyoipai people in Vietnam use a Vietnamese alphabet with the addition of F, J and Z (those letters are not included in the normal Vietnamese alphabet). Iyoipai people in Poland use a Latin alphabet based on Polish alphabet but adding letters specific to Iyoipai. Iyoipai people in Hong Kong and Macau used different Latin alphabets. Iyoipai people in Russia use a modified Russian Cyrillic alphabet.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Latin alphabet (1924-1938)
!A a
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!Đ đ
!E e
!É é
!Ə ə
!F f
|-
|А а
|Б б
|Ц ц
|ЦI цI
|Д д
|ДI дI
|Е е
|Ё ё
|
|
|-
!G g
!Ƣ ƣ
!H h
!I i
!Í í
!J j
!K k
!Ⱪ ⱪ
!L l
!M m
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!N n
!Ꞑ ꞑ
!O o
!Ɵ ɵ
!Ó ó
!P p
!Ꞃ ꞃ
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!S s
!Ş ş
!T t
!Ŧ ŧ
!U u
!Ʉ ʉ
!V v
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!З з
!Ż ż
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ъ ъ
!Ь ь
!ʕ ſ
!Ɂ ɂ
!Г г
!Ґ ґ
!Ӷ ӷ
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Ԏ ԏ
![[File:Capital Abkz Che.png|12x12px]] [[File:Lowercase Abkz Che.png|10x10px]]
![[File:Capital Abkz Che with Descender.png|12x12px]] [[File:Lowercase Abkz Che with Descender.png|10x10px]]
!Ч ч
!Ҷ ҷ
!Ħ ħ
!Ħa ħa
!Ħe ħe
!Ħé ħé
!Ħi ħi
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Ħo ħo
!Ħu ħu
!Ħь ħь
!Dw dw
!<span style="text-decoration: overline;">Dw</span> <span style="text-decoration: overline;">dw</span>
!
Dy dy
!<span style="text-decoration: overline;">Dy</span> <span style="text-decoration: overline;">dy</span>
!
Q̇a q̇a
!
Q̇e q̇e
!
Q̇é q̇é
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Q̇i q̇i
!Q̇o q̇o
!Q̇ɵ q̇ɵ
!Q̇ó q̇ó
!Q̇u q̇u
!Q̇ʉ q̇ʉ
!Q̇ь q̇ь
!Th th
!Dh dh
!Kh kh
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Ȿ ȿ
!Ɀ ɀ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
3vugaclxi9uj8hmfzkriie4g808adzz
438
436
2018-06-25T08:39:35Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
438
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Iyoipai language is a Looneylandian language spoken in Iyoipai State of Looneyland, Russia, parts of Azerbaijan, United Kingdom, Hong Kong, Poland, Macau and Vietnam. It is spoken by 1,022,344 people.
== Morphology ==
The word order is SVO.
== Alphabet ==
From 842 CE to 1780, Iyoipai was exclusively written with Chinese characters. In the 1780, a Cyrillic alphabet replaced Chinese characters as the writing system for Iyoipai. In 1844, the Iyoipai Cyrillic alphabet reforms, removing some letters unnecessary for Iyoipai.
A Latin alphabet was created for Iyoipai and was used from 1924 to 1938, when the use of Iyoipai Latin alphabet was suppressed in preference to katakana (when Looneyland was under Japanese control).
From 1946, Iyoipai began to be appear in Cyrillic. Cyrillic remains the official writing system for Iyoipai today. Nevertheless, Iyoipai people in Azerbaijan use a Latin-based alphabet based on Azerbaijani alphabet, while Iyoipai people in Vietnam use a Vietnamese alphabet with the addition of F, J and Z (those letters are not included in the normal Vietnamese alphabet). Iyoipai people in Poland use a Latin alphabet based on Polish alphabet but adding letters specific to Iyoipai. Iyoipai people in Hong Kong and Macau used different Latin alphabets. Iyoipai people in Russia use a modified Russian Cyrillic alphabet.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Latin alphabet (1924-1938)
!A a
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!Đ đ
!E e
!É é
!Ə ə
!F f
|-
|А а
|Б б
|Ц ц
|ЦI цI
|Д д
|ДI дI
|Е е
|Э э
|Ә ә
|Ф ф
|-
!G g
!Ƣ ƣ
!H h
!I i
!Í í
!J j
!K k
!Ⱪ ⱪ
!L l
!M m
|-
|Г г
|Ғ ғ
|Һ һ
|И и
|Ӥ ӥ
|Џ џ
|К к
|Кв кв
|Л л
|М м
|-
!N n
!Ꞑ ꞑ
!O o
!Ɵ ɵ
!Ó ó
!P p
!Ꞃ ꞃ
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
|-
|Н н
|Ң ң
|О о
|Ө ө
|Ӫ ӫ
|П п
|ПI пI
|Қ қ
|Қв қв
|Р р
|-
!S s
!Ş ş
!T t
!Ŧ ŧ
!U u
!Ʉ ʉ
!V v
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
|-
|С с
|СI сI
|Т т
|Ҭ ҭ
|Ү ү
|Ұ ұ
|В в
|Х х
|У у
|З з
|-
!З з
!Ż ż
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ъ ъ
!Ь ь
!ʕ ſ
!Ɂ ɂ
!Г г
!Ґ ґ
!Ӷ ӷ
|-
|Џв џв
|ЗI зI
|Ж ж
|Є є
|Ы ы
|Ш ш
|Ъ ъ
|Зв зв
|Жв жв
|Тв тв
|-
!Ԏ ԏ
![[File:Capital Abkz Che.png|12x12px]] [[File:Lowercase Abkz Che.png|10x10px]]
![[File:Capital Abkz Che with Descender.png|12x12px]] [[File:Lowercase Abkz Che with Descender.png|10x10px]]
!Ч ч
!Ҷ ҷ
!Ħ ħ
!Ħa ħa
!Ħe ħe
!Ħé ħé
!Ħi ħi
|-
|Пв пв
|Тш тш
|ШI шI
|Ч ч
|Ҷ ҷ
|Ҳ ҳ
|Ҳа ҳа
|Ҳе ҳе
|Ҳэ ҳэ
|Ҳи ҳи
|-
!Ħo ħo
!Ħu ħu
!Ħь ħь
!Dw dw
!<span style="text-decoration: overline;">Dw</span> <span style="text-decoration: overline;">dw</span>
!
Dy dy
!<span style="text-decoration: overline;">Dy</span> <span style="text-decoration: overline;">dy</span>
!
Q̇a q̇a
!
Q̇e q̇e
!
Q̇é q̇é
|-
|Ҳо ҳо
|Ҳү ҳү
|Ҳы ҳы
|Дв дв
|ТвI твI
|Чв чв
|ЧI чI
|Ҍа ҍа
|Ҍе ҍе
|Ҍэ ҍэ
|-
!Q̇i q̇i
!Q̇o q̇o
!Q̇ɵ q̇ɵ
!Q̇ó q̇ó
!Q̇u q̇u
!Q̇ʉ q̇ʉ
!Q̇ь q̇ь
!Th th
!Dh dh
!Kh kh
|-
|Ҍи ҍи
|Ҍо ҍо
|Ҍө ҍө
|Ҍӫ ҍӫ
|Ҍү ҍү
|Ҍұ ҍұ
|Ҍы ҍы
|Ҫ ҫ
|ҪI ҫI
|КI кI
|-
!Ȿ ȿ
!Ɀ ɀ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|Щ щ
|ЩI щI
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
0vx9kdzqj1hbtkddcbvfenm3ilztel0
439
438
2018-06-26T06:59:44Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
439
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Iyoipai language is a Looneylandian language spoken in Iyoipai State of Looneyland, Russia, parts of Azerbaijan, United Kingdom, Hong Kong, Poland, Macau and Vietnam. It is spoken by 1,022,344 people.
== Morphology ==
The word order is SVO.
== Alphabet ==
From 842 CE to 1780, Iyoipai was exclusively written with Chinese characters. In the 1780, a Cyrillic alphabet replaced Chinese characters as the writing system for Iyoipai. In 1844, the Iyoipai Cyrillic alphabet reforms, removing some letters unnecessary for Iyoipai.
A Latin alphabet was created for Iyoipai and was used from 1924 to 1938, when the use of Iyoipai Latin alphabet was suppressed in preference to katakana (when Looneyland was under Japanese control).
From 1946, Iyoipai began to be appear in Cyrillic. Cyrillic remains the official writing system for Iyoipai today. Nevertheless, Iyoipai people in Azerbaijan use a Latin-based alphabet based on Azerbaijani alphabet, while Iyoipai people in Vietnam use a Vietnamese alphabet with the addition of F, J and Z (those letters are not included in the normal Vietnamese alphabet). Iyoipai people in Poland use a Latin alphabet based on Polish alphabet but adding letters specific to Iyoipai. Iyoipai people in Hong Kong and Macau used different Latin alphabets. Iyoipai people in Russia use a modified Russian Cyrillic alphabet.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Latin alphabet (1924-1938)
!A a
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!Đ đ
!E e
!É é
!Ə ə
!F f
|-
|А а
|Б б
|Ц ц
|ЦI цI
|Д д
|ДI дI
|Е е
|Э э
|Ә ә
|Ф ф
|-
!G g
!Ƣ ƣ
!H h
!I i
!Í í
!J j
!K k
!Ⱪ ⱪ
!L l
!M m
|-
|Г г
|Ғ ғ
|Һ һ
|И и
|Ӥ ӥ
|Џ џ
|К к
|Кв кв
|Л л
|М м
|-
!N n
!Ꞑ ꞑ
!O o
!Ɵ ɵ
!Ó ó
!P p
!Ꞃ ꞃ
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
|-
|Н н
|Ң ң
|О о
|Ө ө
|Ӫ ӫ
|П п
|ПI пI
|Қ қ
|Қв қв
|Р р
|-
!S s
!Ş ş
!T t
!Ŧ ŧ
!U u
!Ʉ ʉ
!V v
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
|-
|С с
|СI сI
|Т т
|Ҭ ҭ
|Ү ү
|Ұ ұ
|В в
|Х х
|У у
|З з
|-
!З з
!Ż ż
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ъ ъ
!Ь ь
!ʕ ſ
!Ɂ ɂ
!Г г
!Ґ ґ
!Ӷ ӷ
|-
|Џв џв
|ЗI зI
|Ж ж
|Є є
|Ы ы
|Ш ш
|Ъ ъ
|Зв зв
|Жв жв
|Тв тв
|-
!Ԏ ԏ
![[File:Capital Abkz Che.png|12x12px]] [[File:Lowercase Abkz Che.png|10x10px]]
![[File:Capital Abkz Che with Descender.png|12x12px]] [[File:Lowercase Abkz Che with Descender.png|10x10px]]
!Ч ч
!Ҷ ҷ
!Ħ ħ
!Ħa ħa
!Ħe ħe
!Ħé ħé
!Ħi ħi
|-
|Пв пв
|Тш тш
|ШI шI
|Ч ч
|Ҷ ҷ
|Ҳ ҳ
|Ҳа ҳа
|Ҳе ҳе
|Ҳэ ҳэ
|Ҳи ҳи
|-
!Ħo ħo
!Ħu ħu
!Ħь ħь
!Dw dw
!<span style="text-decoration: overline;">Dw</span> <span style="text-decoration: overline;">dw</span>
!
Dy dy
!<span style="text-decoration: overline;">Dy</span> <span style="text-decoration: overline;">dy</span>
!
Q̇a q̇a
!
Q̇e q̇e
!
Q̇é q̇é
|-
|Ҳо ҳо
|Ҳү ҳү
|Ҳы ҳы
|Дв дв
|ТвI твI
|Чв чв
|ЧI чI
|Ҍа ҍа
|Ҍе ҍе
|Ҍэ ҍэ
|-
!Q̇i q̇i
!Q̇o q̇o
!Q̇ɵ q̇ɵ
!Q̇ó q̇ó
!Q̇u q̇u
!Q̇ʉ q̇ʉ
!Q̇ь q̇ь
!Th th
!Dh dh
!Kh kh
|-
|Ҍи ҍи
|Ҍо ҍо
|Ҍө ҍө
|Ҍӫ ҍӫ
|Ҍү ҍү
|Ҍұ ҍұ
|Ҍы ҍы
|Ҫ ҫ
|ҪI ҫI
|КI кI
|-
!Ȿ ȿ
!Ɀ ɀ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|Щ щ
|ЩI щI
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Cyrillic alphabet
!
А а
!Ҍа ҍа
!
Б б
!
В в
!
Г г
!Ғ ғ
!Д д
!ДI дI
!Е е
!Ҍе ҍе
!Ә ә
!Ж ж
|-
|[a]
|[aˤ]
|[b]
|[v]
|[ʡ]
|[ɠ]
|[d]
|[ð]
|[e]
|[eˤ]
|[ə]
|[ʒ]
|-
!
З з
!ЗI зI
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[z]
|[z͎]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
lo1lipyhvpcoo8yje46yhdj5xf51666
441
439
2018-06-26T10:47:07Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
441
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Iyoipai language is a Looneylandian language spoken in Iyoipai State of Looneyland, Russia, parts of Azerbaijan, United Kingdom, Hong Kong, Poland, Macau and Vietnam. It is spoken by 1,022,344 people.
== Morphology ==
The word order is SVO.
== Alphabet ==
From 842 CE to 1780, Iyoipai was exclusively written with Chinese characters. In the 1780, a Cyrillic alphabet replaced Chinese characters as the writing system for Iyoipai. In 1844, the Iyoipai Cyrillic alphabet reforms, removing some letters unnecessary for Iyoipai.
A Latin alphabet was created for Iyoipai and was used from 1924 to 1938, when the use of Iyoipai Latin alphabet was suppressed in preference to katakana (when Looneyland was under Japanese control).
From 1946, Iyoipai began to be appear in Cyrillic. Cyrillic remains the official writing system for Iyoipai today. Nevertheless, Iyoipai people in Azerbaijan use a Latin-based alphabet based on Azerbaijani alphabet, while Iyoipai people in Vietnam use a Vietnamese alphabet with the addition of F, J and Z (those letters are not included in the normal Vietnamese alphabet). Iyoipai people in Poland use a Latin alphabet based on Polish alphabet but adding letters specific to Iyoipai. Iyoipai people in Hong Kong and Macau used different Latin alphabets. Iyoipai people in Russia use a modified Russian Cyrillic alphabet.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Latin alphabet (1924-1938)
!A a
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!Đ đ
!E e
!É é
!Ə ə
!F f
|-
|А а
|Б б
|Ц ц
|ЦI цI
|Д д
|ДI дI
|Е е
|Э э
|Ә ә
|Ф ф
|-
!G g
!Ƣ ƣ
!H h
!I i
!Í í
!J j
!K k
!Ⱪ ⱪ
!L l
!M m
|-
|Г г
|Ғ ғ
|Һ һ
|И и
|Ӥ ӥ
|Џ џ
|К к
|Кв кв
|Л л
|М м
|-
!N n
!Ꞑ ꞑ
!O o
!Ɵ ɵ
!Ó ó
!P p
!Ꞃ ꞃ
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
|-
|Н н
|Ң ң
|О о
|Ө ө
|Ӫ ӫ
|П п
|ПI пI
|Қ қ
|Қв қв
|Р р
|-
!S s
!Ş ş
!T t
!Ŧ ŧ
!U u
!Ʉ ʉ
!V v
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
|-
|С с
|СI сI
|Т т
|Ҭ ҭ
|Ү ү
|Ұ ұ
|В в
|Х х
|У у
|З з
|-
!З з
!Ż ż
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ъ ъ
!Ь ь
!ʕ ſ
!Ɂ ɂ
!Г г
!Ґ ґ
!Ӷ ӷ
|-
|Џв џв
|ЗI зI
|Ж ж
|Є є
|Ы ы
|Ш ш
|Ъ ъ
|Зв зв
|Жв жв
|Тв тв
|-
!Ԏ ԏ
![[File:Capital Abkz Che.png|12x12px]] [[File:Lowercase Abkz Che.png|10x10px]]
![[File:Capital Abkz Che with Descender.png|12x12px]] [[File:Lowercase Abkz Che with Descender.png|10x10px]]
!Ч ч
!Ҷ ҷ
!Ħ ħ
!Ħa ħa
!Ħe ħe
!Ħé ħé
!Ħi ħi
|-
|Пв пв
|Тш тш
|ШI шI
|Ч ч
|Ҷ ҷ
|Ҳ ҳ
|Ҳа ҳа
|Ҳе ҳе
|Ҳэ ҳэ
|Ҳи ҳи
|-
!Ħo ħo
!Ħu ħu
!Ħь ħь
!Dw dw
!<span style="text-decoration: overline;">Dw</span> <span style="text-decoration: overline;">dw</span>
!
Dy dy
!<span style="text-decoration: overline;">Dy</span> <span style="text-decoration: overline;">dy</span>
!
Q̇a q̇a
!
Q̇e q̇e
!
Q̇é q̇é
|-
|Ҳо ҳо
|Ҳү ҳү
|Ҳы ҳы
|Дв дв
|ТвI твI
|Чв чв
|ЧI чI
|Ҍа ҍа
|Ҍе ҍе
|Ҍэ ҍэ
|-
!Q̇i q̇i
!Q̇o q̇o
!Q̇ɵ q̇ɵ
!Q̇ó q̇ó
!Q̇u q̇u
!Q̇ʉ q̇ʉ
!Q̇ь q̇ь
!Th th
!Dh dh
!Kh kh
|-
|Ҍи ҍи
|Ҍо ҍо
|Ҍө ҍө
|Ҍӫ ҍӫ
|Ҍү ҍү
|Ҍұ ҍұ
|Ҍы ҍы
|Ҫ ҫ
|ҪI ҫI
|КI кI
|-
!Ȿ ȿ
!Ɀ ɀ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|Щ щ
|ЩI щI
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Cyrillic alphabet
!
А а
!Ҍа ҍа
!
Б б
!
В в
!
Г г
!Ғ ғ
!Д д
!ДI дI
!Е е
!Ҍе ҍе
!Ә ә
!Ж ж
|-
|[a]
|[aˤ]
|[b]
|[v]
|[ʡ]
|[ɠ]
|[d]
|[ð]
|[e]
|[eˤ]
|[ə]
|[ʒ]
|-
!
З з
!ЗI зI
!
И и
!
Ҍи ҍи
!
Ӥ ӥ
!
К к
!
Кв кв
!
Л л
!
М м
!
Н н
!
Ң ң
!
О о
|-
|[z]
|[z͎]
|[i]
|[iˤ]
|[ɯ]
|[k]
|[kʷ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[n]
|[ŋ]
|[ɔ]
|-
!
Ө ө
!
Ӫ ӫ
!
П п
!
ПI пI
!
Қ қ
!
Қв қв
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[ɵ]
|[o]
|[p]
|[p’]
|[q]
|[qʷ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
hvtsmutebzm0qrsezy7vqerhewt1503
442
441
2018-06-27T07:07:13Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
442
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Iyoipai language is a Looneylandian language spoken in Iyoipai State of Looneyland, Russia, parts of Azerbaijan, United Kingdom, Hong Kong, Poland, Macau and Vietnam. It is spoken by 1,022,344 people.
== Morphology ==
The word order is SVO.
== Alphabet ==
From 842 CE to 1780, Iyoipai was exclusively written with Chinese characters. In the 1780, a Cyrillic alphabet replaced Chinese characters as the writing system for Iyoipai. In 1844, the Iyoipai Cyrillic alphabet reforms, removing some letters unnecessary for Iyoipai.
A Latin alphabet was created for Iyoipai and was used from 1924 to 1938, when the use of Iyoipai Latin alphabet was suppressed in preference to katakana (when Looneyland was under Japanese control).
From 1946, Iyoipai began to be appear in Cyrillic. Cyrillic remains the official writing system for Iyoipai today. Nevertheless, Iyoipai people in Azerbaijan use a Latin-based alphabet based on Azerbaijani alphabet, while Iyoipai people in Vietnam use a Vietnamese alphabet with the addition of F, J and Z (those letters are not included in the normal Vietnamese alphabet). Iyoipai people in Poland use a Latin alphabet based on Polish alphabet but adding letters specific to Iyoipai. Iyoipai people in Hong Kong and Macau used different Latin alphabets. Iyoipai people in Russia use a modified Russian Cyrillic alphabet.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Latin alphabet (1924-1938)
!A a
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!Đ đ
!E e
!É é
!Ə ə
!F f
|-
|А а
|Б б
|Ц ц
|ЦI цI
|Д д
|ДI дI
|Е е
|Э э
|Ә ә
|Ф ф
|-
!G g
!Ƣ ƣ
!H h
!I i
!Í í
!J j
!K k
!Ⱪ ⱪ
!L l
!M m
|-
|Г г
|Ғ ғ
|Һ һ
|И и
|Ӥ ӥ
|Џ џ
|К к
|Кв кв
|Л л
|М м
|-
!N n
!Ꞑ ꞑ
!O o
!Ɵ ɵ
!Ó ó
!P p
!Ꞃ ꞃ
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
|-
|Н н
|Ң ң
|О о
|Ө ө
|Ӫ ӫ
|П п
|ПI пI
|Қ қ
|Қв қв
|Р р
|-
!S s
!Ş ş
!T t
!Ŧ ŧ
!U u
!Ʉ ʉ
!V v
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
|-
|С с
|СI сI
|Т т
|Ҭ ҭ
|Ү ү
|Ұ ұ
|В в
|Х х
|У у
|З з
|-
!З з
!Ż ż
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ъ ъ
!Ь ь
!ʕ ſ
!Ɂ ɂ
!Г г
!Ґ ґ
!Ӷ ӷ
|-
|Џв џв
|ЗI зI
|Ж ж
|Є є
|Ы ы
|Ш ш
|Ъ ъ
|Зв зв
|Жв жв
|Тв тв
|-
!Ԏ ԏ
![[File:Capital Abkz Che.png|12x12px]] [[File:Lowercase Abkz Che.png|10x10px]]
![[File:Capital Abkz Che with Descender.png|12x12px]] [[File:Lowercase Abkz Che with Descender.png|10x10px]]
!Ч ч
!Ҷ ҷ
!Ħ ħ
!Ħa ħa
!Ħe ħe
!Ħé ħé
!Ħi ħi
|-
|Пв пв
|Тш тш
|ШI шI
|Ч ч
|Ҷ ҷ
|Ҳ ҳ
|Ҳа ҳа
|Ҳе ҳе
|Ҳэ ҳэ
|Ҳи ҳи
|-
!Ħo ħo
!Ħu ħu
!Ħь ħь
!Dw dw
!<span style="text-decoration: overline;">Dw</span> <span style="text-decoration: overline;">dw</span>
!
Dy dy
!<span style="text-decoration: overline;">Dy</span> <span style="text-decoration: overline;">dy</span>
!
Q̇a q̇a
!
Q̇e q̇e
!
Q̇é q̇é
|-
|Ҳо ҳо
|Ҳү ҳү
|Ҳы ҳы
|Дв дв
|ТвI твI
|Чв чв
|ЧI чI
|Ҍа ҍа
|Ҍе ҍе
|Ҍэ ҍэ
|-
!Q̇i q̇i
!Q̇o q̇o
!Q̇ɵ q̇ɵ
!Q̇ó q̇ó
!Q̇u q̇u
!Q̇ʉ q̇ʉ
!Q̇ь q̇ь
!Th th
!Dh dh
!Kh kh
|-
|Ҍи ҍи
|Ҍо ҍо
|Ҍө ҍө
|Ҍӫ ҍӫ
|Ҍү ҍү
|Ҍұ ҍұ
|Ҍы ҍы
|Ҫ ҫ
|ҪI ҫI
|КI кI
|-
!Ȿ ȿ
!Ɀ ɀ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|Щ щ
|ЩI щI
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Cyrillic alphabet
!
А а
!Ҍа ҍа
!
Б б
!
В в
!
Г г
!Ғ ғ
!Д д
!ДI дI
!Е е
!Ҍе ҍе
!Ә ә
!Ж ж
|-
|[a]
|[aˤ]
|[b]
|[v]
|[ʡ]
|[ɠ]
|[d]
|[ð]
|[e]
|[eˤ]
|[ə]
|[ʒ]
|-
!
З з
!ЗI зI
!
И и
!
Ҍи ҍи
!
Ӥ ӥ
!
К к
!
Кв кв
!
Л л
!
М м
!
Н н
!
Ң ң
!
О о
|-
|[z]
|[z͎]
|[i]
|[iˤ]
|[ɯ]
|[k]
|[kʷ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[n]
|[ŋ]
|[ɔ]
|-
!
Ө ө
!
Ӫ ӫ
!
П п
!
ПI пI
!
Қ қ
!
Қв қв
!
P p
!
С с
!
СI сI
!
Т т
!
Ҭ ҭ
!
У у
|-
|[ɵ]
|[o]
|[p]
|[pʰ]
|[q]
|[qʷ]
|[ɹ̠ ~ ɹ̠ʷ]
|[s]
|[s͎]
|[t]
|[tʰ]
|[y]
|-
!
Ү ү
!
Ұ ұ
!
Ҍү ҍү
!
Ҍұ ҍұ
!
Ф ф
!
КI кI
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[u]
|[ʉ]
|[uˤ]
|[ʉˤ]
|[f]
|[kʰ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
ah4byi8ajbbhvviv34nen801zxhr709
465
442
2018-07-10T02:50:58Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
465
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Iyoipai language is a Looneylandian language spoken in Iyoipai State of Looneyland, Russia, parts of Azerbaijan, United Kingdom, Hong Kong, Poland, Macau and Vietnam. It is spoken by 1,022,344 people.
== Morphology ==
The word order is SVO.
== Alphabet ==
From 842 CE to 1780, Iyoipai was exclusively written with Chinese characters. In the 1780, a Cyrillic alphabet replaced Chinese characters as the writing system for Iyoipai. In 1844, the Iyoipai Cyrillic alphabet reforms, removing some letters unnecessary for Iyoipai.
A Latin alphabet was created for Iyoipai and was used from 1924 to 1938, when the use of Iyoipai Latin alphabet was suppressed in preference to katakana (when Looneyland was under Japanese control).
From 1946, Iyoipai began to be appear in Cyrillic. Cyrillic remains the official writing system for Iyoipai today. Nevertheless, Iyoipai people in Azerbaijan use a Latin-based alphabet based on Azerbaijani alphabet, while Iyoipai people in Vietnam use a Vietnamese alphabet with the addition of F, J and Z (those letters are not included in the normal Vietnamese alphabet). Iyoipai people in Poland use a Latin alphabet based on Polish alphabet but adding letters specific to Iyoipai. Iyoipai people in Hong Kong and Macau used different Latin alphabets. Iyoipai people in Russia use a modified Russian Cyrillic alphabet.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Latin alphabet (1924-1938)
!A a
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!Đ đ
!E e
!É é
!Ə ə
!F f
|-
|А а
|Б б
|Ц ц
|ЦI цI
|Д д
|ДI дI
|Е е
|Э э
|Ә ә
|Ф ф
|-
!G g
!Ƣ ƣ
!H h
!I i
!Í í
!J j
!K k
!Ⱪ ⱪ
!L l
!M m
|-
|Г г
|Ғ ғ
|Һ һ
|И и
|Ӥ ӥ
|Џ џ
|К к
|Кв кв
|Л л
|М м
|-
!N n
!Ꞑ ꞑ
!O o
!Ɵ ɵ
!Ó ó
!P p
!Ꞃ ꞃ
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
|-
|Н н
|Ң ң
|О о
|Ө ө
|Ӫ ӫ
|П п
|ПI пI
|Қ қ
|Қв қв
|Р р
|-
!S s
!Ş ş
!T t
!Ŧ ŧ
!U u
!Ʉ ʉ
!V v
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
|-
|С с
|СI сI
|Т т
|Ҭ ҭ
|Ү ү
|Ұ ұ
|В в
|Х х
|У у
|З з
|-
!З з
!Ż ż
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ъ ъ
!Ь ь
!ʕ ſ
!Ɂ ɂ
!Г г
!Ґ ґ
!Ӷ ӷ
|-
|Џв џв
|ЗI зI
|Ж ж
|Є є
|Ы ы
|Ш ш
|Ъ ъ
|Зв зв
|Жв жв
|Тв тв
|-
!Ԏ ԏ
![[File:Capital Abkz Che.png|12x12px]] [[File:Lowercase Abkz Che.png|10x10px]]
![[File:Capital Abkz Che with Descender.png|12x12px]] [[File:Lowercase Abkz Che with Descender.png|10x10px]]
!Ч ч
!Ҷ ҷ
!Ħ ħ
!Ħa ħa
!Ħe ħe
!Ħé ħé
!Ħi ħi
|-
|Пв пв
|Тш тш
|ШI шI
|Ч ч
|Ҷ ҷ
|Ҳ ҳ
|Ҳа ҳа
|Ҳе ҳе
|Ҳэ ҳэ
|Ҳи ҳи
|-
!Ħo ħo
!Ħu ħu
!Ħь ħь
!Dw dw
!<span style="text-decoration: overline;">Dw</span> <span style="text-decoration: overline;">dw</span>
!
Dy dy
!<span style="text-decoration: overline;">Dy</span> <span style="text-decoration: overline;">dy</span>
!
Q̇a q̇a
!
Q̇e q̇e
!
Q̇é q̇é
|-
|Ҳо ҳо
|Ҳү ҳү
|Ҳы ҳы
|Дв дв
|ТвI твI
|Чв чв
|ЧI чI
|Ҍа ҍа
|Ҍе ҍе
|Ҍэ ҍэ
|-
!Q̇i q̇i
!Q̇o q̇o
!Q̇ɵ q̇ɵ
!Q̇ó q̇ó
!Q̇u q̇u
!Q̇ʉ q̇ʉ
!Q̇ь q̇ь
!Th th
!Dh dh
!Kh kh
|-
|Ҍи ҍи
|Ҍо ҍо
|Ҍө ҍө
|Ҍӫ ҍӫ
|Ҍү ҍү
|Ҍұ ҍұ
|Ҍы ҍы
|Ҫ ҫ
|ҪI ҫI
|КI кI
|-
!Ȿ ȿ
!Ɀ ɀ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|Щ щ
|ЩI щI
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Cyrillic alphabet
!
А а
!Ҍа ҍа
!
Б б
!
В в
!
Г г
!Ғ ғ
!Д д
!ДI дI
!Е е
!Ҍе ҍе
!Ә ә
!Ж ж
|-
|[a]
|[aˤ]
|[b]
|[v]
|[ʡ]
|[ɠ]
|[d]
|[ð]
|[e]
|[eˤ]
|[ə]
|[ʒ]
|-
!
З з
!ЗI зI
!
И и
!
Ҍи ҍи
!
Ӥ ӥ
!
К к
!
Кв кв
!
Л л
!
М м
!
Н н
!
Ң ң
!
О о
|-
|[z]
|[z͎]
|[i]
|[iˤ]
|[ɯ]
|[k]
|[kʷ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[n]
|[ŋ]
|[ɔ]
|-
!
Ө ө
!
Ӫ ӫ
!
П п
!
ПI пI
!
Қ қ
!
Қв қв
!
P p
!
С с
!
СI сI
!
Т т
!
Ҭ ҭ
!
У у
|-
|[ɵ]
|[o]
|[p]
|[pʰ]
|[q]
|[qʷ]
|[ɹ̠ ~ ɹ̠ʷ]
|[s]
|[s͎]
|[t]
|[tʰ]
|[y]
|-
!
Ү ү
!
Ұ ұ
!
Ҍү ҍү
!
Ҍұ ҍұ
!
Ф ф
!
КI кI
!
Х х
!
Ц ц
!
ЦI цI
!
!
!
|-
|[u]
|[ʉ]
|[uˤ]
|[ʉˤ]
|[f]
|[kʰ]
|[x]
|[ts]
|[ts’]
|
|
|
|}
gkfslhbojq5xkg3qic6lmrx4ig7228h
Jinjuire Romanisation System for Taiwanese
0
238
411
2018-06-08T07:22:56Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "Jinjuire Romanisation System (POJ: kim kiok ia̍p Lô-má hòa hē thóng, Jinjuire: kim kiok láp Lô-má hòa hë thóng) is a romanisation system for the Jinjuire State, Li..."
411
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Jinjuire Romanisation System (POJ: kim kiok ia̍p Lô-má hòa hē thóng, Jinjuire: kim kiok láp Lô-má hòa hë thóng) is a romanisation system for the Jinjuire State, Liftland dialect of Taiwanese Hokkien. It is derived from POJ. It was created in 1935 for use in place names and simplified writing. It replaces letters 〈o o͘ b〉 with 〈y o v〉.
== Alphabet ==
The Jinjuire Romanisation System consists of 16 letters of the ISO Basic Latin alphabet (A, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, S, T, U, V) plus digraphs (Kh, Ou, Ts, Th, Ng) and a trigraph (Tsh).
{| class="wikitable"
!A
!E
!F
!G
!H
!I
!J
!K
!Kh
!L
!M
!N
!Ng
!O
!Ou
!P
!S
!T
!Th
!Ts
!Tsh
!U
!V
|-
|a
|e
|f
|g
|h
|i
|j
|k
|kh
|l
|m
|n
|ng
|o
|ou
|p
|s
|t
|th
|ts
|tsh
|u
|v
|}
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Initials
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | !! colspan="2" |[[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]!! colspan="2" |[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" |[[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo-palatal]]!! colspan="2" |[[Velar consonant|Velar]]!![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
![[Voicelessness|Voiceless]]!![[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]!![[Voicelessness|Voiceless]]!![[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]
![[Voicelessness|Voiceless]]!![[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]!![[Voicelessness|Voiceless]]!![[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]
![[Voicelessness|Voiceless]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| ||[[Bilabial nasal|'''<big>m</big>''' [m]]]<br>ㄇ 毛(moo)|| ||[[Alveolar nasal|'''<big>n</big>''' [n]]]<br>ㄋ 耐(näi)|| ||
| ||[[Velar nasal|'''<big>ng</big>''' [ŋ]]]<br>ㄫ 雅(ngá)||
|- align="center"
! rowspan="2" |[[Plosive]]!![[Aspirated consonant|Unaspirated]]
|[[Voiceless bilabial plosive|'''<big>p</big>''' [p]]]<br>ㄅ 邊(pian)
|[[Voiced bilabial plosive|'''<big>v</big>''' [b]]]<br>ㆠ 文(vûn)
|[[Voiceless alveolar plosive|'''<big>t</big>''' [t]]]<br>ㄉ 地(tē)|| || ||
|[[Voiceless velar plosive|'''<big>k</big>''' [k]]]<br>ㄍ 求 (kiû)
|[[Voiced velar plosive|'''<big>g</big>''' [g]]]<br>ㆣ 語(gí)||
|- align="center"
![[Aspirated consonant|Aspirated]]
|[[Voiceless bilabial plosive|'''<big>f</big>''' [pʰ]]]<br>ㄆ 波 (fo)||
|[[Voiceless alveolar plosive|'''<big>th</big>''' [tʰ]]]<br>ㄊ 他 (thą)|| || ||
|[[Voiceless velar plosive|'''<big>kh</big>''' [kʰ]]]<br>ㄎ 去 (khì)|| ||
|- align="center"
! rowspan="2" |[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]!![[Aspirated consonant|Unaspirated]]
| || ||[[Voiceless alveolar affricate|'''<big>ts</big>''' [ts]]]<br>ㄗ 曾(tsan)
|[[Voiced alveolar affricate|'''<big>j</big>''' [dz]]]<br>ㆡ 熱(juáh)
|[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|'''<big>tsi</big>''' [tɕ]]]<br>ㄐ 尖(tsiam)
|[[Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate|'''<big>ji</big>''' [dʑ]]]<br>ㆢ 入(jíp)|| || ||
|- align="center"
![[Aspirated consonant|Aspirated]]
| || ||[[Voiceless alveolar affricate|'''<big>tsh</big>''' [tsʰ]]]<br>ㄘ 出(tshut)||
|[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|'''<big>tshi</big>''' [tɕʰ]]]<br>ㄑ 手(tshiú)|| || || ||
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| || ||[[Voiceless alveolar sibilant|'''<big>s</big>''' [s]]]<br>ㄙ 衫 (są)||
|[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant|'''<big>si</big>''' [ɕ]]]<br>ㄒ 寫(siá)|| || ||
|[[Voiceless glottal fricative|'''<big>h</big>''' [h]]]<br>ㄏ 喜(hí)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
| || || ||[[Alveolar lateral approximant|'''<big>l</big>''' [l]]]<br>ㄌ 柳(liú)|| || || || ||
|}
{|
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+Finals
! !![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]!![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]!![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|- align="center"
![[Nasal consonant]]
|[[Bilabial nasal|'''<big>-m</big>''' [m]]]<br>ㆬ||[[Alveolar nasal|'''<big>-n</big>''' [n]]]<br>ㄣ
|[[Velar nasal|'''<big>-ng</big>''' [ŋ]]]<br>ㆭ||
|- align="center"
![[Stop consonant]]
|'''<big>-p</big>''' [p̚]<br>ㆴ||'''<big>-t</big>''' [t̚]<br>ㆵ||'''<big>-k</big>''' [k̚]<br>ㆶ||[[Glottal stop|'''<big>-h</big>''' [ʔ]]]<br>ㆷ
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+[[Syllabic consonant]]
! !![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]!![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|- align="center"
![[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|'''<big>m</big>''' [m̩]<br>ㆬ 姆(ḿ)||'''<big>ng</big>''' [ŋ̍]<br>ㆭ 酸(sng)
|}
|}
===Vowels & Rhymes===
{|
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+Simple & Nasal
! rowspan="2" | !! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]]!![[Central vowel|Central]]!! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
!Simple!![[Nasal vowel|Nasal]]!!Simple!!Simple!![[Nasal vowel|Nasal]]
|- align="center"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|[[Close front unrounded vowel|'''<big>i</big>''' [i]]]<br>ㄧ 衣(i)
|[[Close front unrounded vowel|'''<big>į</big>''' [ĩ]]]<br>ㆪ 圓(į̂)||
|[[Close back rounded vowel|'''<big>u</big>''' [u]]]<br>ㄨ 污(u)
|[[Close back rounded vowel|'''<big>ų</big>''' [ũ]]]<br>ㆫ 張(tių)
|- align="center"
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|[[Close-mid front unrounded vowel|'''<big>e</big>''' [e]]]<br>ㆤ 禮(lé)
|[[Close-mid front unrounded vowel|'''<big>ę</big>''' [ẽ]]]<br>ㆥ 生(sę)
|[[Mid-central vowel|'''<big>ou</big>'''[ə]]]<br>ㄜ 高(kou)
|[[Open-mid back rounded vowel|'''<big>o</big>''' [ɔ]]]<br>ㆦ 烏(o)
|[[Open-mid back rounded vowel|'''<big>ǫ</big>''' [ɔ̃]]]<br>ㆧ 翁(ǫ)
|- align="center"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|[[Open front unrounded vowel|'''<big>a</big>''' [a]]]<br>ㄚ 查(tsa)
|[[Open front unrounded vowel|'''<big>ą</big>''' [ã]]]<br>ㆩ 衫(są)|| || ||
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Dialect
!Tâi-lô!![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!![[Bopomofo]]
|-
|ih||{{IPA|[ɨ]}}||ㆨ
|-
|ei||{{IPA|[ə]}}||ㄜ
|-
|eh||{{IPA|[ɛ]}}||ㄝ
|-
|eau||{{IPA|[əe]}}|| ㄜㆤ{{efn|In version of {{ill|Ngoo Siu-le|zh|吳守禮}}, /{{IPAlink|ɘ}}{{IPAlink|e}}/ [ere] is spelled as [oe] while the Phonetic Symbol "ㄜ[[File:Extended Bopomofo U+31A4.svg|11px]]" is replaced with "[[File:Extended Bopomofo oe.svg|11px]]".}}
|}
|}
* Ogoneks form the nasal vowels
* There is also [[syllabic consonant|syllabic]] ''m'' and ''ng''.
{|
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Vowel(s)!! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Open syllabus!! colspan="3" |Nasal!! colspan="5" |Plosive
|- align="center"
![m]!![n]!![ŋ]!![p̚]!![t̚]!![k̚]!! colspan="2" |[ʔ]
|- align="center"
![a]
|a||ą||am||an||ang||ap||at||ak||ah||ąh
|- align="center"
![ai]
|ai||aį|| || || || || || ||aih||aįh
|- align="center"
![au]
|au|| || || || || || || ||auh||
|- align="center"
![e]
|e||ę|| || || || || || ||eh||ęh
|- align="center"
![i]
|i||į||im||in||ing||ip||it||ik||ih||įh
|- align="center"
![ia]
|ia||ią||iam||ian||iang||iap||iat||iak||iah||iąh
|- align="center"
![iau]
|iau||iaų|| || || || || || ||iauh||
|- align="center"
![iə]
|io|| || || || || || || ||ioh||
|- align="center"
![iɔ]
| || || || ||iong|| || ||iok|| ||
|- align="center"
![iu]
|iu||ių|| || || || || || ||iuh||iųh
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Vowel(s)!! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Open syllabus!! colspan="3" |Nasal!! colspan="5" |Plosive
|- align="center"
![m]!![n]!![ŋ]!![p̚]!![t̚]!![k̚]!! colspan="2" |[ʔ]
|- align="center"
![ə]
|o|| || || || || || || ||oh||
|- align="center"
![ɔ]
|ou||ǫ||om|| ||ong||op|| ||ok||ooh||ǫh
|- align="center"
![u]
|u|| || ||un|| || ||ut|| ||uh||
|- align="center"
![ua]
|ya||yą|| ||yan|| || ||yat|| ||yah||
|- align="center"
![uai]
|yai||yaį|| || || || || || || ||
|- align="center"
![ue]
|ue|| || || || || || || ||ueh||
|- align="center"
![ui]
|ui|| || || || || || || || ||
|- align="center"
![m̩]
| colspan="2" |m|| colspan="6" |-|| colspan="2" |mh
|- align="center"
![ŋ̍]
| colspan="2" |ng|| colspan="6" |-|| colspan="2" |ngh
|}
|}
* ''ing'' pronounced [ɪəŋ], ''ik'' pronounced [ɪək̚].
===Tones===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Tone No.
|1||2||3||4||5||7||8
|-
! rowspan="2" |Name
|陰平||上聲||陰去||陰入||陽平||陽去||陽入
|-
|im-pîng||siöng-sią||im-khì||im-jíp||iông-pîng||iông-khì||iông-jíp
|-
! rowspan="2" |Symbol
|None||Acute||Grave||None (-p, -t, -k, -h)||Circumflex||Diaeresis||Acute (-p, -t, -k, -h)
|- style="font-size:250%;"
| ||´||`|| ||ˆ||¨||´
|-
! rowspan="2" |Pitch
|˥˥||˥˩||˧˩||˧ʔ||˨˦||˧˧||˥ʔ
|-
|55||51||31||3ʔ||24||33||5ʔ
|-
!Example
|tong (東)||tóng (黨)||tòng (棟)||tok (督)||tông (同)||töng (洞)||tók (毒)
|}
=== Example ===
Example about the information of Taiwanese Hokkien:
{| class="article-table"
!Jinjuire
|Tâi-ôan lâng Hok-kiàn lân, iä föe tsheng-ûi Tâi-ôan lâng, sï Tâi-ôan jîn-kháu tiong iok ü 70% ê jîn-kháu tshut seng ê Hok-kiàn lâng ê tsít-ê hün tsi piàn thé. i sï iû tsheng täi ê Vân-lâm î-vîn Äu-è ê Tâi-ôan vîn iâu Vîn-tsók kóng ê. POJ Lô-má-jï sï tsit tséng Vân-lâm-gí ê tsít-tséng liû-hêng pią̀ jï. Hok-kiàn Vân-lâm-gí kah Ë-mn̂g, Tsôan-tsiu hô Tsiang-tsiu ê kóng-öe í-kíp In tï Tang-lâm-a sái-iöng ê hong-giân hêng-sek töa tì siòng-säi, tï sû lüi hô hoat im hong-vïn, sái In ê hoat giân lâng ü-ê siòng höu vô hoat lí kái. ték pát sï tsü 20 Sè-kí 80nî-täi í lâi, Tâi-ôan Hok-kiàn gû-lók
mûi-thé ê töa tsiòng hòa siü-tióh Tâi-ôan kok tséng Hok-kiàn lâng ê tshę näi.
|-
!POJ
|Tâi-ôan lâng Hok-kiàn lân, iā phōe chheng-ûi Tâi-ôan lâng, sī Tâi-ôan jîn-kháu tiong iok ū 70% ê jîn-kháu chhut seng ê Hok-kiàn lâng ê chi̍t-ê hūn chi piàn thé. i sī iû chheng tāi ê Bân-lâm î-bîn Āu-è ê Tâi-ôan bîn iâu Bîn-cho̍k kóng ê. POJ Lô-má-jī sī chit chéng Bân-lâm-gí ê chi̍t-chéng liû-hêng piàⁿ jī. Hok-kiàn Bân-lâm-gí kah Ē-mn̂g , Chôan-chiu hô Chiang-chiu ê kóng-ōe í-ki̍p In tī Tang-lâm-a sái-iōng ê hong-giân hêng-sek tōa tì siòng-sāi, tī sû lūi hô hoat im hong-bīn, sái In ê hoat giân lâng ū-ê siòng hō͘ bô hoat lí kái. te̍k pa̍t sī chū 20 Sè-kí 80nî-tāi í lâi, Tâi-ôan Hok-kiàn gû-lo̍k mûi-thé ê tōa chiòng hòa siū-tio̍h Tâi-ôan kok chéng Hok-kiàn lâng ê chheⁿ nāi.
|-
!Chinese characters
|台灣人福建人,也被稱為台灣台灣人/台灣人,是台灣人口中約有70%的人口出生的福建人的一個分支變體。它是由清代的閩南移民後裔的台灣民謠民族講的。 POJ羅馬字是這種閩南語的一種流行拼字。福建閩南語與廈門,泉州和漳州的講話以及他們在東南亞使用的方言形式大致相似,在詞彙和發音方面,使他們的發言人有些相互無法理解。特別是自20世紀80年代以來,台灣福建娛樂媒體的大眾化受到台灣各種福建人的青睞。
|-
!English
|Taiwanese Hokkien, also known as Taiwanese language in Taiwan, is a branched-off variant of Hokkien spoken natively by about 70% of the population of Taiwan. It is spoken by the Taiwanese Hoklo people, who descended from immigrants from southern Fujian during the Qing dynasty. The Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ) romanization is a popular orthography for this variant of Hokkien. Taiwanese Hokkien is generally similar to the speeches of Amoy, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou, as well as their dialectal forms used in Southeast Asia, but with enough differences in vocabulary and pronunciation to make their speakers somewhat mutually unintelligible. The mass popularity of Hokkien entertainment media from Taiwan has given prominence to the Taiwanese variety of Hokkien, especially since the 1980s.
|}
f0twgggumbdbaqbt755q123x2eavyld
Jinundai language
0
237
409
2018-06-06T09:40:09Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "Jinundai language is a Gooperlandian click language spoken in Jinundai State, Gooperland by approximately 40,236 people (most people in Jinundai now speak French, Italian, Iri..."
409
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Jinundai language is a Gooperlandian click language spoken in Jinundai State, Gooperland by approximately 40,236 people (most people in Jinundai now speak French, Italian, Irish or Japanese).
== Script ==
In the past, it Jinundai had no alphabet–Jinundai people used Chinese characters in the lierature. By 1909, a Latin-based alphabet was devised by Hanun Kittiuk, and was used from 1910 to 1938. This was the first alphabet for Jinundai.
In 1938, like other languages in United States of Gooperland with Latin-based alphabets, the use of Jinundai in schools and writing as well as the aphabet itself became forbidden by Japan in favour of Japanese–making Jinundai a purely spoken language.
In 1946, one year after United States of Gooperland declared independence from Japan, the ban on Jinundai in education, publishing and writing was lifted. A Cyrillic-based alphabet was created in 1946.
In 1982, Latin script returned to Jinundai, but most people now write or print in French, Italian, Irish or Japanese. The Jinundai subject became part of the Jinundai State Curriculum.
== Dialects ==
Jinundai has four dialects:
* West Dialect
* East Dialect
* Town of Kukuyo Dialect
* Central Dialect
== Phonology ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Jinundai vowels
!
! colspan="2" |
Front
! colspan="2" |Central
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
!Close
|i
|
|ɨ
|
|
|
|-
!Mid
|e
|ø
|ə
|
|o
|
|-
!Open-mid
|
|
|ɜ
|
|ʌ
|
|-
!Open
|æ
|
|a
|
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Jinundai consonants
! colspan="2" |
!
Labial
!Dental/Alveolar
!Lateral
!Palatal
!Velar
!Uvular
!Glottal
|-
! rowspan="3" |Clicks
!plain
|ʘ
|ǀ, ǃ
|ǁ
|ǂ
|
|
|
|-
!voiced
|ʘ̬
|ǀ̬, ǃ̬
|ǁ̬
|ǂ̬
|
|
|
|-
!nasal
|ʘ̃
|ǀ̃, ǃ̃
|ǁ̃
|ǂ̃
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
!voiceless
|p
|t
|
|
|k
|q
|
|-
!voiced
|b
|d
|
|
|g
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!voiceless
|f*
|s
|
|ʃ
|x
|
|h
|-
!voiced
|v
|z
|
|ʒ
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Affricate
!voiceless
|
|ts
|
|tʃ
|
|
|
|-
!voiced
|
|
|
|dʒ
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|m
|n
|
|
|ŋ
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Liquid
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|
|ɹ (ɹ̠, ɹ̠ʷ)
|
|j
|ɰ
|
|
|}
== Grammar ==
Jinundai is a subject-verb-object language.
== Alphabet ==
=== Latin alphabet ===
=== Cyrillic alphabet ===
=== Comparison ===
{| class="wikitable"
!
Cyrillic
!Latin 1982-present
!Latin 1910-1938
!IPA
|-
|А а
|
|
|[a]
|-
|Б б
|
|
|[b]
|-
|В в
|
|
|[v]
|-
|Г г
|
|
|[h]
|-
|Ґ ґ
|
|
|[g]
|-
|Ғ ғ
|
|
|[ɰ]
|-
|Д д
|
|
|[d]
|-
|Е е
|
|
|[e]
|-
|Ё ё
|
|
|[æ], [jo] (loanwords)
|-
|Ж ж
|
|
|[ʒ]
|-
|Җ җ
|
|
|[ʘ]
|-
|З з
|
|
|[z]
|-
|И и
|
|
|[i]
|-
|I і
|
|
|[iː]
|-
|Й й
|
|
|[j]
|-
|К к
|
|
|[k~q]
|-
|Ҟ ҟ
|
|
|[ǁ]
|-
|Л л
|
|
|[l]
|-
|М м
|
|
|[m]
|-
|Н н
|
|
|[n]
|-
|Нг нг
|
|
|[ŋ]
|-
|О о
|
|
|[o]
|-
|Ө ө
|
|
|[oː]
|-
|П п
|
|
|[p]
|-
|Ԥ ԥ
|
|
|[ǀ]
|-
|Р р
|
|
|[ɹ] ([ɹ̠], [ɹ̠ʷ])
|-
|С с
|
|
|[s]
|-
|Т т
|
|
|[t]
|-
|У у
|
|
|[u]
|-
|Ф ф
|
|
|[f] (loanwords)
|-
|Х х
|
|
|[k~q] (loanwords)
|-
|Ҳ ҳ
|
|
|[ǃ]
|-
|Ц ц
|
|
|[ts] (loanwords)
|-
|Ч ч
|
|
|[tʃ]
|-
|Џ џ
|
|
|[dʒ]
|-
|Ш ш
|
|
|[ʃ]
|-
|Щ щ
|
|
|[ǀ]
|-
|Ъ ъ
|
|
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|Ы ы
|
|
|[ɨ]
|-
|Ь ь
|
|
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|Э э
|
|
|[ə], [e] (loanwords)
|-
|Ю ю
|
|
|[ɜ~ø]
|-
|Я я
|
|
|[ʌ]
|}
fnzyfigbhp6szp4872nbda4s4vjq2r9
Kaghan's numerals
0
131
184
2018-03-24T07:13:50Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "Kaghan's numerals is a numeral system that assigned each Greek, Cyrillic or Latin letter to a numeral value. {| class="article-table" !Value !Greek !Cyrillic !Hebrew !Kaghan !..."
184
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Kaghan's numerals is a numeral system that assigned each Greek, Cyrillic or Latin letter to a numeral value.
{| class="article-table"
!Value
!Greek
!Cyrillic
!Hebrew
!Kaghan
!Pudhan
! colspan="2" |Pe̍h-ōe-jī
|-
|1
|
|
|
|A`
|
|''it''
|''chi̍t''
|-
|2
|
|
|
|B`
|
|''jī''
|''nn̄g''
|-
|3
|
|
|
|G`
|
|''sam''
|''saⁿ''
|-
|4
|
|
|
|Д`
|
|''sù''
|''sì''
|-
|5
|
|
|
|E`
|
|''ngó͘''
|''gō͘''
|-
|6
|
|
|
|Ϛ` or S`
|
|''lio̍k''
|''la̍k''
|-
|7
|
|
|
|Ʒ`
|
|''chhit''
|
|-
|8
|
|
|
|V`
|
|''pat''
|''peh''
|-
|9
|
|
|
|Ʌ`
|
|''kiú''
|''káu''
|-
|10
|
|
|
|+`
|
|''si̍p''
|''cha̍p''
|-
|20
|
|
|
|P`
|
|
|''nn̄g cha̍p''/''jia̍p''
|-
|30
|
|
|
|N`
|
|
|''saⁿ cha̍p''/''sa̍p''
|-
|40
|
|
|
|J`
|
|
|''sì cha̍p''/''siap''
|-
|50
|
|
|
|Ǝ`
|
|
|''gō͘ cha̍p''
|-
|60
|
|
|
|R`
|
|
|''la̍k cha̍p''
|-
|70
|
|
|
|H`
|
|
|''chhit cha̍p''
|-
|80
|
|
|
|ᗺ`
|
|
|''peh cha̍p''
|-
|90
|
|
|
|Є` or 🌊`
|
|
|''káu cha̍p''
|-
|100
|
|
|
|T`
|
|''pek''
|''pah''
|-
|200
|
|
|
|O`
|
|
|''nn̄g pah''
|-
|300
|
|
|
|Ʋ`
|
|
|''saⁿ pah''
|-
|400
|
|
|
|Y` or Ƴ`
|
|
|''sì pah''
|-
|500
|
|
|
|D`
|
|
|''gō͘ pah''
|-
|600
|
|
|
|W`
|
|
|''la̍k pah''
|-
|700
|
|
|
|Ʊ`
|
|
|''chhit pah''
|-
|800
|
|
|
|Ƭ`
|
|
|''peh pah''
|-
|900
|
|
|
|🌉` or ⛄`
|
|
|''kiú pah''
|-
|1000
|
|
|
|ˎA
|
|
|''chhian''
|-
|2000
|
|
|
|ˎB
|
|
|''nn̄g chhian''
|-
|3000
|
|
|
|ˎG
|
|
|''saⁿ chhian''
|-
|4000
|
|
|
|ˎД
|
|
|''sì chhian''
|-
|5000
|
|
|
|ˎE
|
|
|''gō͘ chhian''
|-
|6000
|
|
|
|ˎϚ or ˎS
|
|
|''la̍k chhian''
|-
|7000
|
|
|
|ˎƷ
|
|
|''chhit chhian''
|-
|8000
|
|
|
|ˎV
|
|
|''peh chhian''
|-
|9000
|
|
|
|ˎɅ
|
|
|''kiú chhian''
|}
ax62vwsp43uv1dnj7c6fh7kw9ik0d8a
Kaidouan alphabet
0
197
320
2018-05-02T08:24:01Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "Kaidouan alphabet is a modified Tengwar alphabet, considered an impure abjad, created in 1940. It replaced the [[Proto-Kaidouan alphabet]]. == Letters == {| class="wikitable"..."
320
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Kaidouan alphabet is a modified Tengwar alphabet, considered an impure abjad, created in 1940. It replaced the [[Proto-Kaidouan alphabet]].
== Letters ==
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Name
! rowspan="2" |Hebrew Counterpart
! rowspan="2" |Kaidouan
! rowspan="2" |IPA
! colspan="3" |Transliteration
! rowspan="2" |
Hebrew
! rowspan="2" |Arabic
! rowspan="2" |
Phoenician
! rowspan="2" |Latin
|-
!Kaidouan<br>Standard
!Adyson's<br>Literature
!Isabel's<br>Literature
|-
|ʾalpou
|Alef
|[[File:Kaidouan-alpou.png|48x48px]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|baytou
|Bet
|[[File:Kaidouan-baytou.png|48x48px]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|gamlou
|Gimel
|[[File:Kaidouan-gamlou.png|48x48px]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|daltou
|Dalet
|[[File:Kaidouan-daltou.png|48x48px]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|hee
|Hei
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|wao
|Vav
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
e5ljvye5fbl5uai2co835me8qqu4f4z
329
320
2018-05-03T07:27:35Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
329
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Kaidouan alphabet is a modified Tengwar alphabet, considered an impure abjad, created in 1940. It replaced the [[Proto-Kaidouan alphabet]].
== Letters ==
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Name
! rowspan="2" |Hebrew Counterpart
! rowspan="2" |Kaidouan
! rowspan="2" |IPA
! colspan="3" |Transliteration
! rowspan="2" |
Hebrew
! rowspan="2" |Arabic
! rowspan="2" |
Phoenician
! rowspan="2" |Latin
|-
!Kaidouan<br>Standard
!Adyson's<br>Literature
!Isabel's<br>Literature
|-
|alpou
|Alef
|[[File:Kaidouan-alpou.png|48x48px]]
|[ʔ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|baytou
|Bet
|[[File:Kaidouan-baytou.png|48x48px]]
|[b]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|gamlou
|Gimel
|[[File:Kaidouan-gamlou.png|48x48px]]
|[g]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|daltou
|Dalet
|[[File:Kaidouan-daltou.png|48x48px]]
|[d]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|hee
|Hei
|[[File:Kaidouan-hee.png|48x48px]]
|[h]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|wao
|Vav
|[[File:Kaidouan-wao.png|48x48px]]
|[w]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|zayen
|Zayin
|[[File:Kaidouan-zayen.png|48x48px]]
|[z]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|dheqqu
|(non-native letter)
|[[File:Kaidouan-dheqqu.png|48x48px]]
|[ð]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|hasuire
|(non-native letter)
|[[File:Kaidouan-hasuire.png|48x48px]]
|[x]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|haytao
|Het
|[[File:Kaidouan-haytao.png|48x48px]]
|[h]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|taytao
|Tet
|[[File:Kaidouan-taytao.png|48x48px]]
|[tʰ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|yadou
|Yud
|[[File:Kaidouan-yadou.png|48x48px]]
|[j]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|kappa
|Kaf
|
|[k]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|lamdou
|Lamed
|
|[l]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|mayim
|Mem
|
|[m]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|naishe
|Nun
|
|[n]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ngairu
|(non-native letter)
|
|[ŋ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|samkou
|
|
|[s]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ayen
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
3sasgdp2xl2a3wujudlietwp63cxx6p
Kakidatsu language
0
235
405
2018-06-04T08:00:26Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "Kakidatsu is a Gooperlandian language and is official in Kakidatsu State of Gooperland. It has 1,143,110 speakers in Kakidatsu State, Gooperland and 56,382 in Tatarstan, Russi..."
405
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Kakidatsu is a Gooperlandian language and is official in Kakidatsu State of Gooperland. It has 1,143,110 speakers in Kakidatsu State, Gooperland and 56,382 in Tatarstan, Russia.
== Writing system ==
Khmer script was the first writing system for Kakidatsu and was brought to Kakidatsu by Khmers in 1263. In the mid-17th century, this was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet. From 1889 to 1914, Kakidatsu was written with the variant of Cyrillic known as "Chow-fu's Cyrillic Alphabet" and was created by Willie Chow-fu. This was in turn replaced by Latin-based alphabet in 1914 during the Latinisation campaign.
However, in 1938, Japan banned the use of written Kakidatsu in publications, schools and everyday writing in favour of the written major languages of Gooperland, and at the same time, the Latinisation of Gooperland was cancelled. This made Kakidatsu a purely spoken language with no writing system in use until 1946. (This is when Japan controlled Gooperland).
In 1946, Cyrillic became the major script for Kakidatsu. This includes the Russian alphabet and the other letters were added to the Kakidatsu Cyrillic alphabet to fit the sounds in the phonology.
In 1978, Latin script returns, but Cyrillic script continues to be used in Tatarstan, Russia.
=== Alphabets ===
==== Latin-based alphabet for Kakidatsu, 1914 to 1938 ====
Aa, Åå, Ââ, Bʙ, Cc, C̛c̛, Єє, Dd, D̛d̛, Ee, Êê, Əə, Ff, F̛f̛, Gg, ह<small>ह</small>, Ii, Îî, Ьь, Jj, Kk, K̛k̛, Ll, L̛l̛, L̐l̐, Mm, Nn, Ꞑꞑ, N̐n̐, Oo, Ôô, Ơơ, Pp, P̛p̛, Rr, Ss, S̛s̛, Ꞩꞩ, Tt, Uu, Ûû, Ưư, Vv, व<small>व</small>, Xx, Ӿӿ, Zz, Z̛z̛, Ƶƶ, Ʒʒ, Ʒ̛ʒ̛, Зз
==== Comparison ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ;
!Modern Latin
!IPA
!Cyrillic 1946
!Latin 1914
!Cyrillic 1889
!Khmer
|-
|A a
|[ɑ]
|А а
|A a
|
|
|-
|Å å
|[ɔ]
|Ө ө
|Å å
|
|
|-
|Â â
|[ɑː]
|А̄ а̄
|Â â
|
|
|-
|B b
|[b]
|Б б
|B ʙ
|
|
|-
|C c
|[ts]
|Ц ц
|C c
|
|
|-
|Č č
|[tʃ]
|Ч ч
|C̛ c̛
|
|
|-
|Ć ć
|[tʃʷ]
|Ӵ ӵ
|Є є
|
|
|-
|D d
|[d]
|Д д
|D d
|
|
|-
|Đ đ
|[dʷ]
|Д̆ д̆
|D̛ d̛
|
|
|-
|E e
|[e]
|Е е
|E e
|
|
|-
|Ê ê
|[eː]
|Е̄ е̄
|Ê ê
|
|
|-
|Ë ë
|[ə]
|Ә ә
|Ə ə
|
|
|-
|F f
|[f~ɸ]
|Ф ф
|F f
|
|
|-
|G g
|[g]
|Г г
|G g
|
|
|-
|H h
|[h]
|
|ह <small>ह</small>
|
|
|-
|I i
|[i]
|
|I i
|
|
|-
|Î î
|[iː]
|
|Î î
|
|
|-
|J j
|[j]
|
|J j
|
|
|-
|K k
|[k]
|
|K k
|
|
|-
|Ǩ ǩ
|[kʷ]
|
|K̛ k̛
|
|
|-
|L l
|[l]
|
|L l
|
|
|-
|Ľ ľ
|[lʷ]
|
|L̛ l̛
|
|
|-
|Ļ ļ
|[ɬ]
|
|L̐ l̐
|
|
|-
|M m
|[m]
|
|M m
|
|
|-
|N n
|[n]
|
|N n
|
|
|-
|Ň ň
|[n̼]
|
|N̐ n̐
|
|
|-
|Ŋ ŋ
|[ŋ]
|
|Ꞑ ꞑ
|
|
|-
|O o
|[o]
|
|O o
|
|
|-
|Ô ô
|[oː]
|
|Ô ô
|
|
|-
|Ö ö
|[ʊ]
|
|Ơ ơ
|
|
|-
|P p
|[p]
|
|P p
|
|
|-
|P̌ p̌
|[pʷ]
|
|P̛ p̛
|
|
|-
|R r
|[ɹ] ([ɹ̠], [ɹ̠ʷ])
|
|R r
|
|
|-
|S s
|[s]
|
|S s
|
|
|-
|Š š
|[ʃ]
|
|Ꞩ ꞩ
|
|
|-
|Ṡ ṡ
|[s͎]
|
|S̛ s̛
|
|
|-
|T t
|[t]
|
|T t
|
|
|-
|U u
|[u]
|
|U u
|
|
|-
|Û û
|[uː]
|
|Û û
|
|
|-
|Ü ü
|[ʌ]
|
|Ư ư
|
|
|-
|V v
|[v]
|
|V v
|
|
|-
|W w
|[w]
|
|व <small>व</small>
|
|
|-
|X x
|[x]
|
|X x
|
|
|-
|Xh xh
|[xʷ]
|
|Ӿ ӿ
|
|
|-
|Y y
|[ɨ]
|
|Ь ь
|
|
|-
|Ja ja
|[jɑ]
|
|
|
|
|-
|Je je
|[je]
|
|
|
|
|-
|Jo jo
|[jo]
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ju ju
|[ju]
|
|
|
|
|-
|Z z
|[z]
|
|Z z
|
|
|-
|Ž ž
|[z͎]
|
|Z̛ z̛
|
|
|-
|Zh zh
|[ʒ]
|
|Ʒ ʒ
|
|
|-
|Žh žh
|[dʒ]
|
|Ʒ̛ ʒ̛
|
|
|-
|Ż ż
|[ʑ]
|
|З з
|
|
|}
nkf4v9jonmqhlwuzge8yjyeuct4bt9b
406
405
2018-06-05T07:26:38Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
406
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Kakidatsu is a Gooperlandian language and is official in Kakidatsu State of Gooperland. It has 1,143,110 speakers in Kakidatsu State, Gooperland and 56,382 in Tatarstan, Russia.
== Writing system ==
Khmer script was the first writing system for Kakidatsu and was brought to Kakidatsu by Khmers in 1263. In the mid-17th century, this was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet. From 1889 to 1914, Kakidatsu was written with the variant of Cyrillic known as "Chow-fu's Cyrillic Alphabet" and was created by Willie Chow-fu. This was in turn replaced by Latin-based alphabet in 1914 during the Latinisation campaign.
However, in 1938, Japan banned the use of written Kakidatsu in publications, schools and everyday writing in favour of the written major languages of Gooperland, and at the same time, the Latinisation of Gooperland was cancelled. This made Kakidatsu a purely spoken language with no writing system in use until 1946. (This is when Japan controlled Gooperland).
In 1946, Cyrillic became the major script for Kakidatsu. This includes the Russian alphabet and the other letters were added to the Kakidatsu Cyrillic alphabet to fit the sounds in the phonology.
In 1978, Latin script returns, but Cyrillic script continues to be used in Tatarstan, Russia.
=== Alphabets ===
==== Latin-based alphabet for Kakidatsu, 1914 to 1938 ====
Aa, Åå, Ââ, Bʙ, Cc, C̛c̛, Єє, Dd, D̛d̛, Ee, Êê, Əə, Ff, F̛f̛, Gg, ह<small>ह</small>, Ii, Îî, Ьь, Jj, Kk, K̛k̛, Ll, L̛l̛, L̐l̐, Mm, Nn, Ꞑꞑ, N̐n̐, Oo, Ôô, Ơơ, Pp, P̛p̛, Rr, Ss, S̛s̛, Ꞩꞩ, Tt, Uu, Ûû, Ưư, Vv, व<small>व</small>, Xx, Ӿӿ, Zz, Z̛z̛, Ƶƶ, Ʒʒ, Ʒ̛ʒ̛, Зз
==== Comparison ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ;
!Modern Latin
!IPA
!Cyrillic 1946
!Latin 1914
!Khmer
|-
|A a
|[ɑ]
|А а
|A a
|ឰ
|-
|Å å
|[ɔ]
|Ө ө
|Å å
|
|-
|Â â
|[ɑː]
|А̄ а̄
|Â â
|
|-
|B b
|[b]
|Б б
|B ʙ
|ប
|-
|C c
|[ts]
|Ц ц
|C c
|ច
|-
|Č č
|[tʃ]
|Ч ч
|C̛ c̛
|ឆ
|-
|Ć ć
|[tʃʷ]
|Ӵ ӵ
|Є є
|ជ
|-
|D d
|[d]
|Д д
|D d
|ដ
|-
|Đ đ
|[dʷ]
|Д̆ д̆
|D̛ d̛
|ដៈ
|-
|E e
|[e]
|Е е, Э э
|E e
|ឯ
|-
|Ê ê
|[eː]
|Е̄ е̄
|Ê ê
|
|-
|Ë ë
|[ə]
|Ә ә
|Ə ə
|
|-
|F f
|[f~ɸ]
|Ф ф
|F f
|
|-
|G g
|[g]
|Г г
|G g
|
|-
|H h
|[h]
|Һ һ
|ह <small>ह</small>
|
|-
|I i
|[i]
|И и
|I i
|
|-
|Î î
|[iː]
|Ӣ ӣ
|Î î
|
|-
|J j
|[j]
|Й й
|J j
|
|-
|K k
|[k]
|К к
|K k
|
|-
|Ǩ ǩ
|[kʷ]
|Ҟ ҟ
|K̛ k̛
|
|-
|L l
|[l]
|Л л
|L l
|
|-
|Ľ ľ
|[lʷ]
|Л’ л’
|L̛ l̛
|
|-
|Ļ ļ
|[ɬ]
|Ԓ ԓ
|L̐ l̐
|
|-
|M m
|[m]
|М м
|M m
|
|-
|N n
|[n]
|Н н
|N n
|
|-
|Ň ň
|[n̼]
|Ӈ ӈ
|N̐ n̐
|
|-
|Ŋ ŋ
|[ŋ]
|Ң ң
|Ꞑ ꞑ
|
|-
|O o
|[o]
|О о
|O o
|
|-
|Ô ô
|[oː]
|О̄ о̄
|Ô ô
|
|-
|Ö ö
|[ʊ]
|Ӧ ӧ
|Ơ ơ
|
|-
|P p
|[p]
|П п
|P p
|
|-
|P̌ p̌
|[pʷ]
|Ҧ ҧ
|P̛ p̛
|
|-
|R r
|[ɹ] ([ɹ̠], [ɹ̠ʷ])
|Р р
|R r
|
|-
|S s
|[s]
|С с
|S s
|
|-
|Š š
|[ʃ]
|Ш ш
|Ꞩ ꞩ
|
|-
|Ṡ ṡ
|[s͎]
|С’ с’
|S̛ s̛
|
|-
|T t
|[t]
|Т т
|T t
|
|-
|U u
|[u]
|У у
|U u
|
|-
|Û û
|[uː]
|Ӯ ӯ
|Û û
|
|-
|Ü ü
|[ʌ]
|Ү ү
|Ư ư
|
|-
|V v
|[v]
|В в
|V v
|
|-
|W w
|[w]
|Ԝ ԝ
|व <small>व</small>
|
|-
|X x
|[x]
|Х х
|X x
|
|-
|Xh xh
|[xʷ]
|Ӿ ӿ
|Ӿ ӿ
|
|-
|Y y
|[ɨ]
|Ы ы
|Ь ь
|
|-
|Ja ja
|[jɑ]
|Я я
|Ja ja
|
|-
|Je je
|[je]
|Е е
|Je je
|
|-
|Jo jo
|[jo]
|Ё ё
|Jo jo
|
|-
|Ju ju
|[ju]
|Ю ю
|Ju ju
|
|-
|Z z
|[z]
|З з
|Z z
|
|-
|Ž ž
|[z͎]
|З’ з’
|Z̛ z̛
|
|-
|Zh zh
|[ʒ]
|Ж ж
|Ʒ ʒ
|
|-
|Žh žh
|[dʒ]
|Ж’ ж’
|Ʒ̛ ʒ̛
|
|-
|Ż ż
|[ʑ]
|Ӟ ӟ
|З з
|
|}
efndmrgyyve3lehvgrjmbrpsokldhbi
Karlukja alphabet
0
145
217
2018-04-08T01:36:19Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "Karlukja alphabet is a proposed alphabet created by Jennjun Karlukja for Azeri use, which had been proposed for. It consisted of 29 letters: <big><big><big>A B D E Є Ↄ F G..."
217
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Karlukja alphabet is a proposed alphabet created by Jennjun Karlukja for Azeri use, which had been proposed for. It consisted of 29 letters:
<big><big><big>A B D E Є Ↄ F G H 日 I J K L З Ч M N O Œ 口 P R S Ш 山 T U V</big></big></big>
The special letters are: Ↄↄ (reversed C), <big>日</big>日 (closed H), <big>口</big>口 (squared O) and <big>山</big>山 (Latin sha with two lines half).
Example:
ai4rpw30uk3tz3ryvovrz1c7y0hzw2x
Kerlung's Cantonese Scripts in Latin and Cyrillic
0
144
216
2018-04-07T12:29:57Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "The '''Kerlung's Cantonese Scripts''' are the ones created by Kerlung Kimaima, in 1937. == Initials == {| class="wikitable" |p<br> [p]<br> 〔п〕 |p‘<br> [pʰ]<br> 〔п..."
216
wikitext
text/x-wiki
The '''Kerlung's Cantonese Scripts''' are the ones created by Kerlung Kimaima, in 1937.
== Initials ==
{| class="wikitable"
|p<br>
[p]<br>
〔п〕
|p‘<br>
[pʰ]<br>
〔пх〕
|m<br>
[m]<br>
〔м〕
|f<br>
[f]<br>
〔ф〕
|
|-
|d<br>
[t]<br>
〔д〕
|t<br>
[tʰ]<br>
〔т〕
|n<br>
[n]<br>
〔н〕
|
|l<br>
[l]<br>
〔л〕
|-
|gh<br>
[k]<br>
〔г〕
|k<br>
[kʰ]<br>
〔к〕
|ng<br>
[ŋ]<br>
〔нг〕
|·h<br>
[h]<br>
〔ъ〕
|
|-
|gv<br>
[kʷ]<br>
〔гв〕
|kv<br>
[kʷʰ]<br>
〔кв〕
|
|
|v<br>
[w]<br>
〔в〕
|-
|z<br>
[ts]<br>
〔з〕
|c‘<br>
[tsʰ]<br>
〔ц〕
|
|s<br>
[s]<br>
〔с〕
|s²<br>
[j]<br>
〔ш〕
|}
== Finals ==
{| class="wikitable"
|aa<br>
[aː]<br>
〔аа〕
|aai<br>
[aːi]<br>
〔ааи〕
|aau<br>
[aːu]<br>
〔аау〕
|aam<br>
[aːm]<br>
〔аам〕
|aan<br>
[aːn]<br>
〔аан〕
|aang<br>
[aːŋ]<br>
〔аанг〕
|aap<br>
[aːp]<br>
〔аап〕
|aat<br>
[aːt]<br>
〔аат〕
|aak<br>
[aːk]<br>
〔аак〕
|-
|
|ai<br>
[ɐi]<br>
〔аи〕
|au<br>
[ɐu]<br>
〔ау〕
|am<br>
[ɐm]<br>
〔ам〕
|an<br>
[ɐn]<br>
〔ан〕
|ang<br>
[ɐŋ]<br>
〔анг〕
|ap<br>
[ɐp]<br>
〔ап〕
|at<br>
[ɐt]<br>
〔ат〕
|ak<br>
[ɐk]<br>
〔ак〕
|-
|e<br>
[ɛː]<br>
〔е〕
|ei<br>
[ei]<br>
〔еи〕
|eu<br>
[ɛːu]<br>
〔еу〕
|em<br>
[ɛːm]<br>
〔ем〕
|
|eng<br>
[ɛːŋ]<br>
〔енг〕
|ep<br>
[ɛːp]<br>
〔еп〕
|
|ek<br>
[ɛːk]<br>
〔ек〕
|-
|i<br>
[iː]<br>
〔и〕
|
|iu<br>
[iːu]<br>
〔иу〕
|im<br>
[iːm]<br>
〔им〕
|in<br>
[iːn]<br>
〔ин〕
|ing<br>
[eŋ]<br>
〔инг〕
|ip<br>
[iːp]<br>
〔ип〕
|it<br>
[iːt]<br>
〔ит〕
|ik<br>
[ek]<br>
〔ик〕
|-
|o<br>
[ɔː]<br>
〔о〕
|oi<br>
[ɔːy]<br>
〔ои〕
|ou<br>
[ou]<br>
〔оу〕
|
|on<br>
[ɔːn]<br>
〔он〕
|ong<br>
[ɔːŋ]<br>
〔онг〕
|
|ot<br>
[ɔːt]<br>
〔от〕
|ok<br>
[ɔːk]<br>
〔ок〕
|-
|u<br>
[uː]<br>
〔у〕
|ui<br>
[uːy]<br>
〔уи〕
|
|
|un<br>
[uːn]<br>
〔ун〕
|ung<br>
[oŋ]<br>
〔унг〕
|
|ut<br>
[uːt]<br>
〔ут〕
|uk<br>
[ok]<br>
〔ук〕
|-
|œ<br>
[œː]<br>
〔ое〕
|œi<br>
[ɵy]<br>
〔оеи〕
|
|
|œn<br>
[ɵn]<br>
〔оен〕
|œng<br>
[œːŋ]<br>
〔оенг〕
|
|œt<br>
[ɵt]<br>
〔оет〕
|œk<br>
[œːk]<br>
〔оек〕
|-
|ı<br>
[yː]<br>
〔ы〕
|
|
|
|ın<br>
[yːn]<br>
〔ын〕
|
|
|ıt<br>
[yːt]<br>
〔ыт〕
|
|-
|
|
|
|m<br>
[m̩]<br>
〔м〕
|
|ng<br>
[ŋ̩]<br>
〔нг〕
|
|
|
|}
== Tones ==
There are 6 tones in Cantonese.
{| class="wikitable"
!Tone name
!Yīn Píng<br>
(陰平)
!Yīn Shàng<br>
(陰上)
!Yīn Qù<br>
(陰去)
!Yáng Píng<br>
(陽平)
!Yáng Shàng<br>
(陽上)
!Yáng Qù<br>
(陽去)
!Yīn Rù<br>
(陰入)
!Zhōng Rù<br>
(中入)
!Yáng Rù<br>
(陽入)
|-
!Tone Number
|1
|2
|3
|4
|5
|6
|7 (1)
|8 (3)
|9 (6)
|-
!Mark (Latin)
|N/A
|ˇ
|ˋ
|ˊ
|ˆ
|˘
|N/A<ref name=":0">For a Latin script, there should be a <sup>h</sup> to indicate a checked syllable then a tone mark.</ref>
|ˊ<ref name=":0" />
|˳<ref name=":0" />
|-
!Mark (Cyrillic, 1937)
|<sub>I</sub>
|<sub>II</sub>
|<sub>III</sub>
|<sub>IV</sub>
|<sub>V</sub>
|<sub>VI</sub>
|<sup>I </sup>(or <sub>VII</sub>)
|<sup>II</sup> (or <sub>VIII</sub>)
|<sup>III</sup> (or <sub>IX</sub>)
|-
!Mark (Cyrillic, 1985)
|N/A
|·
|ˋ
|ˇ
|ˆ
|ˊ
|˘
|’
|˚
|-
!Tone name in English
|high level or high falling
|mid rising
|mid level
|low falling
|low rising
|low level
|entering high level
|entering mid level
|entering low level
|-
!Contour
|55 / 53
|35
|33
|21 / 11
|13
|22
|5
|3
|2
|}
== Notes ==
<references />
== Example ==
An old Chinese poem:
{|
|<big>'''春曉''' (Chunxiao)</big> '''孟浩然''' (Meng Haoran)
|<big>'''Tsoen1 Hiu2'''</big> '''Maang6 Hou6jin4'''
|-
|<big>春眠不覺曉, (Asleep in springtime, I didn't see the dawn.)</big>
|<big>Tsoen1 min4 bat7 gok8 hiu2,</big>
|-
|<big>處處聞啼鳥。 (Everywhere one heard birdsong,)</big>
|<big>Tsy3 tsy3 man4 tai4 niu5.</big>
|-
|<big>夜來風雨聲, (Night brought the sound of wind and rain,)</big>
|<big>Je6 loi4 fung1 jy5 sing1,</big>
|-
|<big>花落知多少? (Who could know how many flowers fell?)</big>
|<big>faa1 lok9 dzi1 do1 siu2?</big>
|}
=== ''Kerlung Latin'' ===
C‘œn minˊ p‘at<sup>h</sup> gok<sup>h</sup>ˊ ·hiuˇ,
C‘yˋ c‘yˋ manˊ taiˊ niuˆ.
S²e6 loiˊ fung s²yˆ sing,
faa lok˳<sup>h</sup> zi do siuˇ?
kjsrskji6n3cl5it42yic86fv8nuwe4
220
216
2018-04-09T02:07:11Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
/* Kerlung Latin */
220
wikitext
text/x-wiki
The '''Kerlung's Cantonese Scripts''' are the ones created by Kerlung Kimaima, in 1937.
== Initials ==
{| class="wikitable"
|p<br>
[p]<br>
〔п〕
|p‘<br>
[pʰ]<br>
〔пх〕
|m<br>
[m]<br>
〔м〕
|f<br>
[f]<br>
〔ф〕
|
|-
|d<br>
[t]<br>
〔д〕
|t<br>
[tʰ]<br>
〔т〕
|n<br>
[n]<br>
〔н〕
|
|l<br>
[l]<br>
〔л〕
|-
|gh<br>
[k]<br>
〔г〕
|k<br>
[kʰ]<br>
〔к〕
|ng<br>
[ŋ]<br>
〔нг〕
|·h<br>
[h]<br>
〔х〕
|
|-
|gv<br>
[kʷ]<br>
〔гв〕
|kv<br>
[kʷʰ]<br>
〔кв〕
|
|
|v<br>
[w]<br>
〔в〕
|-
|z<br>
[ts]<br>
〔з〕
|c‘<br>
[tsʰ]<br>
〔ц〕
|
|s<br>
[s]<br>
〔с〕
|s²<br>
[j]<br>
〔ш〕
|}
== Finals ==
{| class="wikitable"
|aa<br>
[aː]<br>
〔аа〕
|aai<br>
[aːi]<br>
〔ааи〕
|aau<br>
[aːu]<br>
〔аау〕
|aam<br>
[aːm]<br>
〔аам〕
|aan<br>
[aːn]<br>
〔аан〕
|aang<br>
[aːŋ]<br>
〔аанг〕
|aap<br>
[aːp]<br>
〔аап〕
|aat<br>
[aːt]<br>
〔аат〕
|aak<br>
[aːk]<br>
〔аак〕
|-
|
|ai<br>
[ɐi]<br>
〔аи〕
|au<br>
[ɐu]<br>
〔ау〕
|am<br>
[ɐm]<br>
〔ам〕
|an<br>
[ɐn]<br>
〔ан〕
|ang<br>
[ɐŋ]<br>
〔анг〕
|ap<br>
[ɐp]<br>
〔ап〕
|at<br>
[ɐt]<br>
〔ат〕
|ak<br>
[ɐk]<br>
〔ак〕
|-
|e<br>
[ɛː]<br>
〔е〕
|ei<br>
[ei]<br>
〔еи〕
|eu<br>
[ɛːu]<br>
〔еу〕
|em<br>
[ɛːm]<br>
〔ем〕
|
|eng<br>
[ɛːŋ]<br>
〔енг〕
|ep<br>
[ɛːp]<br>
〔еп〕
|
|ek<br>
[ɛːk]<br>
〔ек〕
|-
|i<br>
[iː]<br>
〔и〕
|
|iu<br>
[iːu]<br>
〔иу〕
|im<br>
[iːm]<br>
〔им〕
|in<br>
[iːn]<br>
〔ин〕
|ing<br>
[eŋ]<br>
〔инг〕
|ip<br>
[iːp]<br>
〔ип〕
|it<br>
[iːt]<br>
〔ит〕
|ik<br>
[ek]<br>
〔ик〕
|-
|o<br>
[ɔː]<br>
〔о〕
|oi<br>
[ɔːy]<br>
〔ои〕
|ou<br>
[ou]<br>
〔оу〕
|
|on<br>
[ɔːn]<br>
〔он〕
|ong<br>
[ɔːŋ]<br>
〔онг〕
|
|ot<br>
[ɔːt]<br>
〔от〕
|ok<br>
[ɔːk]<br>
〔ок〕
|-
|u<br>
[uː]<br>
〔у〕
|ui<br>
[uːy]<br>
〔уи〕
|
|
|un<br>
[uːn]<br>
〔ун〕
|ung<br>
[oŋ]<br>
〔унг〕
|
|ut<br>
[uːt]<br>
〔ут〕
|uk<br>
[ok]<br>
〔ук〕
|-
|œ<br>
[œː]<br>
〔ое〕
|œi<br>
[ɵy]<br>
〔оеи〕
|
|
|œn<br>
[ɵn]<br>
〔оен〕
|œng<br>
[œːŋ]<br>
〔оенг〕
|
|œt<br>
[ɵt]<br>
〔оет〕
|œk<br>
[œːk]<br>
〔оек〕
|-
|ı<br>
[yː]<br>
〔ы〕
|
|
|
|ın<br>
[yːn]<br>
〔ын〕
|
|
|ıt<br>
[yːt]<br>
〔ыт〕
|
|-
|
|
|
|m<br>
[m̩]<br>
〔м〕
|
|ng<br>
[ŋ̩]<br>
〔нг〕
|
|
|
|}
== Tones ==
There are 6 tones in Cantonese.
{| class="wikitable"
!Tone name
!Yīn Píng<br>
(陰平)
!Yīn Shàng<br>
(陰上)
!Yīn Qù<br>
(陰去)
!Yáng Píng<br>
(陽平)
!Yáng Shàng<br>
(陽上)
!Yáng Qù<br>
(陽去)
!Yīn Rù<br>
(陰入)
!Zhōng Rù<br>
(中入)
!Yáng Rù<br>
(陽入)
|-
!Tone Number
|1
|2
|3
|4
|5
|6
|7 (1)
|8 (3)
|9 (6)
|-
!Mark (Latin)
|N/A
|ˇ
|ˋ
|ˊ
|ˆ
|˘
|N/A<ref name=":0">For a Latin script, there should be a <sup>h</sup> to indicate a checked syllable then a tone mark.</ref>
|ˊ<ref name=":0" />
|˳<ref name=":0" />
|-
!Mark (Cyrillic, 1937)
|<sub>I</sub>
|<sub>II</sub>
|<sub>III</sub>
|<sub>IV</sub>
|<sub>V</sub>
|<sub>VI</sub>
|<sup>I </sup>(or <sub>VII</sub>)
|<sup>II</sup> (or <sub>VIII</sub>)
|<sup>III</sup> (or <sub>IX</sub>)
|-
!Mark (Cyrillic, 1985)
|N/A
|·
|ˋ
|ˇ
|ˆ
|ˊ
|˘
|’
|˚
|-
!Tone name in English
|high level or high falling
|mid rising
|mid level
|low falling
|low rising
|low level
|entering high level
|entering mid level
|entering low level
|-
!Contour
|55 / 53
|35
|33
|21 / 11
|13
|22
|5
|3
|2
|}
== Notes ==
<references />
== Example ==
An old Chinese poem:
{|
|<big>'''春曉''' (Chunxiao)</big> '''孟浩然''' (Meng Haoran)
|<big>'''Tsoen1 Hiu2'''</big> '''Maang6 Hou6jin4'''
|-
|<big>春眠不覺曉, (Asleep in springtime, I didn't see the dawn.)</big>
|<big>Tsoen1 min4 bat7 gok8 hiu2,</big>
|-
|<big>處處聞啼鳥。 (Everywhere one heard birdsong,)</big>
|<big>Tsy3 tsy3 man4 tai4 niu5.</big>
|-
|<big>夜來風雨聲, (Night brought the sound of wind and rain,)</big>
|<big>Je6 loi4 fung1 jy5 sing1,</big>
|-
|<big>花落知多少? (Who could know how many flowers fell?)</big>
|<big>faa1 lok9 dzi1 do1 siu2?</big>
|}
=== ''Kerlung Latin'' ===
C‘œn minˊ p‘at<sup>h</sup> gok<sup>h</sup>ˊ ·hiuˇ,
C‘ıˋ c‘ıˋ manˊ taiˊ niuˆ.
S²e˘ loiˊ fung s²yˆ sing,
faa lok<sup>h</sup>˳ zi do siuˇ?
=== Kerlung Cyrillic ===
Тсоен минˇ пхат˘ гок’ хиу·,
Тсyˋ тсyˋ манˇ таиˇ ниуˆ.
Шеˊ лоиˇ фунг шyˆ синг,
фаа лок˚ зи до сиу·?
0uqig5esqrftip8e4971pviulo3gwsr
221
220
2018-04-09T02:09:17Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
221
wikitext
text/x-wiki
The '''Kerlung's Cantonese Scripts''' are the ones created by Kerlung Kimaima, in 1937.
== Initials ==
{| class="wikitable"
|p<br>
[p]<br>
〔п〕
|p‘<br>
[pʰ]<br>
〔пх〕
|m<br>
[m]<br>
〔м〕
|f<br>
[f]<br>
〔ф〕
|
|-
|d<br>
[t]<br>
〔д〕
|t<br>
[tʰ]<br>
〔т〕
|n<br>
[n]<br>
〔н〕
|
|l<br>
[l]<br>
〔л〕
|-
|gh<br>
[k]<br>
〔г〕
|k<br>
[kʰ]<br>
〔к〕
|ng<br>
[ŋ]<br>
〔нг〕
|·h<br>
[h]<br>
〔х〕
|
|-
|gv<br>
[kʷ]<br>
〔гв〕
|kv<br>
[kʷʰ]<br>
〔кв〕
|
|
|v<br>
[w]<br>
〔в〕
|-
|z<br>
[ts]<br>
〔з〕
|c‘<br>
[tsʰ]<br>
〔ц〕
|
|s<br>
[s]<br>
〔с〕
|s²<br>
[j]<br>
〔ш〕
|}
== Finals ==
{| class="wikitable"
|aa<br>
[aː]<br>
〔аа〕
|aai<br>
[aːi]<br>
〔ааи〕
|aau<br>
[aːu]<br>
〔аау〕
|aam<br>
[aːm]<br>
〔аам〕
|aan<br>
[aːn]<br>
〔аан〕
|aang<br>
[aːŋ]<br>
〔аанг〕
|aap<br>
[aːp]<br>
〔аап〕
|aat<br>
[aːt]<br>
〔аат〕
|aak<br>
[aːk]<br>
〔аак〕
|-
|
|ai<br>
[ɐi]<br>
〔аи〕
|au<br>
[ɐu]<br>
〔ау〕
|am<br>
[ɐm]<br>
〔ам〕
|an<br>
[ɐn]<br>
〔ан〕
|ang<br>
[ɐŋ]<br>
〔анг〕
|ap<br>
[ɐp]<br>
〔ап〕
|at<br>
[ɐt]<br>
〔ат〕
|ak<br>
[ɐk]<br>
〔ак〕
|-
|e<br>
[ɛː]<br>
〔е〕
|ei<br>
[ei]<br>
〔еи〕
|eu<br>
[ɛːu]<br>
〔еу〕
|em<br>
[ɛːm]<br>
〔ем〕
|
|eng<br>
[ɛːŋ]<br>
〔енг〕
|ep<br>
[ɛːp]<br>
〔еп〕
|
|ek<br>
[ɛːk]<br>
〔ек〕
|-
|i<br>
[iː]<br>
〔и〕
|
|iu<br>
[iːu]<br>
〔иу〕
|im<br>
[iːm]<br>
〔им〕
|in<br>
[iːn]<br>
〔ин〕
|ing<br>
[eŋ]<br>
〔инг〕
|ip<br>
[iːp]<br>
〔ип〕
|it<br>
[iːt]<br>
〔ит〕
|ik<br>
[ek]<br>
〔ик〕
|-
|o<br>
[ɔː]<br>
〔о〕
|oi<br>
[ɔːy]<br>
〔ои〕
|ou<br>
[ou]<br>
〔оу〕
|
|on<br>
[ɔːn]<br>
〔он〕
|ong<br>
[ɔːŋ]<br>
〔онг〕
|
|ot<br>
[ɔːt]<br>
〔от〕
|ok<br>
[ɔːk]<br>
〔ок〕
|-
|u<br>
[uː]<br>
〔у〕
|ui<br>
[uːy]<br>
〔уи〕
|
|
|un<br>
[uːn]<br>
〔ун〕
|ung<br>
[oŋ]<br>
〔унг〕
|
|ut<br>
[uːt]<br>
〔ут〕
|uk<br>
[ok]<br>
〔ук〕
|-
|œ<br>
[œː]<br>
〔ое〕
|œi<br>
[ɵy]<br>
〔оеи〕
|
|
|œn<br>
[ɵn]<br>
〔оен〕
|œng<br>
[œːŋ]<br>
〔оенг〕
|
|œt<br>
[ɵt]<br>
〔оет〕
|œk<br>
[œːk]<br>
〔оек〕
|-
|ı<br>
[yː]<br>
〔ы〕
|
|
|
|ın<br>
[yːn]<br>
〔ын〕
|
|
|ıt<br>
[yːt]<br>
〔ыт〕
|
|-
|
|
|
|m<br>
[m̩]<br>
〔м〕
|
|ng<br>
[ŋ̩]<br>
〔нг〕
|
|
|
|}
== Tones ==
There are 6 tones in Cantonese.
{| class="wikitable"
!Tone name
!Yīn Píng<br>
(陰平)
!Yīn Shàng<br>
(陰上)
!Yīn Qù<br>
(陰去)
!Yáng Píng<br>
(陽平)
!Yáng Shàng<br>
(陽上)
!Yáng Qù<br>
(陽去)
!Yīn Rù<br>
(陰入)
!Zhōng Rù<br>
(中入)
!Yáng Rù<br>
(陽入)
|-
!Tone Number
|1
|2
|3
|4
|5
|6
|7 (1)
|8 (3)
|9 (6)
|-
!Mark (Latin)
|N/A
|ˇ
|ˋ
|ˊ
|ˆ
|˘
|N/A<ref name=":0">For a Latin script, there should be a <sup>h</sup> to indicate a checked syllable then a tone mark.</ref>
|ˊ<ref name=":0" />
|˳<ref name=":0" />
|-
!Mark (Cyrillic, 1937)
|<sub>I</sub>
|<sub>II</sub>
|<sub>III</sub>
|<sub>IV</sub>
|<sub>V</sub>
|<sub>VI</sub>
|<sup>I </sup>(or <sub>VII</sub>)
|<sup>II</sup> (or <sub>VIII</sub>)
|<sup>III</sup> (or <sub>IX</sub>)
|-
!Mark (Cyrillic, 1985)
|N/A
|·
|ˋ
|ˇ
|ˆ
|ˊ
|˘
|’
|˚
|-
!Tone name in English
|high level or high falling
|mid rising
|mid level
|low falling
|low rising
|low level
|entering high level
|entering mid level
|entering low level
|-
!Contour
|55 / 53
|35
|33
|21 / 11
|13
|22
|5
|3
|2
|}
== Notes ==
<references />
== Example ==
An old Chinese poem:
{|
|<big>'''春曉''' (Chunxiao)</big> '''孟浩然''' (Meng Haoran)
|<big>'''Tsoen1 Hiu2'''</big> '''Maang6 Hou6jin4'''
|-
|<big>春眠不覺曉, (Asleep in springtime, I didn't see the dawn.)</big>
|<big>Tsoen1 min4 bat7 gok8 hiu2,</big>
|-
|<big>處處聞啼鳥。 (Everywhere one heard birdsong,)</big>
|<big>Tsy3 tsy3 man4 tai4 niu5.</big>
|-
|<big>夜來風雨聲, (Night brought the sound of wind and rain,)</big>
|<big>Je6 loi4 fung1 jy5 sing1,</big>
|-
|<big>花落知多少? (Who could know how many flowers fell?)</big>
|<big>faa1 lok9 dzi1 do1 siu2?</big>
|}
=== ''Kerlung Latin'' ===
C‘œn minˊ p‘at<sup>h</sup> gok<sup>h</sup>ˊ ·hiuˇ,
C‘ıˋ c‘ıˋ manˊ taiˊ niuˆ.
S²e˘ loiˊ fung s²yˆ sing,
faa lok<sup>h</sup>˳ zi do siuˇ?
=== Kerlung Cyrillic ===
Цоен минˇ пхат˘ гок’ хиу·,
Цyˋ цyˋ манˇ таиˇ ниуˆ.
Шеˊ лоиˇ фунг шyˆ синг,
Фаа лок˚ зи до сиу·?
5imksqiql4pjbwwnfv5zunbj86whhkf
Kinmi's Cyrillic alphabet
0
234
401
2018-06-02T02:31:16Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "Kinmi's Cyrillic alphabet was created in 1986 for use by Cyrillic users in Kintabella State learning Vietnamese. == Letters == {| class="article-table" !Letter !Vietnamese |-..."
401
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Kinmi's Cyrillic alphabet was created in 1986 for use by Cyrillic users in Kintabella State learning Vietnamese.
== Letters ==
{| class="article-table"
!Letter
!Vietnamese
|-
|А а
|A a
|-
|Ӑ ӑ
|Ă ă
|-
|Б ъ
|B b
|-
|В b
|V v
|-
|Г ƨ
|G g
|-
|Д g
|Đ đ
|-
|Е е
|E e
|-
|Є є
|Ê ê
|-
|Ж ж
|R r
|-
|З ʒ
|D d, Gi, gi, R r
|-
|И u
|I i, Y y
|-
|К k
|K k, Q q
|-
|Л ʟ
|L l
|-
|М м
|M m
|-
|Ν ν
|N n
|-
|О о
|O o
|-
|Œ œ
|Ô ô
|-
|Ө ө
|Ơ ơ
|-
|
|
|}
mds1klyhr66ifbod5k8vy8a4de5odge
Kitashuyan language
0
226
382
2018-05-25T06:59:56Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "Kitashuyan is a Gooperlandian language spoken by 689,685 Kitashuyans in Kitashuya State, Gooperland and Hokkaido, Japan. It is written using Latin in Kitashuyan State, but in ..."
382
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Kitashuyan is a Gooperlandian language spoken by 689,685 Kitashuyans in Kitashuya State, Gooperland and Hokkaido, Japan. It is written using Latin in Kitashuyan State, but in Japan, it is normally written with kana and kanji, but Latin script is also used by some people.
== Writing system ==
Until 1931, Kitashuyan language lacked an alphabet and used Chinese characters in Kitashuya State, while there was no written form in Hokkaido, Japan.
In the 14 January 1931, a Latin alphabet devised by Shorsim Nikemov was introduced. This was the first alphabet for Kitashuyan.
{| style="font-family:Quivira; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
|A a
|Ā ā
|B b
|C c
|D d
|E e
|Ē ē
|Ə ə
|-
|Ə̄ ə̄
|F f
|G g
|Ҕ ҕ
|H h
|Ꚕ ꚕ
|I i
|Ī ī
|-
|Ы ы
|J j
|K k
|L l
|M m
|N n
|N̐ n̐
|O o
|-
|Ō ō
|Ô ô
|P p
|R r
|S s
|Ş ş
|T t
|U u
|-
|Ṳ ṳ
|V v
|W w
|Z z
|Š š
|Ь ь
|
|
|}
In 1937, following the outlawing many Latinised alphabets of Gooperland, Kitashuyan became unwritten until 1946.
After its independence from Japanese Empire, a Cyrillic alphabet devised by a Russian monk, Izny Bekhterev was promoted for use in Kitashuyan.
{| style="font-family:Quivira; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
|А а
|А̄ а̄
|Б б
|В в
|Г г
|Д д
|Е е
|Е̄ е̄
|-
|Ә ә
|Ә̄ ә̄
|Ж ж
|З з
|И и
|Ӣ ӣ
|К к
|Л л
|-
|М м
|Н н
|О о
|О̄ о̄
|П п
|Р р
|С с
|Т т
|-
|У у
|Ў ў
|Ф ф
|Х х
|Ч ч
|Ш ш
|
|
|}
4g1hm4a7gkfosx1czauvn5227auvchd
390
382
2018-05-28T07:19:24Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
390
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Kitashuyan is a Gooperlandian language spoken by 689,685 Kitashuyans in Kitashuya State, Gooperland and Hokkaido, Japan. It is written using Latin in Kitashuyan State, but in Japan, it is normally written with kana and kanji, but Latin script is also used by some people.
== Writing system ==
Until 1931, Kitashuyan language lacked an alphabet and used Chinese characters in Kitashuya State, while there was no written form in Hokkaido, Japan.
In the 14 January 1931, a Latin alphabet devised by Shorsim Nikemov was introduced. This was the first alphabet for Kitashuyan.
{| style="font-family:Quivira; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
|A a
|Ā ā
|B b
|C c
|D d
|E e
|Ē ē
|Ə ə
|-
|Ə̄ ə̄
|F f
|G g
|Ҕ ҕ
|H h
|Ꚕ ꚕ
|I i
|Ī ī
|-
|Ы ы
|J j
|K k
|L l
|M m
|N n
|N̐ n̐
|O o
|-
|Ō ō
|Ô ô
|P p
|R r
|S s
|Ş ş
|T t
|U u
|-
|Ṳ ṳ
|V v
|W w
|Z z
|Š š
|Ь ь
|
|
|}
In 1937, following the outlawing many Latinised alphabets of Gooperland, Kitashuyan became unwritten until 1946.
After its independence from Japanese Empire, a Cyrillic alphabet devised by a Russian monk, Izny Bekhterev was promoted for use in Kitashuyan.
{| style="font-family:Quivira; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
|А а
|А̄ а̄
|Б б
|В в
|Г г
|Д д
|Е е
|Е̄ е̄
|-
|Ә ә
|Ә̄ ә̄
|Ж ж
|З з
|И и
|Ӣ ӣ
|К к
|Л л
|-
|М м
|Н н
|О о
|О̄ о̄
|П п
|Р р
|С с
|Т т
|-
|У у
|Ў ў
|Ф ф
|Х х
|Ч ч
|Ш ш
|Ъ ъ
|Ы ы
|-
|Ь ь
|Э э
|Ю ю
|Я я
|I і
|
|
|
|}
The vowel 〈і〉 was the last letter of the 1946 Kitashuyan Cyrillic alphabet, and represented the sound [ɨ], while the vowel 〈ы〉 represented the sound [ʏ] and the letter 〈ъ〉 had double-duty: in the beginning of the word and after consonants, it represented [ɪ], and after a vowel it indicated vowel nasalisation.
In 1979, a Latin-based alphabet replaced the Cyrillic-based alphabet.
{| style="font-family:Quivira; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
|A a
|Â â
|B b
|C c
|D d
|Đ đ
|Ə ə
|Ə̂ ə̂
|-
|E e
|Ê ê
|F f
|G g
|Ǥ ǥ
|H h
|Ħ ħ
|I i
|-
|Î î
|Ì ì
|J j
|K k
|L l
|M m
|N n
|O o
|-
|P p
|R r
|S s
|Š š
|T t
|U u
|Ü ü
|W w
|-
|Z z
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
== Comparison ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Letter
!1946 Cyrillic
!1931 Latin
!IPA
|-
|A a
|
|
|
|-
|Â â
|
|
|
|-
|B b
|
|
|
|-
|C c
|
|
|
|-
|D d
|
|
|
|-
|Đ đ
|
|
|
|-
|Ə ə
|
|
|
|-
|Ə̂ ə̂
|
|
|
|-
|E e
|
|
|
|-
|Ê ê
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|}
j43733j63w14z1mevgi5c5ck9buydax
Koiden Reformed Pinyin
0
259
476
2018-08-02T09:42:45Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "Koiden Reformed Pinyin is an unofficial romanisation system for Mandarin Chinese. Tones are marked by different letters instead of diacritics. == Alphabet == === Consonants ..."
476
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Koiden Reformed Pinyin is an unofficial romanisation system for Mandarin Chinese. Tones are marked by different letters instead of diacritics.
== Alphabet ==
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo-palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
!{{small|[[Tenuis consonant|unaspirated]]}}
| style="background: #ccf;" |[[Voiceless bilabial plosive|'''<big>b</big>''' {{IPA|[p]}}]]
| style="background: #cfc;" |[[Voiceless alveolar plosive|'''<big>d</big>''' {{IPA|[t]}}]]
|
|
| style="background: #fcc;" |[[Voiceless velar plosive|'''<big>g</big>''' {{IPA|[k]}}]]
|-
!{{small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
| style="background: #ccf;" |[[Voiceless bilabial plosive|'''<big>p</big>''' {{IPA|[pʰ]}}]]
| style="background: #cfc;" |[[Voiceless alveolar plosive|'''<big>t</big>''' {{IPA|[tʰ]}}]]
|
|
| style="background: #fcc;" |[[Voiceless velar plosive|'''<big>k</big>''' {{IPA|[kʰ]}}]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="background: #ccf;" |[[Bilabial nasal|'''<big>m</big>''' {{IPA|[m]}}]]
| style="background: #cfc;" |[[Alveolar nasal|'''<big>n</big>''' {{IPA|[n]}}]]
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!{{small|[[Tenuis consonant|unaspirated]]}}
|
| style="background: #ffc;" |[[Voiceless alveolar affricate|'''<big>z</big>''' {{IPA|[ts]}}]]
| style="background: #cff;" |[[Voiceless retroflex affricate|'''<big>ʒ</big>''' {{IPA|[ʈʂ]}}]]
| style="background: #fcf;" |[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|'''<big>j</big>''' {{IPA|[tɕ]}}]]
|
|-
!{{small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
|
| style="background: #ffc;" |[[Voiceless alveolar affricate|'''<big>c</big>''' {{IPA|[tsʰ]}}]]
| style="background: #cff;" |[[Voiceless retroflex affricate|'''<big>ի</big>''' {{IPA|[ʈʂʰ]}}]]
| style="background: #fcf;" |[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|'''<big>ⱨ</big>''' {{IPA|[tɕʰ]}}]]
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="background: #ccf;" |[[Voiceless labiodental fricative|'''<big>ɸ</big>''' {{IPA|[f]}}]]
| style="background: #ffc;" |[[Voiceless alveolar sibilant|'''<big>s</big>''' {{IPA|[s]}}]]
| style="background: #cff;" |[[Voiceless retroflex sibilant|'''<big>ʃ</big>''' {{IPA|[ʂ]}}]]
| style="background: #fcf;" |[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant|'''<big>ħ</big>''' {{IPA|[ɕ]}}]]
| style="background: #fcc;" |[[Voiceless velar fricative|'''<big>h</big>''' {{IPA|[x]}}]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Liquid consonant|Liquid]]
|
| style="background: #cfc;" |[[Alveolar lateral approximant|'''<big>l</big>''' {{IPA|[l]}}]]
| style="background: #cff;" |[[Retroflex approximant|'''<big>r</big>''' {{IPA|[ɻ~ʐ]}}]]
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Semivowel]]
| colspan="5" |'''<big>y</big>''' [[Palatal approximant|[j]]]/[[Labialized palatal approximant|[ɥ]]] and '''<big>v</big>''' [[Labio-velar approximant|{{IPA|[w]}}]]
|-
! colspan="2" |Coda
| colspan="5" |'''<big>ŋ</big>''' [[Velar nasal|[ŋ]]]
|}
=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable"
!IPA
!Neutral
!Tone 1 (˥)
!Tone 2 (˧˥)
!Tone 3 (˨˩˦)
!Tone 4 (˥˩)
|-
|[a~ɛ]
|a
|ɑ
|ɐ
|æ
|ᴀ
|-
|[ɤ~e]
|e
|ǝ
|ɘ
|ε
|ᴇ
|-
|[ɹ̩~z̩], [ɻ̩~ʐ̩], [i]
|i
|ı
|ɩ
|℩
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
a23yvzflataajjcvp857c1yy6c8dbb1
477
476
2018-08-08T08:26:36Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
477
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Koiden Reformed Pinyin is an unofficial romanisation system for Mandarin Chinese. Tones are marked by different letters instead of diacritics.
== Alphabet ==
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo-palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
!{{small|[[Tenuis consonant|unaspirated]]}}
| style="background: #ccf;" |[[Voiceless bilabial plosive|'''<big>b</big>''' {{IPA|[p]}}]]
| style="background: #cfc;" |[[Voiceless alveolar plosive|'''<big>d</big>''' {{IPA|[t]}}]]
|
|
| style="background: #fcc;" |[[Voiceless velar plosive|'''<big>g</big>''' {{IPA|[k]}}]]
|-
!{{small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
| style="background: #ccf;" |[[Voiceless bilabial plosive|'''<big>p</big>''' {{IPA|[pʰ]}}]]
| style="background: #cfc;" |[[Voiceless alveolar plosive|'''<big>t</big>''' {{IPA|[tʰ]}}]]
|
|
| style="background: #fcc;" |[[Voiceless velar plosive|'''<big>k</big>''' {{IPA|[kʰ]}}]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="background: #ccf;" |[[Bilabial nasal|'''<big>m</big>''' {{IPA|[m]}}]]
| style="background: #cfc;" |[[Alveolar nasal|'''<big>n</big>''' {{IPA|[n]}}]]
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!{{small|[[Tenuis consonant|unaspirated]]}}
|
| style="background: #ffc;" |[[Voiceless alveolar affricate|'''<big>z</big>''' {{IPA|[ts]}}]]
| style="background: #cff;" |[[Voiceless retroflex affricate|'''<big>ʒ</big>''' {{IPA|[ʈʂ]}}]]
| style="background: #fcf;" |[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|'''<big>j</big>''' {{IPA|[tɕ]}}]]
|
|-
!{{small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
|
| style="background: #ffc;" |[[Voiceless alveolar affricate|'''<big>c</big>''' {{IPA|[tsʰ]}}]]
| style="background: #cff;" |[[Voiceless retroflex affricate|'''<big>ի</big>''' {{IPA|[ʈʂʰ]}}]]
| style="background: #fcf;" |[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|'''<big>ⱨ</big>''' {{IPA|[tɕʰ]}}]]
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="background: #ccf;" |[[Voiceless labiodental fricative|'''<big>ɸ</big>''' {{IPA|[f]}}]]
| style="background: #ffc;" |[[Voiceless alveolar sibilant|'''<big>s</big>''' {{IPA|[s]}}]]
| style="background: #cff;" |[[Voiceless retroflex sibilant|'''<big>ʃ</big>''' {{IPA|[ʂ]}}]]
| style="background: #fcf;" |[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant|'''<big>ħ</big>''' {{IPA|[ɕ]}}]]
| style="background: #fcc;" |[[Voiceless velar fricative|'''<big>h</big>''' {{IPA|[x]}}]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Liquid consonant|Liquid]]
|
| style="background: #cfc;" |[[Alveolar lateral approximant|'''<big>l</big>''' {{IPA|[l]}}]]
| style="background: #cff;" |[[Retroflex approximant|'''<big>ʀ</big>''' {{IPA|[ɻ~ʐ]}}]]
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Semivowel]]
| colspan="5" |'''<big>y</big>''' [[Palatal approximant|[j]]]/[[Labialized palatal approximant|[ɥ]]] and '''<big>v</big>''' [[Labio-velar approximant|{{IPA|[w]}}]]
|-
! colspan="2" |Coda
| colspan="5" |'''<big>ŋ</big>''' [[Velar nasal|[ŋ]]]
|}
=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable"
!IPA
!Neutral
!Tone 1 (˥)
!Tone 2 (˧˥)
!Tone 3 (˨˩˦)
!Tone 4 (˥˩)
|-
|[a~ɛ]
|a
|ɑ
|ɐ
|æ
|ᴀ
|-
|[ɤ~e]
|e
|ǝ
|ɘ
|ε
|ᴇ
|-
|[ɹ̩~z̩], [ɻ̩~ʐ̩], [i]
|i
|ı
|ɩ
|℩
|ɪ
|-
|[ʊ], [o], [ɔ]
|o
|ø
|ɵ
|œ
|ɶ
|-
|[u], [w]
|u
|ʉ
|ʊ
|ᵫ
|ᴜ
|-
|[y], [ɥ]
|ȣ
|ꝏ
|ɷ
|ω
|ᴕ
|}
oohfrmcwv7kww1c4dlne3wlj2a40s8g
Kweikarne
0
168
264
2018-04-14T01:44:01Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "Kweikarne is a romanisation system developed for Mandarin Chinese. == Alphabet == The alphabet consists of twenty-five letters, and it uses 20 out of 26 letters from pinyin. ..."
264
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Kweikarne is a romanisation system developed for Mandarin Chinese.
== Alphabet ==
The alphabet consists of twenty-five letters, and it uses 20 out of 26 letters from pinyin. The letters K, W, X, Y do not occur in Kweikwarne (replacements are: C, U, CH, J).
{| class="article-table"
!Letter
!Name
!Diacritic marks
|-
|A, a
|''a''
|
|-
|B, b
|''be''
|
|-
|C, c
|''ce''
|
|-
|C̆, c̆
|''ce brev''
|
|-
|D, d
|''de''
|
|-
|E, e
|''e''
|
|-
|F, f
|''ef''
|
|-
|G, g
|''ge''
|
|-
|H, h
|''atte''
|
|-
|I, i
|''i''
|
|-
|J, j
|''jot''
|
|-
|L, l
|''el''
|
|-
|M, m
|''em''
|
|-
|N, n
|''en''
|
|-
|O, o
|''o''
|
|-
|P, p
|''pe''
|
|-
|Q, q
|''qu''
|
|-
|R, r
|''er''
|
|-
|S, s
|''es''
|
|-
|S̆, s̆
|''es brev''
|
|-
|T, t
|''te''
|
|-
|U, u
|''u''
|
|-
|V, v
|''ve''
|
|-
|Z, z
|''zeta''
|
|-
|Z̆, z̆
|''zeta brev''
|
|}
== Initials ==
In each cell below, the bold letters indicate Kweikarne, and the brackets enclose the symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]].
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo-palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
!{{small|[[Tenuis consonant|unaspirated]]}}
| style="background: #ccf;" |[[Voiceless bilabial plosive|'''<big>b</big>''' {{IPA|[p]}}]]
| style="background: #cfc;" |[[Voiceless alveolar plosive|'''<big>d</big>''' {{IPA|[t]}}]]
|
|
| style="background: #fcc;" |[[Voiceless velar plosive|'''<big>g</big>''' {{IPA|[k]}}]]
|-
!{{small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
| style="background: #ccf;" |[[Voiceless bilabial plosive|'''<big>p</big>''' {{IPA|[pʰ]}}]]
| style="background: #cfc;" |[[Voiceless alveolar plosive|'''<big>t</big>''' {{IPA|[tʰ]}}]]
|
|
| style="background: #fcc;" |[[Voiceless velar plosive|'''<big>cz</big>''' {{IPA|[kʰ]}}]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="background: #ccf;" |[[Bilabial nasal|'''<big>m</big>''' {{IPA|[m]}}]]
| style="background: #cfc;" |[[Alveolar nasal|'''<big>n</big>''' {{IPA|[n]}}]]
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!{{small|[[Tenuis consonant|unaspirated]]}}
|
| style="background: #ffc;" |[[Voiceless alveolar affricate|'''<big>z</big>''' {{IPA|[ts]}}]]
| style="background: #cff;" |[[Voiceless retroflex affricate|'''<big>z̆</big>''' {{IPA|[ʈʂ]}}]]
| style="background: #fcf;" |[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|'''<big>j</big>''' {{IPA|[tɕ]}}]]
|
|-
!{{small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
|
| style="background: #ffc;" |[[Voiceless alveolar affricate|'''<big>c</big>''' {{IPA|[tsʰ]}}]]
| style="background: #cff;" |[[Voiceless retroflex affricate|'''<big>c̆</big>''' {{IPA|[ʈʂʰ]}}]]
| style="background: #fcf;" |[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|'''<big>q</big>''' {{IPA|[tɕʰ]}}]]
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="background: #ccf;" |[[Voiceless labiodental fricative|'''<big>f</big>''' {{IPA|[f]}}]]
| style="background: #ffc;" |[[Voiceless alveolar sibilant|'''<big>s</big>''' {{IPA|[s]}}]]
| style="background: #cff;" |[[Voiceless retroflex sibilant|'''<big>s̆</big>''' {{IPA|[ʂ]}}]]
| style="background: #fcf;" |[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant|'''<big>ch</big>''' {{IPA|[ɕ]}}]]
| style="background: #fcc;" |[[Voiceless velar fricative|'''<big>h</big>''' {{IPA|[x]}}]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Liquid consonant|Liquid]]
|
| style="background: #cfc;" |[[Alveolar lateral approximant|'''<big>l</big>''' {{IPA|[l]}}]]
| style="background: #cff;" |[[Retroflex approximant|'''<big>r</big>''' {{IPA|[ɻ~ʐ]}}]]
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Semivowel]]
| colspan="5" |'''<big>j</big>''' [[Palatal approximant|[j]]]/[[Labialized palatal approximant|[ɥ]]] and '''<big>u</big>''' [[Labio-velar approximant|{{IPA|[w]}}]]
|}
== Finals ==
Finals are the same in pinyin except '''y''' is replaced with '''j''' and '''w''' is replaced with '''u''':
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="12" |Coda
|-
! colspan="3" |∅!! colspan="2" |{{IPA|/i/}}!! colspan="2" |{{IPA|/u/}}!! colspan="2" |{{IPA|/n/}}!! colspan="3" |{{IPA|/ŋ/}}
|-
! rowspan="4" |Medial
!∅
|{{IPA|[ɨ]}}<br><br>-i||{{IPA|[ɤ]}}<br>e<br>-e||{{IPA|[a]}}<br>a<br>-a
|{{IPA|[ei̯]}}<br>ei<br>-ei||{{IPA|[ai̯]}}<br>ai<br>-ai
|{{IPA|[ou̯]}}<br>ou<br>-ou||{{IPA|[au̯]}}<br>ao<br>-ao
|{{IPA|[ən]}}<br>en<br>-en||{{IPA|[an]}}<br>an<br>-an
|{{IPA|[ʊŋ]}}<br><br>-ong||{{IPA|[əŋ]}}<br>eng<br>-eng||{{IPA|[aŋ]}}<br>ang<br>-ang
|-
!{{IPA|/j/}}
|{{IPA|[i]}}<br>ji<br>-i||{{IPA|[je]}}<br>je<br>-ie||{{IPA|[ja]}}<br>ja<br>-ia
| ||
|{{IPA|[jou̯]}}<br>jou<br>-iu||{{IPA|[jau̯]}}<br>jao<br>-iao
|{{IPA|[in]}}<br>jin<br>-in||{{IPA|[jɛn]}}<br>jan<br>-ian
|{{IPA|[jʊŋ]}}<br>jong<br>-iong||{{IPA|[iŋ]}}<br>jing<br>-ing||{{IPA|[jaŋ]}}<br>jang<br>-iang
|-
!{{IPA|/w/}}
|{{IPA|[u]}}<br>uu<br>-u||{{IPA|[wo]}}<br>uo<br>-uo <sup>3</sup>||{{IPA|[wa]}}<br>ua<br>-ua
|{{IPA|[wei̯]}}<br>uei<br>-ui||{{IPA|[wai̯]}}<br>uai<br>-uai
| ||
|{{IPA|[wən]}}<br>uen<br>-un||{{IPA|[wan]}}<br>uan<br>-uan
| ||{{IPA|[wəŋ]}}<br>ueng<br> ||{{IPA|[waŋ]}}<br>uang<br>-uang
|-
!{{IPA|/y/}}
|{{IPA|[y]}}<br>ju<br>-v <sup>2</sup> ||{{IPA|[ɥe]}}<br>jue<br>-ve <sup>2</sup>||
| ||
| ||
|{{IPA|[yn]}}<br>jun<br>-vn <sup>2</sup>||{{IPA|[ɥɛn]}}<br>juan<br>-van <sup>2</sup>
| || ||
|}
Pinyin '''er''': Kweikarne '''el'''
== Diacritical marks ==
Like pinyin, it uses diacritics to mark the four tones of standard Chinese. It also uses breve above z, c, s to distinguish the letters.
{| class="article-table"
!Tone
!Tone 1
!Tone 2
!Tone 3
!Tone 4
!Neutral
|-
!Diacritic
|a e i o u v
|á é í ó ú v́
|â ê î ô û v̂
|à è ì ò ù v̀
|å e̊ i̊ o̊ ů v̊
|-
!Example
|ma
|má
|mâ
|mà
|må
|}
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== Central Hatsune Miku State ==
=== Kanamichian, 1910s ===
{| class="article-table"
!A a
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!E e
!É é
!Ə ə
!F f
!G g
!Ƣ ƣ
!Ƣ́ ƣ́
!H h
!I i
!J j
!K k
|-
|А а
|Б б
|Ц ц
|Ч ч
|Д д
|Е е
|Є є
|Ә ә
|Ф ф
|Г г
|Ғ ғ
|Ѓ ѓ
|Х х
|И и
|Ҵ ҵ
|К к
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!L l
!M m
!N n
!O o
!Ó ó
!P p
!Q q
!R r
!S s
!Ş ş
!T t
!U u
!V v
!W w
!X x
!X́ x́
|-
|Л л
|М м
|Н н
|О о
|Ӧ ӧ
|П п
|Қ қ
|Ж ж
|С с
|Ш ш
|Т т
|У у
|В в
|Ԝ ԝ
|Ҳ ҳ
|Ӿ ӿ
|-
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|-
!Y y
!Z z
!Ƶ ƶ
!З з
!Ʒ ʒ
!Ʃ ʃ
!Ь ь
!Φ φ
!Φ́ φ́
!Ↄ ↄ
!A̤ a̤
!E̤ e̤
!I̤ i̤
!O̤ o̤
!Ṳ ṳ
!Ə̤ ə̤
|-
|Ң ң
|З з
|З́ з́
|Ӟ ӟ
|Ԇ ԇ
|Ҫ ҫ
|Ы ы
|ФӀ фӏ
|Фь фь
|ЧӀ чӏ
|АӀ аӏ
|ЕӀ еӏ
|ИӀ иӏ
|ОӀ оӏ
|УӀ уӏ
|ӘӀ әӏ
|-
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|-
!Ь̤ ь̤
!A͘ a͘
!O͘ o͘
!U͘ u͘
!A̍ a̍
!E̍ e̍
!I̍ i̍
!O̍ o̍
!R̍ r̍
!U̍ u̍
!Ə̍ ə̍
!Ô ô
!Û û
!Ḃ ḃ
!Ċ ċ
!Ḋ ḋ
|-
|ЫӀ ыӏ
|Аь аь
|Оь оь
|Уь уь
|Аа аа
|Ее ее
|Ии ии
|Оо оо
|Р р
|Уу уу
|Әә әә
|О̆ о̆
|Ў ў
|Бъ бъ
|Цъ цъ
|Дъ дъ
|-
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!Ḟ ḟ
!Ġ ġ
!K̇ k̇
!L̇ l̇
!Ṁ ṁ
!Ṅ ṅ
!Ṗ ṗ
!Q̇ q̇
!Ṙ ṙ
!Ṡ ṡ
!Ṫ ṫ
!Ẇ ẇ
!Ż ż
!Ⱨ ⱨ
!Ⱪ ⱪ
!Ⱬ ⱬ
|-
|Фъ фъ
|Гъ гъ
|Къ къ
|Лъ лъ
|Мъ мъ
|Нъ нъ
|Пъ пъ
|Қъ қъ
|Жъ жъ
|Съ съ
|Тъ тъ
|Ԝъ ԝъ
|Зъ зъ
|ХӀғ хӏғ
|КӀғ кӏғ
|ЗӀғ зӏғ
|-
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!Ȿ ȿ
!Ɀ ɀ
!
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!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|СӀғъ сӏғъ
|ЗӀғъ зӏғъ
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== Central Hatsune Miku State ==
=== Kanamichian, 1910s ===
<small><small>
{| class="article-table"
!A a
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!E e
!É é
!Ə ə
!F f
!G g
!Ƣ ƣ
!Ƣ́ ƣ́
!H h
!I i
!J j
!K k
|-
|А а
|Б б
|Ц ц
|Ч ч
|Д д
|Е е
|Є є
|Ә ә
|Ф ф
|Г г
|Ғ ғ
|Ѓ ѓ
|Х х
|И и
|Ҵ ҵ
|К к
|-
|
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|-
!L l
!M m
!N n
!O o
!Ó ó
!P p
!Q q
!R r
!S s
!Ş ş
!T t
!U u
!V v
!W w
!X x
!X́ x́
|-
|Л л
|М м
|Н н
|О о
|Ӧ ӧ
|П п
|Қ қ
|Ж ж
|С с
|Ш ш
|Т т
|У у
|В в
|Ԝ ԝ
|Ҳ ҳ
|Ӿ ӿ
|-
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|-
!Y y
!Z z
!Ƶ ƶ
!З з
!Ʒ ʒ
!Ʃ ʃ
!Ь ь
!Φ φ
!Φ́ φ́
!Ↄ ↄ
!A̤ a̤
!E̤ e̤
!I̤ i̤
!O̤ o̤
!Ṳ ṳ
!Ə̤ ə̤
|-
|Ң ң
|З з
|З́ з́
|Ӟ ӟ
|Ԇ ԇ
|Ҫ ҫ
|Ы ы
|ФӀ фӏ
|Фь фь
|ЧӀ чӏ
|АӀ аӏ
|ЕӀ еӏ
|ИӀ иӏ
|ОӀ оӏ
|УӀ уӏ
|ӘӀ әӏ
|-
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|-
!Ь̤ ь̤
!A͘ a͘
!O͘ o͘
!U͘ u͘
!A̍ a̍
!E̍ e̍
!I̍ i̍
!O̍ o̍
!R̍ r̍
!U̍ u̍
!Ə̍ ə̍
!Ô ô
!Û û
!Ḃ ḃ
!Ċ ċ
!Ḋ ḋ
|-
|ЫӀ ыӏ
|Аь аь
|Оь оь
|Уь уь
|Аа аа
|Ее ее
|Ии ии
|Оо оо
|Р р
|Уу уу
|Әә әә
|О̆ о̆
|Ў ў
|Бъ бъ
|Цъ цъ
|Дъ дъ
|-
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!Ḟ ḟ
!Ġ ġ
!K̇ k̇
!L̇ l̇
!Ṁ ṁ
!Ṅ ṅ
!Ṗ ṗ
!Q̇ q̇
!Ṙ ṙ
!Ṡ ṡ
!Ṫ ṫ
!Ẇ ẇ
!Ż ż
!Ⱨ ⱨ
!Ⱪ ⱪ
!Ⱬ ⱬ
|-
|Фъ фъ
|Гъ гъ
|Къ къ
|Лъ лъ
|Мъ мъ
|Нъ нъ
|Пъ пъ
|Қъ қъ
|Жъ жъ
|Съ съ
|Тъ тъ
|Ԝъ ԝъ
|Зъ зъ
|ХӀғ хӏғ
|КӀғ кӏғ
|ЗӀғ зӏғ
|-
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|-
!Ȿ ȿ
!Ɀ ɀ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|СӀғъ сӏғъ
|ЗӀғъ зӏғъ
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</small></small>
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== Central Hatsune Miku State ==
=== Kanamichian, 1910s ===
{| class="article-table"
!A a
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!E e
!É é
!Ə ə
!F f
!G g
!Ƣ ƣ
!Ƣ́ ƣ́
!H h
!I i
!J j
!K k
|-
|А а
|Б б
|Ц ц
|Ч ч
|Д д
|Е е
|Є є
|Ә ә
|Ф ф
|Г г
|Ғ ғ
|Ѓ ѓ
|Х х
|И и
|Ҵ ҵ
|К к
|-
|[ə]
|[b]
|[ts]
|[tʃ]
|[d]
|[ɛ]
|[e]
|[æ]
|[f]
|[ɢ]
|[ɣ]
|[ɣɣ]
|[h]
|[i]
|[dʒ]
|[c]
|-
!L l
!M m
!N n
!O o
!Ó ó
!P p
!Q q
!R r
!S s
!Ş ş
!T t
!U u
!V v
!W w
!X x
!X́ x́
|-
|Л л
|М м
|Н н
|О о
|Ӧ ӧ
|П п
|Қ қ
|Ж ж
|С с
|Ш ш
|Т т
|У у
|В в
|Ԝ ԝ
|Ҳ ҳ
|Ӿ ӿ
|-
|[l]
|[m]
|[n]
|[ɤ]
|[ø]
|[p]
|[q]
|[ʐ]
|[s]
|[ʃ]
|[t]
|[u]
|[v]
|[w]
|[ks]
|[kʃ]
|-
!Y y
!Z z
!Ƶ ƶ
!З з
!Ʒ ʒ
!Ʃ ʃ
!Ь ь
!Φ φ
!Φ́ φ́
!Ↄ ↄ
!A̤ a̤
!E̤ e̤
!I̤ i̤
!O̤ o̤
!Ṳ ṳ
!Ə̤ ə̤
|-
|Ң ң
|З з
|З́ з́
|Ӟ ӟ
|Ԇ ԇ
|Ҫ ҫ
|Ы ы
|ФӀ фӏ
|Фь фь
|ЧӀ чӏ
|АӀ аӏ
|ЕӀ еӏ
|ИӀ иӏ
|ОӀ оӏ
|УӀ уӏ
|ӘӀ әӏ
|-
|[◌̃]
|[z]
|[ʒ]
|[ʑ]
|[ʝ]
|[ç]
|[ɥ]
|[ɰ]
|[ʃɰ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Ь̤ ь̤
!A͘ a͘
!O͘ o͘
!U͘ u͘
!A̍ a̍
!E̍ e̍
!I̍ i̍
!O̍ o̍
!R̍ r̍
!U̍ u̍
!Ə̍ ə̍
!Ô ô
!Û û
!Ḃ ḃ
!Ċ ċ
!Ḋ ḋ
|-
|ЫӀ ыӏ
|Аь аь
|Оь оь
|Уь уь
|Аа аа
|Ее ее
|Ии ии
|Оо оо
|Р р
|Уу уу
|Әә әә
|О̆ о̆
|Ў ў
|Бъ бъ
|Цъ цъ
|Дъ дъ
|-
|
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|-
!Ḟ ḟ
!Ġ ġ
!K̇ k̇
!L̇ l̇
!Ṁ ṁ
!Ṅ ṅ
!Ṗ ṗ
!Q̇ q̇
!Ṙ ṙ
!Ṡ ṡ
!Ṫ ṫ
!Ẇ ẇ
!Ż ż
!Ⱨ ⱨ
!Ⱪ ⱪ
!Ⱬ ⱬ
|-
|Фъ фъ
|Гъ гъ
|Къ къ
|Лъ лъ
|Мъ мъ
|Нъ нъ
|Пъ пъ
|Қъ қъ
|Жъ жъ
|Съ съ
|Тъ тъ
|Ԝъ ԝъ
|Зъ зъ
|ХӀғ хӏғ
|КӀғ кӏғ
|ЗӀғ зӏғ
|-
|
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|-
!Ȿ ȿ
!Ɀ ɀ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|СӀғъ сӏғъ
|ЗӀғъ зӏғъ
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== Central Hatsune Miku State ==
=== Kanamichian, 1910s ===
{| class="article-table"
!A a
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!E e
!É é
!Ə ə
!F f
!G g
!Ƣ ƣ
!Ƣ́ ƣ́
!H h
!I i
!J j
!K k
|-
|А а
|Б б
|Ц ц
|Ч ч
|Д д
|Е е
|Є є
|Ә ә
|Ф ф
|Г г
|Ғ ғ
|Ѓ ѓ
|Х х
|И и
|Ҵ ҵ
|К к
|-
|[ə]
|[b]
|[ts]
|[tʃ]
|[d]
|[ɛ]
|[e]
|[æ]
|[f]
|[ɢ]
|[ɣ]
|[ɣɣ]
|[h]
|[i]
|[dʒ]
|[c]
|-
!L l
!M m
!N n
!O o
!Ó ó
!P p
!Q q
!R r
!S s
!Ş ş
!T t
!U u
!V v
!W w
!X x
!X́ x́
|-
|Л л
|М м
|Н н
|О о
|Ӧ ӧ
|П п
|Қ қ
|Ж ж
|С с
|Ш ш
|Т т
|У у
|В в
|Ԝ ԝ
|Ҳ ҳ
|Ӿ ӿ
|-
|[ʟ]
|[m]
|[n]
|[ɤ]
|[ø]
|[p]
|[q]
|[ʐ]
|[s]
|[ʃ]
|[t]
|[ʊ]
|[v]
|[w]
|[ks]
|[kʃ]
|-
!Y y
!Z z
!Ƶ ƶ
!З з
!Ʒ ʒ
!Ʃ ʃ
!Ь ь
!Φ φ
!Φ́ φ́
!Ↄ ↄ
!A̤ a̤
!E̤ e̤
!I̤ i̤
!O̤ o̤
!Ṳ ṳ
!Ə̤ ə̤
|-
|Ң ң
|З з
|З́ з́
|Ӟ ӟ
|Ԇ ԇ
|Ҫ ҫ
|Ы ы
|Ҩ ҩ
|Ҩь ҩь
|ЧӀ чӏ
|АӀ аӏ
|ЕӀ еӏ
|ИӀ иӏ
|ОӀ оӏ
|УӀ уӏ
|ӘӀ әӏ
|-
|[◌̃]
|[z]
|[ʒ]
|[ʑ]
|[ʝ]
|[ç]
|[ɨ]
|[ɥ]
|[ɰ]
|[ʔtʃ]
|[ʔə]
|[ʔɛ]
|[ʔi]
|[ʔɤ]
|[ʔu]
|[ʔæ]
|-
!Ь̤ ь̤
!A͘ a͘
!O͘ o͘
!U͘ u͘
!A̍ a̍
!E̍ e̍
!I̍ i̍
!O̍ o̍
!R̍ r̍
!U̍ u̍
!Ə̍ ə̍
!Ô ô
!Û û
!Ḃ ḃ
!Ċ ċ
!Ḋ ḋ
|-
|ЫӀ ыӏ
|Аь аь
|Оь оь
|Уь уь
|Аа аа
|Ее ее
|Ии ии
|Оо оо
|Р р
|Уу уу
|Әә әә
|О̆ о̆
|Ў ў
|Бъ бъ
|Цъ цъ
|Дъ дъ
|-
|[ɯ]
|[ɑ]
|[ɔ]
|[ʌ]
|[ɑː]
|[ɘ]
|[iː]
|[oː]
|[ɹ]
|[ʊː]
|[æː]
|[o̞]
|[ɤ̞]
|[bʕ]
|[tsʕ]
|[dʕ]
|-
!Ḟ ḟ
!Ġ ġ
!K̇ k̇
!L̇ l̇
!Ṁ ṁ
!Ṅ ṅ
!Ṗ ṗ
!Q̇ q̇
!Ṙ ṙ
!Ṡ ṡ
!Ṫ ṫ
!Ẇ ẇ
!Ż ż
!Ⱨ ⱨ
!Ⱪ ⱪ
!Ⱬ ⱬ
|-
|Фъ фъ
|Гъ гъ
|Къ къ
|Лъ лъ
|Мъ мъ
|Нъ нъ
|Пъ пъ
|Қъ қъ
|Жъ жъ
|Съ съ
|Тъ тъ
|Ԝъ ԝъ
|Зъ зъ
|ХӀғ хӏғ
|КӀғ кӏғ
|ЗӀғ зӏғ
|-
|[fʕ]
|[ɢʕ]
|[kʕ]
|[ʟʕ]
|[mʕ]
|[nʕ]
|[pʕ]
|[qʕ]
|[ʐʕ]
|[sʕ]
|[tʕ]
|[wʕ]
|[zʕ]
|[hʃʕ]
|[kʃʕ]
|[zʃʕ]
|-
!Ȿ ȿ
!Ɀ ɀ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|СӀғъ сӏғъ
|ЗӀғъ зӏғъ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[tʃʕ]
|[tzʕ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
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== Central Hatsune Miku State ==
=== Kanamichian, 1910s ===
<small>
<small>
<small>
<small>
{| class="article-table"
!A a
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!E e
!É é
!Ə ə
!F f
!G g
!Ƣ ƣ
!Ƣ́ ƣ́
!H h
!I i
!J j
!K k
|-
|А а
|Б б
|Ц ц
|Ч ч
|Д д
|Е е
|Є є
|Ә ә
|Ф ф
|Г г
|Ғ ғ
|Ѓ ѓ
|Х х
|И и
|Ҵ ҵ
|К к
|-
|[ə]
|[b]
|[ts]
|[tʃ]
|[d]
|[ɛ]
|[e]
|[æ]
|[f]
|[ɢ]
|[ɣ]
|[ɣɣ]
|[h]
|[i]
|[dʒ]
|[c]
|-
!L l
!M m
!N n
!O o
!Ó ó
!P p
!Q q
!R r
!S s
!Ş ş
!T t
!U u
!V v
!W w
!X x
!X́ x́
|-
|Л л
|М м
|Н н
|О о
|Ӧ ӧ
|П п
|Қ қ
|Ж ж
|С с
|Ш ш
|Т т
|У у
|В в
|Ԝ ԝ
|Ҳ ҳ
|Ӿ ӿ
|-
|[ʟ]
|[m]
|[n]
|[ɤ]
|[ø]
|[p]
|[q]
|[ʐ]
|[s]
|[ʃ]
|[t]
|[ʊ]
|[v]
|[w]
|[ks]
|[kʃ]
|-
!Y y
!Z z
!Ƶ ƶ
!З з
!Ʒ ʒ
!Ʃ ʃ
!Ь ь
!Φ φ
!Φ́ φ́
!Ↄ ↄ
!A̤ a̤
!E̤ e̤
!I̤ i̤
!O̤ o̤
!Ṳ ṳ
!Ə̤ ə̤
|-
|Ң ң
|З з
|З́ з́
|Ӟ ӟ
|Ԇ ԇ
|Ҫ ҫ
|Ы ы
|Ҩ ҩ
|Ҩь ҩь
|ЧӀ чӏ
|АӀ аӏ
|ЕӀ еӏ
|ИӀ иӏ
|ОӀ оӏ
|УӀ уӏ
|ӘӀ әӏ
|-
|[◌̃]
|[z]
|[ʒ]
|[ʑ]
|[ʝ]
|[ç]
|[ɨ]
|[ɥ]
|[ɰ]
|[ʔtʃ]
|[ʔə]
|[ʔɛ]
|[ʔi]
|[ʔɤ]
|[ʔu]
|[ʔæ]
|-
!Ь̤ ь̤
!A͘ a͘
!O͘ o͘
!U͘ u͘
!A̍ a̍
!E̍ e̍
!I̍ i̍
!O̍ o̍
!R̍ r̍
!U̍ u̍
!Ə̍ ə̍
!Ô ô
!Û û
!Ḃ ḃ
!Ċ ċ
!Ḋ ḋ
|-
|ЫӀ ыӏ
|Аь аь
|Оь оь
|Уь уь
|Аа аа
|Ее ее
|Ии ии
|Оо оо
|Р р
|Уу уу
|Әә әә
|О̆ о̆
|Ў ў
|Бъ бъ
|Цъ цъ
|Дъ дъ
|-
|[ɯ]
|[ɑ]
|[ɔ]
|[ʌ]
|[ɑː]
|[ɘ]
|[iː]
|[oː]
|[ɹ]
|[ʊː]
|[æː]
|[o̞]
|[ɤ̞]
|[bʕ]
|[tsʕ]
|[dʕ]
|-
!Ḟ ḟ
!Ġ ġ
!K̇ k̇
!L̇ l̇
!Ṁ ṁ
!Ṅ ṅ
!Ṗ ṗ
!Q̇ q̇
!Ṙ ṙ
!Ṡ ṡ
!Ṫ ṫ
!Ẇ ẇ
!Ż ż
!Ⱨ ⱨ
!Ⱪ ⱪ
!Ⱬ ⱬ
|-
|Фъ фъ
|Гъ гъ
|Къ къ
|Лъ лъ
|Мъ мъ
|Нъ нъ
|Пъ пъ
|Қъ қъ
|Жъ жъ
|Съ съ
|Тъ тъ
|Ԝъ ԝъ
|Зъ зъ
|ХӀғ хӏғ
|КӀғ кӏғ
|ЗӀғ зӏғ
|-
|[fʕ]
|[ɢʕ]
|[kʕ]
|[ʟʕ]
|[mʕ]
|[nʕ]
|[pʕ]
|[qʕ]
|[ʐʕ]
|[sʕ]
|[tʕ]
|[wʕ]
|[zʕ]
|[hʃʕ]
|[kʃʕ]
|[zʃʕ]
|-
!Ȿ ȿ
!Ɀ ɀ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|СӀғъ сӏғъ
|ЗӀғъ зӏғъ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[tʃʕ]
|[tzʕ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
</small>
</small>
</small>
</small>
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== Central Hatsune Miku State ==
=== Shinkian alphabet, 1916. ===
{| class="article-table"
!Place in alphabet
!1916 Latin
!1942 Cyrillic
!1974 Latin
!IPA
|-
|1
|A a
|
|
|
|-
|2
|A̍ a̍
|
|
|
|-
|3
|B ʙ
|
|
|
|-
|4
|C c
|
|
|
|-
|5
|Ç ç
|
|
|
|-
|6
|D d
|
|
|
|-
|7
|E e
|
|
|
|-
|8
|E̍ e̍
|
|
|
|-
|9
|F f
|
|
|
|-
|10
|Ⅎ ⅎ
|
|
|
|-
|11
|G g
|
|
|
|-
|12
|<big>ɠ</big> ɠ
|
|
|
|-
|13
|H h
|
|
|
|-
|14
|Ɥ ɥ
|
|
|
|-
|15
|I i
|
|
|
|-
|16
|I̍ i̍
|
|
|
|-
|17
|J j
|
|
|
|-
|18
|K k
|
|
|
|-
|19
|L l
|
|
|
|-
|20
|L̐ l̐
|
|
|
|-
|21
|M m
|
|
|
|-
|22
|N n
|
|
|
|-
|23
|N̐ n̐
|
|
|
|-
|24
|O o
|
|
|
|-
|25
|O͘ o͘
|
|
|
|-
|26
|P p
|
|
|
|}
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== Central Hatsune Miku State ==
=== Shinkian alphabet, 1916. ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Place (1916 Latin)
!1916 Latin
!1942 Cyrillic
!1974 Latin
!IPA
|-
|1
|A a
|А а
|
|[a]
|-
|2
|A̍ a̍
|Я я
|
|[ə]
|-
|3
|B ʙ
|Б б
|
|[b]
|-
|4
|C c
|Ц ц
|
|[t͡s]
|-
|5
|Ç ç
|Ҹ ҹ
|
|[t͡sʼ]
|-
|6
|D d
|Д д
|
|[d]
|-
|7
|E e
|Э э
|
|[ɤ]
|-
|8
|E̍ e̍
|Е е
|
|[ɛ]
|-
|9
|F f
|Ф ф
|
|[f]
|-
|10
|Ⅎ ⅎ
|Ҹц ҹц
|
|[c͡ç]
|-
|11
|G g
|Г г
|
|[g], [ɡ̠]
|-
|12
|<big>ɠ</big> ɠ
|Г̄ г̄
|
|[ɠ]
|-
|13
|Ԧ ԧ
|Ԧ ԧ
|
|[ʃʼ]
|-
|14
|H h
|Һ һ
|
|[h]
|-
|15
|Ч ч
|Ч ч
|
|[t͡ʃ]
|-
|16
|I i
|І і
|
|[i]
|-
|17
|I̍ i̍
|И и
|
|[ɯ]
|-
|18
|J j
|Ӌ ӌ
|
|[d͡ʒ]
|-
|19
|K k
|К к
|
|[k]
|-
|20
|L l
|Л л
|
|[l]
|-
|21
|L̐ l̐
|Лл лл
|
|[ʎ]
|-
|22
|M m
|М м
|
|[m]
|-
|23
|N n
|Н н
|
|[n]
|-
|24
|N̐ n̐
|Нг нг
|
|[ŋ]
|-
|25
|O o
|
|
|[o]
|-
|26
|O͘ o͘
|
|
|[ɔ]
|-
|27
|P p
|
|
|[p]
|-
|28
|Q q
|
|
|[q]
|-
|29
|Ƣ ƣ
|
|
|[ɣ]
|-
|30
|R r
|
|
|[ʋ]
|-
|31
|Ꞃ ꞃ
|
|
|[ɹ̠ʷ], [ɹ̠]
|-
|32
|S s
|
|
|[s]
|-
|33
|Ş ş
|
|
|[ss]
|-
|34
|T t
|
|
|[t]
|-
|35
|U u
|
|
|[u]
|-
|36
|Ṳ ṳ
|
|
|[ɨ]
|-
|37
|V v
|
|
|[v]
|-
|38
|X x
|
|
|[ks]
|-
|39
|X̱̓ x̱̓
|
|
|[kʃ]
|-
|40
|Xh xh
|
|
|[tt]
|-
|41
|У y
|
|
|[j]
|-
|42
|Z z
|
|
|[z]
|-
|43
|Ƶ ƶ
|
|
|[ʒ]
|-
|44
|Z̧ z̧
|
|
|[d͡z]
|-
|45
|Г г
|
|
|[θ]
|-
|46
|Ґ ґ
|
|
|[ʈʂʼ]
|-
|47
|Ҕ ҕ
|
|
|[ð]
|-
|48
|Ɉ ɉ
|
|
|[ɥ]
|-
|49
|Ɉ̱ ɉ̱
|
|
|[ɥɛ]
|-
|50
|Φ φ
|
|
|[k͡p]
|-
|51
|Φ̍ φ̍
|
|
|[ɡ͡b]
|-
|52
|Ы ы
|
|
|[ʊ]
|-
|53
|Ь ь
|
|
|[ʲ]
|-
|54
|W w
|
|
|[w]
|-
|55
|Ш ш
|
|
|[ʃ]
|-
|56
|Ω ω
|
|
|[oː]
|}
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== Central Hatsune Miku State ==
=== Talajinkawan Alphabet (1918) ===
Talajinkawan is unusual having dental clicks before a vowel/semivowel, indicated by a vertical line above the letter.
{| class="article-table"
|A a
|I i
|S s
|Ʒ ʒ
|A̤ a̤
|-
|B b
|J j
|Ş ş
|ʕ ſ
|E̤ e̤
|-
|C c
|K k
|T t
|Ъ ъ
|I̤ i̤
|-
|Ç ç
|Ⱪ ⱪ
|Ţ ţ
|Ы ы
|O̤ o̤
|-
|D d
|L l
|U u
|Ь ь
|Ṳ ṳ
|-
|E e
|M m
|V v
|Г г
|Ə̤ ə̤
|-
|É é
|N n
|Ƿ ƿ
|Г̧ г̧
|Ы̤ ы̤
|-
|Ə ə
|O o
|X x
|Ӷ ӷ
|
|-
|F f
|Ɵ ɵ
|Y y
|Ш ш
|
|-
|G g
|P p
|Z z
|Щ щ
|
|-
|Ƣ ƣ
|Q q
|Ƶ ƶ
|Φ φ
|
|-
|H h
|R r
|З з
|Φ́ φ́
|
|}
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== Central Hatsune Miku State ==
=== Talajinkawan Alphabet (1918) ===
Talajinkawan is unusual having dental clicks before a vowel, indicated by a vertical line above the letter.
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
|[a]
!I i
|[i]
!S s
|[s]
!Ʒ ʒ
|
!A̤ a̤
|
!Ə͘ ə͘
|
|-
!B b
|[b]
!J j
|[dʒ]
!Ş ş
|[ʃ]
!ʕ ſ
|
!E̤ e̤
|
!Ы͘ ы͘
|
|-
!C c
|[ts]
!K k
|[k]
!T t
|[t]
!Ъ ъ
|
!I̤ i̤
|
!A̍ a̍
|
|-
!Ç ç
|[ç]
!Ⱪ ⱪ
|[c]
!Ţ ţ
|[θ]
!Ы ы
|
!O̤ o̤
|
!E̍ e̍
|
|-
!D d
|[d]
!L l
|[l]
!U u
|[u]
!Ь ь
|
!Ṳ ṳ
|
!I̍ i̍
|
|-
!E e
|[e]
!M m
|[m]
!V v
|[v]
!Г г
|
!Ə̤ ə̤
|
!O̍ o̍
|
|-
!É é
|[ɛ]
!N n
|[n]
!Ƿ ƿ
|[w]
!Г̧ г̧
|
!Ы̤ ы̤
|
!U̍ u̍
|
|-
!Ə ə
|[ə]
!O o
|[o]
!X x
|[χ]
!Ӷ ӷ
|
!
A͘ a͘
|
!Ə̍ ə̍
|
|-
!F f
|[f]
!Ɵ ɵ
|[ɵ]
!Y y
|[j]
!Ш ш
|
!
E͘ e͘
|
!Ы̍ ы̍
|
|-
!G g
|[ɟ]
!P p
|[p]
!Z z
|[z]
!Щ щ
|
!
I͘ i͘
|
!
|
|-
!Ƣ ƣ
|[ɣ]
!Q q
|[q]
!Ƶ ƶ
|[ʑ]
!Φ φ
|
!
O͘ o͘
|
!
|
|-
!H h
|[ħ]
!R r
|[r]
!З з
|[
!Φ́ φ́
|
!
U͘ u͘
|
!
|
|}
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== Central Hatsune Miku State ==
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== Central Hatsune Miku State ==
=== Kuyagamian Language, 1916 ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!A̍ a̍
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!E e
!E̍ e̍
!F f
!G g
!<big>ɠ</big> ɠ
!Һ һ
!H ɦ
!
Ч ч
!I̍ i̍
!I i
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!J j
!K k
!L l
!
L̐ l̐
!M m
!N n
!
Ꞑ ꞑ
!
N̐ n̐
!
O o
!
Ɵ ɵ
!
O͘ o͘
!P p
!Q q
!
Ɋ ɋ
!
Ƣ ƣ
!R r
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!S s
!Ş ş
!ʕ ſ
!T t
!Ŧ ŧ
!U u
!Ṳ ṳ
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!X̓ x̓
!У y
!Z z
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ʒ ʒ
!Ɉ ɉ
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Г г
!Ӷ ӷ
!Ҕ ҕ
!Џ џ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
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== Central Hatsune Miku State ==
=== Kuyagamian Language, 1916 ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!A̍ a̍
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!E e
!E̍ e̍
!F f
!G g
!<big>ɠ</big> ɠ
!Һ һ
!H ɦ
!
Ч ч
!I̍ i̍
!I i
|-
|[ə]
|[ɑ]
|[b]
|[t͡s]
|[t͡sǀ]
|[d]
|[ɛ]
|[ɘ]
|[f]
|[ɟ]
|[ɠ]
|[ʔ]
|[ɦ]
|[t͡ʃ]
|[ʊ]
|[i]
|-
!J j
!K k
!L l
!
L̐ l̐
!M m
!N n
!
Ꞑ ꞑ
!
N̐ n̐
!
O o
!
Ɵ ɵ
!
O͘ o͘
!P p
!Q q
!
Ɋ ɋ
!
Ƣ ƣ
!R r
|-
|[d͡ʒ]
|[k]
|[l]
|[ʎ]
|[m]
|[n]
|[ŋ]
|[ɳ]
|[o]
|[ɵ]
|[ɔ]
|[p]
|[qʼ]
|[ʘ]
|[ɣ]
|[r]
|-
!S s
!Ş ş
!ʕ ſ
!T t
!Ŧ ŧ
!U u
!Ṳ ṳ
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!X̓ x̓
!У y
!Z z
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ʒ ʒ
!Ɉ ɉ
|-
|[s]
|[sǀ]
|[ʃ]
|[t]
|[θ]
|[u]
|[ɨ]
|[v]
|[w]
|[ks]
|[kʃ]
|[y]
|[z]
|[zǀ]
|[ʒ]
|[d͡ʒǀ]
|-
!Г г
!Ӷ ӷ
!Ҕ ҕ
!Џ џ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
!
Ь ь
!
ȷ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[g]
|[ɟǀ]
|[gǀ]
|[d͡z]
|[t͡ʃǀ]
|[t͡ʃʘ]
|[ɪ]
|[ʲ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
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== Central Hatsune Miku State ==
=== Kuyagamian Language, 1916 ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!A̍ a̍
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!E e
!E̍ e̍
!F f
!G g
!<big>ɠ</big> ɠ
!Һ һ
!H ɦ
!
Ч ч
!I̍ i̍
!I i
|-
|[ə]
|[ɑ]
|[b]
|[t͡s]
|[t͡sǀ]
|[d]
|[ɛ]
|[ɘ]
|[f]
|[ɟ]
|[ɠ]
|[ʔ]
|[ɦ]
|[t͡ʃ]
|[ʊ]
|[i]
|-
!J j
!K k
!L l
!
L̐ l̐
!M m
!N n
!
Ꞑ ꞑ
!
N̐ n̐
!
O o
!
Ɵ ɵ
!
O͘ o͘
!P p
!Q q
!
Ɋ ɋ
!
Ƣ ƣ
!R r
|-
|[d͡ʒ]
|[k]
|[l]
|[ʎ]
|[m]
|[n]
|[ŋ]
|[ɳ]
|[o]
|[ɵ]
|[ɔ]
|[p]
|[qʼ]
|[ʘ]
|[ɣ]
|[r]
|-
!S s
!Ş ş
!ʕ ſ
!T t
!Ŧ ŧ
!U u
!Ṳ ṳ
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!X̓ x̓
!У y
!Z z
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ʒ ʒ
!Ɉ ɉ
|-
|[s]
|[sǀ]
|[ʃ]
|[t]
|[θ]
|[u]
|[ɨ]
|[v]
|[w]
|[ks]
|[kʃ]
|[y]
|[z]
|[zǀ]
|[ʒ]
|[d͡ʒǀ]
|-
!Г г
!Ӷ ӷ
!Ҕ ҕ
!Џ џ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
!
Ь ь
!
ȷ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[g]
|[ɟǀ]
|[gǀ]
|[d͡z]
|[t͡ʃǀ]
|[t͡ʃʘ]
|[ɪ]
|[ʲ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== List of people containing the special letters ===
==== A̍ (A with vertical line above) ====
{| class="article-table"
!Name
!IPA
|-
|A̍kva̍mak Janьanȷi
|[ɑkvɑmək d͡ʒənɪənʲi]
|-
|A̍şat Tƿemet
|[ɑsǀət twemet]
|}
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== Central Hatsune Miku State ==
=== Kuyagamian Language, 1916 ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!A̍ a̍
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!E e
!E̍ e̍
!F f
!G g
!<big>ɠ</big> ɠ
!Һ һ
!H ɦ
!
Ч ч
!I̍ i̍
!I i
|-
|[ə]
|[ɑ]
|[b]
|[t͡s]
|[t͡sǀ]
|[d]
|[ɛ]
|[ɘ]
|[f]
|[ɟ]
|[ɠ]
|[ʔ]
|[ɦ]
|[t͡ʃ]
|[ʊ]
|[i]
|-
!J j
!K k
!L l
!
L̐ l̐
!M m
!N n
!
Ꞑ ꞑ
!
N̐ n̐
!
O o
!
Ɵ ɵ
!
O͘ o͘
!P p
!Q q
!
Ɋ ɋ
!
Ƣ ƣ
!R r
|-
|[d͡ʒ]
|[k]
|[l]
|[ʎ]
|[m]
|[n]
|[ŋ]
|[ɳ]
|[o]
|[ɵ]
|[ɔ]
|[p]
|[qʼ]
|[ʘ]
|[ɣ]
|[r]
|-
!S s
!Ş ş
!ʕ ſ
!T t
!Ŧ ŧ
!U u
!Ṳ ṳ
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!X̓ x̓
!У y
!Z z
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ʒ ʒ
!Ɉ ɉ
|-
|[s]
|[sǀ]
|[ʃ]
|[t]
|[θ]
|[u]
|[ɨ]
|[v]
|[w]
|[ks]
|[kʃ]
|[j]
|[z]
|[zǀ]
|[ʒ]
|[d͡ʒǀ]
|-
!Г г
!Ӷ ӷ
!Ҕ ҕ
!Џ џ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
!
Ь ь
!
ȷ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[g]
|[ɟǀ]
|[gǀ]
|[d͡z]
|[t͡ʃǀ]
|[t͡ʃʘ]
|[ɪ]
|[ʲ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Eisatsu Language, 1915 ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!E e
!É é
!Ə ə
!F f
!G g
!Ƣ ƣ
!I i
!J j
|-
|[ɑ]
|[b]
|[t͡s]
|[ç]
|[d]
|[ɤ]
|[ɛ]
|[ə]
|[f]
|[ɟ]
|[ɣ]
|[i]
|[d͡ʒ]
|-
!K k
!K̔ k̔
!L l
!M m
!N n
!O o
!O͘ o͘
!P p
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!S s
!Ş ş
|-
|[k]
|[kǁ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[n]
|[o]
|[ɔ]
|[p]
|[q]
|[k’]
|[ʀ]
|[s]
|[sǁ]
|-
!T t
!U u
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ʒ ʒ
!Ћ ћ
!
Ы ы
!Ь ь
!ʕ ſ
|-
|[t]
|[u]
|[v]
|[w]
|[χ]
|[y]
|[z]
|[zǁ]
|[ʒ]
|[θ]
|[ɨ]
|[ʲ]
|[ʃ]
|-
!Г г
!Ӷ ӷ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
!Ч ч
!Ҹ ҹ
!Ҕ ҕ
!H h
!Ħ ɦ
!W w
!Ẃ ẃ
!A̍ a̍
!E̍ e̍
|-
|[g]
|[ɟǁ]
|[ʘ]
|[ʘ̃]
|[ɥ]
|[ɥǁ]
|[ǂ]
|[h]
|[ħ]
|[ø]
|[øǁ]
|[ǀɑ]
|[ǀɛ]
|-
!I̍ i̍
!O̍ o̍
!O̍͘ o̍͘
!U̍ u̍
!W̍ w̍
!Y̍ y̍
!A̤ a̤
!E̤ e̤
!É̤ é̤
!I̤ i̤
!O̤ o̤
!Ṳ ṳ
!Ḃ ḃ
|-
|[ǀi]
|[ǀo]
|[ǀɔ]
|[ǀu]
|[ǀø]
|[ǀy]
|[aː]
|[ɤː]
|[ɛː]
|[iː]
|[oː]
|[uː]
|[ʔb]
|-
!Ċ ċ
!Ḋ ḋ
!Ė ė
!Ḟ ḟ
!Ġ ġ
!L̇ l̇
!Ṁ ṁ
!Ṅ ṅ
!Ṗ ṗ
!Ṙ ṙ
!Ṡ ṡ
!Ṫ ṫ
!Ẇ ẇ
|-
|[ʔt͡s]
|[ʔd]
|[ʔɤ]
|[ʔf]
|[ʔɟ]
|[ʔl]
|[ʔm]
|[ʔn]
|[ʔp]
|[ʔʀ]
|[ʔs]
|[ʔt]
|[ʔø]
|-
!Ħa ɦa
!Ħo ɦo
!Ħe ɦe
!Ħu ɦu
!Ħы ɦы
!DZ dz
!DƷ dʒ
!Q̣A q̣a
!Q̣E q̣e
!Q̣É q̣é
!Q̣I q̣i
!Q̣O q̣o
!Q̣O͘ q̣o͘
|-
|[ħa]
|[ħo]
|[ħe]
|[ħu]
|[ħɨ]
|[d͡z]
|[d͡zǁ]
|[aˤ]
|[ɤˤ]
|[ɛˤ]
|[iˤ]
|[oˤ]
|[ɔˤ]
|-
!Q̣U q̣u
!Q̣W q̣w
!Ȿ ȿ
!Ɀ ɀ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[uˤ]
|[øˤ]
|[ʃt͡ʃ]
|[ʒt͡ʃ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
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== Central Hatsune Miku State ==
=== Kuyagamian Language, 1916 ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!A̍ a̍
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!E e
!E̍ e̍
!F f
!G g
!<big>ɠ</big> ɠ
!Һ һ
!H ɦ
!
Ч ч
!I̍ i̍
!I i
|-
|[ə]
|[ɑ]
|[b]
|[t͡s]
|[t͡sǀ]
|[d]
|[ɛ]
|[ɘ]
|[f]
|[ɟ]
|[ɠ]
|[ʔ]
|[ɦ]
|[t͡ʃ]
|[ʊ]
|[i]
|-
!J j
!K k
!L l
!
L̐ l̐
!M m
!N n
!
Ꞑ ꞑ
!
N̐ n̐
!
O o
!
Ɵ ɵ
!
O͘ o͘
!P p
!Q q
!
Ɋ ɋ
!
Ƣ ƣ
!R r
|-
|[d͡ʒ]
|[k]
|[l]
|[ʎ]
|[m]
|[n]
|[ŋ]
|[ɳ]
|[o]
|[ɵ]
|[ɔ]
|[p]
|[qʼ]
|[ʘ]
|[ɣ]
|[r]
|-
!S s
!Ş ş
!ʕ ſ
!T t
!Ŧ ŧ
!U u
!Ṳ ṳ
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!X̓ x̓
!У y
!Z z
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ʒ ʒ
!Ɉ ɉ
|-
|[s]
|[sǀ]
|[ʃ]
|[t]
|[θ]
|[u]
|[ɨ]
|[v]
|[w]
|[ks]
|[kʃ]
|[j]
|[z]
|[zǀ]
|[ʒ]
|[d͡ʒǀ]
|-
!Г г
!Ӷ ӷ
!Ҕ ҕ
!Џ џ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
!
Ь ь
!
ȷ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[g]
|[ɟǀ]
|[gǀ]
|[d͡z]
|[t͡ʃǀ]
|[t͡ʃʘ]
|[ɪ]
|[ʲ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Eisatsu Language, 1915 ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!E e
!É é
!Ə ə
!F f
!G g
!Ƣ ƣ
!I i
!J j
|-
|[ɑ]
|[b]
|[t͡s]
|[ç]
|[d]
|[ɤ]
|[ɛ]
|[ə]
|[f]
|[ɟ]
|[ɣ]
|[i]
|[d͡ʒ]
|-
!K k
!K̔ k̔
!L l
!M m
!N n
!O o
!O͘ o͘
!P p
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!S s
!Ş ş
|-
|[k]
|[kǁ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[n]
|[o]
|[ɔ]
|[p]
|[q]
|[k’]
|[ʀ]
|[s]
|[sǁ]
|-
!T t
!U u
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ʒ ʒ
!Ћ ћ
!
Ы ы
!Ь ь
!ʕ ſ
|-
|[t]
|[u]
|[v]
|[w]
|[χ]
|[y]
|[z]
|[zǁ]
|[ʒ]
|[θ]
|[ɨ]
|[ʲ]
|[ʃ]
|-
!Г г
!Ӷ ӷ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
!Ч ч
!Ҹ ҹ
!Ҕ ҕ
!H h
!Ħ ɦ
!W w
!Ẃ ẃ
!A̍ a̍
!E̍ e̍
|-
|[g]
|[ɟǁ]
|[ʘ]
|[ʘ̃]
|[ɥ]
|[ɥǁ]
|[ǂ]
|[h]
|[ħ]
|[ø]
|[øǁ]
|[ǀɑ]
|[ǀɛ]
|-
!I̍ i̍
!O̍ o̍
!O̍͘ o̍͘
!U̍ u̍
!W̍ w̍
!Y̍ y̍
!A̤ a̤
!E̤ e̤
!É̤ é̤
!I̤ i̤
!O̤ o̤
!Ṳ ṳ
!Ḃ ḃ
|-
|[ǀi]
|[ǀo]
|[ǀɔ]
|[ǀu]
|[ǀø]
|[ǀy]
|[aː]
|[ɤː]
|[ɛː]
|[iː]
|[oː]
|[uː]
|[ʔb]
|-
!Ċ ċ
!Ḋ ḋ
!Ė ė
!Ḟ ḟ
!Ġ ġ
!L̇ l̇
!Ṁ ṁ
!Ṅ ṅ
!Ṗ ṗ
!Ṙ ṙ
!Ṡ ṡ
!Ṫ ṫ
!Ẇ ẇ
|-
|[ʔt͡s]
|[ʔd]
|[ʔɤ]
|[ʔf]
|[ʔɟ]
|[ʔl]
|[ʔm]
|[ʔn]
|[ʔp]
|[ʔʀ]
|[ʔs]
|[ʔt]
|[ʔø]
|-
!Ħa ɦa
!Ħo ɦo
!Ħe ɦe
!Ħu ɦu
!Ħы ɦы
!DZ dz
!DƷ dʒ
!Q̣A q̣a
!Q̣E q̣e
!Q̣É q̣é
!Q̣I q̣i
!Q̣O q̣o
!Q̣O͘ q̣o͘
|-
|[ħa]
|[ħo]
|[ħe]
|[ħu]
|[ħɨ]
|[d͡z]
|[d͡zǁ]
|[aˤ]
|[ɤˤ]
|[ɛˤ]
|[iˤ]
|[oˤ]
|[ɔˤ]
|-
!Q̣U q̣u
!Q̣W q̣w
!Ȿ ȿ
!Ɀ ɀ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[uˤ]
|[øˤ]
|[ʃt͡ʃ]
|[ʒt͡ʃ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
Examples:
{| class="wikitable"
!Eisatsu
!BARLЫQ ЋANN PRƏLÉĖTORAǷUNЬA<br>NATNЬJЬAKK [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]]AЫT KǷALINAQ̣ABЬ!
!
PA[[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]]CHALAƢA FLIUGAŞ TRESUKJA BIRRIKЬLLE!
|-
!French
|Travailleurs, unissez le chemin des prolétaires!
|Tenez les mains des drapeaux tricolores maintenant!
|-
!English
|Workers, join the path of the proletarians!
|Hold hands of tricolour flags now!
|}
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== Central Hatsune Miku State ==
=== Kuyagamian Language, 1916 ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!A̍ a̍
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!E e
!E̍ e̍
!F f
!G g
!<big>ɠ</big> ɠ
!Һ һ
!H ɦ
!
Ч ч
!I̍ i̍
!I i
|-
|[ə]
|[ɑ]
|[b]
|[t͡s]
|[t͡sǀ]
|[d]
|[ɛ]
|[ɘ]
|[f]
|[ɟ]
|[ɠ]
|[ʔ]
|[ɦ]
|[t͡ʃ]
|[ʊ]
|[i]
|-
!J j
!K k
!L l
!
L̐ l̐
!M m
!N n
!
Ꞑ ꞑ
!
N̐ n̐
!
O o
!
Ɵ ɵ
!
O͘ o͘
!P p
!Q q
!
Ɋ ɋ
!
Ƣ ƣ
!R r
|-
|[d͡ʒ]
|[k]
|[l]
|[ʎ]
|[m]
|[n]
|[ŋ]
|[ɳ]
|[o]
|[ɵ]
|[ɔ]
|[p]
|[qʼ]
|[ʘ]
|[ɣ]
|[r]
|-
!S s
!Ş ş
!ʕ ſ
!T t
!Ŧ ŧ
!U u
!Ṳ ṳ
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!X̓ x̓
!У y
!Z z
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ʒ ʒ
!Ɉ ɉ
|-
|[s]
|[sǀ]
|[ʃ]
|[t]
|[θ]
|[u]
|[ɨ]
|[v]
|[w]
|[ks]
|[kʃ]
|[j]
|[z]
|[zǀ]
|[ʒ]
|[d͡ʒǀ]
|-
!Г г
!Ӷ ӷ
!Ҕ ҕ
!Џ џ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
!
Ь ь
!
ȷ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[g]
|[ɟǀ]
|[gǀ]
|[d͡z]
|[t͡ʃǀ]
|[t͡ʃʘ]
|[ɪ]
|[ʲ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Eisatsu Language, 1915 ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!E e
!É é
!Ə ə
!F f
!G g
!Ƣ ƣ
!I i
!J j
|-
|[ɑ]
|[b]
|[t͡s]
|[ç]
|[d]
|[ɤ]
|[ɛ]
|[ə]
|[f]
|[ɟ]
|[ɣ]
|[i]
|[d͡ʒ]
|-
!K k
!K̔ k̔
!L l
!M m
!N n
!O o
!O͘ o͘
!P p
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!S s
!Ş ş
|-
|[k]
|[kǁ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[n]
|[o]
|[ɔ]
|[p]
|[q]
|[k’]
|[ʀ]
|[s]
|[sǁ]
|-
!T t
!U u
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ʒ ʒ
!Ћ ћ
!
Ы ы
!Ь ь
!ʕ ſ
|-
|[t]
|[u]
|[v]
|[w]
|[χ]
|[y]
|[z]
|[zǁ]
|[ʒ]
|[θ]
|[ɨ]
|[ʲ]
|[ʃ]
|-
!Г г
!Ӷ ӷ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
!Ч ч
!Ҹ ҹ
!Ҕ ҕ
!H h
!Ħ ɦ
!W w
!Ẃ ẃ
!A̍ a̍
!E̍ e̍
|-
|[g]
|[ɟǁ]
|[ʘ]
|[ʘ̃]
|[ɥ]
|[ɥǁ]
|[ǂ]
|[h]
|[ħ]
|[ø]
|[øǁ]
|[ǀɑ]
|[ǀɛ]
|-
!I̍ i̍
!O̍ o̍
!O̍͘ o̍͘
!U̍ u̍
!W̍ w̍
!Y̍ y̍
!A̤ a̤
!E̤ e̤
!É̤ é̤
!I̤ i̤
!O̤ o̤
!Ṳ ṳ
!Ḃ ḃ
|-
|[ǀi]
|[ǀo]
|[ǀɔ]
|[ǀu]
|[ǀø]
|[ǀy]
|[aː]
|[ɤː]
|[ɛː]
|[iː]
|[oː]
|[uː]
|[ʔb]
|-
!Ċ ċ
!Ḋ ḋ
!Ė ė
!Ḟ ḟ
!Ġ ġ
!L̇ l̇
!Ṁ ṁ
!Ṅ ṅ
!Ṗ ṗ
!Ṙ ṙ
!Ṡ ṡ
!Ṫ ṫ
!Ẇ ẇ
|-
|[ʔt͡s]
|[ʔd]
|[ʔɤ]
|[ʔf]
|[ʔɟ]
|[ʔl]
|[ʔm]
|[ʔn]
|[ʔp]
|[ʔʀ]
|[ʔs]
|[ʔt]
|[ʔø]
|-
!Ħa ɦa
!Ħo ɦo
!Ħe ɦe
!Ħu ɦu
!Ħы ɦы
!DZ dz
!DƷ dʒ
!Q̣A q̣a
!Q̣E q̣e
!Q̣É q̣é
!Q̣I q̣i
!Q̣O q̣o
!Q̣O͘ q̣o͘
|-
|[ħa]
|[ħo]
|[ħe]
|[ħu]
|[ħɨ]
|[d͡z]
|[d͡zǁ]
|[aˤ]
|[ɤˤ]
|[ɛˤ]
|[iˤ]
|[oˤ]
|[ɔˤ]
|-
!Q̣U q̣u
!Q̣W q̣w
!Ȿ ȿ
!Ɀ ɀ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[uˤ]
|[øˤ]
|[ʃt͡ʃ]
|[ʒt͡ʃ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
Examples:
{| class="wikitable"
!Eisatsu
!BARLЫQ ЋANN PRƏLÉĖTORAǷUNЬA<br>NATNЬJЬAKK [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]]AЫT KǷALINAQ̣ABЬ!
!
PA[[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]]CHALAƢA FLIUGAŞ TRESUKJA BIRRIKЬLLE!
|-
!French
|Travailleurs, unissez le chemin des prolétaires!
|Tenez les mains des drapeaux tricolores maintenant!
|-
!English
|Workers, join the path of the proletarians!
|Hold hands of tricolour flags now!
|}
=== Kikatoian Language, 1899 ===
By 1899, a big switch was changed: from Hangul to Latin. This was the first language of Gooperland to switch to Latin.
{| class="article-table"
|+Consonants
! colspan="2" |Latin
!Hangul
|-
|g
|k
|ㄱ
|-
|ꝁ
|k
|ㄲ
|-
| colspan="2" |n
|ㄴ
|-
|d
|t
|ㄷ
|-
|ŧ
|t
|ㄸ
|-
| colspan="2" |r
|ㄹ
|-
| colspan="2" |m
|ㅁ
|-
|b
|p
|ㅂ
|-
|p
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|ㅃ
|-
|s
|з
|ㅅ
|-
|ꞩ
|t
|ㅆ
|-
|‘
|ꞑ
|ㅇ
|-
|j
|t
|ㅈ
|-
|ɉ
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|ㅉ
|-
|ч
|t
|ㅊ
|-
|k
|k
|ㅋ
|-
|t
|t
|ㅌ
|-
|p
|p
|ㅍ
|-
|h
|h
|ㅎ
|}
{| class="article-table"
!Latin
!Hangul
|-
|a
|ㅏ
|-
|æ
|ㅐ
|-
|ya
|ㅑ
|-
|yæ
|ㅒ
|-
|ɔ
|ㅓ
|-
|e
|ㅔ
|-
|yɔ
|ㅕ
|-
|ye
|ㅖ
|-
|ō
|ㅗ
|-
|va
|ㅘ
|-
|væ
|ㅙ
|-
|œ
|ㅚ
|-
|ó
|ㅛ
|-
|u
|ㅜ
|-
|vo
|ㅝ
|-
|ve
|ㅞ
|-
|vi
|ㅟ
|-
|ū
|ㅠ
|-
|ɯ̅
|ㅡ
|-
|í
|ㅢ
|-
|i
|ㅣ
|}
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== Central Hatsune Miku State ==
=== 1910s basic alphabet ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A
![[Vertical line above|A̍]]
!B
!C
!Ç
!D
!E
![[Vertical line above|E̍]]
![[Schwa|Ə]]
!F
!G
!Ƣ
!H
!I
!J
!K
!L
![[Chandrabindu|L̐]]
!M
!N
![[Chandrabindu|N̐]]
|-
|a
|a̍
|b
|c
|ç
|d
|e
|e̍
|ə
|f
|g
|ƣ
|h
|i
|j
|k
|l
|l̐
|m
|n
|n̐
|-
!O
![[O͘]]
!P
!Q
!R
!S
!Ş
!T
!U
![[Ṳ]]
!V
!Ƿ
!X
!Y
!Z
![[Soft sign|Ь]]
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|o
|o͘
|p
|q
|r
|s
|ş
|t
|u
|ṳ
|v
|ƿ
|x
|y
|z
|ь
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Eisatsu Language, 1915 ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!E e
!É é
!Ə ə
!F f
!G g
!Ƣ ƣ
!I i
!J j
|-
|[ɑ]
|[b]
|[t͡s]
|[ç]
|[d]
|[ɤ]
|[ɛ]
|[ə]
|[f]
|[ɟ]
|[ɣ]
|[i]
|[d͡ʒ]
|-
!K k
!K̔ k̔
!L l
!M m
!N n
!O o
!O͘ o͘
!P p
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!S s
!Ş ş
|-
|[k]
|[kǁ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[n]
|[o]
|[ɔ]
|[p]
|[q]
|[k’]
|[ʀ]
|[s]
|[sǁ]
|-
!T t
!U u
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ʒ ʒ
!Ћ ћ
!
Ы ы
!Ь ь
!ʕ ſ
|-
|[t]
|[u]
|[v]
|[w]
|[χ]
|[y]
|[z]
|[zǁ]
|[ʒ]
|[θ]
|[ɨ]
|[ʲ]
|[ʃ]
|-
!Г г
!Ӷ ӷ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
!Ч ч
!Ҹ ҹ
!Ҕ ҕ
!H h
!Ħ ɦ
!W w
!Ẃ ẃ
!A̍ a̍
!E̍ e̍
|-
|[g]
|[ɟǁ]
|[ʘ]
|[ʘ̃]
|[ɥ]
|[ɥǁ]
|[ǂ]
|[h]
|[ħ]
|[ø]
|[øǁ]
|[ǀɑ]
|[ǀɛ]
|-
!I̍ i̍
!O̍ o̍
!O̍͘ o̍͘
!U̍ u̍
!W̍ w̍
!Y̍ y̍
!A̤ a̤
!E̤ e̤
!É̤ é̤
!I̤ i̤
!O̤ o̤
!Ṳ ṳ
!Ḃ ḃ
|-
|[ǀi]
|[ǀo]
|[ǀɔ]
|[ǀu]
|[ǀø]
|[ǀy]
|[aː]
|[ɤː]
|[ɛː]
|[iː]
|[oː]
|[uː]
|[ʔb]
|-
!Ċ ċ
!Ḋ ḋ
!Ė ė
!Ḟ ḟ
!Ġ ġ
!L̇ l̇
!Ṁ ṁ
!Ṅ ṅ
!Ṗ ṗ
!Ṙ ṙ
!Ṡ ṡ
!Ṫ ṫ
!Ẇ ẇ
|-
|[ʔt͡s]
|[ʔd]
|[ʔɤ]
|[ʔf]
|[ʔɟ]
|[ʔl]
|[ʔm]
|[ʔn]
|[ʔp]
|[ʔʀ]
|[ʔs]
|[ʔt]
|[ʔø]
|-
!Ħa ɦa
!Ħo ɦo
!Ħe ɦe
!Ħu ɦu
!Ħы ɦы
!DZ dz
!DƷ dʒ
!Q̣A q̣a
!Q̣E q̣e
!Q̣É q̣é
!Q̣I q̣i
!Q̣O q̣o
!Q̣O͘ q̣o͘
|-
|[ħa]
|[ħo]
|[ħe]
|[ħu]
|[ħɨ]
|[d͡z]
|[d͡zǁ]
|[aˤ]
|[ɤˤ]
|[ɛˤ]
|[iˤ]
|[oˤ]
|[ɔˤ]
|-
!Q̣U q̣u
!Q̣W q̣w
!Ȿ ȿ
!Ɀ ɀ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[uˤ]
|[øˤ]
|[ʃt͡ʃ]
|[ʒt͡ʃ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== ===
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== Central Hatsune Miku State ==
=== 1910s basic alphabet ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A
![[Vertical line above|A̍]]
!B
!C
!Ç
!D
!E
![[Vertical line above|E̍]]
![[Schwa|Ə]]
!F
!G
!Ƣ
!H
!I
!J
!K
!L
![[Chandrabindu|L̐]]
!M
!N
![[Chandrabindu|N̐]]
|-
|a
|a̍
|b
|c
|ç
|d
|e
|e̍
|ə
|f
|g
|ƣ
|h
|i
|j
|k
|l
|l̐
|m
|n
|n̐
|-
!O
![[O͘]]
!P
!Q
!R
!S
!Ş
!T
!U
![[Ṳ]]
!V
!Ƿ
!X
!Y
!Z
![[Soft sign|Ь]]
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|o
|o͘
|p
|q
|r
|s
|ş
|t
|u
|ṳ
|v
|ƿ
|x
|y
|z
|ь
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Eisatsu Language, 1915 ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!E e
!É é
!Ə ə
!F f
!G g
!Ƣ ƣ
!I i
!J j
|-
|[ɑ]
|[b]
|[t͡s]
|[ç]
|[d]
|[ɤ]
|[ɛ]
|[ə]
|[f]
|[ɟ]
|[ɣ]
|[i]
|[d͡ʒ]
|-
!K k
!K̔ k̔
!L l
!M m
!N n
!O o
!O͘ o͘
!P p
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!S s
!Ş ş
|-
|[k]
|[kǁ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[n]
|[o]
|[ɔ]
|[p]
|[q]
|[k’]
|[ʀ]
|[s]
|[sǁ]
|-
!T t
!U u
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ʒ ʒ
!Ћ ћ
!Ы ы
!Ь ь
!ʕ ſ
|-
|[t]
|[u]
|[v]
|[w]
|[χ]
|[y]
|[z]
|[zǁ]
|[ʒ]
|[θ]
|[ɨ]
|[ʲ]
|[ʃ]
|-
!Г г
!Ӷ ӷ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
!Ч ч
!Ҹ ҹ
!Ҕ ҕ
!H h
!Ħ ɦ
!W w
!Ẃ ẃ
!A̍ a̍
!E̍ e̍
|-
|[g]
|[ɟǁ]
|[ʘ]
|[ʘ̃]
|[ɥ]
|[ɥǁ]
|[ǂ]
|[h]
|[ħ]
|[ø]
|[øǁ]
|[ǀɑ]
|[ǀɛ]
|-
!I̍ i̍
!O̍ o̍
!O̍͘ o̍͘
!U̍ u̍
!W̍ w̍
!Y̍ y̍
!A̤ a̤
!E̤ e̤
!É̤ é̤
!I̤ i̤
!O̤ o̤
!Ṳ ṳ
!Ḃ ḃ
|-
|[ǀi]
|[ǀo]
|[ǀɔ]
|[ǀu]
|[ǀø]
|[ǀy]
|[aː]
|[ɤː]
|[ɛː]
|[iː]
|[oː]
|[uː]
|[ʔb]
|-
!Ċ ċ
!Ḋ ḋ
!Ė ė
!Ḟ ḟ
!Ġ ġ
!L̇ l̇
!Ṁ ṁ
!Ṅ ṅ
!Ṗ ṗ
!Ṙ ṙ
!Ṡ ṡ
!Ṫ ṫ
!Ẇ ẇ
|-
|[ʔt͡s]
|[ʔd]
|[ʔɤ]
|[ʔf]
|[ʔɟ]
|[ʔl]
|[ʔm]
|[ʔn]
|[ʔp]
|[ʔʀ]
|[ʔs]
|[ʔt]
|[ʔø]
|-
!Ħa ɦa
!Ħo ɦo
!Ħe ɦe
!Ħu ɦu
!Ħы ɦы
!DZ dz
!DƷ dʒ
!Q̣A q̣a
!Q̣E q̣e
!Q̣É q̣é
!Q̣I q̣i
!Q̣O q̣o
!Q̣O͘ q̣o͘
|-
|[ħa]
|[ħo]
|[ħe]
|[ħu]
|[ħɨ]
|[d͡z]
|[d͡zǁ]
|[aˤ]
|[ɤˤ]
|[ɛˤ]
|[iˤ]
|[oˤ]
|[ɔˤ]
|-
!Q̣U q̣u
!Q̣W q̣w
!Ȿ ȿ
!Ɀ ɀ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[uˤ]
|[øˤ]
|[ʃt͡ʃ]
|[ʒt͡ʃ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Aikatsuai Language, 1904 ===
<big>Aa A̍a̍ Bʙ Cc C̆c̆ Dd Ee Éé E̍e̍ Ff Ⅎɟ Gg <big>ɠ</big>ɠ Һһ Hɦ Ii Ïï Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn N̐n̐ Oo O͘o͘ Pp Qq Ɋɋ Ƣƣ Rr Ss S̆s̆ ʕſ Tt Ⱦⱦ Uu Ṳṳ Vv Ƿƿ Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Ʒʒ Ћћ Гг Ӷӷ Ҕҕ [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|23x23px]][[File:Lowercase Abkz Che.png|23x23px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|23x23px]][[File:Lowercase Abkz Che with Descender.png|21x21px]] Ьь I̍i̍ ͺ</big>
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== Central Hatsune Miku State ==
=== 1910s basic alphabet ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A
![[Vertical line above|A̍]]
!B
!C
!Ç
!D
!E
![[Vertical line above|E̍]]
![[Schwa|Ə]]
!F
!G
!Ƣ
!H
!I
!J
!K
!L
![[Chandrabindu|L̐]]
!M
!N
![[Chandrabindu|N̐]]
|-
|a
|a̍
|b
|c
|ç
|d
|e
|e̍
|ə
|f
|g
|ƣ
|h
|i
|j
|k
|l
|l̐
|m
|n
|n̐
|-
!O
![[O͘]]
!P
!Q
!R
!S
!Ş
!T
!U
![[Ṳ]]
!V
!Ƿ
!X
!Y
!Z
![[Soft sign|Ь]]
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|o
|o͘
|p
|q
|r
|s
|ş
|t
|u
|ṳ
|v
|ƿ
|x
|y
|z
|ь
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Eisatsu Language, 1915 ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!E e
!É é
!Ə ə
!F f
!G g
!Ƣ ƣ
!I i
!J j
|-
|[ɑ]
|[b]
|[t͡s]
|[ç]
|[d]
|[ɤ]
|[ɛ]
|[ə]
|[f]
|[ɟ]
|[ɣ]
|[i]
|[d͡ʒ]
|-
!K k
!K̔ k̔
!L l
!M m
!N n
!O o
!O͘ o͘
!P p
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!S s
!Ş ş
|-
|[k]
|[kǁ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[n]
|[o]
|[ɔ]
|[p]
|[q]
|[k’]
|[ʀ]
|[s]
|[sǁ]
|-
!T t
!U u
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ʒ ʒ
!Ћ ћ
!Ы ы
!Ь ь
!ʕ ſ
|-
|[t]
|[u]
|[v]
|[w]
|[χ]
|[y]
|[z]
|[zǁ]
|[ʒ]
|[θ]
|[ɨ]
|[ʲ]
|[ʃ]
|-
!Г г
!Ӷ ӷ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
!Ч ч
!Ҹ ҹ
!Ҕ ҕ
!H h
!Ħ ɦ
!W w
!Ẃ ẃ
!A̍ a̍
!E̍ e̍
|-
|[g]
|[ɟǁ]
|[ʘ]
|[ʘ̃]
|[ɥ]
|[ɥǁ]
|[ǂ]
|[h]
|[ħ]
|[ø]
|[øǁ]
|[ǀɑ]
|[ǀɛ]
|-
!I̍ i̍
!O̍ o̍
!O̍͘ o̍͘
!U̍ u̍
!W̍ w̍
!Y̍ y̍
!A̤ a̤
!E̤ e̤
!É̤ é̤
!I̤ i̤
!O̤ o̤
!Ṳ ṳ
!Ḃ ḃ
|-
|[ǀi]
|[ǀo]
|[ǀɔ]
|[ǀu]
|[ǀø]
|[ǀy]
|[aː]
|[ɤː]
|[ɛː]
|[iː]
|[oː]
|[uː]
|[ʔb]
|-
!Ċ ċ
!Ḋ ḋ
!Ė ė
!Ḟ ḟ
!Ġ ġ
!L̇ l̇
!Ṁ ṁ
!Ṅ ṅ
!Ṗ ṗ
!Ṙ ṙ
!Ṡ ṡ
!Ṫ ṫ
!Ẇ ẇ
|-
|[ʔt͡s]
|[ʔd]
|[ʔɤ]
|[ʔf]
|[ʔɟ]
|[ʔl]
|[ʔm]
|[ʔn]
|[ʔp]
|[ʔʀ]
|[ʔs]
|[ʔt]
|[ʔø]
|-
!Ħa ɦa
!Ħo ɦo
!Ħe ɦe
!Ħu ɦu
!Ħы ɦы
!DZ dz
!DƷ dʒ
!Q̣A q̣a
!Q̣E q̣e
!Q̣É q̣é
!Q̣I q̣i
!Q̣O q̣o
!Q̣O͘ q̣o͘
|-
|[ħa]
|[ħo]
|[ħe]
|[ħu]
|[ħɨ]
|[d͡z]
|[d͡zǁ]
|[aˤ]
|[ɤˤ]
|[ɛˤ]
|[iˤ]
|[oˤ]
|[ɔˤ]
|-
!Q̣U q̣u
!Q̣W q̣w
!Ȿ ȿ
!Ɀ ɀ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[uˤ]
|[øˤ]
|[ʃt͡ʃ]
|[ʒt͡ʃ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Aikatsuai Language, 1904 ===
<big>Aa A̍a̍ Bʙ Cc C̆c̆ Dd Ee Éé E̍e̍ Ff Ⅎɟ Gg <big>ɠ</big>ɠ Һһ Hɦ Ii Ïï Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn N̐n̐ Oo O͘o͘ Pp Qq Ɋɋ Ƣƣ Rr Ss S̆s̆ ʕſ Tt Ⱦⱦ Uu Ṳṳ Vv Ƿƿ Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Ʒʒ Ћћ Гг Ӷӷ Ҕҕ [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|23x23px]][[File:Lowercase Abkz Che.png|23x23px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|23x23px]][[File:Lowercase Abkz Che with Descender.png|21x21px]] Ьь I̍i̍ ͺ</big>
== Eastern Hatsune Miku State ==
=== Hachinkan Language, 1889 ===
==== Tesenzatsov's alphabet, 1889 ====
Tesenzatov's alphabet follows the Arabic-based order like Somali Latin alphabet, except the names have been changed.
‘, B b, T t, Θ θ, J j, X x, K’ ĸ, D d, Ɖ ɖ, L l, З з, S s, Ш ш, Ц ц, Ḍ ḍ, Ɲ ɲ, Ç ç, Ж ж, ⁚, G g, F f, ⅌ <small>⅌</small>, Q q, K k, Λ λ, M m, N n, Ŋ ŋ, H h, V v, H h, Y y, A a, E e, È è, I i, Ï ï, Ë ë, Ɔ ɔ, Ɔ̀ ɔ̀, ⅄ ʎ, Ə ə
lvnp35kw864x81rgbc5ye6wf90cwf22
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/* Tesenzatsov's alphabet, 1889 */
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== Central Hatsune Miku State ==
=== 1910s basic alphabet ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A
![[Vertical line above|A̍]]
!B
!C
!Ç
!D
!E
![[Vertical line above|E̍]]
![[Schwa|Ə]]
!F
!G
!Ƣ
!H
!I
!J
!K
!L
![[Chandrabindu|L̐]]
!M
!N
![[Chandrabindu|N̐]]
|-
|a
|a̍
|b
|c
|ç
|d
|e
|e̍
|ə
|f
|g
|ƣ
|h
|i
|j
|k
|l
|l̐
|m
|n
|n̐
|-
!O
![[O͘]]
!P
!Q
!R
!S
!Ş
!T
!U
![[Ṳ]]
!V
!Ƿ
!X
!Y
!Z
![[Soft sign|Ь]]
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|o
|o͘
|p
|q
|r
|s
|ş
|t
|u
|ṳ
|v
|ƿ
|x
|y
|z
|ь
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Eisatsu Language, 1915 ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!E e
!É é
!Ə ə
!F f
!G g
!Ƣ ƣ
!I i
!J j
|-
|[ɑ]
|[b]
|[t͡s]
|[ç]
|[d]
|[ɤ]
|[ɛ]
|[ə]
|[f]
|[ɟ]
|[ɣ]
|[i]
|[d͡ʒ]
|-
!K k
!K̔ k̔
!L l
!M m
!N n
!O o
!O͘ o͘
!P p
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!S s
!Ş ş
|-
|[k]
|[kǁ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[n]
|[o]
|[ɔ]
|[p]
|[q]
|[k’]
|[ʀ]
|[s]
|[sǁ]
|-
!T t
!U u
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ʒ ʒ
!Ћ ћ
!Ы ы
!Ь ь
!ʕ ſ
|-
|[t]
|[u]
|[v]
|[w]
|[χ]
|[y]
|[z]
|[zǁ]
|[ʒ]
|[θ]
|[ɨ]
|[ʲ]
|[ʃ]
|-
!Г г
!Ӷ ӷ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
!Ч ч
!Ҹ ҹ
!Ҕ ҕ
!H h
!Ħ ɦ
!W w
!Ẃ ẃ
!A̍ a̍
!E̍ e̍
|-
|[g]
|[ɟǁ]
|[ʘ]
|[ʘ̃]
|[ɥ]
|[ɥǁ]
|[ǂ]
|[h]
|[ħ]
|[ø]
|[øǁ]
|[ǀɑ]
|[ǀɛ]
|-
!I̍ i̍
!O̍ o̍
!O̍͘ o̍͘
!U̍ u̍
!W̍ w̍
!Y̍ y̍
!A̤ a̤
!E̤ e̤
!É̤ é̤
!I̤ i̤
!O̤ o̤
!Ṳ ṳ
!Ḃ ḃ
|-
|[ǀi]
|[ǀo]
|[ǀɔ]
|[ǀu]
|[ǀø]
|[ǀy]
|[aː]
|[ɤː]
|[ɛː]
|[iː]
|[oː]
|[uː]
|[ʔb]
|-
!Ċ ċ
!Ḋ ḋ
!Ė ė
!Ḟ ḟ
!Ġ ġ
!L̇ l̇
!Ṁ ṁ
!Ṅ ṅ
!Ṗ ṗ
!Ṙ ṙ
!Ṡ ṡ
!Ṫ ṫ
!Ẇ ẇ
|-
|[ʔt͡s]
|[ʔd]
|[ʔɤ]
|[ʔf]
|[ʔɟ]
|[ʔl]
|[ʔm]
|[ʔn]
|[ʔp]
|[ʔʀ]
|[ʔs]
|[ʔt]
|[ʔø]
|-
!Ħa ɦa
!Ħo ɦo
!Ħe ɦe
!Ħu ɦu
!Ħы ɦы
!DZ dz
!DƷ dʒ
!Q̣A q̣a
!Q̣E q̣e
!Q̣É q̣é
!Q̣I q̣i
!Q̣O q̣o
!Q̣O͘ q̣o͘
|-
|[ħa]
|[ħo]
|[ħe]
|[ħu]
|[ħɨ]
|[d͡z]
|[d͡zǁ]
|[aˤ]
|[ɤˤ]
|[ɛˤ]
|[iˤ]
|[oˤ]
|[ɔˤ]
|-
!Q̣U q̣u
!Q̣W q̣w
!Ȿ ȿ
!Ɀ ɀ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[uˤ]
|[øˤ]
|[ʃt͡ʃ]
|[ʒt͡ʃ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Aikatsuai Language, 1904 ===
<big>Aa A̍a̍ Bʙ Cc C̆c̆ Dd Ee Éé E̍e̍ Ff Ⅎɟ Gg <big>ɠ</big>ɠ Һһ Hɦ Ii Ïï Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn N̐n̐ Oo O͘o͘ Pp Qq Ɋɋ Ƣƣ Rr Ss S̆s̆ ʕſ Tt Ⱦⱦ Uu Ṳṳ Vv Ƿƿ Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Ʒʒ Ћћ Гг Ӷӷ Ҕҕ [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|23x23px]][[File:Lowercase Abkz Che.png|23x23px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|23x23px]][[File:Lowercase Abkz Che with Descender.png|21x21px]] Ьь I̍i̍ ͺ</big>
== Eastern Hatsune Miku State ==
=== Hachinkan Language, 1889 ===
==== Tesenzatsov's alphabet, 1889 ====
Tesenzatov's alphabet follows the Arabic-based order like Somali Latin alphabet, except the names have been changed.
‘, B b, T t, Θ θ, J j, X x, K’ ĸ, D d, Ɖ ɖ, L l, З з, S s, Ш ш, Ц ц, Ḍ ḍ, Ɲ ɲ, Ç ç, Ж ж, ⁚, G g, F f, ⅌ <small>⅌</small>, Q q, K k, Λ λ, M m, N n, Ŋ ŋ, H h, W w, Y y, A a, E e, È è, I i, Ï ï, Ë ë, Ɔ ɔ, Ɔ̀ ɔ̀, ⅄ ʎ, Ə ə
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== Central Hatsune Miku State ==
=== 1910s basic alphabet ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A
![[Vertical line above|A̍]]
!B
!C
!Ç
!D
!E
![[Vertical line above|E̍]]
![[Schwa|Ə]]
!F
!G
!Ƣ
!H
!I
!J
!K
!L
![[Chandrabindu|L̐]]
!M
!N
![[Chandrabindu|N̐]]
|-
|a
|a̍
|b
|c
|ç
|d
|e
|e̍
|ə
|f
|g
|ƣ
|h
|i
|j
|k
|l
|l̐
|m
|n
|n̐
|-
!O
![[O͘]]
!P
!Q
!R
!S
!Ş
!T
!U
![[Ṳ]]
!V
!Ƿ
!X
!Y
!Z
![[Soft sign|Ь]]
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|o
|o͘
|p
|q
|r
|s
|ş
|t
|u
|ṳ
|v
|ƿ
|x
|y
|z
|ь
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Eisatsu Language, 1915 ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!E e
!É é
!Ə ə
!F f
!G g
!Ƣ ƣ
!I i
!J j
|-
|[ɑ]
|[b]
|[t͡s]
|[ç]
|[d]
|[ɤ]
|[ɛ]
|[ə]
|[f]
|[ɟ]
|[ɣ]
|[i]
|[d͡ʒ]
|-
!K k
!K̔ k̔
!L l
!M m
!N n
!O o
!O͘ o͘
!P p
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!S s
!Ş ş
|-
|[k]
|[kǁ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[n]
|[o]
|[ɔ]
|[p]
|[q]
|[k’]
|[ʀ]
|[s]
|[sǁ]
|-
!T t
!U u
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ʒ ʒ
!Ћ ћ
!Ы ы
!Ь ь
!ʕ ſ
|-
|[t]
|[u]
|[v]
|[w]
|[χ]
|[y]
|[z]
|[zǁ]
|[ʒ]
|[θ]
|[ɨ]
|[ʲ]
|[ʃ]
|-
!Г г
!Ӷ ӷ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
!Ч ч
!Ҹ ҹ
!Ҕ ҕ
!H h
!Ħ ɦ
!W w
!Ẃ ẃ
!A̍ a̍
!E̍ e̍
|-
|[g]
|[ɟǁ]
|[ʘ]
|[ʘ̃]
|[ɥ]
|[ɥǁ]
|[ǂ]
|[tǁ]
|[ħ]
|[ø]
|[øǁ]
|[ǀɑ]
|[ǀɛ]
|-
!I̍ i̍
!O̍ o̍
!O̍͘ o̍͘
!U̍ u̍
!W̍ w̍
!Y̍ y̍
!A̤ a̤
!E̤ e̤
!É̤ é̤
!I̤ i̤
!O̤ o̤
!Ṳ ṳ
!Ḃ ḃ
|-
|[ǀi]
|[ǀo]
|[ǀɔ]
|[ǀu]
|[ǀø]
|[ǀy]
|[aː]
|[ɤː]
|[ɛː]
|[iː]
|[oː]
|[uː]
|[ʔb]
|-
!Ċ ċ
!Ḋ ḋ
!Ė ė
!Ḟ ḟ
!Ġ ġ
!L̇ l̇
!Ṁ ṁ
!Ṅ ṅ
!Ṗ ṗ
!Ṙ ṙ
!Ṡ ṡ
!Ṫ ṫ
!Ẇ ẇ
|-
|[ʔt͡s]
|[ʔd]
|[ʔɤ]
|[ʔf]
|[ʔɟ]
|[ʔl]
|[ʔm]
|[ʔn]
|[ʔp]
|[ʔʀ]
|[ʔs]
|[ʔt]
|[ʔø]
|-
!Ħa ɦa
!Ħo ɦo
!Ħe ɦe
!Ħu ɦu
!Ħы ɦы
!DZ dz
!DƷ dʒ
!Q̣A q̣a
!Q̣E q̣e
!Q̣É q̣é
!Q̣I q̣i
!Q̣O q̣o
!Q̣O͘ q̣o͘
|-
|[ħa]
|[ħo]
|[ħe]
|[ħu]
|[ħɨ]
|[d͡z]
|[d͡zǁ]
|[aˤ]
|[ɤˤ]
|[ɛˤ]
|[iˤ]
|[oˤ]
|[ɔˤ]
|-
!Q̣U q̣u
!Q̣W q̣w
!Ȿ ȿ
!Ɀ ɀ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[uˤ]
|[øˤ]
|[ʃt͡ʃ]
|[ʒt͡ʃ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Kairudayaman Language, 1912 (comparison to modern Latin and Cyrillic alphabets) ===
{| class="wikitable"
!
1912 Latin
!IPA
!
1959 Cyrillic
!Modern Latin
!Greek
|-
|A a
|
|
|
|
|-
|A̍ a̍
|
|
|
|
|-
|B ʙ
|
|
|
|
|-
|C c
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ç ç
|
|
|
|
|-
|D d
|
|
|
|
|-
|E e
|
|
|
|
|-
|É é
|
|
|
|
|-
|E̍ e̍
|
|
|
|
|-
|F f
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ⅎ ɟ
|
|
|
|
|-
|G g
|
|
|
|
|-
|<big>ɠ</big> ɠ
|
|
|
|
|-
|H h
|
|
|
|
|-
|H̐ h̐
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ч ч
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ч̐ ч̐
|
|
|
|
|-
|I i
|
|
|
|
|-
|I̍ i̍
|
|
|
|
|-
|J j
|
|
|
|
|-
|K k
|
|
|
|
|-
|L l
|
|
|
|
|-
|L̐ l̐
|
|
|
|
|-
|M m
|
|
|
|
|-
|M̐ m̐
|
|
|
|
|-
|N n
|
|
|
|
|-
|O o
|
|
|
|
|-
|O͘ o͘
|
|
|
|
|-
|P p
|
|
|
|
|-
|Q q
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ɋ ɋ
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ƣ ƣ
|
|
|
|
|-
|R r
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ꞃ ꞃ
|
|
|
|
|-
|S s
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ş ş
|
|
|
|
|-
|T t
|
|
|
|
|-
|T̔ t̔
|
|
|
|
|-
|U u
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ṳ ṳ
|
|
|
|
|-
|V v
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ƿ ƿ
|
|
|
|
|-
|X x
|
|
|
|
|-
|Xh xh
|
|
|
|
|-
|X̃ x̃
|
|
|
|
|-
|У y
|
|
|
|
|-
|Z z
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ƶ ƶ
|
|
|
|
|-
|З з
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|}
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== Central Hatsune Miku State ==
=== 1910s basic alphabet ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A
![[Vertical line above|A̍]]
!B
!C
!Ç
!D
!E
![[Vertical line above|E̍]]
![[Schwa|Ə]]
!F
!G
!Ƣ
!H
!I
!J
!K
!L
![[Chandrabindu|L̐]]
!M
!N
![[Chandrabindu|N̐]]
|-
|a
|a̍
|b
|c
|ç
|d
|e
|e̍
|ə
|f
|g
|ƣ
|h
|i
|j
|k
|l
|l̐
|m
|n
|n̐
|-
!O
![[O͘]]
!P
!Q
!R
!S
!Ş
!T
!U
![[Ṳ]]
!V
!Ƿ
!X
!Y
!Z
![[Soft sign|Ь]]
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|o
|o͘
|p
|q
|r
|s
|ş
|t
|u
|ṳ
|v
|ƿ
|x
|y
|z
|ь
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Eisatsu Language, 1915 ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!E e
!É é
!Ə ə
!F f
!G g
!Ƣ ƣ
!I i
!J j
|-
|[ɑ]
|[b]
|[t͡s]
|[ç]
|[d]
|[ɤ]
|[ɛ]
|[ə]
|[f]
|[ɟ]
|[ɣ]
|[i]
|[d͡ʒ]
|-
!K k
!K̔ k̔
!L l
!M m
!N n
!O o
!O͘ o͘
!P p
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!S s
!Ş ş
|-
|[k]
|[kǁ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[n]
|[o]
|[ɔ]
|[p]
|[q]
|[k’]
|[ʀ]
|[s]
|[sǁ]
|-
!T t
!U u
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ʒ ʒ
!Ћ ћ
!Ы ы
!Ь ь
!ʕ ſ
|-
|[t]
|[u]
|[v]
|[w]
|[χ]
|[y]
|[z]
|[zǁ]
|[ʒ]
|[θ]
|[ɨ]
|[ʲ]
|[ʃ]
|-
!Г г
!Ӷ ӷ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
!Ч ч
!Ҹ ҹ
!Ҕ ҕ
!H h
!Ħ ɦ
!W w
!Ẃ ẃ
!A̍ a̍
!E̍ e̍
|-
|[g]
|[ɟǁ]
|[ʘ]
|[ʘ̃]
|[ɥ]
|[ɥǁ]
|[ǂ]
|[tǁ]
|[ħ]
|[ø]
|[øǁ]
|[ǀɑ]
|[ǀɛ]
|-
!I̍ i̍
!O̍ o̍
!O̍͘ o̍͘
!U̍ u̍
!W̍ w̍
!Y̍ y̍
!A̤ a̤
!E̤ e̤
!É̤ é̤
!I̤ i̤
!O̤ o̤
!Ṳ ṳ
!Ḃ ḃ
|-
|[ǀi]
|[ǀo]
|[ǀɔ]
|[ǀu]
|[ǀø]
|[ǀy]
|[aː]
|[ɤː]
|[ɛː]
|[iː]
|[oː]
|[uː]
|[ʔb]
|-
!Ċ ċ
!Ḋ ḋ
!Ė ė
!Ḟ ḟ
!Ġ ġ
!L̇ l̇
!Ṁ ṁ
!Ṅ ṅ
!Ṗ ṗ
!Ṙ ṙ
!Ṡ ṡ
!Ṫ ṫ
!Ẇ ẇ
|-
|[ʔt͡s]
|[ʔd]
|[ʔɤ]
|[ʔf]
|[ʔɟ]
|[ʔl]
|[ʔm]
|[ʔn]
|[ʔp]
|[ʔʀ]
|[ʔs]
|[ʔt]
|[ʔø]
|-
!Ħa ɦa
!Ħo ɦo
!Ħe ɦe
!Ħu ɦu
!Ħы ɦы
!DZ dz
!DƷ dʒ
!Q̣A q̣a
!Q̣E q̣e
!Q̣É q̣é
!Q̣I q̣i
!Q̣O q̣o
!Q̣O͘ q̣o͘
|-
|[ħa]
|[ħo]
|[ħe]
|[ħu]
|[ħɨ]
|[d͡z]
|[d͡zǁ]
|[aˤ]
|[ɤˤ]
|[ɛˤ]
|[iˤ]
|[oˤ]
|[ɔˤ]
|-
!Q̣U q̣u
!Q̣W q̣w
!Ȿ ȿ
!Ɀ ɀ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[uˤ]
|[øˤ]
|[ʃt͡ʃ]
|[ʒt͡ʃ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Kairudayaman Language, 1912 (comparison to modern Latin and Cyrillic alphabets) ===
{| class="wikitable"
!
1912 Latin
!IPA
!
1959 Cyrillic
!Modern Latin
!Greek
|-
|A a
|[ɑ]
|
|
|
|-
|A̍ a̍
|[ə]
|
|
|
|-
|B ʙ
|[b]
|
|
|
|-
|C c
|[ts]
|
|
|
|-
|Ç ç
|[ç]
|
|
|
|-
|D d
|[d]
|
|
|
|-
|E e
|[ɤ]
|
|
|
|-
|É é
|[ɛ]
|
|
|
|-
|E̍ e̍
|[ɘ]
|
|
|
|-
|F f
|[f]
|
|
|
|-
|Ⅎ ɟ
|[ɹ̠ʷ]
|
|
|
|-
|G g
|[ɟ]
|
|
|
|-
|<big>ɠ</big> ɠ
|[ɠ]
|
|
|
|-
|H h
|[ħ]
|
|
|
|-
|H̐ h̐
|[ħǀ]
|
|
|
|-
|Ч ч
|[ɥ]
|
|
|
|-
|Ч̐ ч̐
|[ɥǀ]
|
|
|
|-
|I i
|[i]
|
|
|
|-
|I̍ i̍
|[ø]
|
|
|
|-
|J j
|[dʒ]
|
|
|
|-
|K k
|[k]
|
|
|
|-
|L l
|[l]
|
|
|
|-
|L̐ l̐
|[lǀ]
|
|
|
|-
|M m
|[m]
|
|
|
|-
|M̐ m̐
|[mǀ]
|
|
|
|-
|N n
|[n]
|
|
|
|-
|O o
|[o]
|
|
|
|-
|O͘ o͘
|[ø]
|
|
|
|-
|P p
|[p]
|
|
|
|-
|Q q
|[q]
|
|
|
|-
|Ɋ ɋ
|[ð]
|
|
|
|-
|Ƣ ƣ
|[ɣ]
|
|
|
|-
|R r
|[
|
|
|
|-
|Ꞃ ꞃ
|
|
|
|
|-
|S s
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ş ş
|
|
|
|
|-
|ʕ ſ
|
|
|
|
|-
|T t
|
|
|
|
|-
|T̔ t̔
|
|
|
|
|-
|U u
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ṳ ṳ
|
|
|
|
|-
|V v
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ƿ ƿ
|
|
|
|
|-
|X x
|
|
|
|
|-
|Xh xh
|
|
|
|
|-
|X̃ x̃
|
|
|
|
|-
|У y
|
|
|
|
|-
|Z z
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ƶ ƶ
|
|
|
|
|-
|З з
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ʒ ʒ
|
|
|
|
|-
|Г г
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ӷ ӷ
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ҕ ҕ
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ғ ғ
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ы ы
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ь ь
|
|
|
|
|-
|भ <small>भ</small>
|
|
|
|
|}
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== Central Hatsune Miku State ==
=== 1910s basic alphabet ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A
![[Vertical line above|A̍]]
!B
!C
!Ç
!D
!E
![[Vertical line above|E̍]]
![[Schwa|Ə]]
!F
!G
!Ƣ
!H
!I
!J
!K
!L
![[Chandrabindu|L̐]]
!M
!N
![[Chandrabindu|N̐]]
|-
|a
|a̍
|b
|c
|ç
|d
|e
|e̍
|ə
|f
|g
|ƣ
|h
|i
|j
|k
|l
|l̐
|m
|n
|n̐
|-
!O
![[O͘]]
!P
!Q
!R
!S
!Ş
!T
!U
![[Ṳ]]
!V
!Ƿ
!X
!Y
!Z
![[Soft sign|Ь]]
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|o
|o͘
|p
|q
|r
|s
|ş
|t
|u
|ṳ
|v
|ƿ
|x
|y
|z
|ь
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Eisatsu Language, 1915 ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!E e
!É é
!Ə ə
!F f
!G g
!Ƣ ƣ
!I i
!J j
|-
|[ɑ]
|[b]
|[t͡s]
|[ç]
|[d]
|[ɤ]
|[ɛ]
|[ə]
|[f]
|[ɟ]
|[ɣ]
|[i]
|[d͡ʒ]
|-
!K k
!K̔ k̔
!L l
!M m
!N n
!O o
!O͘ o͘
!P p
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!S s
!Ş ş
|-
|[k]
|[kǁ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[n]
|[o]
|[ɔ]
|[p]
|[q]
|[k’]
|[ʀ]
|[s]
|[sǁ]
|-
!T t
!U u
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ʒ ʒ
!Ћ ћ
!Ы ы
!Ь ь
!ʕ ſ
|-
|[t]
|[u]
|[v]
|[w]
|[χ]
|[y]
|[z]
|[zǁ]
|[ʒ]
|[θ]
|[ɨ]
|[ʲ]
|[ʃ]
|-
!Г г
!Ӷ ӷ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
!Ч ч
!Ҹ ҹ
!Ҕ ҕ
!H h
!Ħ ɦ
!W w
!Ẃ ẃ
!A̍ a̍
!E̍ e̍
|-
|[g]
|[ɟǁ]
|[ʘ]
|[ʘ̃]
|[ɥ]
|[ɥǁ]
|[ǂ]
|[tǁ]
|[ħ]
|[ø]
|[øǁ]
|[ǀɑ]
|[ǀɛ]
|-
!I̍ i̍
!O̍ o̍
!O̍͘ o̍͘
!U̍ u̍
!W̍ w̍
!Y̍ y̍
!A̤ a̤
!E̤ e̤
!É̤ é̤
!I̤ i̤
!O̤ o̤
!Ṳ ṳ
!Ḃ ḃ
|-
|[ǀi]
|[ǀo]
|[ǀɔ]
|[ǀu]
|[ǀø]
|[ǀy]
|[aː]
|[ɤː]
|[ɛː]
|[iː]
|[oː]
|[uː]
|[ʔb]
|-
!Ċ ċ
!Ḋ ḋ
!Ė ė
!Ḟ ḟ
!Ġ ġ
!L̇ l̇
!Ṁ ṁ
!Ṅ ṅ
!Ṗ ṗ
!Ṙ ṙ
!Ṡ ṡ
!Ṫ ṫ
!Ẇ ẇ
|-
|[ʔt͡s]
|[ʔd]
|[ʔɤ]
|[ʔf]
|[ʔɟ]
|[ʔl]
|[ʔm]
|[ʔn]
|[ʔp]
|[ʔʀ]
|[ʔs]
|[ʔt]
|[ʔø]
|-
!Ħa ɦa
!Ħo ɦo
!Ħe ɦe
!Ħu ɦu
!Ħы ɦы
!DZ dz
!DƷ dʒ
!Q̣A q̣a
!Q̣E q̣e
!Q̣É q̣é
!Q̣I q̣i
!Q̣O q̣o
!Q̣O͘ q̣o͘
|-
|[ħa]
|[ħo]
|[ħe]
|[ħu]
|[ħɨ]
|[d͡z]
|[d͡zǁ]
|[aˤ]
|[ɤˤ]
|[ɛˤ]
|[iˤ]
|[oˤ]
|[ɔˤ]
|-
!Q̣U q̣u
!Q̣W q̣w
!Ȿ ȿ
!Ɀ ɀ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[uˤ]
|[øˤ]
|[ʃt͡ʃ]
|[ʒt͡ʃ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Kairudayaman Language, 1912 (comparison to modern Latin and Cyrillic alphabets) ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!
1912 Latin
!IPA
!
1959 Cyrillic
!Modern Latin
!Greek
|-
|A a
|[ɑ]
|А а
|
|
|-
|A̍ a̍
|[ə]
|Э э
|
|
|-
|B ʙ
|[b]
|Б б
|
|
|-
|C c
|[ts]
|Ц ц
|
|
|-
|Ç ç
|[ç]
|Ц’ ц’
|
|
|-
|D d
|[d]
|Д д
|
|
|-
|E e
|[ɤ]
|Е е
|
|
|-
|É é
|[ɛ]
|Е’ е’
|
|
|-
|E̍ e̍
|[ɘ]
|Ё ё
|
|
|-
|F f
|[f]
|Ф ф
|
|
|-
|Ⅎ ɟ
|[ɹ̠ʷ]
|Рв рв
|
|
|-
|G g
|[ɟ]
|Г г
|
|
|-
|<big>ɠ</big> ɠ
|[ɠ]
|Г’ г’
|
|
|-
|H h
|[ħ]
|Х х
|
|
|-
|H̐ h̐
|[ħǀ]
|ХI хI
|
|
|-
|Ч ч
|[ɥ]
|Уе уе
|
|
|-
|Ч̐ ч̐
|[ɥǀ]
|УеI уеI
|
|
|-
|I i
|[i]
|И и
|
|
|-
|I̍ i̍
|[j]
|Й й
|
|
|-
|J j
|[dʒ]
|Дж дж
|
|
|-
|K k
|[k]
|К к
|
|
|-
|L l
|[l]
|Л л
|
|
|-
|L̐ l̐
|[lǀ]
|ЛI лI
|
|
|-
|M m
|[m]
|М м
|
|
|-
|M̐ m̐
|[mǀ]
|МI мI
|
|
|-
|N n
|[n]
|Н н
|
|
|-
|O o
|[o]
|О о
|
|
|-
|O͘ o͘
|[ɔ]
|Оу оу
|
|
|-
|P p
|[p]
|П п
|
|
|-
|Q q
|[kw]
|К’ к’
|
|
|-
|Ɋ ɋ
|[ð]
|Д д
|
|
|-
|Ƣ ƣ
|[ɣ]
|ГI гI
|
|
|-
|R r
|[ʐ]
|Ж ж
|
|
|-
|Ꞃ ꞃ
|[r]
|Р р
|
|
|-
|S s
|[s]
|С с
|
|
|-
|Ş ş
|[ʃ]
|Ш ш
|
|
|-
|ʕ ſ
|[ʃtʃ]
|Щ щ
|
|
|-
|T t
|[t]
|Т т
|
|
|-
|T̔ t̔
|[θ]
|ТI тI
|
|
|-
|U u
|[u]
|У у
|
|
|-
|Ṳ ṳ
|[uǀ]
|УI уI
|
|
|-
|V v
|[v]
|В в
|
|
|-
|Ƿ ƿ
|[w]
|ВI вI
|
|
|-
|X x
|[ks]
|Кс кс
|
|
|-
|Xh xh
|[x]
|Кх кх
|
|
|-
|X̃ x̃
|[q]
|КхI кхI
|
|
|-
|У y
|[◌̃]
|Н’ н’
|
|
|-
|Z z
|[z]
|З з
|
|
|-
|Ƶ ƶ
|[zǀ]
|ЗI зI
|
|
|-
|З з
|[dz]
|Дз дз
|
|
|-
|Ʒ ʒ
|[dzǀ]
|ДзI дзI
|
|
|-
|Г г
|[ǃ]
|Гъ гъ
|
|
|-
|Ӷ ӷ
|[ǃ˞]
|ГъI гъI
|
|
|-
|Ҕ ҕ
|[ǁ]
|Чъ чъ
|
|
|-
|Ғ ғ
|[ǂ]
|ЧъI чъI
|
|
|-
|[[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
|[ʘ]
|Тщ тщ
|
|
|-
|[[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
|[ʘ̬]
|ЩщI щщI
|
|
|-
|Ы ы
|[ɨ]
|Ы ы
|
|
|-
|Ь ь
|[ʲ]
|Ь ь
|
|
|-
|भ <small>भ</small>
|[pʼ]
|ПI пI
|
|
|}
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== Central Hatsune Miku State ==
=== 1910s basic alphabet ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A
![[Vertical line above|A̍]]
!B
!C
!Ç
!D
!E
![[Vertical line above|E̍]]
![[Schwa|Ə]]
!F
!G
!Ƣ
!H
!I
!J
!K
!L
![[Chandrabindu|L̐]]
!M
!N
![[Chandrabindu|N̐]]
|-
|a
|a̍
|b
|c
|ç
|d
|e
|e̍
|ə
|f
|g
|ƣ
|h
|i
|j
|k
|l
|l̐
|m
|n
|n̐
|-
!O
![[O͘]]
!P
!Q
!R
!S
!Ş
!T
!U
![[Ṳ]]
!V
!Ƿ
!X
!Y
!Z
![[Soft sign|Ь]]
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|o
|o͘
|p
|q
|r
|s
|ş
|t
|u
|ṳ
|v
|ƿ
|x
|y
|z
|ь
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Eisatsu Language, 1915 ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!E e
!É é
!Ə ə
!F f
!G g
!Ƣ ƣ
!I i
!J j
|-
|[ɑ]
|[b]
|[t͡s]
|[ç]
|[d]
|[ɤ]
|[ɛ]
|[ə]
|[f]
|[ɟ]
|[ɣ]
|[i]
|[d͡ʒ]
|-
!K k
!K̔ k̔
!L l
!M m
!N n
!O o
!O͘ o͘
!P p
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!S s
!Ş ş
|-
|[k]
|[kǁ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[n]
|[o]
|[ɔ]
|[p]
|[q]
|[k’]
|[ʀ]
|[s]
|[sǁ]
|-
!T t
!U u
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ʒ ʒ
!Ћ ћ
!Ы ы
!Ь ь
!ʕ ſ
|-
|[t]
|[u]
|[v]
|[w]
|[χ]
|[y]
|[z]
|[zǁ]
|[ʒ]
|[θ]
|[ɨ]
|[ʲ]
|[ʃ]
|-
!Г г
!Ӷ ӷ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
!Ч ч
!Ҹ ҹ
!Ҕ ҕ
!H h
!Ħ ɦ
!W w
!Ẃ ẃ
!A̍ a̍
!E̍ e̍
|-
|[g]
|[ɟǁ]
|[ʘ]
|[ʘ̃]
|[ɥ]
|[ɥǁ]
|[ǂ]
|[tǁ]
|[ħ]
|[ø]
|[øǁ]
|[ǀɑ]
|[ǀɛ]
|-
!I̍ i̍
!O̍ o̍
!O̍͘ o̍͘
!U̍ u̍
!W̍ w̍
!Y̍ y̍
!A̤ a̤
!E̤ e̤
!É̤ é̤
!I̤ i̤
!O̤ o̤
!Ṳ ṳ
!Ḃ ḃ
|-
|[ǀi]
|[ǀo]
|[ǀɔ]
|[ǀu]
|[ǀø]
|[ǀy]
|[aː]
|[ɤː]
|[ɛː]
|[iː]
|[oː]
|[uː]
|[ʔb]
|-
!Ċ ċ
!Ḋ ḋ
!Ė ė
!Ḟ ḟ
!Ġ ġ
!L̇ l̇
!Ṁ ṁ
!Ṅ ṅ
!Ṗ ṗ
!Ṙ ṙ
!Ṡ ṡ
!Ṫ ṫ
!Ẇ ẇ
|-
|[ʔt͡s]
|[ʔd]
|[ʔɤ]
|[ʔf]
|[ʔɟ]
|[ʔl]
|[ʔm]
|[ʔn]
|[ʔp]
|[ʔʀ]
|[ʔs]
|[ʔt]
|[ʔø]
|-
!Ħa ɦa
!Ħo ɦo
!Ħe ɦe
!Ħu ɦu
!Ħы ɦы
!DZ dz
!DƷ dʒ
!Q̣A q̣a
!Q̣E q̣e
!Q̣É q̣é
!Q̣I q̣i
!Q̣O q̣o
!Q̣O͘ q̣o͘
|-
|[ħa]
|[ħo]
|[ħe]
|[ħu]
|[ħɨ]
|[d͡z]
|[d͡zǁ]
|[aˤ]
|[ɤˤ]
|[ɛˤ]
|[iˤ]
|[oˤ]
|[ɔˤ]
|-
!Q̣U q̣u
!Q̣W q̣w
!Ȿ ȿ
!Ɀ ɀ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[uˤ]
|[øˤ]
|[ʃt͡ʃ]
|[ʒt͡ʃ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Kairudayaman Language, 1912 (comparison to modern Latin and Cyrillic alphabets) ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!
1912 Latin
!IPA
!
1959 Cyrillic
!Modern Latin
!Greek
|-
|A a
|[ɑ]
|А а
|A a
|
|-
|A̍ a̍
|[ə]
|Э э
|Ă ă
|
|-
|B ʙ
|[b]
|Б б
|B b
|
|-
|C c
|[ts]
|Ц ц
|C c
|
|-
|Ç ç
|[ç]
|Ц’ ц’
|Ç ç
|
|-
|D d
|[d]
|Д д
|D d
|
|-
|E e
|[ɤ]
|Е е
|E e
|
|-
|É é
|[ɛ]
|Е’ е’
|É é
|
|-
|E̍ e̍
|[ɘ]
|Ё ё
|Ə ə
|
|-
|F f
|[f]
|Ф ф
|F f
|
|-
|Ⅎ ɟ
|[ɹ̠ʷ]
|Рв рв
|R' r'
|
|-
|G g
|[ɟ]
|Г г
|G g
|
|-
|<big>ɠ</big> ɠ
|[ɠ]
|Г’ г’
|Gy gy
|
|-
|H h
|[ħ]
|Х х
|H h
|
|-
|H̐ h̐
|[ħǀ]
|ХI хI
|H' h'
|
|-
|Ч ч
|[ɥ]
|Уе уе
|Ü ü
|
|-
|Ч̐ ч̐
|[ɥǀ]
|УеI уеI
|Ü' ü'
|
|-
|I i
|[i]
|И и
|İ i
|
|-
|I̍ i̍
|[j]
|Й й
|Y y
|
|-
|J j
|[dʒ]
|Дж дж
|J j
|
|-
|K k
|[k]
|К к
|K k
|
|-
|L l
|[l]
|Л л
|L l
|
|-
|L̐ l̐
|[lǀ]
|ЛI лI
|L' l'
|
|-
|M m
|[m]
|М м
|M m
|
|-
|M̐ m̐
|[mǀ]
|МI мI
|M' m'
|
|-
|N n
|[n]
|Н н
|N n
|
|-
|O o
|[o]
|О о
|O o
|
|-
|O͘ o͘
|[ɔ]
|Оу оу
|Ö ö
|
|-
|P p
|[p]
|П п
|P p
|
|-
|Q q
|[kw]
|К’ к’
|K' k'
|
|-
|Ɋ ɋ
|[ð]
|ДI дI
|D' d'
|
|-
|Ƣ ƣ
|[ɣ]
|ГI гI
|Ğ ğ
|
|-
|R r
|[ʐ]
|Ж ж
|Ž ž
|
|-
|Ꞃ ꞃ
|[r]
|Р р
|R r
|
|-
|S s
|[s]
|С с
|S s
|
|-
|Ş ş
|[ʃ]
|Ш ш
|Ş ş
|
|-
|ʕ ſ
|[ʃtʃ]
|Щ щ
|Ş' ş'
|
|-
|T t
|[t]
|Т т
|T t
|
|-
|T̔ t̔
|[θ]
|ТI тI
|Th th
|
|-
|U u
|[u]
|У у
|U u
|
|-
|Ṳ ṳ
|[uǀ]
|УI уI
|U' u'
|
|-
|V v
|[v]
|В в
|V v
|
|-
|Ƿ ƿ
|[w]
|ВI вI
|W w
|
|-
|X x
|[ks]
|Кс кс
|X x
|
|-
|Xh xh
|[x]
|Кх кх
|Xh xh
|
|-
|X̃ x̃
|[q]
|КхI кхI
|X' x'
|
|-
|У y
|[◌̃]
|Н’ н’
|Nn nn
|
|-
|Z z
|[z]
|З з
|Z z
|
|-
|Ƶ ƶ
|[zǀ]
|ЗI зI
|Z' z'
|
|-
|З з
|[dz]
|Дз дз
|Dz dz
|
|-
|Ʒ ʒ
|[dzǀ]
|ДзI дзI
|Dz' dz'
|
|-
|Г г
|[ǃ]
|Гъ гъ
|Q q
|
|-
|Ӷ ӷ
|[ǃ˞]
|ГъI гъI
|Q' q'
|
|-
|Ҕ ҕ
|[ǁ]
|Чъ чъ
|Tch tch
|
|-
|Ғ ғ
|[ǂ]
|ЧъI чъI
|Pch pch
|
|-
|[[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
|[ʘ]
|Тщ тщ
|Tsh tsh
|
|-
|[[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
|[ʘ̬]
|ЩщI щщI
|C·h c·h
|
|-
|Ы ы
|[ɨ]
|Ы ы
|I ı
|
|-
|Ь ь
|[ʲ]
|Ь ь
|(J j)
|
|-
|भ <small>भ</small>
|[pʼ]
|ПI пI
|
|
|}
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== Central Hatsune Miku State ==
=== 1910s basic alphabet ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A
![[Vertical line above|A̍]]
!B
!C
!Ç
!D
!E
![[Vertical line above|E̍]]
![[Schwa|Ə]]
!F
!G
!Ƣ
!H
!I
!J
!K
!L
![[Chandrabindu|L̐]]
!M
!N
![[Chandrabindu|N̐]]
|-
|a
|a̍
|b
|c
|ç
|d
|e
|e̍
|ə
|f
|g
|ƣ
|h
|i
|j
|k
|l
|l̐
|m
|n
|n̐
|-
!O
![[O͘]]
!P
!Q
!R
!S
!Ş
!T
!U
![[Ṳ]]
!V
!Ƿ
!X
!Y
!Z
![[Soft sign|Ь]]
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|o
|o͘
|p
|q
|r
|s
|ş
|t
|u
|ṳ
|v
|ƿ
|x
|y
|z
|ь
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Eisatsu Language, 1915 ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!E e
!É é
!Ə ə
!F f
!G g
!Ƣ ƣ
!I i
!J j
|-
|[ɑ]
|[b]
|[t͡s]
|[ç]
|[d]
|[ɤ]
|[ɛ]
|[ə]
|[f]
|[ɟ]
|[ɣ]
|[i]
|[d͡ʒ]
|-
!K k
!K̔ k̔
!L l
!M m
!N n
!O o
!O͘ o͘
!P p
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!S s
!Ş ş
|-
|[k]
|[kǁ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[n]
|[o]
|[ɔ]
|[p]
|[q]
|[k’]
|[ʀ]
|[s]
|[sǁ]
|-
!T t
!U u
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ʒ ʒ
!Ћ ћ
!Ы ы
!Ь ь
!ʕ ſ
|-
|[t]
|[u]
|[v]
|[w]
|[χ]
|[y]
|[z]
|[zǁ]
|[ʒ]
|[θ]
|[ɨ]
|[ʲ]
|[ʃ]
|-
!Г г
!Ӷ ӷ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
!Ч ч
!Ҹ ҹ
!Ҕ ҕ
!H h
!Ħ ɦ
!W w
!Ẃ ẃ
!A̍ a̍
!E̍ e̍
|-
|[g]
|[ɟǁ]
|[ʘ]
|[ʘ̃]
|[ɥ]
|[ɥǁ]
|[ǂ]
|[tǁ]
|[ħ]
|[ø]
|[øǁ]
|[ǀɑ]
|[ǀɛ]
|-
!I̍ i̍
!O̍ o̍
!O̍͘ o̍͘
!U̍ u̍
!W̍ w̍
!Y̍ y̍
!A̤ a̤
!E̤ e̤
!É̤ é̤
!I̤ i̤
!O̤ o̤
!Ṳ ṳ
!Ḃ ḃ
|-
|[ǀi]
|[ǀo]
|[ǀɔ]
|[ǀu]
|[ǀø]
|[ǀy]
|[aː]
|[ɤː]
|[ɛː]
|[iː]
|[oː]
|[uː]
|[ʔb]
|-
!Ċ ċ
!Ḋ ḋ
!Ė ė
!Ḟ ḟ
!Ġ ġ
!L̇ l̇
!Ṁ ṁ
!Ṅ ṅ
!Ṗ ṗ
!Ṙ ṙ
!Ṡ ṡ
!Ṫ ṫ
!Ẇ ẇ
|-
|[ʔt͡s]
|[ʔd]
|[ʔɤ]
|[ʔf]
|[ʔɟ]
|[ʔl]
|[ʔm]
|[ʔn]
|[ʔp]
|[ʔʀ]
|[ʔs]
|[ʔt]
|[ʔø]
|-
!Ħa ɦa
!Ħo ɦo
!Ħe ɦe
!Ħu ɦu
!Ħы ɦы
!DZ dz
!DƷ dʒ
!Q̣A q̣a
!Q̣E q̣e
!Q̣É q̣é
!Q̣I q̣i
!Q̣O q̣o
!Q̣O͘ q̣o͘
|-
|[ħa]
|[ħo]
|[ħe]
|[ħu]
|[ħɨ]
|[d͡z]
|[d͡zǁ]
|[aˤ]
|[ɤˤ]
|[ɛˤ]
|[iˤ]
|[oˤ]
|[ɔˤ]
|-
!Q̣U q̣u
!Q̣W q̣w
!Ȿ ȿ
!Ɀ ɀ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[uˤ]
|[øˤ]
|[ʃt͡ʃ]
|[ʒt͡ʃ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Kairudayaman Language, 1912 (comparison to modern Latin and Cyrillic alphabets) ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!
1912 Latin
!IPA
!
1959 Cyrillic
!Modern Latin
!Greek
|-
|A a
|[ɑ]
|А а
|A a
|
|-
|A̍ a̍
|[ə]
|Э э
|Ă ă
|
|-
|B ʙ
|[b]
|Б б
|B b
|
|-
|C c
|[ts]
|Ц ц
|C c
|
|-
|Ç ç
|[ç]
|Ц’ ц’
|Ç ç
|
|-
|D d
|[d]
|Д д
|D d
|
|-
|E e
|[ɤ]
|Е е
|E e
|
|-
|É é
|[ɛ]
|Е’ е’
|É é
|
|-
|E̍ e̍
|[ɘ]
|Ё ё
|Ə ə
|
|-
|F f
|[f]
|Ф ф
|F f
|
|-
|Ⅎ ɟ
|[ɹ̠ʷ]
|Рв рв
|R' r'
|
|-
|G g
|[ɟ]
|Г г
|G g
|
|-
|<big>ɠ</big> ɠ
|[ɠ]
|Г’ г’
|Gy gy
|
|-
|H h
|[ħ]
|Х х
|H h
|
|-
|H̐ h̐
|[ħǀ]
|ХI хI
|H' h'
|
|-
|Ч ч
|[ɥ]
|Уе уе
|Ü ü
|
|-
|Ч̐ ч̐
|[ɥǀ]
|УеI уеI
|Ü' ü'
|
|-
|I i
|[i]
|И и
|İ i
|
|-
|I̍ i̍
|[j]
|Й й
|Y y
|
|-
|J j
|[dʒ]
|Дж дж
|J j
|
|-
|K k
|[k]
|К к
|K k
|
|-
|L l
|[l]
|Л л
|L l
|
|-
|L̐ l̐
|[lǀ]
|ЛI лI
|L' l'
|
|-
|M m
|[m]
|М м
|M m
|
|-
|M̐ m̐
|[mǀ]
|МI мI
|M' m'
|
|-
|N n
|[n]
|Н н
|N n
|
|-
|O o
|[o]
|О о
|O o
|
|-
|O͘ o͘
|[ɔ]
|Оу оу
|Ö ö
|
|-
|P p
|[p]
|П п
|P p
|
|-
|Q q
|[kw]
|К’ к’
|K' k'
|
|-
|Ɋ ɋ
|[ð]
|ДI дI
|D' d'
|
|-
|Ƣ ƣ
|[ɣ]
|ГI гI
|Ğ ğ
|
|-
|R r
|[ʐ]
|Ж ж
|Ž ž
|
|-
|Ꞃ ꞃ
|[r]
|Р р
|R r
|
|-
|S s
|[s]
|С с
|S s
|
|-
|Ş ş
|[ʃ]
|Ш ш
|Ş ş
|
|-
|ʕ ſ
|[ʃtʃ]
|Щ щ
|Ş' ş'
|
|-
|T t
|[t]
|Т т
|T t
|
|-
|T̔ t̔
|[θ]
|ТI тI
|Th th
|
|-
|U u
|[u]
|У у
|U u
|
|-
|Ṳ ṳ
|[uǀ]
|УI уI
|U' u'
|
|-
|V v
|[v]
|В в
|V v
|
|-
|Ƿ ƿ
|[w]
|ВI вI
|W w
|
|-
|X x
|[ks]
|Кс кс
|X x
|
|-
|Xh xh
|[x]
|Кх кх
|Xh xh
|
|-
|X̃ x̃
|[q]
|КхI кхI
|X' x'
|
|-
|У y
|[◌̃]
|Н’ н’
|Nn nn
|
|-
|Z z
|[z]
|З з
|Z z
|
|-
|Ƶ ƶ
|[zǀ]
|ЗI зI
|Z' z'
|
|-
|З з
|[dz]
|Дз дз
|Dz dz
|
|-
|Ʒ ʒ
|[dzǀ]
|ДзI дзI
|Dz' dz'
|
|-
|Г г
|[ǃ]
|Гъ гъ
|Q q
|
|-
|Ӷ ӷ
|[ǃ˞]
|ГъI гъI
|Q' q'
|
|-
|Ҕ ҕ
|[ǁ]
|Ч ч
|Tch tch
|
|-
|Ғ ғ
|[ǂ]
|ЧI чI
|Pch pch
|
|-
|[[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
|[ʘ]
|Тщ тщ
|Tsh tsh
|
|-
|[[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
|[ʘ̬]
|ЩщI щщI
|C·h c·h
|
|-
|Ы ы
|[ɨ]
|Ы ы
|I ı
|
|-
|Ь ь
|[ʲ]
|Ь ь
|(J j)
|
|-
|भ <small>भ</small>
|[pʼ]
|ПI пI
|
|
|}
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== Central Gooperland ==
=== Basic alphabet ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A
![[Vertical line above|A̍]]
!B
!C
!Ç
!D
!E
![[Vertical line above|E̍]]
![[Schwa|Ə]]
!F
!G
!Ƣ
!H
!I
!J
!K
!L
![[Chandrabindu|L̐]]
!M
!N
![[Chandrabindu|N̐]]
|-
|a
|a̍
|b
|c
|ç
|d
|e
|e̍
|ə
|f
|g
|ƣ
|h
|i
|j
|k
|l
|l̐
|m
|n
|n̐
|-
!O
![[O͘]]
!P
!Q
!R
!S
!Ş
!T
!U
![[Ṳ]]
!V
!Ƿ
!X
!Y
!Z
![[Soft sign|Ь]]
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|o
|o͘
|p
|q
|r
|s
|ş
|t
|u
|ṳ
|v
|ƿ
|x
|y
|z
|ь
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Eisatsu Language, 1915 (Eisatsu State) ===
An alphabet for Eisatsu was based on Pe̍h-ōe-jī, a romanisation system for Southern Min Chinese.
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!E e
!É é
!Ə ə
!F f
!G g
!Ƣ ƣ
!I i
!J j
|-
|[ɑ]
|[b]
|[t͡s]
|[ç]
|[d]
|[ɤ]
|[ɛ]
|[ə]
|[f]
|[ɟ]
|[ɣ]
|[i]
|[d͡ʒ]
|-
!K k
!K̔ k̔
!L l
!M m
!N n
!O o
!O͘ o͘
!P p
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!S s
!Ş ş
|-
|[k]
|[kǁ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[n]
|[o]
|[ɔ]
|[p]
|[q]
|[k’]
|[ʀ]
|[s]
|[sǁ]
|-
!T t
!U u
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ʒ ʒ
!Ћ ћ
!Ы ы
!Ь ь
!ʕ ſ
|-
|[t]
|[u]
|[v]
|[w]
|[χ]
|[y]
|[z]
|[zǁ]
|[ʒ]
|[θ]
|[ɨ]
|[ʲ]
|[ʃ]
|-
!Г г
!Ӷ ӷ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
!Ч ч
!Ҹ ҹ
!Ҕ ҕ
!H h
!Ħ ɦ
!W w
!Ẃ ẃ
!A̍ a̍
!E̍ e̍
|-
|[g]
|[ɟǁ]
|[ʘ]
|[ʘ̃]
|[ɥ]
|[ɥǁ]
|[ǂ]
|[tǁ]
|[ħ]
|[ø]
|[øǁ]
|[ǀɑ]
|[ǀɛ]
|-
!I̍ i̍
!O̍ o̍
!O̍͘ o̍͘
!U̍ u̍
!W̍ w̍
!Y̍ y̍
!A̤ a̤
!E̤ e̤
!É̤ é̤
!I̤ i̤
!O̤ o̤
!Ṳ ṳ
!Ḃ ḃ
|-
|[ǀi]
|[ǀo]
|[ǀɔ]
|[ǀu]
|[ǀø]
|[ǀy]
|[aː]
|[ɤː]
|[ɛː]
|[iː]
|[oː]
|[uː]
|[ʔb]
|-
!Ċ ċ
!Ḋ ḋ
!Ė ė
!Ḟ ḟ
!Ġ ġ
!L̇ l̇
!Ṁ ṁ
!Ṅ ṅ
!Ṗ ṗ
!Ṙ ṙ
!Ṡ ṡ
!Ṫ ṫ
!Ẇ ẇ
|-
|[ʔt͡s]
|[ʔd]
|[ʔɤ]
|[ʔf]
|[ʔɟ]
|[ʔl]
|[ʔm]
|[ʔn]
|[ʔp]
|[ʔʀ]
|[ʔs]
|[ʔt]
|[ʔø]
|-
!Ħa ɦa
!Ħo ɦo
!Ħe ɦe
!Ħu ɦu
!Ħы ɦы
!DZ dz
!DƷ dʒ
!Q̣A q̣a
!Q̣E q̣e
!Q̣É q̣é
!Q̣I q̣i
!Q̣O q̣o
!Q̣O͘ q̣o͘
|-
|[ħa]
|[ħo]
|[ħe]
|[ħu]
|[ħɨ]
|[d͡z]
|[d͡zǁ]
|[aˤ]
|[ɤˤ]
|[ɛˤ]
|[iˤ]
|[oˤ]
|[ɔˤ]
|-
!Q̣U q̣u
!Q̣W q̣w
!Ȿ ȿ
!Ɀ ɀ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[uˤ]
|[øˤ]
|[ʃt͡ʃ]
|[ʒt͡ʃ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
== Eastern Gooperland ==
=== Laidakuan alphabet, 1913 (Laidakuan State) ===
<span style="font-family:Quivira; font-size:36px; text-align:center;">'''Aa Ảả Bʙ B̉ʙ̉ Cc Dd D̉d̉ Ee Éé'''</span>
<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:36px; text-align:center;">''Aa Ảả Bʙ B̉ʙ̉ Cc Dd D̉d̉ Ee Éé''</span>
<span style="font-family:Quivira; font-size:36px; text-align:center;">'''Əə Ff Gg G̉g̉ Hh Ҕҕ Ii Ỉỉ Ьь Jj'''</span>
<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:36px; text-align:center;">''Əə Ff Gg G̉g̉ Hh Ҕҕ Ii Ỉỉ Ьь Jj''</span>
<span style="font-family:Quivira; font-size:36px; text-align:center;">'''J̉j̉ Kk Ll L̉l̉ Mm Nn N̐n̐ Oo O͘o͘'''</span>
<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:36px; text-align:center;">''J̉j̉ Kk Ll L̉l̉ Mm Nn N̐n̐ Oo O͘o͘''</span>
<span style="font-family:Quivira; font-size:36px; text-align:center;">'''Ơơ Pp P̉p̉ Rr Ss Tt T̉t̉'''</span>
<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:36px; text-align:center;">''Ơơ Pp P̉p̉ Rr Ss Tt T̉t̉''</span>
<span style="font-family:Quivira; font-size:36px; text-align:center;">'''Uu Ủủ Vv Zz Z̉z̉ Ʒʒ Ʒ̉ʒ̉ Īī'''</span>
<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:36px; text-align:center;">''Uu Ủủ Vv Zz Z̉z̉ Ʒʒ Ʒ̉ʒ̉ Īī''</span>
<small>''Laidakuan Latin alphabet of 1913''</small>
The Latin alphabet for Laidakuan was based on Vietnamese alphabet.
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== Central Gooperland ==
=== Basic alphabet ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A
![[Vertical line above|A̍]]
!B
!C
!Ç
!D
!E
![[Vertical line above|E̍]]
![[Schwa|Ə]]
!F
!G
!Ƣ
!H
!I
!J
!K
!L
![[Chandrabindu|L̐]]
!M
!N
![[Chandrabindu|N̐]]
|-
|a
|a̍
|b
|c
|ç
|d
|e
|e̍
|ə
|f
|g
|ƣ
|h
|i
|j
|k
|l
|l̐
|m
|n
|n̐
|-
!O
![[O͘]]
!P
!Q
!R
!S
!Ş
!T
!U
![[Ṳ]]
!V
!Ƿ
!X
!Y
!Z
![[Soft sign|Ь]]
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|o
|o͘
|p
|q
|r
|s
|ş
|t
|u
|ṳ
|v
|ƿ
|x
|y
|z
|ь
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Eisatsu Language, 1915 (Eisatsu State) ===
An alphabet for Eisatsu was based on Pe̍h-ōe-jī, a romanisation system for Southern Min Chinese.
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!E e
!É é
!Ə ə
!F f
!G g
!Ƣ ƣ
!I i
!J j
|-
|[ɑ]
|[b]
|[t͡s]
|[ç]
|[d]
|[ɤ]
|[ɛ]
|[ə]
|[f]
|[ɟ]
|[ɣ]
|[i]
|[d͡ʒ]
|-
!K k
!K̔ k̔
!L l
!M m
!N n
!O o
!O͘ o͘
!P p
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!S s
!Ş ş
|-
|[k]
|[kǁ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[n]
|[o]
|[ɔ]
|[p]
|[q]
|[k’]
|[ʀ]
|[s]
|[sǁ]
|-
!T t
!U u
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ʒ ʒ
!Ћ ћ
!Ы ы
!Ь ь
!ʕ ſ
|-
|[t]
|[u]
|[v]
|[w]
|[χ]
|[y]
|[z]
|[zǁ]
|[ʒ]
|[θ]
|[ɨ]
|[ʲ]
|[ʃ]
|-
!Г г
!Ӷ ӷ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
!Ч ч
!Ҹ ҹ
!Ҕ ҕ
!H h
!Ħ ɦ
!W w
!Ẃ ẃ
!A̍ a̍
!E̍ e̍
|-
|[g]
|[ɟǁ]
|[ʘ]
|[ʘ̃]
|[ɥ]
|[ɥǁ]
|[ǂ]
|[tǁ]
|[ħ]
|[ø]
|[øǁ]
|[ǀɑ]
|[ǀɛ]
|-
!I̍ i̍
!O̍ o̍
!O̍͘ o̍͘
!U̍ u̍
!W̍ w̍
!Y̍ y̍
!A̤ a̤
!E̤ e̤
!É̤ é̤
!I̤ i̤
!O̤ o̤
!Ṳ ṳ
!Ḃ ḃ
|-
|[ǀi]
|[ǀo]
|[ǀɔ]
|[ǀu]
|[ǀø]
|[ǀy]
|[aː]
|[ɤː]
|[ɛː]
|[iː]
|[oː]
|[uː]
|[ʔb]
|-
!Ċ ċ
!Ḋ ḋ
!Ė ė
!Ḟ ḟ
!Ġ ġ
!L̇ l̇
!Ṁ ṁ
!Ṅ ṅ
!Ṗ ṗ
!Ṙ ṙ
!Ṡ ṡ
!Ṫ ṫ
!Ẇ ẇ
|-
|[ʔt͡s]
|[ʔd]
|[ʔɤ]
|[ʔf]
|[ʔɟ]
|[ʔl]
|[ʔm]
|[ʔn]
|[ʔp]
|[ʔʀ]
|[ʔs]
|[ʔt]
|[ʔø]
|-
!Ħa ɦa
!Ħo ɦo
!Ħe ɦe
!Ħu ɦu
!Ħы ɦы
!DZ dz
!DƷ dʒ
!Q̣A q̣a
!Q̣E q̣e
!Q̣É q̣é
!Q̣I q̣i
!Q̣O q̣o
!Q̣O͘ q̣o͘
|-
|[ħa]
|[ħo]
|[ħe]
|[ħu]
|[ħɨ]
|[d͡z]
|[d͡zǁ]
|[aˤ]
|[ɤˤ]
|[ɛˤ]
|[iˤ]
|[oˤ]
|[ɔˤ]
|-
!Q̣U q̣u
!Q̣W q̣w
!Ȿ ȿ
!Ɀ ɀ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[uˤ]
|[øˤ]
|[ʃt͡ʃ]
|[ʒt͡ʃ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
== Eastern Gooperland ==
=== Yadagawan language alphabet, 1919 ===
The Vietnamese people in Yadagawa introduced a Latin alphabet in 1919 for Yadagawan language.
{| class="wikitable"
!Yadagawan<br>Latin, 1919
!IPA
!Yadagawan<br>Greek, 1360
!Yadagawan<br>Cyrillic, 1946
!Yadagawan<br>Latin, 1974
!Yadagawan<br>Cyrillic, 1979
|-
|A a
|[aː]
|Α α
|А а
|
|
|-
|Ă ă
|[a]
|Ᾱ ᾱ
|Ӑ ӑ
|
|
|-
|Â â
|[ja]
|Ια ια
|Я я
|
|
|-
|B b
|[b]
|Β β
|Б б
|
|
|-
|C c
|[ts]
|Τσ τσ
|Ц ц
|
|
|-
|Ç ç
|[tʃ]
|Τση τση
|Ч ч
|
|
|-
|Є є
|[ɓ]
|Β: β:
|Ҹ ҹ
|
|
|-
|D d
|[d]
|Δ δ
|Д д
|
|
|-
|Đ đ
|[ɗ]
|Δ: δ:
|Д̣ д̣
|
|
|-
|E e
|[e]
|Ε ε
|Е е
|
|
|-
|Ê ê
|[ɛ]
|Ε: ε:
|Ё ё
|
|
|-
|Ə ə
|[ə]
|Εᾱ εᾱ
|Ә ә
|
|
|-
|F f
|[f]
|Φ φ
|Ф ф
|
|
|-
|G g
|[g]
|Γ γ
|Ґ ґ
|
|
|-
|Ǥ ǥ
|[ɣ]
|Γ: γ:
|Ѓ ѓ
|
|
|-
|H h
|[h]
|Η η
|Г г
|
|
|-
|I i
|[i]
|Ι ι
|I і
|
|
|-
|Ï ï
|[ji]
|Ῑ ῑ
|Ї ї
|
|
|-
|Í í
|[jiː]
|Ι: ι:
|И и
|
|
|-
|Ь ь
|[ʲ]
|Ί ί
|Ь ь
|
|
|-
|J j
|[ʒ]
|Ζη ζη
|Ж ж
|
|
|-
|K k
|[k]
|Κ κ
|К к
|
|
|-
|Ⱪ ⱪ
|[ɠ]
|Γ̄ γ̄
|Ќ ќ
|
|
|-
|L l
|[l]
|Λ λ
|Л л
|
|
|-
|Ļ ļ
|[ɫ]
|Λ: λ:
|Љ љ
|
|
|-
|M m
|[m]
|Μ μ
|М м
|
|
|-
|N n
|[n]
|Ν ν
|Н н
|
|
|-
|N̐ n̐
|[ŋ]
|Ν: ν:
|Њ њ
|
|
|-
|O o
|[o]
|Ο ο
|О о
|
|
|-
|Ơ ơ
|[ɤ]
|Ο: ο:
|Ӧ ӧ
|
|
|-
|Ɵ ɵ
|[œ]
|Οε οε
|Ө ө
|
|
|-
|P p
|[p]
|Π π
|П п
|
|
|-
|Q q
|[q]
|Κ: κ:
|Қ қ
|
|
|-
|R r
|[ɹ]
|Ρ ρ
|Р р
|
|
|-
|S s
|[s]
|Σ σ
|С с
|
|
|-
|Ş ş
|[ʃ]
|Ση ση
|Ш ш
|
|
|-
|T t
|[t]
|Τ τ
|Т т
|
|
|-
|U u
|[u]
|Υ υ
|У у
|
|
|-
|Ư ư
|[ɨ]
|Υ: υ:
|Ы ы
|
|
|-
|V v
|[v]
|Β: β:
|В в
|
|
|-
|X x
|[x]
|Χ: χ:
|Х х
|
|
|-
|Y y
|[y]
|Ῡ ῡ
|Й й
|
|
|-
|Ý ý
|[ju]
|Ύ ύ
|Ю ю
|
|
|-
|Z z
|[z]
|Ζ ζ
|З з
|
|
|-
|З з
|[dʒ]
|Δζη δζη
|Дж дж
|
|
|-
|Z̧ z̧
|[ʒx]
|Ζηχ ζηχ
|Жх жх
|
|
|-
|Ƶ ƶ
|[ʒv]
|Ζηβ ζηβ
|Жв жв
|
|
|-
|Ʒ ʒ
|[dz]
|Δζ δζ
|Дз дз
|
|
|-
|Ʒ̂ ʒ̂
|[ʒː]
|Ζ: ζ:
|З̣ з̣
|
|
|}
=== Native words in Yadagawan ===
{| class="wikitable"
!
Word
!
Yadagawan<br>Latin, 1919
!
Yadagawan<br>Greek, 1360
!
Yadagawan<br>Cyrillic, 1946
|-
|Alphabet
|Elfăbăta
|Ελφᾱβᾱτα
|Елфӑбӑта
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|}
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== Central Gooperland ==
=== Basic alphabet ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A
![[Vertical line above|A̍]]
!B
!C
!Ç
!D
!E
![[Vertical line above|E̍]]
![[Schwa|Ə]]
!F
!G
!Ƣ
!H
!I
!J
!K
!L
![[Chandrabindu|L̐]]
!M
!N
![[Chandrabindu|N̐]]
|-
|a
|a̍
|b
|c
|ç
|d
|e
|e̍
|ə
|f
|g
|ƣ
|h
|i
|j
|k
|l
|l̐
|m
|n
|n̐
|-
!O
![[O͘]]
!P
!Q
!R
!S
!Ş
!T
!U
![[Ṳ]]
!V
!Ƿ
!X
!Y
!Z
![[Soft sign|Ь]]
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|o
|o͘
|p
|q
|r
|s
|ş
|t
|u
|ṳ
|v
|ƿ
|x
|y
|z
|ь
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Eisatsu Language, 1915 (Eisatsu State) ===
An alphabet for Eisatsu was based on Pe̍h-ōe-jī, a romanisation system for Southern Min Chinese.
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!E e
!É é
!Ə ə
!F f
!G g
!Ƣ ƣ
!I i
!J j
|-
|[ɑ]
|[b]
|[t͡s]
|[ç]
|[d]
|[ɤ]
|[ɛ]
|[ə]
|[f]
|[ɟ]
|[ɣ]
|[i]
|[d͡ʒ]
|-
!K k
!K̔ k̔
!L l
!M m
!N n
!O o
!O͘ o͘
!P p
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!S s
!Ş ş
|-
|[k]
|[kǁ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[n]
|[o]
|[ɔ]
|[p]
|[q]
|[k’]
|[ʀ]
|[s]
|[sǁ]
|-
!T t
!U u
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ʒ ʒ
!Ћ ћ
!Ы ы
!Ь ь
!ʕ ſ
|-
|[t]
|[u]
|[v]
|[w]
|[χ]
|[y]
|[z]
|[zǁ]
|[ʒ]
|[θ]
|[ɨ]
|[ʲ]
|[ʃ]
|-
!Г г
!Ӷ ӷ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
!Ч ч
!Ҹ ҹ
!Ҕ ҕ
!H h
!Ħ ɦ
!W w
!Ẃ ẃ
!A̍ a̍
!E̍ e̍
|-
|[g]
|[ɟǁ]
|[ʘ]
|[ʘ̃]
|[ɥ]
|[ɥǁ]
|[ǂ]
|[tǁ]
|[ħ]
|[ø]
|[øǁ]
|[ǀɑ]
|[ǀɛ]
|-
!I̍ i̍
!O̍ o̍
!O̍͘ o̍͘
!U̍ u̍
!W̍ w̍
!Y̍ y̍
!A̤ a̤
!E̤ e̤
!É̤ é̤
!I̤ i̤
!O̤ o̤
!Ṳ ṳ
!Ḃ ḃ
|-
|[ǀi]
|[ǀo]
|[ǀɔ]
|[ǀu]
|[ǀø]
|[ǀy]
|[aː]
|[ɤː]
|[ɛː]
|[iː]
|[oː]
|[uː]
|[ʔb]
|-
!Ċ ċ
!Ḋ ḋ
!Ė ė
!Ḟ ḟ
!Ġ ġ
!L̇ l̇
!Ṁ ṁ
!Ṅ ṅ
!Ṗ ṗ
!Ṙ ṙ
!Ṡ ṡ
!Ṫ ṫ
!Ẇ ẇ
|-
|[ʔt͡s]
|[ʔd]
|[ʔɤ]
|[ʔf]
|[ʔɟ]
|[ʔl]
|[ʔm]
|[ʔn]
|[ʔp]
|[ʔʀ]
|[ʔs]
|[ʔt]
|[ʔø]
|-
!Ħa ɦa
!Ħo ɦo
!Ħe ɦe
!Ħu ɦu
!Ħы ɦы
!DZ dz
!DƷ dʒ
!Q̣A q̣a
!Q̣E q̣e
!Q̣É q̣é
!Q̣I q̣i
!Q̣O q̣o
!Q̣O͘ q̣o͘
|-
|[ħa]
|[ħo]
|[ħe]
|[ħu]
|[ħɨ]
|[d͡z]
|[d͡zǁ]
|[aˤ]
|[ɤˤ]
|[ɛˤ]
|[iˤ]
|[oˤ]
|[ɔˤ]
|-
!Q̣U q̣u
!Q̣W q̣w
!Ȿ ȿ
!Ɀ ɀ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[uˤ]
|[øˤ]
|[ʃt͡ʃ]
|[ʒt͡ʃ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Hatsunian Language, 1920 (Hatsune Miku State) ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!A̍ a̍
!B b
!Ƀ ƀ
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!Đ đ
!E e
!É é
!E̍ e̍
!F f
!Ⅎ ɟ
!G g
!<big>ɠ</big> ɠ
|-
|[ɑ]
|[æ]
|[ʙ]
|[ɓ]
|[c]
|[cʼ]
|[d]
|[d̼]
|[ɛ]
|[e]
|[ɘ]
|[ʋ̥]
|[ʃʷ]
|[g]
|[ɠ]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!
Ƣ ƣ
!
H h
!
Ч ч
!
I i
!
I̍ i̍
!J j
!K k
!
K̐ k̐
!
L l
!M m
!
M̐ m̐
!N n
!
N̐ n̐
!
O o
!
O̍ o̍
|-
|[ɣ]
|[h]
|[ɥ]
|[i]
|[ɯ]
|[ʒ]
|[k]
|[kʰ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[m̥]
|[n]
|[n̼]
|[o]
|[ə]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!
O͘ o͘
!O̍͘ o̍͘
!P p
!Ꝑ ꝑ
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!S s
!Ş ş
!T t
!Ƥ ƥ
!Ƥ̍ ƥ̍
!U u
!U̍ u̍
!Ṳ ṳ
|-
|[ɔ]
|[œ]
|[p]
|[pʼ]
|[q]
|[qʼ]
|[r]
|[s]
|[sʼ]
|[t]
|[θ]
|[ð]
|[u]
|[ɵ]
|[ɨ]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Ṳ̍ ṳ̍
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!Ⱬ ⱬ
!Ʒ ʒ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_turned.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_turned.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender_turned.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender_turned.png|11x11px]]
!
!
!
|-
|[ʌ]
|[v]
|[w]
|[ʃ]
|[ɤ]
|[z]
|[dz]
|[dʒ]
|[ʘ]
|[ʘ̃]
|[ǀ̼ʔ]
|[ᵑǀ̼ʔ]
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
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== Central Gooperland ==
=== Basic alphabet ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A
![[Vertical line above|A̍]]
!B
!C
!Ç
!D
!E
![[Vertical line above|E̍]]
![[Schwa|Ə]]
!F
!G
!Ƣ
!H
!I
!J
!K
!L
![[Chandrabindu|L̐]]
!M
!N
![[Chandrabindu|N̐]]
|-
|a
|a̍
|b
|c
|ç
|d
|e
|e̍
|ə
|f
|g
|ƣ
|h
|i
|j
|k
|l
|l̐
|m
|n
|n̐
|-
!O
![[O͘]]
!P
!Q
!R
!S
!Ş
!T
!U
![[Ṳ]]
!V
!Ƿ
!X
!Y
!Z
![[Soft sign|Ь]]
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|o
|o͘
|p
|q
|r
|s
|ş
|t
|u
|ṳ
|v
|ƿ
|x
|y
|z
|ь
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Eisatsu Language, 1915 (Eisatsu State) ===
An alphabet for Eisatsu was based on Pe̍h-ōe-jī, a romanisation system for Southern Min Chinese.
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!E e
!É é
!Ə ə
!F f
!G g
!Ƣ ƣ
!I i
!J j
|-
|[ɑ]
|[b]
|[t͡s]
|[ç]
|[d]
|[ɤ]
|[ɛ]
|[ə]
|[f]
|[ɟ]
|[ɣ]
|[i]
|[d͡ʒ]
|-
!K k
!K̔ k̔
!L l
!M m
!N n
!O o
!O͘ o͘
!P p
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!S s
!Ş ş
|-
|[k]
|[kǁ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[n]
|[o]
|[ɔ]
|[p]
|[q]
|[k’]
|[ʀ]
|[s]
|[sǁ]
|-
!T t
!U u
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ʒ ʒ
!Ћ ћ
!Ы ы
!Ь ь
!ʕ ſ
|-
|[t]
|[u]
|[v]
|[w]
|[χ]
|[y]
|[z]
|[zǁ]
|[ʒ]
|[θ]
|[ɨ]
|[ʲ]
|[ʃ]
|-
!Г г
!Ӷ ӷ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
!Ч ч
!Ҹ ҹ
!Ҕ ҕ
!H h
!Ħ ɦ
!W w
!Ẃ ẃ
!A̍ a̍
!E̍ e̍
|-
|[g]
|[ɟǁ]
|[ʘ]
|[ʘ̃]
|[ɥ]
|[ɥǁ]
|[ǂ]
|[tǁ]
|[ħ]
|[ø]
|[øǁ]
|[ǀɑ]
|[ǀɛ]
|-
!I̍ i̍
!O̍ o̍
!O̍͘ o̍͘
!U̍ u̍
!W̍ w̍
!Y̍ y̍
!A̤ a̤
!E̤ e̤
!É̤ é̤
!I̤ i̤
!O̤ o̤
!Ṳ ṳ
!Ḃ ḃ
|-
|[ǀi]
|[ǀo]
|[ǀɔ]
|[ǀu]
|[ǀø]
|[ǀy]
|[aː]
|[ɤː]
|[ɛː]
|[iː]
|[oː]
|[uː]
|[ʔb]
|-
!Ċ ċ
!Ḋ ḋ
!Ė ė
!Ḟ ḟ
!Ġ ġ
!L̇ l̇
!Ṁ ṁ
!Ṅ ṅ
!Ṗ ṗ
!Ṙ ṙ
!Ṡ ṡ
!Ṫ ṫ
!Ẇ ẇ
|-
|[ʔt͡s]
|[ʔd]
|[ʔɤ]
|[ʔf]
|[ʔɟ]
|[ʔl]
|[ʔm]
|[ʔn]
|[ʔp]
|[ʔʀ]
|[ʔs]
|[ʔt]
|[ʔø]
|-
!Ħa ɦa
!Ħo ɦo
!Ħe ɦe
!Ħu ɦu
!Ħы ɦы
!DZ dz
!DƷ dʒ
!Q̣A q̣a
!Q̣E q̣e
!Q̣É q̣é
!Q̣I q̣i
!Q̣O q̣o
!Q̣O͘ q̣o͘
|-
|[ħa]
|[ħo]
|[ħe]
|[ħu]
|[ħɨ]
|[d͡z]
|[d͡zǁ]
|[aˤ]
|[ɤˤ]
|[ɛˤ]
|[iˤ]
|[oˤ]
|[ɔˤ]
|-
!Q̣U q̣u
!Q̣W q̣w
!Ȿ ȿ
!Ɀ ɀ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[uˤ]
|[øˤ]
|[ʃt͡ʃ]
|[ʒt͡ʃ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Hatsunian Language, 1920 (Hatsune Miku State) ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!A̍ a̍
!B b
!Ƀ ƀ
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!Đ đ
!E e
!
É é
!E̍ e̍
!F f
!Ⅎ ɟ
!G g
!<big>ɠ</big> ɠ
!Ƣ ƣ
|-
|[ɑ]
|[æ]
|[ʙ]
|[ɓ]
|[c]
|[cʼ]
|[d]
|[d̼]
|[ɛ]
|[e]
|[ɘ]
|[f]
|[ʃʷ]
|[g]
|[ɠ]
|[ɣ]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!
H h
!
Ħ ħ
!
I i
!
I̍ i̍
!
J j
!K k
!
K̐ k̐
!
L l
!
M m
!
M̐ m̐
!N n
!
N̐ n̐
!
O o
!
O̍ o̍
!
O͘ o͘
!
O̍͘ o̍͘
|-
|[h]
|[ħ]
|[i]
|[ɯ]
|[ʒ]
|[k]
|[kʰ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[m̥]
|[n]
|[n̼]
|[o]
|[ə]
|[ɔ]
|[œ]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!
P p
!Ꝑ ꝑ
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!Ꞃ ꞃ
!S s
!Ş ş
!ʕ ſ
!T t
!Ŧ ŧ
!Ƥ ƥ
!Ƥ̍ ƥ̍
!U u
!U̍ u̍
!Ṳ ṳ
|-
|[p]
|[pʼ]
|[q]
|[qʼ]
|[r]
|[ꞎ]
|[s]
|[sʼ]
|[ʃ]
|[t]
|[θ]
|[pʷ]
|[bʷ]
|[u]
|[ɵ]
|[ɨ]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Ṳ̍ ṳ̍
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!Ⱬ ⱬ
!Ʒ ʒ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_turned.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_turned.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender_turned.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender_turned.png|11x11px]]
!
Г г
!
Ӷ ӷ
!
Ҕ ҕ
!Ӻ ӻ
|-
|[ʌ]
|[v]
|[w]
|[ʃ]
|[ɤ]
|[z]
|[dz]
|[dʒ]
|[ʘ]
|[ʘ̃]
|[ǀ̼]
|[ᵑǀ̼]
|[ǀ]
|[ǃ]
|[ǃ̬]
|[ǁ]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Ч ч
!Ҹ ҹ
!Ꚓ ꚓ
!Ꚇ ꚇ
!Ъ ъ
!Ы ы
!Ь ь
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ɂ ɂ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[ɥ]
|[χ]
|[ǂ]
|[ɰ]
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|[y]
|[ʲ]
|[ts]
|[ʔ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
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== Central Gooperland ==
=== Basic alphabet ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A
![[Vertical line above|A̍]]
!B
!C
!Ç
!D
!E
![[Vertical line above|E̍]]
![[Schwa|Ə]]
!F
!G
!Ƣ
!H
!I
!J
!K
!L
![[Chandrabindu|L̐]]
!M
!N
![[Chandrabindu|N̐]]
|-
|a
|a̍
|b
|c
|ç
|d
|e
|e̍
|ə
|f
|g
|ƣ
|h
|i
|j
|k
|l
|l̐
|m
|n
|n̐
|-
!O
![[O͘]]
!P
!Q
!R
!S
!Ş
!T
!U
![[Ṳ]]
!V
!Ƿ
!X
!Y
!Z
![[Soft sign|Ь]]
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|o
|o͘
|p
|q
|r
|s
|ş
|t
|u
|ṳ
|v
|ƿ
|x
|y
|z
|ь
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Eisatsu Language, 1915 (Eisatsu State) ===
An alphabet for Eisatsu was based on Pe̍h-ōe-jī, a romanisation system for Southern Min Chinese.
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!E e
!É é
!Ə ə
!F f
!G g
!Ƣ ƣ
!I i
!J j
|-
|[ɑ]
|[b]
|[t͡s]
|[ç]
|[d]
|[ɤ]
|[ɛ]
|[ə]
|[f]
|[ɟ]
|[ɣ]
|[i]
|[d͡ʒ]
|-
!K k
!K̔ k̔
!L l
!M m
!N n
!O o
!O͘ o͘
!P p
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!S s
!Ş ş
|-
|[k]
|[kǁ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[n]
|[o]
|[ɔ]
|[p]
|[q]
|[k’]
|[ʀ]
|[s]
|[sǁ]
|-
!T t
!U u
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ʒ ʒ
!Ћ ћ
!Ы ы
!Ь ь
!ʕ ſ
|-
|[t]
|[u]
|[v]
|[w]
|[χ]
|[y]
|[z]
|[zǁ]
|[ʒ]
|[θ]
|[ɨ]
|[ʲ]
|[ʃ]
|-
!Г г
!Ӷ ӷ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
!Ч ч
!Ҹ ҹ
!Ҕ ҕ
!H h
!Ħ ɦ
!W w
!Ẃ ẃ
!A̍ a̍
!E̍ e̍
|-
|[g]
|[ɟǁ]
|[ʘ]
|[ʘ̃]
|[ɥ]
|[ɥǁ]
|[ǂ]
|[tǁ]
|[ħ]
|[ø]
|[øǁ]
|[ǀɑ]
|[ǀɛ]
|-
!I̍ i̍
!O̍ o̍
!O̍͘ o̍͘
!U̍ u̍
!W̍ w̍
!Y̍ y̍
!A̤ a̤
!E̤ e̤
!É̤ é̤
!I̤ i̤
!O̤ o̤
!Ṳ ṳ
!Ḃ ḃ
|-
|[ǀi]
|[ǀo]
|[ǀɔ]
|[ǀu]
|[ǀø]
|[ǀy]
|[aː]
|[ɤː]
|[ɛː]
|[iː]
|[oː]
|[uː]
|[ʔb]
|-
!Ċ ċ
!Ḋ ḋ
!Ė ė
!Ḟ ḟ
!Ġ ġ
!L̇ l̇
!Ṁ ṁ
!Ṅ ṅ
!Ṗ ṗ
!Ṙ ṙ
!Ṡ ṡ
!Ṫ ṫ
!Ẇ ẇ
|-
|[ʔt͡s]
|[ʔd]
|[ʔɤ]
|[ʔf]
|[ʔɟ]
|[ʔl]
|[ʔm]
|[ʔn]
|[ʔp]
|[ʔʀ]
|[ʔs]
|[ʔt]
|[ʔø]
|-
!Ħa ɦa
!Ħo ɦo
!Ħe ɦe
!Ħu ɦu
!Ħы ɦы
!DZ dz
!DƷ dʒ
!Q̣A q̣a
!Q̣E q̣e
!Q̣É q̣é
!Q̣I q̣i
!Q̣O q̣o
!Q̣O͘ q̣o͘
|-
|[ħa]
|[ħo]
|[ħe]
|[ħu]
|[ħɨ]
|[d͡z]
|[d͡zǁ]
|[aˤ]
|[ɤˤ]
|[ɛˤ]
|[iˤ]
|[oˤ]
|[ɔˤ]
|-
!Q̣U q̣u
!Q̣W q̣w
!Ȿ ȿ
!Ɀ ɀ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[uˤ]
|[øˤ]
|[ʃt͡ʃ]
|[ʒt͡ʃ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Hatsunian Language, 1920 (Hatsune Miku State) ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!A̍ a̍
!B b
!Ƀ ƀ
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!Đ đ
!E e
!
É é
!E̍ e̍
!F f
!Ⅎ ɟ
!G g
!<big>ɠ</big> ɠ
!Ƣ ƣ
|-
|[ɑ]
|[æ]
|[ʙ]
|[ɓ]
|[c]
|[cʼ]
|[d]
|[d̼]
|[ɛ]
|[e]
|[ɘ]
|[f]
|[ʃʷ]
|[g]
|[ɠ]
|[ɣ]
|-
|А а
|Ӕ ӕ
|Б б
|Б‘ б‘
|Ҡ ҡ
|Ҡ‘ ҡ‘
|Д д
|Д̆ д̆
|Е е
|Э э
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!
H h
!
Ħ ħ
!
I i
!
I̍ i̍
!
J j
!K k
!
K̐ k̐
!
L l
!
M m
!
M̐ m̐
!N n
!
N̐ n̐
!
O o
!
O̍ o̍
!
O͘ o͘
!
O̍͘ o̍͘
|-
|[h]
|[ħ]
|[i]
|[ɯ]
|[ʒ]
|[k]
|[kʰ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[m̥]
|[n]
|[n̼]
|[o]
|[ə]
|[ɔ]
|[œ]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!
P p
!Ꝑ ꝑ
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!Ꞃ ꞃ
!S s
!Ş ş
!ʕ ſ
!T t
!Ŧ ŧ
!Ƥ ƥ
!Ƥ̍ ƥ̍
!U u
!U̍ u̍
!Ṳ ṳ
|-
|[p]
|[pʼ]
|[q]
|[qʼ]
|[r]
|[ꞎ]
|[s]
|[sʼ]
|[ʃ]
|[t]
|[θ]
|[pʷ]
|[bʷ]
|[u]
|[ɵ]
|[ɨ]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Ṳ̍ ṳ̍
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!Ⱬ ⱬ
!Ʒ ʒ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_turned.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_turned.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender_turned.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender_turned.png|11x11px]]
!
Г г
!
Ӷ ӷ
!
Ҕ ҕ
!Ӻ ӻ
|-
|[ʌ]
|[v]
|[w]
|[ʃ]
|[ɤ]
|[z]
|[dz]
|[dʒ]
|[ʘ]
|[ʘ̃]
|[ǀ̼]
|[ᵑǀ̼]
|[ǀ]
|[ǃ]
|[ǃ̬]
|[ǁ]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Ч ч
!Ҹ ҹ
!Ꚓ ꚓ
!Ꚇ ꚇ
!Ъ ъ
!Ы ы
!Ь ь
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ɂ ɂ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[ɥ]
|[χ]
|[ǂ]
|[ɰ]
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|[y]
|[ʲ]
|[ts]
|[ʔ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
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== Central Gooperland ==
=== Basic alphabet ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A
![[Vertical line above|A̍]]
!B
!C
!Ç
!D
!E
![[Vertical line above|E̍]]
![[Schwa|Ə]]
!F
!G
!Ƣ
!H
!I
!J
!K
!L
![[Chandrabindu|L̐]]
!M
!N
![[Chandrabindu|N̐]]
|-
|a
|a̍
|b
|c
|ç
|d
|e
|e̍
|ə
|f
|g
|ƣ
|h
|i
|j
|k
|l
|l̐
|m
|n
|n̐
|-
!O
![[O͘]]
!P
!Q
!R
!S
!Ş
!T
!U
![[Ṳ]]
!V
!Ƿ
!X
!Y
!Z
![[Soft sign|Ь]]
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|o
|o͘
|p
|q
|r
|s
|ş
|t
|u
|ṳ
|v
|ƿ
|x
|y
|z
|ь
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Eisatsu Language, 1915 (Eisatsu State) ===
An alphabet for Eisatsu was based on Pe̍h-ōe-jī, a romanisation system for Southern Min Chinese.
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!E e
!É é
!Ə ə
!F f
!G g
!Ƣ ƣ
!I i
!J j
|-
|[ɑ]
|[b]
|[t͡s]
|[ç]
|[d]
|[ɤ]
|[ɛ]
|[ə]
|[f]
|[ɟ]
|[ɣ]
|[i]
|[d͡ʒ]
|-
!K k
!K̔ k̔
!L l
!M m
!N n
!O o
!O͘ o͘
!P p
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!S s
!Ş ş
|-
|[k]
|[kǁ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[n]
|[o]
|[ɔ]
|[p]
|[q]
|[k’]
|[ʀ]
|[s]
|[sǁ]
|-
!T t
!U u
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ʒ ʒ
!Ћ ћ
!Ы ы
!Ь ь
!ʕ ſ
|-
|[t]
|[u]
|[v]
|[w]
|[χ]
|[y]
|[z]
|[zǁ]
|[ʒ]
|[θ]
|[ɨ]
|[ʲ]
|[ʃ]
|-
!Г г
!Ӷ ӷ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
!Ч ч
!Ҹ ҹ
!Ҕ ҕ
!H h
!Ħ ɦ
!W w
!Ẃ ẃ
!A̍ a̍
!E̍ e̍
|-
|[g]
|[ɟǁ]
|[ʘ]
|[ʘ̃]
|[ɥ]
|[ɥǁ]
|[ǂ]
|[tǁ]
|[ħ]
|[ø]
|[øǁ]
|[ǀɑ]
|[ǀɛ]
|-
!I̍ i̍
!O̍ o̍
!O̍͘ o̍͘
!U̍ u̍
!W̍ w̍
!Y̍ y̍
!A̤ a̤
!E̤ e̤
!É̤ é̤
!I̤ i̤
!O̤ o̤
!Ṳ ṳ
!Ḃ ḃ
|-
|[ǀi]
|[ǀo]
|[ǀɔ]
|[ǀu]
|[ǀø]
|[ǀy]
|[aː]
|[ɤː]
|[ɛː]
|[iː]
|[oː]
|[uː]
|[ʔb]
|-
!Ċ ċ
!Ḋ ḋ
!Ė ė
!Ḟ ḟ
!Ġ ġ
!L̇ l̇
!Ṁ ṁ
!Ṅ ṅ
!Ṗ ṗ
!Ṙ ṙ
!Ṡ ṡ
!Ṫ ṫ
!Ẇ ẇ
|-
|[ʔt͡s]
|[ʔd]
|[ʔɤ]
|[ʔf]
|[ʔɟ]
|[ʔl]
|[ʔm]
|[ʔn]
|[ʔp]
|[ʔʀ]
|[ʔs]
|[ʔt]
|[ʔø]
|-
!Ħa ɦa
!Ħo ɦo
!Ħe ɦe
!Ħu ɦu
!Ħы ɦы
!DZ dz
!DƷ dʒ
!Q̣A q̣a
!Q̣E q̣e
!Q̣É q̣é
!Q̣I q̣i
!Q̣O q̣o
!Q̣O͘ q̣o͘
|-
|[ħa]
|[ħo]
|[ħe]
|[ħu]
|[ħɨ]
|[d͡z]
|[d͡zǁ]
|[aˤ]
|[ɤˤ]
|[ɛˤ]
|[iˤ]
|[oˤ]
|[ɔˤ]
|-
!Q̣U q̣u
!Q̣W q̣w
!Ȿ ȿ
!Ɀ ɀ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[uˤ]
|[øˤ]
|[ʃt͡ʃ]
|[ʒt͡ʃ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Hatsunian Language, 1912 (Hatsune Miku State) ===
This alphabet was created in 1912. It was based on Pe̍h-ōe-jī and Cyrillic.
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!A̍ a̍
!B b
!Ƀ ƀ
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!Đ đ
!E e
!
É é
!E̍ e̍
!F f
!Ⅎ ɟ
!G g
!<big>ɠ</big> ɠ
!Ƣ ƣ
|-
|[ɑ]
|[æ]
|[ʙ]
|[ɓ]
|[c]
|[cʼ]
|[d]
|[d̼]
|[ɛ]
|[ɜ]
|[ɘ]
|[f]
|[ʃʷ]
|[g]
|[ɠ]
|[ɣ]
|-
|А а
|Ӕ ӕ
|Б б
|Б‘ б‘
|Ҡ ҡ
|Ҡ‘ ҡ‘
|Д д
|Д̆ д̆
|Е е
|Э э
|Е‘ е‘
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!
H h
!
Ħ ħ
!
I i
!
I̍ i̍
!
J j
!K k
!
K̐ k̐
!
L l
!
M m
!
M̐ m̐
!N n
!
N̐ n̐
!
O o
!
O̍ o̍
!
O͘ o͘
!
O̍͘ o̍͘
|-
|[h]
|[ħ]
|[i]
|[ɯ]
|[ʒ]
|[k]
|[kʰ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[m̥]
|[n]
|[n̼]
|[o]
|[ə]
|[ɔ]
|[œ]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!
P p
!Ꝑ ꝑ
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!Ꞃ ꞃ
!S s
!Ş ş
!ʕ ſ
!T t
!Ŧ ŧ
!Ƥ ƥ
!Ƥ̍ ƥ̍
!U u
!U̍ u̍
!Ṳ ṳ
|-
|[p]
|[pʼ]
|[q]
|[qʼ]
|[r]
|[ꞎ]
|[s]
|[sʼ]
|[ʃ]
|[t]
|[θ]
|[pʷ]
|[bʷ]
|[u]
|[ɵ]
|[ɨ]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Ṳ̍ ṳ̍
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!Ⱬ ⱬ
!Ʒ ʒ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_turned.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_turned.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender_turned.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender_turned.png|11x11px]]
!
Г г
!
Ӷ ӷ
!
Ҕ ҕ
!Ӻ ӻ
|-
|[ʌ]
|[v]
|[w]
|[ʃ]
|[ɤ]
|[z]
|[dz]
|[dʒ]
|[ʘ]
|[ʘ̃]
|[ǀ̼]
|[ᵑǀ̼]
|[ǀ]
|[ǃ]
|[ǃ̬]
|[ǁ]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Ч ч
!Ҹ ҹ
!Ꚓ ꚓ
!Ꚇ ꚇ
!Ъ ъ
!Ы ы
!Ь ь
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ɂ ɂ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[ɥ]
|[χ]
|[ǂ]
|[ɰ]
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|[y]
|[ʲ]
|[ts]
|[ʔ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
==== Examples using the special letters ====
{| class="wikitable"
!
Word
!IPA
!Meaning
|-
! colspan="3" |
A̍
|-
|A̍miꚓa
|[æmiǂɑ]
|'paddy field'
|-
|A̍meeꚓa
|[æmiːǂɑ]
|'civil'
|-
|A̍ƀaana
|[æɓɑːnɑ]
|'dental'
|-
|A̍ſto͘vaꚇinьa
|[æʃtɔːvɑɰinʲɑ]
|'esquire'
|-
|A̍dde[[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]aⱬape̍
|[ædːeʘɑdzɑːpɜ]
|'accrue'
|-
|A̍[[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]adaggi[[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
|[æʘɑdɑgːiʘ]
|'proper'
|-
|A̍baꞃanӷy
|[æʙɑꞎɑːnɑǃɤ]
|'testament'
|-
|A̍[[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]yn[[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_turned.png|11x11px]]i
|[æʘɤnǀ̼i]
|'polecat'
|}
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== Central Gooperland ==
=== Basic alphabet ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A
![[Vertical line above|A̍]]
!B
!C
!Ç
!D
!E
![[Vertical line above|E̍]]
![[Schwa|Ə]]
!F
!G
!Ƣ
!H
!I
!J
!K
!L
![[Chandrabindu|L̐]]
!M
!N
![[Chandrabindu|N̐]]
|-
|a
|a̍
|b
|c
|ç
|d
|e
|e̍
|ə
|f
|g
|ƣ
|h
|i
|j
|k
|l
|l̐
|m
|n
|n̐
|-
!O
![[O͘]]
!P
!Q
!R
!S
!Ş
!T
!U
![[Ṳ]]
!V
!Ƿ
!X
!Y
!Z
![[Soft sign|Ь]]
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|o
|o͘
|p
|q
|r
|s
|ş
|t
|u
|ṳ
|v
|ƿ
|x
|y
|z
|ь
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Eisatsu language, 1915 (Eisatsu State) ===
An alphabet for Eisatsu was based on Pe̍h-ōe-jī, a romanisation system for Southern Min Chinese.
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!E e
!É é
!Ə ə
!F f
!G g
!Ƣ ƣ
!I i
!J j
|-
|[ɑ]
|[b]
|[t͡s]
|[ç]
|[d]
|[ɤ]
|[ɛ]
|[ə]
|[f]
|[ɟ]
|[ɣ]
|[i]
|[d͡ʒ]
|-
!K k
!K̔ k̔
!L l
!M m
!N n
!O o
!O͘ o͘
!P p
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!S s
!Ş ş
|-
|[k]
|[kǁ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[n]
|[o]
|[ɔ]
|[p]
|[q]
|[k’]
|[ʀ]
|[s]
|[sǁ]
|-
!T t
!U u
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ʒ ʒ
!Ћ ћ
!Ы ы
!Ь ь
!ʕ ſ
|-
|[t]
|[u]
|[v]
|[w]
|[χ]
|[y]
|[z]
|[zǁ]
|[ʒ]
|[θ]
|[ɨ]
|[ʲ]
|[ʃ]
|-
!Г г
!Ӷ ӷ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
!Ч ч
!Ҹ ҹ
!Ҕ ҕ
!H h
!Ħ ɦ
!W w
!Ẃ ẃ
!A̍ a̍
!E̍ e̍
|-
|[g]
|[ɟǁ]
|[ʘ]
|[ʘ̃]
|[ɥ]
|[ɥǁ]
|[ǂ]
|[tǁ]
|[ħ]
|[ø]
|[øǁ]
|[ǀɑ]
|[ǀɛ]
|-
!I̍ i̍
!O̍ o̍
!O̍͘ o̍͘
!U̍ u̍
!W̍ w̍
!Y̍ y̍
!A̤ a̤
!E̤ e̤
!É̤ é̤
!I̤ i̤
!O̤ o̤
!Ṳ ṳ
!Ḃ ḃ
|-
|[ǀi]
|[ǀo]
|[ǀɔ]
|[ǀu]
|[ǀø]
|[ǀy]
|[aː]
|[ɤː]
|[ɛː]
|[iː]
|[oː]
|[uː]
|[ʔb]
|-
!Ċ ċ
!Ḋ ḋ
!Ė ė
!Ḟ ḟ
!Ġ ġ
!L̇ l̇
!Ṁ ṁ
!Ṅ ṅ
!Ṗ ṗ
!Ṙ ṙ
!Ṡ ṡ
!Ṫ ṫ
!Ẇ ẇ
|-
|[ʔt͡s]
|[ʔd]
|[ʔɤ]
|[ʔf]
|[ʔɟ]
|[ʔl]
|[ʔm]
|[ʔn]
|[ʔp]
|[ʔʀ]
|[ʔs]
|[ʔt]
|[ʔø]
|-
!Ħa ɦa
!Ħo ɦo
!Ħe ɦe
!Ħu ɦu
!Ħы ɦы
!DZ dz
!DƷ dʒ
!Q̣A q̣a
!Q̣E q̣e
!Q̣É q̣é
!Q̣I q̣i
!Q̣O q̣o
!Q̣O͘ q̣o͘
|-
|[ħa]
|[ħo]
|[ħe]
|[ħu]
|[ħɨ]
|[d͡z]
|[d͡zǁ]
|[aˤ]
|[ɤˤ]
|[ɛˤ]
|[iˤ]
|[oˤ]
|[ɔˤ]
|-
!Q̣U q̣u
!Q̣W q̣w
!Ȿ ȿ
!Ɀ ɀ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[uˤ]
|[øˤ]
|[ʃt͡ʃ]
|[ʒt͡ʃ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Hatsunian language, 1912 (Hatsune Miku State) ===
This alphabet was created in 1912. It was based on Pe̍h-ōe-jī and Cyrillic.
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!A̍ a̍
!B b
!Ƀ ƀ
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!Đ đ
!E e
!
É é
!E̍ e̍
!F f
!Ⅎ ɟ
!G g
!<big>ɠ</big> ɠ
!Ƣ ƣ
|-
|[ɑ]
|[æ]
|[ʙ]
|[ɓ]
|[c]
|[cʼ]
|[d]
|[d̼]
|[ɛ]
|[ɜ]
|[ɘ]
|[f]
|[ʃʷ]
|[g]
|[ɠ]
|[ɣ]
|-
|А а
|Ӕ ӕ
|Б б
|Б‘ б‘
|Ҡ ҡ
|Ҡ‘ ҡ‘
|Д д
|Д̆ д̆
|Е е
|Э э
|Е‘ е‘
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!
H h
!
Ħ ħ
!
I i
!
I̍ i̍
!
J j
!K k
!
K̐ k̐
!
L l
!
M m
!
M̐ m̐
!N n
!
N̐ n̐
!
O o
!
O̍ o̍
!
O͘ o͘
!
O̍͘ o̍͘
|-
|[h]
|[ħ]
|[i]
|[ɯ]
|[ʒ]
|[k]
|[kʰ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[m̥]
|[n]
|[n̼]
|[o]
|[ə]
|[ɔ]
|[œ]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!
P p
!Ꝑ ꝑ
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!Ꞃ ꞃ
!S s
!Ş ş
!ʕ ſ
!T t
!Ŧ ŧ
!Ƥ ƥ
!Ƥ̍ ƥ̍
!U u
!U̍ u̍
!Ṳ ṳ
|-
|[p]
|[pʼ]
|[q]
|[qʼ]
|[r]
|[ꞎ]
|[s]
|[sʼ]
|[ʃ]
|[t]
|[θ]
|[pʷ]
|[bʷ]
|[u]
|[ɵ]
|[ɨ]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Ṳ̍ ṳ̍
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!Ⱬ ⱬ
!Ʒ ʒ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_turned.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_turned.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender_turned.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender_turned.png|11x11px]]
!
Г г
!
Ӷ ӷ
!
Ҕ ҕ
!Ӻ ӻ
|-
|[ʌ]
|[v]
|[w]
|[ʃ]
|[ɤ]
|[z]
|[dz]
|[dʒ]
|[ʘ]
|[ʘ̃]
|[ǀ̼]
|[ᵑǀ̼]
|[ǀ]
|[ǃ]
|[ǃ̬]
|[ǁ]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Ч ч
!Ҹ ҹ
!Ꚓ ꚓ
!Ꚇ ꚇ
!Ъ ъ
!Ы ы
!Ь ь
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ɂ ɂ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[ɥ]
|[χ]
|[ǂ]
|[ɰ]
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|[y]
|[ʲ]
|[ts]
|[ʔ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Toyazui language, 1887–1899–1916 (Toyazui State) ===
==== 1887 & 1899 alphabet ====
{| class="wikitable" style="font-family: 'Segoe UI'"
!
Letter (1887)
!Letter (1899)
!IPA
!Name
|-
|’
|’
|[ʔ]
|''pjukatin selle'' ("glottal stop")
|-
|b
|B b
|[b]
|''be''
|-
|t
|T t
|[t]
|''te''
|-
|ꚋ
|Ꚋ ꚋ
|[θ]
|''ꚋe''
|-
|j
|J j
|[d͡ʒ]
|''je''
|-
|x
|X x
|[x]
|''iks''
|-
|ꝁ
|Ꝁ ꝁ
|[ħ]
|''ꝁa''
|-
|d
|D d
|[d]
|''de''
|-
|ɖ
|Ɖ ɖ
|[ð]
|''ɖe''
|-
|r
|R r
|[r]
|''er''
|-
|з
|З з
|[z]
|''зe''
|-
|s
|S s
|[s]
|''es''
|-
|ʃ
|<small>ʃ</small> ʃ
|[ʃ]
|''eʃ''
|-
|δ
|Δ δ
|[dˤ]
|''eδ''
|-
|θ
|Θ θ
|[tˤ]
|''eθ''
|-
|c
|C c
|[ts]
|''ce''
|-
|g
|G g
|[ɣ]
|''ge''
|-
|ǥ
|Ǥ ǥ
|[g]
|''ǥe''
|-
|f
|F f
|[f]
|''ef''
|-
|⅌
|⅌ <small>⅌</small>
|[p]
|<small>''⅌''</small>''e''
|-
|q
|Q q
|[q]
|''ku''
|-
|k
|K k
|[k]
|''ka''
|-
|l
|L l
|[l]
|''el''
|-
|m
|M m
|[m]
|''em''
|-
|n
|N n
|[n]
|''en''
|-
|h
|H h
|[h]
|''ha''
|-
|w
|W w
|[w]
|''wi''
|-
|y
|Y y
|[y]
|''igriega'' ("Greek I")
|-
|a
|A a
|[a]
|''a''
|}
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== Central Gooperland ==
=== Basic alphabet ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A
![[Vertical line above|A̍]]
!B
!C
!Ç
!D
!E
![[Vertical line above|E̍]]
![[Schwa|Ə]]
!F
!G
!Ƣ
!H
!I
!J
!K
!L
![[Chandrabindu|L̐]]
!M
!N
![[Chandrabindu|N̐]]
|-
|a
|a̍
|b
|c
|ç
|d
|e
|e̍
|ə
|f
|g
|ƣ
|h
|i
|j
|k
|l
|l̐
|m
|n
|n̐
|-
!O
![[O͘]]
!P
!Q
!R
!S
!Ş
!T
!U
![[Ṳ]]
!V
!Ƿ
!X
!Y
!Z
![[Soft sign|Ь]]
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|o
|o͘
|p
|q
|r
|s
|ş
|t
|u
|ṳ
|v
|ƿ
|x
|y
|z
|ь
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Eisatsu language, 1915 (Eisatsu State) ===
An alphabet for Eisatsu was based on Pe̍h-ōe-jī, a romanisation system for Southern Min Chinese.
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!E e
!É é
!Ə ə
!F f
!G g
!Ƣ ƣ
!I i
!J j
|-
|[ɑ]
|[b]
|[t͡s]
|[ç]
|[d]
|[ɤ]
|[ɛ]
|[ə]
|[f]
|[ɟ]
|[ɣ]
|[i]
|[d͡ʒ]
|-
!K k
!K̔ k̔
!L l
!M m
!N n
!O o
!O͘ o͘
!P p
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!S s
!Ş ş
|-
|[k]
|[kǁ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[n]
|[o]
|[ɔ]
|[p]
|[q]
|[k’]
|[ʀ]
|[s]
|[sǁ]
|-
!T t
!U u
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ʒ ʒ
!Ћ ћ
!Ы ы
!Ь ь
!ʕ ſ
|-
|[t]
|[u]
|[v]
|[w]
|[χ]
|[y]
|[z]
|[zǁ]
|[ʒ]
|[θ]
|[ɨ]
|[ʲ]
|[ʃ]
|-
!Г г
!Ӷ ӷ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
!Ч ч
!Ҹ ҹ
!Ҕ ҕ
!H h
!Ħ ɦ
!W w
!Ẃ ẃ
!A̍ a̍
!E̍ e̍
|-
|[g]
|[ɟǁ]
|[ʘ]
|[ʘ̃]
|[ɥ]
|[ɥǁ]
|[ǂ]
|[tǁ]
|[ħ]
|[ø]
|[øǁ]
|[ǀɑ]
|[ǀɛ]
|-
!I̍ i̍
!O̍ o̍
!O̍͘ o̍͘
!U̍ u̍
!W̍ w̍
!Y̍ y̍
!A̤ a̤
!E̤ e̤
!É̤ é̤
!I̤ i̤
!O̤ o̤
!Ṳ ṳ
!Ḃ ḃ
|-
|[ǀi]
|[ǀo]
|[ǀɔ]
|[ǀu]
|[ǀø]
|[ǀy]
|[aː]
|[ɤː]
|[ɛː]
|[iː]
|[oː]
|[uː]
|[ʔb]
|-
!Ċ ċ
!Ḋ ḋ
!Ė ė
!Ḟ ḟ
!Ġ ġ
!L̇ l̇
!Ṁ ṁ
!Ṅ ṅ
!Ṗ ṗ
!Ṙ ṙ
!Ṡ ṡ
!Ṫ ṫ
!Ẇ ẇ
|-
|[ʔt͡s]
|[ʔd]
|[ʔɤ]
|[ʔf]
|[ʔɟ]
|[ʔl]
|[ʔm]
|[ʔn]
|[ʔp]
|[ʔʀ]
|[ʔs]
|[ʔt]
|[ʔø]
|-
!Ħa ɦa
!Ħo ɦo
!Ħe ɦe
!Ħu ɦu
!Ħы ɦы
!DZ dz
!DƷ dʒ
!Q̣A q̣a
!Q̣E q̣e
!Q̣É q̣é
!Q̣I q̣i
!Q̣O q̣o
!Q̣O͘ q̣o͘
|-
|[ħa]
|[ħo]
|[ħe]
|[ħu]
|[ħɨ]
|[d͡z]
|[d͡zǁ]
|[aˤ]
|[ɤˤ]
|[ɛˤ]
|[iˤ]
|[oˤ]
|[ɔˤ]
|-
!Q̣U q̣u
!Q̣W q̣w
!Ȿ ȿ
!Ɀ ɀ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[uˤ]
|[øˤ]
|[ʃt͡ʃ]
|[ʒt͡ʃ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Hatsunian language, 1912 (Hatsune Miku State) ===
This alphabet was created in 1912. It was based on Pe̍h-ōe-jī and Cyrillic.
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!A̍ a̍
!B b
!Ƀ ƀ
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!Đ đ
!E e
!
É é
!E̍ e̍
!F f
!Ⅎ ɟ
!G g
!<big>ɠ</big> ɠ
!Ƣ ƣ
|-
|[ɑ]
|[æ]
|[ʙ]
|[ɓ]
|[c]
|[cʼ]
|[d]
|[d̼]
|[ɛ]
|[ɜ]
|[ɘ]
|[f]
|[ʃʷ]
|[g]
|[ɠ]
|[ɣ]
|-
|А а
|Ӕ ӕ
|Б б
|Б‘ б‘
|Ҡ ҡ
|Ҡ‘ ҡ‘
|Д д
|Д̆ д̆
|Е е
|Э э
|Е‘ е‘
|Ф ф
|Ꚗ ꚗ
|Г г
|Ӷ ӷ
|Ғ ғ
|-
|A a
|Ǎ ǎ
|B b
|B̌ b̌
|C c
|Č č
|D d
|Đ đ
|E e
|É é
|È è
|F f
|Šw šw
|G g
|G‘ g‘
|Ǧ ǧ
|-
!
H h
!
Ħ ħ
!
I i
!
I̍ i̍
!
J j
!K k
!
K̐ k̐
!
L l
!
M m
!
M̐ m̐
!N n
!
N̐ n̐
!
O o
!
O̍ o̍
!
O͘ o͘
!
O̍͘ o̍͘
|-
|[h]
|[ħ]
|[i]
|[ɯ]
|[ʒ]
|[k]
|[kʰ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[m̥]
|[n]
|[n̼]
|[o]
|[ə]
|[ɔ]
|[œ]
|-
|Һ һ
|Ꚕ ꚕ
|И и
|Й й
|Ж ж
|К к
|К‘ к‘
|Л л
|М м
|М‘ м‘
|Н н
|Н‘ н‘
|О о
|О‘ о‘
|Ө ө
|Ө‘ ө‘
|-
|H h
|Ħ ħ
|I i
|Í í
|J j
|K k
|Ǩ ǩ
|L l
|M m
|M̌ m̌
|N n
|Ň ň
|O o
|Ó ó
|Ö ö
|Ò ò
|-
!
P p
!Ꝑ ꝑ
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!Ꞃ ꞃ
!S s
!Ş ş
!ʕ ſ
!T t
!Ŧ ŧ
!Ƥ ƥ
!Ƥ̍ ƥ̍
!U u
!U̍ u̍
!Ṳ ṳ
|-
|[p]
|[pʼ]
|[q]
|[qʼ]
|[r]
|[ꞎ]
|[s]
|[sʼ]
|[ʃ]
|[t]
|[θ]
|[pʷ]
|[bʷ]
|[u]
|[ɵ]
|[ɨ]
|-
|П п
|П‘ п‘
|Қ қ
|Қ‘ қ‘
|Р р
|Р‘ р‘
|С с
|С‘ с‘
|Ш ш
|Т т
|Т‘ т‘
|Ҧ ҧ
|Ҧ‘ ҧ‘
|У у
|У‘ у‘
|Ў ў
|-
|P p
|P̌ p̌
|Q q
|Q̌ q̌
|R r
|Ř ř
|S s
|S‘ s‘
|Š š
|T t
|Ť ť
|Pw pw
|Bw bw
|U u
|Ü ü
|Ï ï
|-
!Ṳ̍ ṳ̍
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!Ⱬ ⱬ
!Ʒ ʒ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_turned.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_turned.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender_turned.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender_turned.png|11x11px]]
!
Г г
!
Ӷ ӷ
!
Ҕ ҕ
!Ӻ ӻ
|-
|[ʌ]
|[v]
|[w]
|[x]
|[ɤ]
|[z]
|[dz]
|[dʒ]
|[ʘ]
|[ʘ̃]
|[ǀ̼]
|[ᵑǀ̼]
|[ǀ]
|[ǃ]
|[ǃ̬]
|[ǁ]
|-
|Ў‘ ў‘
|В в
|Ԝ ԝ
|Х х
|Ӫ ӫ
|З з
|Ѕ ѕ
|Җ җ
|Щ щ
|Щ‘ щ‘
|Ҵ ҵ
|Ҵ‘ ҵ‘
|Ч ч
|Ч‘ ч‘
|Ч‘ъ ч‘ъ
|Тъ тъ
|-
|Ï‘ ï‘
|V v
|W w
|X x
|Y y
|Z z
|Dz dz
|Dj dj
|Gx gx
|G͠x g͠x
|Tx tx
|T͠x t͠x
|Ĉ ĉ
|Ĉ‘ ĉ‘
|Ĉx ĉx
|Ĉx‘ ĉx‘
|-
!Ч ч
!Ҹ ҹ
!Ꚓ ꚓ
!Ꚇ ꚇ
!Ъ ъ
!Ы ы
!Ь ь
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ɂ ɂ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[ɥ]
|[χ]
|[ǂ]
|[ɰ]
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|[y]
|[ʲ]
|[ts]
|[ʔ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ү ү
|Ҹ ҹ
|Ҹъ ҹъ
|Ꚇ ꚇ
|Ъ ъ
|І і
|Ь ь
|Ц ц
|’
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ū ū
|Ĵ ĵ
|Ǧx ǧx
|Ĉĉ ĉĉ
|"
|Ý ý
|'
|Ts ts
|Ɂ ɂ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
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== Central Gooperland ==
=== Basic alphabet ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A
![[Vertical line above|A̍]]
!B
!C
!Ç
!D
!E
![[Vertical line above|E̍]]
![[Schwa|Ə]]
!F
!G
!Ƣ
!H
!I
!J
!K
!L
![[Chandrabindu|L̐]]
!M
!N
![[Chandrabindu|N̐]]
|-
|a
|a̍
|b
|c
|ç
|d
|e
|e̍
|ə
|f
|g
|ƣ
|h
|i
|j
|k
|l
|l̐
|m
|n
|n̐
|-
!O
![[O͘]]
!P
!Q
!R
!S
!Ş
!T
!U
![[Ṳ]]
!V
!Ƿ
!X
!Y
!Z
![[Soft sign|Ь]]
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|o
|o͘
|p
|q
|r
|s
|ş
|t
|u
|ṳ
|v
|ƿ
|x
|y
|z
|ь
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Eisatsu language, 1915 (Eisatsu State) ===
An alphabet for Eisatsu was based on Pe̍h-ōe-jī, a romanisation system for Southern Min Chinese.
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!E e
!É é
!Ə ə
!F f
!G g
!Ƣ ƣ
!I i
!J j
|-
|[ɑ]
|[b]
|[t͡s]
|[ç]
|[d]
|[ɤ]
|[ɛ]
|[ə]
|[f]
|[ɟ]
|[ɣ]
|[i]
|[d͡ʒ]
|-
!K k
!K̔ k̔
!L l
!M m
!N n
!O o
!O͘ o͘
!P p
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!S s
!Ş ş
|-
|[k]
|[kǁ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[n]
|[o]
|[ɔ]
|[p]
|[q]
|[k’]
|[ʀ]
|[s]
|[sǁ]
|-
!T t
!U u
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ʒ ʒ
!Ћ ћ
!Ы ы
!Ь ь
!ʕ ſ
|-
|[t]
|[u]
|[v]
|[w]
|[χ]
|[y]
|[z]
|[zǁ]
|[ʒ]
|[θ]
|[ɨ]
|[ʲ]
|[ʃ]
|-
!Г г
!Ӷ ӷ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
!Ч ч
!Ҹ ҹ
!Ҕ ҕ
!H h
!Ħ ɦ
!W w
!Ẃ ẃ
!A̍ a̍
!E̍ e̍
|-
|[g]
|[ɟǁ]
|[ʘ]
|[ʘ̃]
|[ɥ]
|[ɥǁ]
|[ǂ]
|[tǁ]
|[ħ]
|[ø]
|[øǁ]
|[ǀɑ]
|[ǀɛ]
|-
!I̍ i̍
!O̍ o̍
!O̍͘ o̍͘
!U̍ u̍
!W̍ w̍
!Y̍ y̍
!A̤ a̤
!E̤ e̤
!É̤ é̤
!I̤ i̤
!O̤ o̤
!Ṳ ṳ
!Ḃ ḃ
|-
|[ǀi]
|[ǀo]
|[ǀɔ]
|[ǀu]
|[ǀø]
|[ǀy]
|[aː]
|[ɤː]
|[ɛː]
|[iː]
|[oː]
|[uː]
|[ʔb]
|-
!Ċ ċ
!Ḋ ḋ
!Ė ė
!Ḟ ḟ
!Ġ ġ
!L̇ l̇
!Ṁ ṁ
!Ṅ ṅ
!Ṗ ṗ
!Ṙ ṙ
!Ṡ ṡ
!Ṫ ṫ
!Ẇ ẇ
|-
|[ʔt͡s]
|[ʔd]
|[ʔɤ]
|[ʔf]
|[ʔɟ]
|[ʔl]
|[ʔm]
|[ʔn]
|[ʔp]
|[ʔʀ]
|[ʔs]
|[ʔt]
|[ʔø]
|-
!Ħa ɦa
!Ħo ɦo
!Ħe ɦe
!Ħu ɦu
!Ħы ɦы
!DZ dz
!DƷ dʒ
!Q̣A q̣a
!Q̣E q̣e
!Q̣É q̣é
!Q̣I q̣i
!Q̣O q̣o
!Q̣O͘ q̣o͘
|-
|[ħa]
|[ħo]
|[ħe]
|[ħu]
|[ħɨ]
|[d͡z]
|[d͡zǁ]
|[aˤ]
|[ɤˤ]
|[ɛˤ]
|[iˤ]
|[oˤ]
|[ɔˤ]
|-
!Q̣U q̣u
!Q̣W q̣w
!Ȿ ȿ
!Ɀ ɀ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[uˤ]
|[øˤ]
|[ʃt͡ʃ]
|[ʒt͡ʃ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Hatsunian language, 1912 (Hatsune Miku State) ===
This alphabet was created in 1912. It was based on Pe̍h-ōe-jī and Cyrillic.
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!A̍ a̍
!B b
!Ƀ ƀ
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!Đ đ
!E e
!
É é
!E̍ e̍
!F f
!Ⅎ ɟ
!G g
!<big>ɠ</big> ɠ
!Ƣ ƣ
|-
|[ɑ]
|[æ]
|[ʙ]
|[ɓ]
|[c]
|[cʼ]
|[d]
|[d̼]
|[ɛ]
|[ɜ]
|[ɘ]
|[f]
|[ʃʷ]
|[g]
|[ɠ]
|[ɣ]
|-
|А а
|Ӕ ӕ
|Б б
|Б‘ б‘
|Ҡ ҡ
|Ҡ‘ ҡ‘
|Д д
|Д̆ д̆
|Е е
|Э э
|Е‘ е‘
|Ф ф
|Ꚗ ꚗ
|Г г
|Ӷ ӷ
|Ғ ғ
|-
|A a
|Ǎ ǎ
|B b
|B̌ b̌
|C c
|Č č
|D d
|Đ đ
|E e
|É é
|È è
|F f
|Šw šw
|G g
|G‘ g‘
|Ǧ ǧ
|-
!
H h
!
Ħ ħ
!
I i
!
I̍ i̍
!
J j
!K k
!
K̐ k̐
!
L l
!
M m
!
M̐ m̐
!N n
!
N̐ n̐
!
O o
!
O̍ o̍
!
O͘ o͘
!
O̍͘ o̍͘
|-
|[h]
|[ħ]
|[i]
|[ɯ]
|[ʒ]
|[k]
|[kʰ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[m̥]
|[n]
|[n̼]
|[o]
|[ə]
|[ɔ]
|[œ]
|-
|Һ һ
|Ꚕ ꚕ
|И и
|Й й
|Ж ж
|К к
|К‘ к‘
|Л л
|М м
|М‘ м‘
|Н н
|Н‘ н‘
|О о
|О‘ о‘
|Ө ө
|Ө‘ ө‘
|-
|H h
|Ħ ħ
|I i
|Í í
|J j
|K k
|Ǩ ǩ
|L l
|M m
|M̌ m̌
|N n
|Ň ň
|O o
|Ó ó
|Ö ö
|Ò ò
|-
!
P p
!Ꝑ ꝑ
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!Ꞃ ꞃ
!S s
!Ş ş
!ʕ ſ
!T t
!Ŧ ŧ
!Ƥ ƥ
!Ƥ̍ ƥ̍
!U u
!U̍ u̍
!Ṳ ṳ
|-
|[p]
|[pʼ]
|[q]
|[qʼ]
|[r]
|[ꞎ]
|[s]
|[sʼ]
|[ʃ]
|[t]
|[θ]
|[pʷ]
|[bʷ]
|[u]
|[ɵ]
|[ɨ]
|-
|П п
|П‘ п‘
|Қ қ
|Қ‘ қ‘
|Р р
|Р‘ р‘
|С с
|С‘ с‘
|Ш ш
|Т т
|Т‘ т‘
|Ҧ ҧ
|Ҧ‘ ҧ‘
|У у
|У‘ у‘
|Ў ў
|-
|P p
|P̌ p̌
|Q q
|Q̌ q̌
|R r
|Ř ř
|S s
|S‘ s‘
|Š š
|T t
|Ť ť
|Pw pw
|Bw bw
|U u
|Ü ü
|Ï ï
|-
!Ṳ̍ ṳ̍
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!Ⱬ ⱬ
!Ʒ ʒ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_turned.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_turned.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender_turned.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender_turned.png|11x11px]]
!
Г г
!
Ӷ ӷ
!
Ҕ ҕ
!Ӻ ӻ
|-
|[ʌ]
|[v]
|[w]
|[x]
|[ɤ]
|[z]
|[dz]
|[dʒ]
|[ʘ]
|[ʘ̃]
|[ǀ̼]
|[ᵑǀ̼]
|[ǀ]
|[ǃ]
|[ǃ̬]
|[ǁ]
|-
|Ў‘ ў‘
|В в
|Ԝ ԝ
|Х х
|Ӫ ӫ
|З з
|Ѕ ѕ
|Җ җ
|Щ щ
|Щ‘ щ‘
|Ҵ ҵ
|Ҵ‘ ҵ‘
|Ч ч
|Ч‘ ч‘
|Ч‘ъ ч‘ъ
|Тъ тъ
|-
|Ï‘ ï‘
|V v
|W w
|X x
|Y y
|Z z
|Dz dz
|Dj dj
|Gx gx
|G͠x g͠x
|Tx tx
|T͠x t͠x
|Ĉ ĉ
|Ĉ‘ ĉ‘
|Ĉx ĉx
|Ĉx‘ ĉx‘
|-
!Ч ч
!Ҹ ҹ
!Ꚓ ꚓ
!Ꚇ ꚇ
!Ъ ъ
!Ы ы
!Ь ь
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ɂ ɂ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[ɥ]
|[ǀ]
|[ǂ]
|[ɰ]
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|[y]
|[ʲ]
|[ts]
|[ʔ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ү ү
|Ҹ ҹ
|Ҹъ ҹъ
|Ꚇ ꚇ
|Ъ ъ
|І і
|Ь ь
|Ц ц
|’
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ū ū
|Ĵ ĵ
|Ǧx ǧx
|Ĉĉ ĉĉ
|"
|Ý ý
|'
|Ts ts
|Ɂ ɂ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
0e8q3w86qvrdwf9xlmw31lx7kpxwqye
410
394
2018-06-07T10:24:03Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
410
wikitext
text/x-wiki
== Central Gooperland ==
=== Basic alphabet ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A
![[Vertical line above|A̍]]
!B
!C
!Ç
!D
!E
![[Vertical line above|E̍]]
![[Schwa|Ə]]
!F
!G
!Ƣ
!H
!I
!J
!K
!L
![[Chandrabindu|L̐]]
!M
!N
![[Chandrabindu|N̐]]
|-
|a
|a̍
|b
|c
|ç
|d
|e
|e̍
|ə
|f
|g
|ƣ
|h
|i
|j
|k
|l
|l̐
|m
|n
|n̐
|-
!O
![[O͘]]
!P
!Q
!R
!S
!Ş
!T
!U
![[Ṳ]]
!V
!Ƿ
!X
!Y
!Z
![[Soft sign|Ь]]
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|o
|o͘
|p
|q
|r
|s
|ş
|t
|u
|ṳ
|v
|ƿ
|x
|y
|z
|ь
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Eisatsu language, 1915 (Eisatsu State) ===
An alphabet for Eisatsu was based on Pe̍h-ōe-jī, a romanisation system for Southern Min Chinese.
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!E e
!É é
!Ə ə
!F f
!G g
!Ƣ ƣ
!I i
!J j
|-
|[ɑ]
|[b]
|[t͡s]
|[ç]
|[d]
|[ɤ]
|[ɛ]
|[ə]
|[f]
|[ɟ]
|[ɣ]
|[i]
|[d͡ʒ]
|-
!K k
!K̔ k̔
!L l
!M m
!N n
!O o
!O͘ o͘
!P p
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!S s
!Ş ş
|-
|[k]
|[kǁ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[n]
|[o]
|[ɔ]
|[p]
|[q]
|[k’]
|[ʀ]
|[s]
|[sǁ]
|-
!T t
!U u
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ʒ ʒ
!Ћ ћ
!Ы ы
!Ь ь
!ʕ ſ
|-
|[t]
|[u]
|[v]
|[w]
|[χ]
|[y]
|[z]
|[zǁ]
|[ʒ]
|[θ]
|[ɨ]
|[ʲ]
|[ʃ]
|-
!Г г
!Ӷ ӷ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
!Ч ч
!Ҹ ҹ
!Ҕ ҕ
!H h
!Ħ ɦ
!W w
!Ẃ ẃ
!A̍ a̍
!E̍ e̍
|-
|[g]
|[ɟǁ]
|[ʘ]
|[ʘ̃]
|[ɥ]
|[ɥǁ]
|[ǂ]
|[tǁ]
|[ħ]
|[ø]
|[øǁ]
|[ǀɑ]
|[ǀɛ]
|-
!I̍ i̍
!O̍ o̍
!O̍͘ o̍͘
!U̍ u̍
!W̍ w̍
!Y̍ y̍
!A̤ a̤
!E̤ e̤
!É̤ é̤
!I̤ i̤
!O̤ o̤
!Ṳ ṳ
!Ḃ ḃ
|-
|[ǀi]
|[ǀo]
|[ǀɔ]
|[ǀu]
|[ǀø]
|[ǀy]
|[aː]
|[ɤː]
|[ɛː]
|[iː]
|[oː]
|[uː]
|[ʔb]
|-
!Ċ ċ
!Ḋ ḋ
!Ė ė
!Ḟ ḟ
!Ġ ġ
!L̇ l̇
!Ṁ ṁ
!Ṅ ṅ
!Ṗ ṗ
!Ṙ ṙ
!Ṡ ṡ
!Ṫ ṫ
!Ẇ ẇ
|-
|[ʔt͡s]
|[ʔd]
|[ʔɤ]
|[ʔf]
|[ʔɟ]
|[ʔl]
|[ʔm]
|[ʔn]
|[ʔp]
|[ʔʀ]
|[ʔs]
|[ʔt]
|[ʔø]
|-
!Ħa ɦa
!Ħo ɦo
!Ħe ɦe
!Ħu ɦu
!Ħы ɦы
!DZ dz
!DƷ dʒ
!Q̣A q̣a
!Q̣E q̣e
!Q̣É q̣é
!Q̣I q̣i
!Q̣O q̣o
!Q̣O͘ q̣o͘
|-
|[ħa]
|[ħo]
|[ħe]
|[ħu]
|[ħɨ]
|[d͡z]
|[d͡zǁ]
|[aˤ]
|[ɤˤ]
|[ɛˤ]
|[iˤ]
|[oˤ]
|[ɔˤ]
|-
!Q̣U q̣u
!Q̣W q̣w
!Ȿ ȿ
!Ɀ ɀ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[uˤ]
|[øˤ]
|[ʃt͡ʃ]
|[ʒt͡ʃ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Hatsunian language, 1912 (Hatsune Miku State) ===
This alphabet was created in 1912. It was based on Pe̍h-ōe-jī and Cyrillic.
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!A̍ a̍
!B b
!Ƀ ƀ
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!Đ đ
!E e
!
É é
!E̍ e̍
!F f
!Ⅎ ɟ
!G g
!<big>ɠ</big> ɠ
!Ƣ ƣ
|-
|[ɑ]
|[æ]
|[ʙ]
|[ɓ]
|[c]
|[cʼ]
|[d]
|[d̼]
|[ɛ]
|[ɜ]
|[ɘ]
|[f]
|[ʃʷ]
|[g]
|[ɠ]
|[ɣ]
|-
|А а
|Ӕ ӕ
|Б б
|Б‘ б‘
|Ҡ ҡ
|Ҡ‘ ҡ‘
|Д д
|Д̆ д̆
|Е е
|Э э
|Е‘ е‘
|Ф ф
|Ꚗ ꚗ
|Г г
|Ӷ ӷ
|Ғ ғ
|-
|A a
|Ǎ ǎ
|B b
|B̌ b̌
|C c
|Č č
|D d
|Đ đ
|E e
|É é
|È è
|F f
|Šw šw
|G g
|G‘ g‘
|Ǧ ǧ
|-
!
H h
!
Ħ ħ
!
I i
!
I̍ i̍
!
J j
!K k
!
K̐ k̐
!
L l
!
M m
!
M̐ m̐
!N n
!
N̐ n̐
!
O o
!
O̍ o̍
!
O͘ o͘
!
O̍͘ o̍͘
|-
|[h]
|[ħ]
|[i]
|[ɯ]
|[ʒ]
|[k]
|[kʰ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[m̥]
|[n]
|[n̼]
|[o]
|[ə]
|[ɔ]
|[œ]
|-
|Һ һ
|Ꚕ ꚕ
|И и
|Й й
|Ж ж
|К к
|К‘ к‘
|Л л
|М м
|М‘ м‘
|Н н
|Н‘ н‘
|О о
|О‘ о‘
|Ө ө
|Ө‘ ө‘
|-
|H h
|Ħ ħ
|I i
|Í í
|J j
|K k
|Ǩ ǩ
|L l
|M m
|M̌ m̌
|N n
|Ň ň
|O o
|Ó ó
|Ö ö
|Ò ò
|-
!
P p
!Ꝑ ꝑ
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!Ꞃ ꞃ
!S s
!Ş ş
!ʕ ſ
!T t
!Ŧ ŧ
!Ƥ ƥ
!Ƥ̍ ƥ̍
!U u
!U̍ u̍
!Ṳ ṳ
|-
|[p]
|[pʼ]
|[q]
|[qʼ]
|[r]
|[ꞎ]
|[s]
|[sʼ]
|[ʃ]
|[t]
|[θ]
|[pʷ]
|[bʷ]
|[u]
|[ɵ]
|[ɨ]
|-
|П п
|П‘ п‘
|Қ қ
|Қ‘ қ‘
|Р р
|Р‘ р‘
|С с
|С‘ с‘
|Ш ш
|Т т
|Т‘ т‘
|Ҧ ҧ
|Ҧ‘ ҧ‘
|У у
|У‘ у‘
|Ў ў
|-
|P p
|P̌ p̌
|Q q
|Q̌ q̌
|R r
|Ř ř
|S s
|S‘ s‘
|Š š
|T t
|Ť ť
|Pw pw
|Bw bw
|U u
|Ü ü
|Ï ï
|-
!Ṳ̍ ṳ̍
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!Ⱬ ⱬ
!Ʒ ʒ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_turned.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_turned.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender_turned.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender_turned.png|11x11px]]
!
Г г
!
Ӷ ӷ
!
Ҕ ҕ
!Ӻ ӻ
|-
|[ʌ]
|[v]
|[w]
|[x]
|[ɤ]
|[z]
|[dz]
|[dʒ]
|[ʘ]
|[ʘ̃]
|[ǀ̼]
|[ᵑǀ̼]
|[ǀ]
|[ǃ]
|[ǃ̬]
|[ǁ]
|-
|Ў‘ ў‘
|В в
|Ԝ ԝ
|Х х
|Ӫ ӫ
|З з
|Ѕ ѕ
|Җ җ
|Щ щ
|Щ‘ щ‘
|Ҵ ҵ
|Ҵ‘ ҵ‘
|Ч ч
|Ч‘ ч‘
|Ч‘ъ ч‘ъ
|Тъ тъ
|-
|Ï‘ ï‘
|V v
|W w
|X x
|Y y
|Z z
|Dz dz
|Dj dj
|Gx gx
|G͠x g͠x
|Tx tx
|T͠x t͠x
|Ĉ ĉ
|Ĉ‘ ĉ‘
|Ĉx ĉx
|Ĉx‘ ĉx‘
|-
!Ч ч
!Ҹ ҹ
!Ꚓ ꚓ
!Ꚇ ꚇ
!Ъ ъ
!Ы ы
!Ь ь
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ɂ ɂ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[ɥ]
|[ǀ]
|[ǂ]
|[ɰ]
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|[y]
|[ʲ]
|[ts]
|[ʔ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ү ү
|Ҹ ҹ
|Ҹъ ҹъ
|Ꚇ ꚇ
|Ъ ъ
|І і
|Ь ь
|Ц ц
|’
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ū ū
|Ĵ ĵ
|Ǧx ǧx
|Ĉĉ ĉĉ
|"
|Ý ý
|'
|Ts ts
|Ɂ ɂ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Koiyuni language, 1913 & 1926 ===
==== 1913 ====
ᴀ a ʙ c ç cc c͒ ᴅ ᴇ e ə g ƣ h i ъ ь j ж k ᴋ l ᴍ n n̐ o o̤ p p̤ pp m q ʀ s ш t d y u ṳ v r x ҳ ӿ z ƶ s̄ s̅s̅ z̄ z̅z̅ ʐ
==== 1926 ====
a ʙ c ç cc d e ə g ƣ h i ъ ь j k l ᴍ n n̐ o o̤ p p̤ pp m q r s ш t u ṳ v x ҳ ӿ y z ʐ ƶ
==== Comparison ====
{| class="wikitable"
!
1913
!1926
!Hangul
!Cyrillic
!Modern Latin
|-
|ᴀ
| rowspan="2" |a
|ㅏ
|
|
|-
|a
|ㅐ
|
|
|-
|ʙ
|ʙ
|ㅂ
|
|
|-
|c
|c
|ㅊ
|
|
|-
|ç
|ç
|ᄙ
|
|
|-
|cc
| rowspan="2" |cc
|ᄗ
|
|
|-
|c͒
|ㅊ
|
|
|-
|ᴅ
|d
|ㄷ
|
|
|-
|ᴇ
| rowspan="2" |e
|ㅓ
|
|
|-
|e
|ㅔ
|
|
|-
|ə
|ə
|ㆍ
|
|
|-
|g
|g
|ㄱ
|
|
|-
|ƣ
|ƣ
|ㄲ
|
|
|-
|h
|h
|ㅎ
|
|
|-
|i
|i
|ㅣ
|
|
|-
|ъ
|ъ
|ㆆ
|
|
|-
|ь
|ь
|'
|
|
|-
|j
| rowspan="2" |j
| rowspan="2" |ㅈ
|
|
|-
|ж
|
|
|-
|k
| rowspan="2" |k
|ㄱ
|
|
|-
|ᴋ
|ㄲ
|
|
|-
|l
|l
|ㄹ
|
|
|-
|ᴍ
|ᴍ
|ㅁ
|
|
|}
t6nq1skkkh6948k9v675zlfwh7719th
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== Central Gooperland ==
=== Basic alphabet ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A
![[Vertical line above|A̍]]
!B
!C
!Ç
!D
!E
![[Vertical line above|E̍]]
![[Schwa|Ə]]
!F
!G
!Ƣ
!H
!I
!J
!K
!L
![[Chandrabindu|L̐]]
!M
!N
![[Chandrabindu|N̐]]
|-
|a
|a̍
|b
|c
|ç
|d
|e
|e̍
|ə
|f
|g
|ƣ
|h
|i
|j
|k
|l
|l̐
|m
|n
|n̐
|-
!O
![[O͘]]
!P
!Q
!R
!S
!Ş
!T
!U
![[Ṳ]]
!V
!Ƿ
!X
!Y
!Z
![[Soft sign|Ь]]
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|o
|o͘
|p
|q
|r
|s
|ş
|t
|u
|ṳ
|v
|ƿ
|x
|y
|z
|ь
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Eisatsu language, 1915 (Eisatsu State) ===
An alphabet for Eisatsu was based on Pe̍h-ōe-jī, a romanisation system for Southern Min Chinese.
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!B b
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!E e
!É é
!Ə ə
!F f
!G g
!Ƣ ƣ
!I i
!J j
|-
|[ɑ]
|[b]
|[t͡s]
|[ç]
|[d]
|[ɤ]
|[ɛ]
|[ə]
|[f]
|[ɟ]
|[ɣ]
|[i]
|[d͡ʒ]
|-
!K k
!K̔ k̔
!L l
!M m
!N n
!O o
!O͘ o͘
!P p
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!S s
!Ş ş
|-
|[k]
|[kǁ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[n]
|[o]
|[ɔ]
|[p]
|[q]
|[k’]
|[ʀ]
|[s]
|[sǁ]
|-
!T t
!U u
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ʒ ʒ
!Ћ ћ
!Ы ы
!Ь ь
!ʕ ſ
|-
|[t]
|[u]
|[v]
|[w]
|[χ]
|[y]
|[z]
|[zǁ]
|[ʒ]
|[θ]
|[ɨ]
|[ʲ]
|[ʃ]
|-
!Г г
!Ӷ ӷ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
!Ч ч
!Ҹ ҹ
!Ҕ ҕ
!H h
!Ħ ɦ
!W w
!Ẃ ẃ
!A̍ a̍
!E̍ e̍
|-
|[g]
|[ɟǁ]
|[ʘ]
|[ʘ̃]
|[ɥ]
|[ɥǁ]
|[ǂ]
|[tǁ]
|[ħ]
|[ø]
|[øǁ]
|[ǀɑ]
|[ǀɛ]
|-
!I̍ i̍
!O̍ o̍
!O̍͘ o̍͘
!U̍ u̍
!W̍ w̍
!Y̍ y̍
!A̤ a̤
!E̤ e̤
!É̤ é̤
!I̤ i̤
!O̤ o̤
!Ṳ ṳ
!Ḃ ḃ
|-
|[ǀi]
|[ǀo]
|[ǀɔ]
|[ǀu]
|[ǀø]
|[ǀy]
|[aː]
|[ɤː]
|[ɛː]
|[iː]
|[oː]
|[uː]
|[ʔb]
|-
!Ċ ċ
!Ḋ ḋ
!Ė ė
!Ḟ ḟ
!Ġ ġ
!L̇ l̇
!Ṁ ṁ
!Ṅ ṅ
!Ṗ ṗ
!Ṙ ṙ
!Ṡ ṡ
!Ṫ ṫ
!Ẇ ẇ
|-
|[ʔt͡s]
|[ʔd]
|[ʔɤ]
|[ʔf]
|[ʔɟ]
|[ʔl]
|[ʔm]
|[ʔn]
|[ʔp]
|[ʔʀ]
|[ʔs]
|[ʔt]
|[ʔø]
|-
!Ħa ɦa
!Ħo ɦo
!Ħe ɦe
!Ħu ɦu
!Ħы ɦы
!DZ dz
!DƷ dʒ
!Q̣A q̣a
!Q̣E q̣e
!Q̣É q̣é
!Q̣I q̣i
!Q̣O q̣o
!Q̣O͘ q̣o͘
|-
|[ħa]
|[ħo]
|[ħe]
|[ħu]
|[ħɨ]
|[d͡z]
|[d͡zǁ]
|[aˤ]
|[ɤˤ]
|[ɛˤ]
|[iˤ]
|[oˤ]
|[ɔˤ]
|-
!Q̣U q̣u
!Q̣W q̣w
!Ȿ ȿ
!Ɀ ɀ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[uˤ]
|[øˤ]
|[ʃt͡ʃ]
|[ʒt͡ʃ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Hatsunian language, 1912 (Hatsune Miku State) ===
This alphabet was created in 1912. It was based on Pe̍h-ōe-jī and Cyrillic.
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!A̍ a̍
!B b
!Ƀ ƀ
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!Đ đ
!E e
!
É é
!E̍ e̍
!F f
!Ⅎ ɟ
!G g
!<big>ɠ</big> ɠ
!Ƣ ƣ
|-
|[ɑ]
|[æ]
|[ʙ]
|[ɓ]
|[c]
|[cʼ]
|[d]
|[d̼]
|[ɛ]
|[ɜ]
|[ɘ]
|[f]
|[ʃʷ]
|[g]
|[ɠ]
|[ɣ]
|-
|А а
|Ӕ ӕ
|Б б
|Б‘ б‘
|Ҡ ҡ
|Ҡ‘ ҡ‘
|Д д
|Д̆ д̆
|Е е
|Э э
|Е‘ е‘
|Ф ф
|Ꚗ ꚗ
|Г г
|Ӷ ӷ
|Ғ ғ
|-
|A a
|Ǎ ǎ
|B b
|B̌ b̌
|C c
|Č č
|D d
|Đ đ
|E e
|É é
|È è
|F f
|Šw šw
|G g
|G‘ g‘
|Ǧ ǧ
|-
!
H h
!
Ħ ħ
!
I i
!
I̍ i̍
!
J j
!K k
!
K̐ k̐
!
L l
!
M m
!
M̐ m̐
!N n
!
N̐ n̐
!
O o
!
O̍ o̍
!
O͘ o͘
!
O̍͘ o̍͘
|-
|[h]
|[ħ]
|[i]
|[ɯ]
|[ʒ]
|[k]
|[kʰ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[m̥]
|[n]
|[n̼]
|[o]
|[ə]
|[ɔ]
|[œ]
|-
|Һ һ
|Ꚕ ꚕ
|И и
|Й й
|Ж ж
|К к
|К‘ к‘
|Л л
|М м
|М‘ м‘
|Н н
|Н‘ н‘
|О о
|О‘ о‘
|Ө ө
|Ө‘ ө‘
|-
|H h
|Ħ ħ
|I i
|Í í
|J j
|K k
|Ǩ ǩ
|L l
|M m
|M̌ m̌
|N n
|Ň ň
|O o
|Ó ó
|Ö ö
|Ò ò
|-
!
P p
!Ꝑ ꝑ
!Q q
!Ꝗ ꝗ
!R r
!Ꞃ ꞃ
!S s
!Ş ş
!ʕ ſ
!T t
!Ŧ ŧ
!Ƥ ƥ
!Ƥ̍ ƥ̍
!U u
!U̍ u̍
!Ṳ ṳ
|-
|[p]
|[pʼ]
|[q]
|[qʼ]
|[r]
|[ꞎ]
|[s]
|[sʼ]
|[ʃ]
|[t]
|[θ]
|[pʷ]
|[bʷ]
|[u]
|[ɵ]
|[ɨ]
|-
|П п
|П‘ п‘
|Қ қ
|Қ‘ қ‘
|Р р
|Р‘ р‘
|С с
|С‘ с‘
|Ш ш
|Т т
|Т‘ т‘
|Ҧ ҧ
|Ҧ‘ ҧ‘
|У у
|У‘ у‘
|Ў ў
|-
|P p
|P̌ p̌
|Q q
|Q̌ q̌
|R r
|Ř ř
|S s
|S‘ s‘
|Š š
|T t
|Ť ť
|Pw pw
|Bw bw
|U u
|Ü ü
|Ï ï
|-
!Ṳ̍ ṳ̍
!V v
!Ƿ ƿ
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!Ⱬ ⱬ
!Ʒ ʒ
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_turned.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_turned.png|11x11px]]
![[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender_turned.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender_turned.png|11x11px]]
!
Г г
!
Ӷ ӷ
!
Ҕ ҕ
!Ӻ ӻ
|-
|[ʌ]
|[v]
|[w]
|[x]
|[ɤ]
|[z]
|[dz]
|[dʒ]
|[ʘ]
|[ʘ̃]
|[ǀ̼]
|[ᵑǀ̼]
|[ǀ]
|[ǃ]
|[ǃ̬]
|[ǁ]
|-
|Ў‘ ў‘
|В в
|Ԝ ԝ
|Х х
|Ӫ ӫ
|З з
|Ѕ ѕ
|Җ җ
|Щ щ
|Щ‘ щ‘
|Ҵ ҵ
|Ҵ‘ ҵ‘
|Ч ч
|Ч‘ ч‘
|Ч‘ъ ч‘ъ
|Тъ тъ
|-
|Ï‘ ï‘
|V v
|W w
|X x
|Y y
|Z z
|Dz dz
|Dj dj
|Gx gx
|G͠x g͠x
|Tx tx
|T͠x t͠x
|Ĉ ĉ
|Ĉ‘ ĉ‘
|Ĉx ĉx
|Ĉx‘ ĉx‘
|-
!Ч ч
!Ҹ ҹ
!Ꚓ ꚓ
!Ꚇ ꚇ
!Ъ ъ
!Ы ы
!Ь ь
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ɂ ɂ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[ɥ]
|[ǀ]
|[ǂ]
|[ɰ]
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|[y]
|[ʲ]
|[ts]
|[ʔ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ү ү
|Ҹ ҹ
|Ҹъ ҹъ
|Ꚇ ꚇ
|Ъ ъ
|І і
|Ь ь
|Ц ц
|’
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ū ū
|Ĵ ĵ
|Ǧx ǧx
|Ĉĉ ĉĉ
|"
|Ý ý
|'
|Ts ts
|Ɂ ɂ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Shinuyan language, 1914 ===
{| class="wikitable"
!
A a
!
A̍ a̍
!
B ʙ
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!E e
!É é
!F f
!Ⅎ ɟ
!G g
!<big>ɠ</big> ɠ
!Ɂ ɂ
!Һ һ
!H ʜ
!Ч ɥ
|-
|[a]
|[æ]
|[ɓ]
|[c]
|[cʼ]
|[d]
|[e]
|[ɘ]
|[f]
|[ɰ]
|[g]
|[ɠ]
|[ʔ]
|[ʡ]
|[h]
|[ɥ]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
7s7jqgrkaeroih1druglqv7urzlju8e
Latinised scripts of Looneyland
0
245
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Created page with "== Adugui language == === Corresponding with Cyrillic === {| class="wikitable" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';" |'''A a''' |А а |'''Һ h''' |Һ һ |'''Ñ ñ''' |Ԣ..."
428
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== Adugui language ==
=== Corresponding with Cyrillic ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"
|'''A a'''
|А а
|'''Һ h'''
|Һ һ
|'''Ñ ñ'''
|Ԣ ԣ
|'''U u'''
|У у
|'''Ɂ ɂ'''
|'
|'''Lu lu'''
|
|<big>'''ɠ'''</big>'''ı ɠı'''
|
|'''Gʜ gʜ'''
|
|-
|'''B ʙ'''
|Б б
|'''H ʜ'''
|ҺI һI
|'''O o'''
|О о
|'''V v'''
|В в
|'''Г г'''
|
|'''Qu qu'''
|
|'''Kı kı'''
|
|
|
|-
|'''C c'''
|Ц ц
|'''Ч ч'''
|Ү ү
|'''Ɵ ɵ'''
|Ө ө
|'''X x'''
|Кс кс
|'''Ӻ ӻ'''
|
|'''Ꝗu ꝗu'''
|
|'''Ќı ḱı'''
|
|
|
|-
|'''Ç ç'''
|Ч ч
|'''Ҹ ҹ'''
|ҮI үI
|'''P p'''
|П п
|'''Xʜ xʜ'''
|Х х
|'''Ӷ ӷ'''
|
|'''Ƣu ƣu'''
|
|'''Lı lı'''
|
|
|
|-
|'''D d'''
|Д д
|'''I i'''
|И и
|'''Q q'''
|Ҹ ҹ
|'''X̃ x̃'''
|Къ къ
|'''Ԏ ԏ'''
|
|'''Xu xu'''
|
|'''Mı mı'''
|
|
|
|-
|'''Ð ð'''
|ДI дI
|'''J j'''
|Жв жв
|'''Ꝗ ꝗ'''
|Ҷ ҷ
|'''У y'''
|Ѓ ѓ
|'''Ҽ ҽ'''
|
|'''X̃u x̃u'''
|
|'''Pı pı'''
|
|
|
|-
|'''E e'''
|Е е
|'''K k'''
|К к
|'''Ƣ ƣ'''
|Ғ ғ
|'''Z z'''
|З з
|'''Ҿ ҿ'''
|
|'''Уu yu'''
|
|'''Tı tı'''
|
|
|
|-
|'''Ê ê'''
|Є є
|'''Ќ ḱ'''
|Ќ ќ
|'''R r'''
|Р р
|'''Z̃ z̃'''
|Джв джв
|'''Ь ь'''
|
|'''Bı ʙı'''
|
|'''Xı xı'''
|
|
|
|-
|'''F f'''
|Ф ф
|'''L l'''
|Л л
|'''S s'''
|С с
|'''Ƶ ƶ'''
|Ѕ ѕ
|'''Du du'''
|
|'''Dı dı'''
|
|'''Уı yı'''
|
|
|
|-
|'''Ⅎ ɟ'''
|Ꚗ ꚗ
|'''Ļ ļ'''
|Ԓ ԓ
|'''Ş ş'''
|Ш ш
|'''З з'''
|Дж дж
|'''Ðu ðu'''
|
|'''Ðı ðı'''
|
|'''Fʜ fʜ'''
|
|
|
|-
|'''G g'''
|Г г
|'''M m'''
|М м
|'''T t'''
|Т т
|'''Ʒ ʒ'''
|Ѕв ѕв
|'''Һu hu'''
|
|'''Һı hı'''
|
|'''Ļʜ ļʜ'''
|
|
|
|-
|<big>'''ɠ'''</big>''' ɠ'''
|Ґ ґ
|'''N n'''
|Н н
|'''Þ þ'''
|Ҭ ҭ
|'''Ʒ̃ ʒ̃'''
|ЅI ѕI
|'''Hu ʜu'''
|
|'''Hı ʜı'''
|
|'''Ng ng'''
|
|
|
|}
=== Corresponding IPA ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"
|A a
|
|Һ h
|
|Ñ ñ
|
|U u
|
|Ɂ ɂ
|
|Lu lu
|
|<big>ɠ</big>ı ɠı
|
|Gʜ gʜ
|
|-
|B ʙ
|
|H ʜ
|
|O o
|
|V v
|
|Г г
|
|Qu qu
|
|Kı kı
|
|
|
|-
|C c
|
|Ч ч
|
|Ɵ ɵ
|
|X x
|
|Ӻ ӻ
|
|Ꝗu ꝗu
|
|Ќı ḱı
|
|
|
|-
|Ç ç
|
|Ҹ ҹ
|
|P p
|
|Xʜ xʜ
|
|Ӷ ӷ
|
|Ƣu ƣu
|
|Lı lı
|
|
|
|-
|D d
|
|I i
|
|Q q
|
|X̃ x̃
|
|Ԏ ԏ
|
|Xu xu
|
|Mı mı
|
|
|
|-
|Ð ð
|
|J j
|
|Ꝗ ꝗ
|
|У y
|
|Ҽ ҽ
|
|X̃u x̃u
|
|Pı pı
|
|
|
|-
|E e
|
|K k
|
|Ƣ ƣ
|
|Z z
|
|Ҿ ҿ
|
|Уu yu
|
|Tı tı
|
|
|
|-
|Ê ê
|
|Ќ ḱ
|
|R r
|
|Z̃ z̃
|
|Ь ь
|
|Bı ʙı
|
|Xı xı
|
|
|
|-
|F f
|
|L l
|
|S s
|
|Ƶ ƶ
|
|Du du
|
|Dı dı
|
|Уı yı
|
|
|
|-
|Ⅎ ɟ
|
|Ļ ļ
|
|Ş ş
|
|З з
|
|Ðu ðu
|
|Ðı ðı
|
|Fʜ fʜ
|
|
|
|-
|G g
|
|M m
|
|T t
|
|Ʒ ʒ
|
|Һu hu
|
|Һı hı
|
|Ļʜ ļʜ
|
|
|
|-
|<big>ɠ</big> ɠ
|
|N n
|
|Þ þ
|
|Ʒ̃ ʒ̃
|
|Hu ʜu
|
|Hı ʜı
|
|Ng ng
|
|
|
|}
eqirtnd37xmxi97t8zz2pjs1yrkegdo
429
428
2018-06-21T06:47:16Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
429
wikitext
text/x-wiki
== Adugui language ==
=== Corresponding with Cyrillic ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"
|'''A a'''
|А а
|'''Һ h'''
|ҺI һI
|'''Ñ ñ'''
|Ԣ ԣ
|'''U u'''
|У у
|'''Ɂ ɂ'''
|Ъ ъ
|'''Lu lu'''
|Лв лв
|<big>'''ɠ'''</big>'''ı ɠı'''
|Ґь ґь
|-
|'''B ʙ'''
|Б б
|'''H ʜ'''
|Һ һ
|'''O o'''
|О о
|'''V v'''
|В в
|'''Г г'''
|Зв зв
|'''Mu mu'''
|Мв мв
|'''Kı kı'''
|Кь кь
|-
|'''C c'''
|Ц ц
|'''Ч ч'''
|Ү ү
|'''Ɵ ɵ'''
|Ө ө
|'''X x'''
|Кс кс
|'''Ӻ ӻ'''
|ЦI цI
|'''Nu nu'''
|Нв нв
|'''Ќı ḱı'''
|ЌI ќI
|-
|'''Ç ç'''
|Ч ч
|'''Ҹ ҹ'''
|ҮI үI
|'''P p'''
|П п
|'''Xʜ xʜ'''
|Х х
|'''Ӷ ӷ'''
|СI сI
|'''Ƣu ƣu'''
|Ғв ғв
|'''Lı lı'''
|Ль ль
|-
|'''D d'''
|Д д
|'''I i'''
|И и
|'''Q q'''
|Ҷ ҷ
|'''X̃ x̃'''
|Къ къ
|'''Ԏ ԏ'''
|ЗI зI
|'''Xu xu'''
|КсI ксI
|'''Mı mı'''
|Мь мь
|-
|'''Ð ð'''
|ДI дI
|'''J j'''
|Ӵ ӵ
|'''Ꝗ ꝗ'''
|Жв жв
|'''У y'''
|Ѓ ѓ
|'''Ҽ ҽ'''
|Щ щ
|'''X̃u x̃u'''
|КъI къI
|'''Pı pı'''
|Пь пь
|-
|'''E e'''
|Е е
|'''K k'''
|К к
|'''Ƣ ƣ'''
|Ғ ғ
|'''Z z'''
|З з
|'''Ҿ ҿ'''
|ЩI щI
|'''Уu yu'''
|Ѓв ѓв
|'''Tı tı'''
|Ть ть
|-
|'''Ê ê'''
|Э э
|'''Ќ ḱ'''
|Ќ ќ
|'''R r'''
|Р р
|'''Z̃ z̃'''
|Джв джв
|'''Ь ь'''
|Ы ы
|'''Bı ʙı'''
|Бь бь
|'''Xı xı'''
|Ксь ксь
|-
|'''F f'''
|Ф ф
|'''L l'''
|Л л
|'''S s'''
|С с
|'''Ƶ ƶ'''
|Ж ж
|'''Du du'''
|Дв дв
|'''Dı dı'''
|Дь дь
|'''Уı yı'''
|Ѓь ѓь
|-
|'''Ⅎ ɟ'''
|Шв шв
|'''Ļ ļ'''
|Ԓ ԓ
|'''Ş ş'''
|Ш ш
|'''З з'''
|Дж дж
|'''Ðu ðu'''
|ДIв дIв
|'''Ðı ðı'''
|ДIь дIь
|'''Fʜ fʜ'''
|ФI фI
|-
|'''G g'''
|Г г
|'''M m'''
|М м
|'''T t'''
|Т т
|'''Ʒ ʒ'''
|Ѕ ѕ
|'''Һu hu'''
|ҺIв һIв
|'''Һı hı'''
|ҺIь һIь
|'''Ļʜ ļʜ'''
|ԒI ԓI
|-
|<big>'''ɠ'''</big>''' ɠ'''
|Ґ ґ
|'''N n'''
|Н н
|'''Þ þ'''
|Ҭ ҭ
|'''Ʒ̃ ʒ̃'''
|Ѕв ѕв
|'''Hu ʜu'''
|Һв һв
|'''Hı ʜı'''
|Һь һь
|'''Ng ng'''
|Ӈ ӈ
|}
=== Corresponding IPA ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"
|'''A a'''
|[ɑ]
|'''Һ h'''
|[ʡ]
|'''Ñ ñ'''
|[ɲ]
|'''U u'''
|[u]
|'''Ɂ ɂ'''
|[ʔ]
|'''Lu lu'''
|[lʷ]
|<big>'''ɠ'''</big>'''ı ɠı'''
|[ɠʲ]
|-
|'''B ʙ'''
|[b]
|'''H ʜ'''
|[ħ]
|'''O o'''
|[o]
|'''V v'''
|[v]
|'''Г г'''
|[zʷ]
|'''Mu mu'''
|[mʷ]
|'''Kı kı'''
|[kʲ]
|-
|'''C c'''
|[ts]
|'''Ч ч'''
|[ɥ]
|'''Ɵ ɵ'''
|[ɵ]
|'''X x'''
|[ks]
|'''Ӻ ӻ'''
|[tsʷ]
|'''Nu nu'''
|[nʷ]
|'''Ќı ḱı'''
|[kʷ]
|-
|'''Ç ç'''
|[tʃ]
|'''Ҹ ҹ'''
|[ɥ̊]
|'''P p'''
|[p]
|'''Xʜ xʜ'''
|[x]
|'''Ӷ ӷ'''
|[s͎]
|'''Ƣu ƣu'''
|[ɣʷ]
|'''Lı lı'''
|[lʲ]
|-
|'''D d'''
|[d]
|'''I i'''
|[i], [j]
|'''Q q'''
|[tɕʰ]
|'''X̃ x̃'''
|[q]
|'''Ԏ ԏ'''
|[z͎]
|'''Xu xu'''
|[ksʷ]
|'''Mı mı'''
|[mʲ]
|-
|'''Ð ð'''
|[ð]
|'''J j'''
|[tɕ]
|'''Ꝗ ꝗ'''
|[ɕ]
|'''У y'''
|[ɢ]
|'''Ҽ ҽ'''
|[ʃtʃ]
|'''X̃u x̃u'''
|[qʷ]
|'''Pı pı'''
|[pʲ]
|-
|'''E e'''
|[e]
|'''K k'''
|[k]
|'''Ƣ ƣ'''
|[ɣ]
|'''Z z'''
|[z]
|'''Ҿ ҿ'''
|[ʒdʒ]
|'''Уu yu'''
|[ɢʷ]
|'''Tı tı'''
|[tʲ]
|-
|'''Ê ê'''
|[æ]
|'''Ќ ḱ'''
|[c]
|'''R r'''
|[ɹ̠]
|'''Z̃ z̃'''
|[dʒʷ]
|'''Ь ь'''
|[ɨ]
|'''Bı ʙı'''
|[bʲ]
|'''Xı xı'''
|[ksʲ]
|-
|'''F f'''
|[f]
|'''L l'''
|[l]
|'''S s'''
|[s]
|'''Ƶ ƶ'''
|[ʒ]
|'''Du du'''
|[dʷ]
|'''Dı dı'''
|[dʲ]
|'''Уı yı'''
|[ɢʲ]
|-
|'''Ⅎ ɟ'''
|[ʃʷ]
|'''Ļ ļ'''
|[ʎ]
|'''Ş ş'''
|[ʃ]
|'''З з'''
|[dʒ]
|'''Ðu ðu'''
|[ðʷ]
|'''Ðı ðı'''
|[ðʲ]
|'''Fʜ fʜ'''
|[ʔf]
|-
|'''G g'''
|[χ]
|'''M m'''
|[m]
|'''T t'''
|[t]
|'''Ʒ ʒ'''
|[dz]
|'''Һu hu'''
|[ʡʷ]
|'''Һı hı'''
|[ʡʲ]
|'''Ļʜ ļʜ'''
|[ʔʎ]
|-
|<big>'''ɠ'''</big>''' ɠ'''
|[ɠ]
|'''N n'''
|[n]
|'''Þ þ'''
|[θ]
|'''Ʒ̃ ʒ̃'''
|[dzʷ]
|'''Hu ʜu'''
|[ħʷ]
|'''Hı ʜı'''
|[ħʲ]
|'''Ng ng'''
|[ŋ]
|}
ssowpcja671z06fmc4p3065zkxbifok
440
429
2018-06-26T07:45:27Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
440
wikitext
text/x-wiki
== Adugui language ==
=== Corresponding with Cyrillic ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"
|'''A a'''
|А а
|'''Һ h'''
|ҺI һI
|'''Ñ ñ'''
|Ԣ ԣ
|'''U u'''
|У у
|'''Ɂ ɂ'''
|Ъ ъ
|'''Lu lu'''
|Лв лв
|<big>'''ɠ'''</big>'''ı ɠı'''
|Ґь ґь
|-
|'''B ʙ'''
|Б б
|'''H ʜ'''
|Һ һ
|'''O o'''
|О о
|'''V v'''
|В в
|'''Г г'''
|Зв зв
|'''Mu mu'''
|Мв мв
|'''Kı kı'''
|Кь кь
|-
|'''C c'''
|Ц ц
|'''Ч ч'''
|Ү ү
|'''Ɵ ɵ'''
|Ө ө
|'''X x'''
|Кс кс
|'''Ӻ ӻ'''
|ЦI цI
|'''Nu nu'''
|Нв нв
|'''Ќı ḱı'''
|ЌI ќI
|-
|'''Ç ç'''
|Ч ч
|'''Ҹ ҹ'''
|ҮI үI
|'''P p'''
|П п
|'''Xʜ xʜ'''
|Х х
|'''Ӷ ӷ'''
|СI сI
|'''Ƣu ƣu'''
|Ғв ғв
|'''Lı lı'''
|Ль ль
|-
|'''D d'''
|Д д
|'''I i'''
|И и
|'''Q q'''
|Ҷ ҷ
|'''X̃ x̃'''
|Къ къ
|'''Ԏ ԏ'''
|ЗI зI
|'''Xu xu'''
|КсI ксI
|'''Mı mı'''
|Мь мь
|-
|'''Ð ð'''
|ДI дI
|'''J j'''
|Ӵ ӵ
|'''Ꝗ ꝗ'''
|Жв жв
|'''У y'''
|Ѓ ѓ
|'''Ҽ ҽ'''
|Щ щ
|'''X̃u x̃u'''
|КъI къI
|'''Pı pı'''
|Пь пь
|-
|'''E e'''
|Е е
|'''K k'''
|К к
|'''Ƣ ƣ'''
|Ғ ғ
|'''Z z'''
|З з
|'''Ҿ ҿ'''
|ЩI щI
|'''Уu yu'''
|Ѓв ѓв
|'''Tı tı'''
|Ть ть
|-
|'''Ê ê'''
|Э э
|'''Ќ ḱ'''
|Ќ ќ
|'''R r'''
|Р р
|'''Z̃ z̃'''
|Джв джв
|'''Ь ь'''
|Ы ы
|'''Bı ʙı'''
|Бь бь
|'''Xı xı'''
|Ксь ксь
|-
|'''F f'''
|Ф ф
|'''L l'''
|Л л
|'''S s'''
|С с
|'''Ƶ ƶ'''
|Ж ж
|'''Du du'''
|Дв дв
|'''Dı dı'''
|Дь дь
|'''Уı yı'''
|Ѓь ѓь
|-
|'''Ⅎ ɟ'''
|Шв шв
|'''Ļ ļ'''
|Ԓ ԓ
|'''Ş ş'''
|Ш ш
|'''З з'''
|Дж дж
|'''Ðu ðu'''
|ДIв дIв
|'''Ðı ðı'''
|ДIь дIь
|'''Fʜ fʜ'''
|ФI фI
|-
|'''G g'''
|Г г
|'''M m'''
|М м
|'''T t'''
|Т т
|'''Ʒ ʒ'''
|Ѕ ѕ
|'''Һu hu'''
|ҺIв һIв
|'''Һı hı'''
|ҺIь һIь
|'''Ļʜ ļʜ'''
|ԒI ԓI
|-
|<big>'''ɠ'''</big>''' ɠ'''
|Ґ ґ
|'''N n'''
|Н н
|'''Þ þ'''
|Ҭ ҭ
|'''Ʒ̃ ʒ̃'''
|Ѕв ѕв
|'''Hu ʜu'''
|Һв һв
|'''Hı ʜı'''
|Һь һь
|'''Ng ng'''
|Ӈ ӈ
|}
=== Corresponding IPA ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"
|'''A a'''
|[ɑ]
|'''Һ h'''
|[ʡ]
|'''Ñ ñ'''
|[ɲ]
|'''U u'''
|[u]
|'''Ɂ ɂ'''
|[ʔ]
|'''Lu lu'''
|[lʷ]
|<big>'''ɠ'''</big>'''ı ɠı'''
|[ɠʲ]
|-
|'''B ʙ'''
|[b]
|'''H ʜ'''
|[ħ]
|'''O o'''
|[o]
|'''V v'''
|[v]
|'''Г г'''
|[zʷ]
|'''Mu mu'''
|[mʷ]
|'''Kı kı'''
|[kʲ]
|-
|'''C c'''
|[ts]
|'''Ч ч'''
|[ɥ]
|'''Ɵ ɵ'''
|[ɵ]
|'''X x'''
|[ks]
|'''Ӻ ӻ'''
|[tsʷ]
|'''Nu nu'''
|[nʷ]
|'''Ќı ḱı'''
|[kʷ]
|-
|'''Ç ç'''
|[tʃ]
|'''Ҹ ҹ'''
|[ɥ̊]
|'''P p'''
|[p]
|'''Xʜ xʜ'''
|[x]
|'''Ӷ ӷ'''
|[s͎]
|'''Ƣu ƣu'''
|[ɣʷ]
|'''Lı lı'''
|[lʲ]
|-
|'''D d'''
|[d]
|'''I i'''
|[i], [j]
|'''Q q'''
|[tɕʰ]
|'''X̃ x̃'''
|[q]
|'''Ԏ ԏ'''
|[z͎]
|'''Xu xu'''
|[ksʷ]
|'''Mı mı'''
|[mʲ]
|-
|'''Ð ð'''
|[ð]
|'''J j'''
|[tɕ]
|'''Ꝗ ꝗ'''
|[ɕ]
|'''У y'''
|[ɢ]
|'''Ҽ ҽ'''
|[ʃtʃ]
|'''X̃u x̃u'''
|[qʷ]
|'''Pı pı'''
|[pʲ]
|-
|'''E e'''
|[e]
|'''K k'''
|[k]
|'''Ƣ ƣ'''
|[ɣ]
|'''Z z'''
|[z]
|'''Ҿ ҿ'''
|[ʒdʒ]
|'''Уu yu'''
|[ɢʷ]
|'''Tı tı'''
|[tʲ]
|-
|'''Ê ê'''
|[æ]
|'''Ќ ḱ'''
|[c]
|'''R r'''
|[ɹ̠]
|'''Z̃ z̃'''
|[dʒʷ]
|'''Ь ь'''
|[ɨ]
|'''Bı ʙı'''
|[bʲ]
|'''Xı xı'''
|[ksʲ]
|-
|'''F f'''
|[f]
|'''L l'''
|[l]
|'''S s'''
|[s]
|'''Ƶ ƶ'''
|[ʒ]
|'''Du du'''
|[dʷ]
|'''Dı dı'''
|[dʲ]
|'''Уı yı'''
|[ɢʲ]
|-
|'''Ⅎ ɟ'''
|[ʃʷ]
|'''Ļ ļ'''
|[ʎ]
|'''Ş ş'''
|[ʃ]
|'''З з'''
|[dʒ]
|'''Ðu ðu'''
|[ðʷ]
|'''Ðı ðı'''
|[ðʲ]
|'''Fʜ fʜ'''
|[ʔf]
|-
|'''G g'''
|[χ]
|'''M m'''
|[m]
|'''T t'''
|[t]
|'''Ʒ ʒ'''
|[dz]
|'''Һu hu'''
|[ʡʷ]
|'''Һı hı'''
|[ʡʲ]
|'''Ļʜ ļʜ'''
|[ʔʎ]
|-
|<big>'''ɠ'''</big>''' ɠ'''
|[ɠ]
|'''N n'''
|[n]
|'''Þ þ'''
|[θ]
|'''Ʒ̃ ʒ̃'''
|[dzʷ]
|'''Hu ʜu'''
|[ħʷ]
|'''Hı ʜı'''
|[ħʲ]
|'''Ng ng'''
|[ŋ]
|}
== Yonghoirle language (IPA + Cyrillic) ==
{| class="wikitable"
|'''A a'''
|[ɑ] / а
|'''Ч ч'''
|[ɥ] / ү
|
|
|-
|'''B b'''
|[b] / б
|'''Ҹ ҹ'''
|[ɐ] / үI
|
|
|-
|'''C c'''
|[ts] / ц
|'''I i'''
|[i] / і
|
|
|-
|'''Ç ç'''
|[tʃ] / ч
|'''Î î'''
|[ɯ] / и
|
|
|-
|'''D d'''
|[d] / д
|'''J j'''
|[dʒ] / ӵ
|
|
|-
|'''Ð ð'''
|[ð] / д‘
|'''K k'''
|[k] / к
|
|
|-
|'''E e'''
|[e] / е
|'''Ќ ḱ'''
|[c] / ќ
|
|
|-
|'''Ê ê'''
|[æ] / э
|'''L l'''
|[ɫ] / л
|
|
|-
|'''F f'''
|[f] / ф
|'''Ļ ļ'''
|[ɬ] / ԓ
|
|
|-
|'''Ⅎ ɟ'''
|[ɸ] / ф‘
|'''M m'''
|[m] / м
|
|
|-
|'''G g'''
|[χ] / г
|'''N n'''
|[n] / н
|
|
|-
|<big>'''ɠ'''</big>''' ɠ'''
|[ɠ] / гI
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''Ƣ ƣ'''
|[ɣ] / ғ
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''H h'''
|[h] / х
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''Ħ ħ'''
|[ħ] / хI
|
|
|
|
|}
2z9gaffxpz7lt32ejfcsaptygponfii
449
440
2018-06-30T23:11:29Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
449
wikitext
text/x-wiki
== Adugui language ==
=== Corresponding with Cyrillic ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"
|'''A a'''
|А а
|'''Һ h'''
|ҺI һI
|'''Ñ ñ'''
|Ԣ ԣ
|'''U u'''
|У у
|'''Ɂ ɂ'''
|Ъ ъ
|'''Lu lu'''
|Лв лв
|<big>'''ɠ'''</big>'''ı ɠı'''
|Ґь ґь
|-
|'''B ʙ'''
|Б б
|'''H ʜ'''
|Һ һ
|'''O o'''
|О о
|'''V v'''
|В в
|'''Г г'''
|Зв зв
|'''Mu mu'''
|Мв мв
|'''Kı kı'''
|Кь кь
|-
|'''C c'''
|Ц ц
|'''Ч ч'''
|Ү ү
|'''Ɵ ɵ'''
|Ө ө
|'''X x'''
|Кс кс
|'''Ӻ ӻ'''
|ЦI цI
|'''Nu nu'''
|Нв нв
|'''Ќı ḱı'''
|ЌI ќI
|-
|'''Ç ç'''
|Ч ч
|'''Ҹ ҹ'''
|ҮI үI
|'''P p'''
|П п
|'''Xʜ xʜ'''
|Х х
|'''Ӷ ӷ'''
|СI сI
|'''Ƣu ƣu'''
|Ғв ғв
|'''Lı lı'''
|Ль ль
|-
|'''D d'''
|Д д
|'''I i'''
|И и
|'''Q q'''
|Ҷ ҷ
|'''X̃ x̃'''
|Къ къ
|'''Ԏ ԏ'''
|ЗI зI
|'''Xu xu'''
|КсI ксI
|'''Mı mı'''
|Мь мь
|-
|'''Ð ð'''
|ДI дI
|'''J j'''
|Ӵ ӵ
|'''Ꝗ ꝗ'''
|Жв жв
|'''У y'''
|Ѓ ѓ
|'''Ҽ ҽ'''
|Щ щ
|'''X̃u x̃u'''
|КъI къI
|'''Pı pı'''
|Пь пь
|-
|'''E e'''
|Е е
|'''K k'''
|К к
|'''Ƣ ƣ'''
|Ғ ғ
|'''Z z'''
|З з
|'''Ҿ ҿ'''
|ЩI щI
|'''Уu yu'''
|Ѓв ѓв
|'''Tı tı'''
|Ть ть
|-
|'''Ê ê'''
|Э э
|'''Ќ ḱ'''
|Ќ ќ
|'''R r'''
|Р р
|'''Z̃ z̃'''
|Джв джв
|'''Ь ь'''
|Ы ы
|'''Bı ʙı'''
|Бь бь
|'''Xı xı'''
|Ксь ксь
|-
|'''F f'''
|Ф ф
|'''L l'''
|Л л
|'''S s'''
|С с
|'''Ƶ ƶ'''
|Ж ж
|'''Du du'''
|Дв дв
|'''Dı dı'''
|Дь дь
|'''Уı yı'''
|Ѓь ѓь
|-
|'''Ⅎ ɟ'''
|Шв шв
|'''Ļ ļ'''
|Ԓ ԓ
|'''Ş ş'''
|Ш ш
|'''З з'''
|Дж дж
|'''Ðu ðu'''
|ДIв дIв
|'''Ðı ðı'''
|ДIь дIь
|'''Fʜ fʜ'''
|ФI фI
|-
|'''G g'''
|Г г
|'''M m'''
|М м
|'''T t'''
|Т т
|'''Ʒ ʒ'''
|Ѕ ѕ
|'''Һu hu'''
|ҺIв һIв
|'''Һı hı'''
|ҺIь һIь
|'''Ļʜ ļʜ'''
|ԒI ԓI
|-
|<big>'''ɠ'''</big>''' ɠ'''
|Ґ ґ
|'''N n'''
|Н н
|'''Þ þ'''
|Ҭ ҭ
|'''Ʒ̃ ʒ̃'''
|Ѕв ѕв
|'''Hu ʜu'''
|Һв һв
|'''Hı ʜı'''
|Һь һь
|'''Ng ng'''
|Ӈ ӈ
|}
=== Corresponding IPA ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"
|'''A a'''
|[ɑ]
|'''Һ h'''
|[ʡ]
|'''Ñ ñ'''
|[ɲ]
|'''U u'''
|[u]
|'''Ɂ ɂ'''
|[ʔ]
|'''Lu lu'''
|[lʷ]
|<big>'''ɠ'''</big>'''ı ɠı'''
|[ɠʲ]
|-
|'''B ʙ'''
|[b]
|'''H ʜ'''
|[ħ]
|'''O o'''
|[o]
|'''V v'''
|[v]
|'''Г г'''
|[zʷ]
|'''Mu mu'''
|[mʷ]
|'''Kı kı'''
|[kʲ]
|-
|'''C c'''
|[ts]
|'''Ч ч'''
|[ɥ]
|'''Ɵ ɵ'''
|[ɵ]
|'''X x'''
|[ks]
|'''Ӻ ӻ'''
|[tsʷ]
|'''Nu nu'''
|[nʷ]
|'''Ќı ḱı'''
|[kʷ]
|-
|'''Ç ç'''
|[tʃ]
|'''Ҹ ҹ'''
|[ɥ̊]
|'''P p'''
|[p]
|'''Xʜ xʜ'''
|[x]
|'''Ӷ ӷ'''
|[s͎]
|'''Ƣu ƣu'''
|[ɣʷ]
|'''Lı lı'''
|[lʲ]
|-
|'''D d'''
|[d]
|'''I i'''
|[i], [j]
|'''Q q'''
|[tɕʰ]
|'''X̃ x̃'''
|[q]
|'''Ԏ ԏ'''
|[z͎]
|'''Xu xu'''
|[ksʷ]
|'''Mı mı'''
|[mʲ]
|-
|'''Ð ð'''
|[ð]
|'''J j'''
|[tɕ]
|'''Ꝗ ꝗ'''
|[ɕ]
|'''У y'''
|[ɢ]
|'''Ҽ ҽ'''
|[ʃtʃ]
|'''X̃u x̃u'''
|[qʷ]
|'''Pı pı'''
|[pʲ]
|-
|'''E e'''
|[e]
|'''K k'''
|[k]
|'''Ƣ ƣ'''
|[ɣ]
|'''Z z'''
|[z]
|'''Ҿ ҿ'''
|[ʒdʒ]
|'''Уu yu'''
|[ɢʷ]
|'''Tı tı'''
|[tʲ]
|-
|'''Ê ê'''
|[æ]
|'''Ќ ḱ'''
|[c]
|'''R r'''
|[ɹ̠]
|'''Z̃ z̃'''
|[dʒʷ]
|'''Ь ь'''
|[ɨ]
|'''Bı ʙı'''
|[bʲ]
|'''Xı xı'''
|[ksʲ]
|-
|'''F f'''
|[f]
|'''L l'''
|[l]
|'''S s'''
|[s]
|'''Ƶ ƶ'''
|[ʒ]
|'''Du du'''
|[dʷ]
|'''Dı dı'''
|[dʲ]
|'''Уı yı'''
|[ɢʲ]
|-
|'''Ⅎ ɟ'''
|[ʃʷ]
|'''Ļ ļ'''
|[ʎ]
|'''Ş ş'''
|[ʃ]
|'''З з'''
|[dʒ]
|'''Ðu ðu'''
|[ðʷ]
|'''Ðı ðı'''
|[ðʲ]
|'''Fʜ fʜ'''
|[ʔf]
|-
|'''G g'''
|[χ]
|'''M m'''
|[m]
|'''T t'''
|[t]
|'''Ʒ ʒ'''
|[dz]
|'''Һu hu'''
|[ʡʷ]
|'''Һı hı'''
|[ʡʲ]
|'''Ļʜ ļʜ'''
|[ʔʎ]
|-
|<big>'''ɠ'''</big>''' ɠ'''
|[ɠ]
|'''N n'''
|[n]
|'''Þ þ'''
|[θ]
|'''Ʒ̃ ʒ̃'''
|[dzʷ]
|'''Hu ʜu'''
|[ħʷ]
|'''Hı ʜı'''
|[ħʲ]
|'''Ng ng'''
|[ŋ]
|}
ssowpcja671z06fmc4p3065zkxbifok
450
449
2018-06-30T23:13:47Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
450
wikitext
text/x-wiki
== Adugui language ==
=== Corresponding with Cyrillic ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"
|'''A a'''
|А а
|'''Һ h'''
|ҺI һI
|'''Ñ ñ'''
|Ԣ ԣ
|'''U u'''
|У у
|'''Ɂ ɂ'''
|Ъ ъ
|'''Lu lu'''
|Лв лв
|<big>'''ɠ'''</big>'''ı ɠı'''
|Ґь ґь
|-
|'''B ʙ'''
|Б б
|'''H ʜ'''
|Һ һ
|'''O o'''
|О о
|'''V v'''
|В в
|'''Г г'''
|Зв зв
|'''Mu mu'''
|Мв мв
|'''Kı kı'''
|Кь кь
|-
|'''C c'''
|Ц ц
|'''Ч ч'''
|Ү ү
|'''Ɵ ɵ'''
|Ө ө
|'''X x'''
|Кс кс
|'''Ӻ ӻ'''
|ЦI цI
|'''Nu nu'''
|Нв нв
|'''Ќı ḱı'''
|ЌI ќI
|-
|'''Ç ç'''
|Ч ч
|'''Ҹ ҹ'''
|ҮI үI
|'''P p'''
|П п
|'''Xʜ xʜ'''
|Х х
|'''Ӷ ӷ'''
|СI сI
|'''Ƣu ƣu'''
|Ғв ғв
|'''Lı lı'''
|Ль ль
|-
|'''D d'''
|Д д
|'''I i'''
|И и
|'''Q q'''
|Ҷ ҷ
|'''X̃ x̃'''
|Къ къ
|'''Ԏ ԏ'''
|ЗI зI
|'''Xu xu'''
|КсI ксI
|'''Mı mı'''
|Мь мь
|-
|'''Ð ð'''
|ДI дI
|'''J j'''
|Ӵ ӵ
|'''Ꝗ ꝗ'''
|Жв жв
|'''У y'''
|Ѓ ѓ
|'''Ҽ ҽ'''
|ЦI цI
|'''X̃u x̃u'''
|КъI къI
|'''Pı pı'''
|Пь пь
|-
|'''E e'''
|Е е
|'''K k'''
|К к
|'''Ƣ ƣ'''
|Ғ ғ
|'''Z z'''
|З з
|'''Ҿ ҿ'''
|Щ щ
|'''Уu yu'''
|Ѓв ѓв
|'''Tı tı'''
|Ть ть
|-
|'''Ê ê'''
|Э э
|'''Ќ ḱ'''
|Ќ ќ
|'''R r'''
|Р р
|'''Z̃ z̃'''
|Джв джв
|'''Ь ь'''
|Ы ы
|'''Bı ʙı'''
|Бь бь
|'''Xı xı'''
|Ксь ксь
|-
|'''F f'''
|Ф ф
|'''L l'''
|Л л
|'''S s'''
|С с
|'''Ƶ ƶ'''
|Ж ж
|'''Du du'''
|Дв дв
|'''Dı dı'''
|Дь дь
|'''Уı yı'''
|Ѓь ѓь
|-
|'''Ⅎ ɟ'''
|Шв шв
|'''Ļ ļ'''
|Ԓ ԓ
|'''Ş ş'''
|Ш ш
|'''З з'''
|Дж дж
|'''Ðu ðu'''
|ДIв дIв
|'''Ðı ðı'''
|ДIь дIь
|'''Fʜ fʜ'''
|ФI фI
|-
|'''G g'''
|Г г
|'''M m'''
|М м
|'''T t'''
|Т т
|'''Ʒ ʒ'''
|Ѕ ѕ
|'''Һu hu'''
|ҺIв һIв
|'''Һı hı'''
|ҺIь һIь
|'''Ļʜ ļʜ'''
|ԒI ԓI
|-
|<big>'''ɠ'''</big>''' ɠ'''
|Ґ ґ
|'''N n'''
|Н н
|'''Þ þ'''
|Ҭ ҭ
|'''Ʒ̃ ʒ̃'''
|Ѕв ѕв
|'''Hu ʜu'''
|Һв һв
|'''Hı ʜı'''
|Һь һь
|'''Ng ng'''
|Ӈ ӈ
|}
=== Corresponding IPA ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"
|'''A a'''
|[ɑ]
|'''Һ h'''
|[ʡ]
|'''Ñ ñ'''
|[ɲ]
|'''U u'''
|[u]
|'''Ɂ ɂ'''
|[ʔ]
|'''Lu lu'''
|[lʷ]
|<big>'''ɠ'''</big>'''ı ɠı'''
|[ɠʲ]
|-
|'''B ʙ'''
|[b]
|'''H ʜ'''
|[ħ]
|'''O o'''
|[o]
|'''V v'''
|[v]
|'''Г г'''
|[zʷ]
|'''Mu mu'''
|[mʷ]
|'''Kı kı'''
|[kʲ]
|-
|'''C c'''
|[ts]
|'''Ч ч'''
|[ɥ]
|'''Ɵ ɵ'''
|[ɵ]
|'''X x'''
|[ks]
|'''Ӻ ӻ'''
|[tsʷ]
|'''Nu nu'''
|[nʷ]
|'''Ќı ḱı'''
|[kʷ]
|-
|'''Ç ç'''
|[tʃ]
|'''Ҹ ҹ'''
|[ɥ̊]
|'''P p'''
|[p]
|'''Xʜ xʜ'''
|[x]
|'''Ӷ ӷ'''
|[s͎]
|'''Ƣu ƣu'''
|[ɣʷ]
|'''Lı lı'''
|[lʲ]
|-
|'''D d'''
|[d]
|'''I i'''
|[i], [j]
|'''Q q'''
|[tɕʰ]
|'''X̃ x̃'''
|[q]
|'''Ԏ ԏ'''
|[z͎]
|'''Xu xu'''
|[ksʷ]
|'''Mı mı'''
|[mʲ]
|-
|'''Ð ð'''
|[ð]
|'''J j'''
|[tɕ]
|'''Ꝗ ꝗ'''
|[ɕ]
|'''У y'''
|[ɢ]
|'''Ҽ ҽ'''
|[t̼]
|'''X̃u x̃u'''
|[qʷ]
|'''Pı pı'''
|[pʲ]
|-
|'''E e'''
|[e]
|'''K k'''
|[k]
|'''Ƣ ƣ'''
|[ɣ]
|'''Z z'''
|[z]
|'''Ҿ ҿ'''
|[ð̼]
|'''Уu yu'''
|[ɢʷ]
|'''Tı tı'''
|[tʲ]
|-
|'''Ê ê'''
|[æ]
|'''Ќ ḱ'''
|[c]
|'''R r'''
|[ɹ̠]
|'''Z̃ z̃'''
|[dʒʷ]
|'''Ь ь'''
|[ɨ]
|'''Bı ʙı'''
|[bʲ]
|'''Xı xı'''
|[ksʲ]
|-
|'''F f'''
|[f]
|'''L l'''
|[l]
|'''S s'''
|[s]
|'''Ƶ ƶ'''
|[ʒ]
|'''Du du'''
|[dʷ]
|'''Dı dı'''
|[dʲ]
|'''Уı yı'''
|[ɢʲ]
|-
|'''Ⅎ ɟ'''
|[ʃʷ]
|'''Ļ ļ'''
|[ʎ]
|'''Ş ş'''
|[ʃ]
|'''З з'''
|[dʒ]
|'''Ðu ðu'''
|[ðʷ]
|'''Ðı ðı'''
|[ðʲ]
|'''Fʜ fʜ'''
|[ʔf]
|-
|'''G g'''
|[χ]
|'''M m'''
|[m]
|'''T t'''
|[t]
|'''Ʒ ʒ'''
|[dz]
|'''Һu hu'''
|[ʡʷ]
|'''Һı hı'''
|[ʡʲ]
|'''Ļʜ ļʜ'''
|[ʔʎ]
|-
|<big>'''ɠ'''</big>''' ɠ'''
|[ɠ]
|'''N n'''
|[n]
|'''Þ þ'''
|[θ]
|'''Ʒ̃ ʒ̃'''
|[dzʷ]
|'''Hu ʜu'''
|[ħʷ]
|'''Hı ʜı'''
|[ħʲ]
|'''Ng ng'''
|[ŋ]
|}
f7loauro3d414oib4fq25qj7vn16qaf
463
450
2018-07-07T04:48:14Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
463
wikitext
text/x-wiki
== Adugui language ==
=== Corresponding with Cyrillic ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"
|'''A a'''
|А а
|'''Һ h'''
|ҺI һI
|'''Ñ ñ'''
|Ԣ ԣ
|'''U u'''
|У у
|'''Ɂ ɂ'''
|Ъ ъ
|'''Lu lu'''
|Лв лв
|<big>'''ɠ'''</big>'''ı ɠı'''
|Ґь ґь
|-
|'''B ʙ'''
|Б б
|'''H ʜ'''
|Һ һ
|'''O o'''
|О о
|'''V v'''
|В в
|'''Г г'''
|Зв зв
|'''Mu mu'''
|Мв мв
|'''Kı kı'''
|Кь кь
|-
|'''C c'''
|Ц ц
|'''Ч ч'''
|Ү ү
|'''Ɵ ɵ'''
|Ө ө
|'''X x'''
|Кс кс
|'''Ӻ ӻ'''
|ЦI цI
|'''Nu nu'''
|Нв нв
|'''Ќı ḱı'''
|ЌI ќI
|-
|'''Ç ç'''
|Ч ч
|'''Ҹ ҹ'''
|ҮI үI
|'''P p'''
|П п
|'''Xʜ xʜ'''
|Х х
|'''Ӷ ӷ'''
|СI сI
|'''Ƣu ƣu'''
|Ғв ғв
|'''Lı lı'''
|Ль ль
|-
|'''D d'''
|Д д
|'''I i'''
|И и
|'''Q q'''
|Ҷ ҷ
|'''X̃ x̃'''
|Къ къ
|'''Ԏ ԏ'''
|ЗI зI
|'''Xu xu'''
|КсI ксI
|'''Mı mı'''
|Мь мь
|-
|'''Ð ð'''
|ДI дI
|'''J j'''
|Ӵ ӵ
|'''Ꝗ ꝗ'''
|Жв жв
|'''У y'''
|Ѓ ѓ
|'''Ҽ ҽ'''
|ЦI цI
|'''X̃u x̃u'''
|КъI къI
|'''Pı pı'''
|Пь пь
|-
|'''E e'''
|Е е
|'''K k'''
|К к
|'''Ƣ ƣ'''
|Ғ ғ
|'''Z z'''
|З з
|'''Ҿ ҿ'''
|Щ щ
|'''Уu yu'''
|Ѓв ѓв
|'''Tı tı'''
|Ть ть
|-
|'''Ê ê'''
|Э э
|'''Ќ ḱ'''
|Ќ ќ
|'''R r'''
|Р р
|'''Z̃ z̃'''
|Джв джв
|'''Ь ь'''
|Ы ы
|'''Bı ʙı'''
|Бь бь
|'''Xı xı'''
|Ксь ксь
|-
|'''F f'''
|Ф ф
|'''L l'''
|Л л
|'''S s'''
|С с
|'''Ƶ ƶ'''
|Ж ж
|'''Du du'''
|Дв дв
|'''Dı dı'''
|Дь дь
|'''Уı yı'''
|Ѓь ѓь
|-
|'''Ⅎ ɟ'''
|Шв шв
|'''Ļ ļ'''
|Ԓ ԓ
|'''Ş ş'''
|Ш ш
|'''З з'''
|Дж дж
|'''Ðu ðu'''
|ДIв дIв
|'''Ðı ðı'''
|ДIь дIь
|'''Fʜ fʜ'''
|ФI фI
|-
|'''G g'''
|Г г
|'''M m'''
|М м
|'''T t'''
|Т т
|'''Ʒ ʒ'''
|Ѕ ѕ
|'''Һu hu'''
|ҺIв һIв
|'''Һı hı'''
|ҺIь һIь
|'''Ļʜ ļʜ'''
|ԒI ԓI
|-
|<big>'''ɠ'''</big>''' ɠ'''
|Ґ ґ
|'''N n'''
|Н н
|'''Þ þ'''
|Ҭ ҭ
|'''Ʒ̃ ʒ̃'''
|Ѕв ѕв
|'''Hu ʜu'''
|Һв һв
|'''Hı ʜı'''
|Һь һь
|'''Ng ng'''
|Ӈ ӈ
|}
=== Corresponding IPA ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"
|'''A a'''
|[ɑ]
|'''Һ h'''
|[ʡ]
|'''Ñ ñ'''
|[ɲ]
|'''U u'''
|[u]
|'''Ɂ ɂ'''
|[ʔ]
|'''Lu lu'''
|[lʷ]
|<big>'''ɠ'''</big>'''ı ɠı'''
|[ɠʲ]
|-
|'''B ʙ'''
|[b]
|'''H ʜ'''
|[ħ]
|'''O o'''
|[o]
|'''V v'''
|[v]
|'''Г г'''
|[zʷ]
|'''Mu mu'''
|[mʷ]
|'''Kı kı'''
|[kʲ]
|-
|'''C c'''
|[ts]
|'''Ч ч'''
|[ɥ]
|'''Ɵ ɵ'''
|[ɵ]
|'''X x'''
|[ks]
|'''Ӻ ӻ'''
|[tsʷ]
|'''Nu nu'''
|[nʷ]
|'''Ќı ḱı'''
|[kʷ]
|-
|'''Ç ç'''
|[tʃ]
|'''Ҹ ҹ'''
|[ɥ̊]
|'''P p'''
|[p]
|'''Xʜ xʜ'''
|[x]
|'''Ӷ ӷ'''
|[s͎]
|'''Ƣu ƣu'''
|[ɣʷ]
|'''Lı lı'''
|[lʲ]
|-
|'''D d'''
|[d]
|'''I i'''
|[i], [j]
|'''Q q'''
|[tɕʰ]
|'''X̃ x̃'''
|[q]
|'''Ԏ ԏ'''
|[z͎]
|'''Xu xu'''
|[ksʷ]
|'''Mı mı'''
|[mʲ]
|-
|'''Ð ð'''
|[ð]
|'''J j'''
|[tɕ]
|'''Ꝗ ꝗ'''
|[ɕ]
|'''У y'''
|[ɢ]
|'''Ҽ ҽ'''
|[t̼]
|'''X̃u x̃u'''
|[qʷ]
|'''Pı pı'''
|[pʲ]
|-
|'''E e'''
|[e]
|'''K k'''
|[k]
|'''Ƣ ƣ'''
|[ɣ]
|'''Z z'''
|[z]
|'''Ҿ ҿ'''
|[ð̼]
|'''Уu yu'''
|[ɢʷ]
|'''Tı tı'''
|[tʲ]
|-
|'''Ê ê'''
|[æ]
|'''Ќ ḱ'''
|[c]
|'''R r'''
|[ɹ̠]
|'''Z̃ z̃'''
|[dʒʷ]
|'''Ь ь'''
|[ɨ]
|'''Bı ʙı'''
|[bʲ]
|'''Xı xı'''
|[ksʲ]
|-
|'''F f'''
|[f]
|'''L l'''
|[l]
|'''S s'''
|[s]
|'''Ƶ ƶ'''
|[ʒ]
|'''Du du'''
|[dʷ]
|'''Dı dı'''
|[dʲ]
|'''Уı yı'''
|[ɢʲ]
|-
|'''Ⅎ ɟ'''
|[ʃʷ]
|'''Ļ ļ'''
|[ʎ]
|'''Ş ş'''
|[ʃ]
|'''З з'''
|[dʒ]
|'''Ðu ðu'''
|[ðʷ]
|'''Ðı ðı'''
|[ðʲ]
|'''Fʜ fʜ'''
|[ʔf]
|-
|'''G g'''
|[χ]
|'''M m'''
|[m]
|'''T t'''
|[t]
|'''Ʒ ʒ'''
|[dz]
|'''Һu hu'''
|[ʡʷ]
|'''Һı hı'''
|[ʡʲ]
|'''Ļʜ ļʜ'''
|[ʔʎ]
|-
|<big>'''ɠ'''</big>''' ɠ'''
|[ɠ]
|'''N n'''
|[n]
|'''Þ þ'''
|[θ]
|'''Ʒ̃ ʒ̃'''
|[dzʷ]
|'''Hu ʜu'''
|[ħʷ]
|'''Hı ʜı'''
|[ħʲ]
|'''Ng ng'''
|[ŋ]
|}
== Wudonjin language (with IPA & Cyrillic for comparison) ==
{| class="wikitable"
!A a
!B ʙ
!C c
!Ç ç
!D d
!Δ δ
!E e
!F f
!G g
|-
|а
|б
|ч
|сI
|д
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!
Ġ ġ
!I i
!J j
!K k
!L l
!M m
!N n
!O o
!Ɵ ɵ
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!P p
!R r
!S s
!Ş ş
!T t
!U u
!Y y
!Ɏ ɏ
!Z z
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ь ь
!X x
!V v
!ja
!je
!ji
!ju
!şc
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!ts
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
ojpg6cavkd3jfd30ul3x2lk2u0fxjrg
Lendong Langte Alphabet
0
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The Lendong Lante Alphabet is an alphabet created by Wensten Gromnick for use in Lendong Langte, a language spoken in the suburb of Lendong, Langte, Bublapedian.
== 2007 system ==
=== Consonants ===
{| class="article-table"
! colspan="2" |
!Biblial
!Labiodental
!Coronal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Alveopalatal
!Velar
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
!plain
|[b] '''b'''
|
|
|
|[d] '''t'''
|
|[g] '''g'''
|-
!aspirated
|[p] '''p'''
|
|
|
|[t] '''d'''
|
|[k] '''k'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Affricate
!plain
|
|
|
|
|
|[tɕ] '''j'''
|
|-
!aspirated
|
|
|
|
|
|[tɕʰ] '''kj'''
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|[m] '''m'''
|
|[n] '''n'''
|
|
|[nʲ] '''ń'''
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!voiceless
|
|[f] '''f'''
|[s] '''s'''
|[θ] '''t''''
|
|[ɕ] '''ch'''
|[x] '''h'''
|-
!voice
|
|[ʋ] '''w'''
|[z] '''z'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |muted
| colspan="7" |∅ '''š'''
|}
=== Vowels ===
{| class="article-table"
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!∅-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!i-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!u-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!y-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
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The Lendong Lante Alphabet is an alphabet created by Wensten Gromnick for use in Lendong Langte, a language spoken in the suburb of Lendong, Langte, Bublapedian.
== 2007 system ==
=== Consonants ===
{| class="article-table"
! colspan="2" |
!Biblial
!Labiodental
!Coronal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Alveopalatal
!Velar
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
!plain
|[b] '''b'''
|
|
|
|[d] '''t'''
|
|[g] '''g'''
|-
!aspirated
|[p] '''p'''
|
|
|
|[t] '''d'''
|
|[k] '''k'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Affricate
!plain
|
|
|
|
|
|[tɕ] '''j'''
|
|-
!aspirated
|
|
|
|
|
|[tɕʰ] '''kj'''
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|[m] '''m'''
|
|[n] '''n'''
|
|
|[nʲ] '''ń'''
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!voiceless
|
|[f] '''f'''
|[s] '''s'''
|[θ] '''t''''
|
|[ɕ] '''ch'''
|[x] '''h'''
|-
!voice
|
|[ʋ] '''w'''
|[z] '''z'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Liquid
|
|
|
|
|[l] '''l'''
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |muted
| colspan="7" |∅ '''š'''
|}
=== Vowels ===
{| class="article-table"
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!∅-
|[a]
'''a'''
|[ɚ]
'''ē'''
|[ɛ]
'''e'''
|[ɿ]
'''í'''
|[i]
'''i'''
|[o]
'''o'''
|[ɯ]
'''ī'''
|[ɔ]
'''ó'''
|[ai]
'''ai'''
|[ɛi]
'''ei'''
|[au]
'''ao'''
|[aɔ]
'''aó'''
|[əu]
'''ow'''
|[oʔ]
'''o7'''
|[an]
'''an'''
|-
!i-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!u-
|
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|
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|-
!y-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Jintley Hill Numbers ===
The alphabet uses Jintley Hill numbers and are marked from 1 to 9. '''1''' indicates a high tone.
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The Lendong Lante Alphabet is an alphabet created by Wensten Gromnick for use in Lendong Langte, a language spoken in the suburb of Lendong, Langte, Bublapedian.
== 2007 system ==
=== Consonants ===
{| class="article-table"
! colspan="2" |
!Biblial
!Labiodental
!Coronal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Alveopalatal
!Velar
!Glottal
!
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
!plain
|[b] '''b'''
|
|
|
|[d] '''t'''
|
|[g] '''g'''
|
|
|-
!aspirated
|[p] '''p'''
|
|
|
|[t] '''d'''
|
|[k] '''k'''
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Affricate
!plain
|
|
|
|
|
|[tɕ] '''j'''
|
|
|
|-
!aspirated
|
|
|
|
|
|[tɕʰ] '''kj'''
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|[m] '''m'''
|
|[n] '''n'''
|
|
|[nʲ] '''ń'''
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Stop
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[ʔ] '''7'''
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!voiceless
|
|[f] '''f'''
|[s] '''s'''
|[θ] '''t''''
|
|[ɕ] '''ch'''
|[x] '''h'''
|
|
|-
!voice
|
|[ʋ] '''w'''
|[z] '''z'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Liquid
|
|
|
|
|[l] '''l'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |muted
| colspan="7" |∅ '''š'''
| colspan="7" |
| colspan="7" |
|}
=== Vowels ===
{| class="article-table"
!
! rowspan="1" colspan="8"| -∅
! rowspan="1" colspan="6"| -i, -o, -ó, -w, -7
! rowspan="1" colspan="6"| -n, -'''ƞ, -ƞ7'''
|-
!∅-
|[a]
'''a'''
|[ɚ]
'''ē'''
|[ɛ]
'''e'''
|[ɿ]
'''í'''
|[i]
'''i'''
|[o]
'''o'''
|[ɯ]
'''ī'''
|[ɔ]
'''ó'''
|[ai]
'''ai'''
|[ɛi]
'''ei, ij'''
|[au]
'''ao'''
|[aɔ]
'''aó'''
|[əu]
'''ow'''
|[oʔ]
'''o7'''
|[an]
'''an'''
|
[en]
'''en'''
|
[aŋ]
'''aƞ'''
|
[eŋ]
'''eƞ'''
|
[oŋ]
'''oƞ'''
|
[aŋʔ]
'''aƞ7'''
|-
!i-
|
[ia]
'''ia'''
|
|
[iɛ]
'''ie'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
[iai]
'''iai'''
|
|
[iau]
'''iao, iaw'''
|
[iəu]
'''iu, ï'''
|
|
|
[ian]
'''ian'''
|
[in]
'''yn'''
|
[iaŋ]
'''iaƞ'''
|
|
|
|-
!u-
|
[ua]
'''ua'''
|
|
[uɛ]
'''ue'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
[uai]
'''uai'''
|
[uei]
'''wei'''
|
|
|
|
|
[uan]
'''uan'''
|
[uən]
'''un·'''
|
[uaŋ]
'''uaƞ'''
|
|
[uoŋ]
'''ú·ng‘'''
|
|-
!ы-
|
[ɨ]
'''ы'''
|
|
[ye]
'''ыe'''
|
|
|
[yo]
'''ыo'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[yan]
'''ыan'''
|
[yn]
'''ыñ'''
|
|
|
[yoŋ]
'''ыñ·ng‘'''
|
|}
=== Jintley Hill Numbers ===
The alphabet uses Jintley Hill numbers and are marked from 1 to 9:
{| border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:500px;" class="article-table"
|-
! scope="col"|Number
! scope="col"|1
! scope="col"|2
! scope="col"|3
! scope="col"|4
! scope="col"|5
! scope="col"|6
! scope="col"|7
! scope="col"|8
! scope="col"|9
! scope="col"|0
|-
|Type
|High Tone
|Creaky Tone
|Mid Tone
|Low Tone
|Mid-Falling Tone
|High-Falling Tone
|Glottal Stop
|OO substitute
|Apostrophe
|Neutral Tone
|-
|IPA
|[˥]
|[˨˩]
|[˧]
|[˨]
|[˧˩]
|[˥˩]
|[ʔ]
|[oo]
| -
| -
|}
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Lin'yogh Alphabet
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The Lin'yogh Language (official in Lingdaland, Bublapedian) has been written in two scripts: Latin and Cyrillic. Historically, it was written in Arabic.
== Latin alphabet ==
The archaic alphabet became official in 1920 and was revised in 1930 with letters from the [[Bublapedian Reference Alphabet]].
=== Archaic version ===
The archaic alphabet was:
{| class="article-table"
|A a
|B b
|C c
|Ch ch
|Ꞓ ꞓ
|Ç ç
|Ĉ ĉ
|D d
|Đ đ
|E e
|Ê ê
|Ǝ ǝ
|F f
|G g
|Ƣ ƣ
|H h
|Ĥ ĥ
|-
|I i
|Í í
|J j
|K k
|Kh kh
|L l
|M m
|N n
|<span style="text-decoration: overline">N</span> <span style="text-decoration: overline">n</span>
|O o
|Ɵ ɵ
|P p
|Q q
|R r
|S s
|Ꞩ ꞩ
|Ş ş
|-
|T t
|U u
|Ʉ ʉ
|Ṳ ṳ
|V v
|Ƿ ƿ
|X x
|X̌ x̌
|<span style="text-decoration: overline">X</span> <span style="text-decoration: overline">x</span>
|Y y
|Z z
|Ƶ ƶ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline">S</span> <span style="text-decoration: overline">s</span>
|<span style="text-decoration: overline">Ss</span> <span style="text-decoration: overline">ss</span>
|<span style="text-decoration: overline">Sz</span> <span style="text-decoration: overline">sz</span>
|Z̨ z̨
|Ь ь
|}
The letters with overline are n, x, s, ss and sz. The Ь-shaped Latin letter is present in this archaic alphabet, but Cyrillic Ь is used instead while use in computers. There is also the Old English letter Wynn (ƿ). Gha (ƣ), a letter was used in Janalif and other Turkic alphabets, is present in this alphabet as well as the Bublapedian Reference version.
=== Bublapedian Reference version ===
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/* Latin alphabet */
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The Lin'yogh Language (official in Lingdaland, Bublapedian) has been written in two scripts: Latin and Cyrillic. Historically, it was written in Arabic.
== Latin alphabet ==
The archaic alphabet became official in 1920 and was revised in 1930 with letters from the [[Bublapedian Reference Alphabet]].
=== Archaic version ===
The archaic alphabet was:
{| class="article-table"
|A
a
|B
b
|C
c
|CH
ch
|Ꞓ
ꞓ
|Ç
ç
|Ĉ
ĉ
|D
d
|Đ
đ
|E
e
|Ê
ê
|Ǝ
ǝ
|F
f
|G
g
|Ƣ
ƣ
|H
h
|Ĥ
ĥ
|-
|I
i
|Í
í
|J
j
|K
k
|KH
kh
|L
l
|M
m
|N
n
|<span style="text-decoration: overline">N</span><span style="text-decoration: overline">n</span>
|O
o
|Ɵ
ɵ
|P
p
|Q
q
|R
r
|S
s
|Ꞩ
ꞩ
|Ş
ş
|-
|T
t
|U
u
|Ʉ
ʉ
|Ṳ
ṳ
|V
v
|Ƿ
ƿ
|X
x
|X̌
x̌
|<span style="text-decoration: overline">X</span><span style="text-decoration: overline">x</span>
|Y
y
|Z
z
|Ƶ
ƶ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline">S</span><span style="text-decoration: overline">s</span>
|<span style="text-decoration: overline">SS</span><span style="text-decoration: overline">ss</span>
|<span style="text-decoration: overline">SZ</span><span style="text-decoration: overline">sz</span>
|Z̨
z̨
|Ь
ь
|}
The letters with overline are n, x, s, ss and sz. The Ь-shaped Latin letter is present in this archaic alphabet, but Cyrillic Ь is used instead while use in computers. There is also the Old English letter Wynn (ƿ). Gha (ƣ), a letter was used in Janalif and other Turkic alphabets, is present in this alphabet as well as the Bublapedian Reference version.
=== Bublapedian Reference version ===
When Bublapedian Rerference Alphabet was created,
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The Lin'yogh Language (official in Lingdaland, Bublapedian) has been written in two scripts: Latin and Cyrillic. Historically, it was written in Arabic.
== Latin alphabet ==
The archaic alphabet became official in 1920 and was revised in 1930 with letters from the [[Bublapedian Reference Alphabet]].
=== Archaic version ===
The archaic alphabet was:
{| class="article-table"
|A<br>a
|B<br>b
|C<br>c
|CH<br>ch
|Ꞓ<br>ꞓ
|Ç<br>ç
|Ĉ<br>ĉ
|D<br>d
|Đ<br>đ
|E<br>e
|Ê<br>ê
|Ǝ<br>ǝ
|F<br>f
|G<br>g
|Ƣ<br>ƣ
|H<br>h
|Ĥ<br>ĥ
|-
|I<br>i
|Í<br>í
|J<br>j
|K<br>k
|KH<br>kh
|L<br>l
|M<br>m
|N<br>n
|<span style="text-decoration: overline">N</span><br><span style="text-decoration: overline">n</span>
|O<br>o
|Ɵ<br>ɵ
|P<br>p
|Q<br>q
|R<br>r
|S<br>s
|Ꞩ<br>ꞩ
|Ş<br>ş
|-
|T<br>t
|U<br>u
|Ʉ<br>ʉ
|Ṳ<br>ṳ
|V<br>v
|Ƿ<br>ƿ
|X<br>x
|X̌<br>x̌
|<span style="text-decoration: overline">X</span><br><span style="text-decoration: overline">x</span>
|Y<br>y
|Z<br>z
|Ƶ<br>ƶ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline">S</span><br><span style="text-decoration: overline">s</span>
|<span style="text-decoration: overline">SS</span><br><span style="text-decoration: overline">ss</span>
|<span style="text-decoration: overline">SZ</span><br><span style="text-decoration: overline">sz</span>
|Z̨<br>z̨
|Ь<br>ь
|}
The letters with overline are n, x, s, ss and sz. The Ь-shaped Latin letter is present in this archaic alphabet, but Cyrillic Ь is used instead while use in computers. There is also the Old English letter Wynn (ƿ). Gha (ƣ), a letter was used in Janalif and other Turkic alphabets, is present in this alphabet as well as the Bublapedian Reference version.
=== Bublapedian Reference version ===
When Bublapedian Rerference Alphabet was created,
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The Lin'yogh Language (official in Lingdaland, Bublapedian) has been written in two scripts: Latin and Cyrillic. Historically, it was written in Arabic.
== Latin alphabet ==
The archaic alphabet became official in 1920 and was revised in 1930 with letters from the [[Bublapedian Reference Alphabet]].
=== Archaic version ===
The archaic alphabet was:
{| class="article-table"
|A<br>a
|B<br>b
|C<br>c
|CH<br>ch
|Ꞓ<br>ꞓ
|Ç<br>ç
|Ĉ<br>ĉ
|D<br>d
|Đ<br>đ
|E<br>e
|Ê<br>ê
|Ǝ<br>ǝ
|F<br>f
|G<br>g
|Ƣ<br>ƣ
|H<br>h
|Ĥ<br>ĥ
|-
|I<br>i
|Í<br>í
|J<br>j
|K<br>k
|KH<br>kh
|L<br>l
|M<br>m
|N<br>n
|<span style="text-decoration: overline">N</span><br><span style="text-decoration: overline">n</span>
|O<br>o
|Ɵ<br>ɵ
|P<br>p
|Q<br>q
|R<br>r
|S<br>s
|Ꞩ<br>ꞩ
|Ş<br>ş
|-
|T<br>t
|U<br>u
|Ʉ<br>ʉ
|Ṳ<br>ṳ
|V<br>v
|Ƿ<br>ƿ
|X<br>x
|X̌<br>x̌
|<span style="text-decoration: overline">X</span><br><span style="text-decoration: overline">x</span>
|Y<br>y
|Z<br>z
|Ƶ<br>ƶ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline">S</span><br><span style="text-decoration: overline">s</span>
|<span style="text-decoration: overline">SS</span><br><span style="text-decoration: overline">ss</span>
|<span style="text-decoration: overline">SZ</span><br><span style="text-decoration: overline">sz</span>
|Z̨<br>z̨
|Ь<br>ь
|}
The letters with overline are n, x, s, ss and sz. The Ь-shaped Latin letter is present in this archaic alphabet, but Cyrillic Ь is used instead while use in computers. There is also the Old English letter Wynn (ƿ). Gha (ƣ), a letter was used in Janalif and other Turkic alphabets, is present in this alphabet as well as the Bublapedian Reference version.
=== Bublapedian Reference version ===
When Bublapedian Rerference Alphabet was created, the alphabet was simplified.
{| class="article-table"
|A<br>a
|B<br>ʙ
|C<br>c
|Ç<br>ç
|CH<br>ch
|D<br>d
|Đ<br>đ
|E<br>e
|Ê<br>ê
|F<br>f
|G<br>g
|Ƣ<br>ƣ
|H<br>h
|I<br>i
|J<br>j
|K<br>k
|Q<br>q
|-
|L<br>l
|M<br>m
|N<br>n
|Ñ<br>ñ
|O<br>o
|Ɵ<br>ɵ
|P<br>p
|R<br>r
|S<br>s
|Ş<br>ş
|T<br>t
|U<br>u
|Ʉ<br>ʉ
|V<br>v
|Ƿ<br>ƿ
|X<br>x
|<span style="text-decoration: overline">S</span><br><span style="text-decoration: overline">s</span>
|-
|Y<br>y
|Z<br>z
|Ƶ<br>ƶ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
== Examples ==
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/* Latin alphabet */
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The Lin'yogh Language (official in Lingdaland, Bublapedian) has been written in two scripts: Latin and Cyrillic. Historically, it was written in Arabic.
== Latin alphabet ==
The archaic alphabet became official in 1920 and was revised in 1930 with letters from the [[Bublapedian Reference Alphabet]].
=== Archaic version ===
The archaic alphabet was:
{| class="article-table"
|A<br>a
|B<br>b
|C<br>c
|CH<br>ch
|Ꞓ<br>ꞓ
|Ç<br>ç
|Ĉ<br>ĉ
|D<br>d
|Đ<br>đ
|E<br>e
|Ê<br>ê
|Ǝ<br>ǝ
|F<br>f
|G<br>g
|Ƣ<br>ƣ
|H<br>h
|Ĥ<br>ĥ
|-
|I<br>i
|Í<br>í
|J<br>j
|K<br>k
|KH<br>kh
|L<br>l
|M<br>m
|N<br>n
|<span style="text-decoration: overline">N</span><br><span style="text-decoration: overline">n</span>
|O<br>o
|Ɵ<br>ɵ
|P<br>p
|Q<br>q
|R<br>r
|S<br>s
|Ꞩ<br>ꞩ
|Ş<br>ş
|-
|T<br>t
|U<br>u
|Ʉ<br>ʉ
|Ṳ<br>ṳ
|V<br>v
|Ƿ<br>ƿ
|X<br>x
|X̌<br>x̌
|<span style="text-decoration: overline">X</span><br><span style="text-decoration: overline">x</span>
|Y<br>y
|Z<br>z
|Ƶ<br>ƶ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline">S</span><br><span style="text-decoration: overline">s</span>
|<span style="text-decoration: overline">SS</span><br><span style="text-decoration: overline">ss</span>
|<span style="text-decoration: overline">SZ</span><br><span style="text-decoration: overline">sz</span>
|Z̨<br>z̨
|Ь<br>ь
|}
The letters with overline are n, x, s, ss and sz. The Ь-shaped Latin letter is present in this archaic alphabet, but Cyrillic Ь is used instead while use in computers. There is also the Old English letter Wynn (ƿ). Gha (ƣ), a letter was used in Janalif and other Turkic alphabets, is present in this alphabet as well as the Bublapedian Reference version.
=== Bublapedian Reference version ===
When Bublapedian Rerference Alphabet was created, the alphabet was simplified.
{| class="article-table"
|A<br>a
|B<br>ʙ
|C<br>c
|Ç<br>ç
|CH<br>ch
|D<br>d
|Đ<br>đ
|E<br>e
|Ê<br>ê
|F<br>f
|G<br>g
|Ƣ<br>ƣ
|H<br>h
|I<br>i
|J<br>j
|K<br>k
|Q<br>q
|-
|L<br>l
|M<br>m
|N<br>n
|Ñ<br>ñ
|O<br>o
|Ɵ<br>ɵ
|P<br>p
|R<br>r
|S<br>s
|Ş<br>ş
|T<br>t
|U<br>u
|Ʉ<br>ʉ
|V<br>v
|Ƿ<br>ƿ
|X<br>x
|<span style="text-decoration: overline">S</span><br><span style="text-decoration: overline">s</span>
|-
|Y<br>y
|Z<br>z
|Ƶ<br>ƶ
|Ь<br>ь
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
== Examples ==
Here is the ''Beowulf'' in archaic and BRA version scripts:
=== 1920-1930 ===
<blockquote>Ayin! Yacq Roiь-Daicь ifx̌ straƶ, bayariƣinla yođh miniçi, şak dohb ƿairiƿь chinьaьiь <span style="text-decoration: overline">sz</span>ƶerui. Ĥanb Scyld le Scefing uisch ɵ hop’yǝh, ɵyif taƿ, qadiriz raveiz̨, zyz̨i ya<span style="text-decoration: overline">s</span>aƶaf. Ĉat ь qƿɵvare jac-en-chiayiƶь ь ren’egê đuf, yo<span style="text-decoration: overline">sz</span>ap ǝnda ƣof yun’i, ĉof <span style="text-decoration: overline">n</span>af hiƶjacan, khimƿaê ifx̌ taƿ ɵj, ƣadiriƣ ꞓypfaꞓƣ khimƿaê fita raji x̌ewxi jersz’anqaêq yoiь ɵtry ípabemomy ƿyaniđ, nyjiꞩa gruĥ. Ьi iꞩyim’a theƿi<span style="text-decoration: overline">ss</span> yaban!</blockquote>
=== 1930-1939 ===
<blockquote>Ayin! Yacq Roiь-Daicь ify straƶ, ʙayariƣinla yođh miniçi, şak dohʙ ƿairiƿь chinьaьiь sƶerui. Hanʙ Scyld le Scefing uisch ɵ hop’yeh, ɵyif taƿ, qadiriz raveiz, zyzi ya<span style="text-decoration: overline">s</span>aƶaf. Cat ь qƿɵvare jac-en-chiayiƶь ь ren’egê đuf, yoszap enda ƣof yun’i, cof ñaf hiƶjacan, khimƿaê ify taƿ ɵj, ƣadiriƣ çypfaçƣ khimƿaê fita raji xewxi jersz’anqaêq yoiь ɵtry ípaʙemomy ƿyaniđ, nyjisa gruh. Ьi isyim’a theƿi<span style="text-decoration: overline">s</span> yaʙan!</blockquote>
s0ueurm0g0g76gsz04cmcrhtr9rq63t
108
107
2018-01-23T10:02:41Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
/* 1920-1930 */
108
wikitext
text/x-wiki
The Lin'yogh Language (official in Lingdaland, Bublapedian) has been written in two scripts: Latin and Cyrillic. Historically, it was written in Arabic.
== Latin alphabet ==
The archaic alphabet became official in 1920 and was revised in 1930 with letters from the [[Bublapedian Reference Alphabet]].
=== Archaic version ===
The archaic alphabet was:
{| class="article-table"
|A<br>a
|B<br>b
|C<br>c
|CH<br>ch
|Ꞓ<br>ꞓ
|Ç<br>ç
|Ĉ<br>ĉ
|D<br>d
|Đ<br>đ
|E<br>e
|Ê<br>ê
|Ǝ<br>ǝ
|F<br>f
|G<br>g
|Ƣ<br>ƣ
|H<br>h
|Ĥ<br>ĥ
|-
|I<br>i
|Í<br>í
|J<br>j
|K<br>k
|KH<br>kh
|L<br>l
|M<br>m
|N<br>n
|<span style="text-decoration: overline">N</span><br><span style="text-decoration: overline">n</span>
|O<br>o
|Ɵ<br>ɵ
|P<br>p
|Q<br>q
|R<br>r
|S<br>s
|Ꞩ<br>ꞩ
|Ş<br>ş
|-
|T<br>t
|U<br>u
|Ʉ<br>ʉ
|Ṳ<br>ṳ
|V<br>v
|Ƿ<br>ƿ
|X<br>x
|X̌<br>x̌
|<span style="text-decoration: overline">X</span><br><span style="text-decoration: overline">x</span>
|Y<br>y
|Z<br>z
|Ƶ<br>ƶ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline">S</span><br><span style="text-decoration: overline">s</span>
|<span style="text-decoration: overline">SS</span><br><span style="text-decoration: overline">ss</span>
|<span style="text-decoration: overline">SZ</span><br><span style="text-decoration: overline">sz</span>
|Z̨<br>z̨
|Ь<br>ь
|}
The letters with overline are n, x, s, ss and sz. The Ь-shaped Latin letter is present in this archaic alphabet, but Cyrillic Ь is used instead while use in computers. There is also the Old English letter Wynn (ƿ). Gha (ƣ), a letter was used in Janalif and other Turkic alphabets, is present in this alphabet as well as the Bublapedian Reference version.
=== Bublapedian Reference version ===
When Bublapedian Rerference Alphabet was created, the alphabet was simplified.
{| class="article-table"
|A<br>a
|B<br>ʙ
|C<br>c
|Ç<br>ç
|CH<br>ch
|D<br>d
|Đ<br>đ
|E<br>e
|Ê<br>ê
|F<br>f
|G<br>g
|Ƣ<br>ƣ
|H<br>h
|I<br>i
|J<br>j
|K<br>k
|Q<br>q
|-
|L<br>l
|M<br>m
|N<br>n
|Ñ<br>ñ
|O<br>o
|Ɵ<br>ɵ
|P<br>p
|R<br>r
|S<br>s
|Ş<br>ş
|T<br>t
|U<br>u
|Ʉ<br>ʉ
|V<br>v
|Ƿ<br>ƿ
|X<br>x
|<span style="text-decoration: overline">S</span><br><span style="text-decoration: overline">s</span>
|-
|Y<br>y
|Z<br>z
|Ƶ<br>ƶ
|Ь<br>ь
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
== Examples ==
Here is the ''Beowulf'' in archaic and BRA version scripts:
=== 1920-1930 ===
<blockquote>Ayin! Yacq Roiь-Daicь ifx̌ straƶ, bayariƣinla yođh miniçi, şak dohb ƿairiƿь chinьaьiь <span style="text-decoration: overline">sz</span>ƶerui. Ĥanb Scyld le Scefing uisch ɵ hop’yǝh, ɵyif taƿ, qadiriz raveiz̨, zyz̨i ya<span style="text-decoration: overline">s</span>aƶaf. Ĉat ь qƿɵvare jac-en-chiayiƶь ь ren’egê đuf, yo<span style="text-decoration: overline">sz</span>ap ǝnda ƣof yun’i, ĉof <span style="text-decoration: overline">n</span>af hiƶjacan, khimƿaê ifx̌ taƿ ɵj, ƣadiriƣ ꞓypfaꞓƣ khimƿaê fita raji x̌eƿxi jersz’anqaêq yoiь ɵtry ípabemomy ƿyaniđ, nyjiꞩa gruĥ. Ьi iꞩyim’a theƿi<span style="text-decoration: overline">ss</span> yaban!</blockquote>
=== 1930-1939 ===
<blockquote>Ayin! Yacq Roiь-Daicь ify straƶ, ʙayariƣinla yođh miniçi, şak dohʙ ƿairiƿь chinьaьiь sƶerui. Hanʙ Scyld le Scefing uisch ɵ hop’yeh, ɵyif taƿ, qadiriz raveiz, zyzi ya<span style="text-decoration: overline">s</span>aƶaf. Cat ь qƿɵvare jac-en-chiayiƶь ь ren’egê đuf, yoszap enda ƣof yun’i, cof ñaf hiƶjacan, khimƿaê ify taƿ ɵj, ƣadiriƣ çypfaçƣ khimƿaê fita raji xeƿxi jersz’anqaêq yoiь ɵtry ípaʙemomy ƿyaniđ, nyjisa gruh. Ьi isyim’a theƿi<span style="text-decoration: overline">s</span> yaʙan!</blockquote>
nclhuaj05fnf18lv5n6y4ap8dmlq29c
Luijwehye Aldavat
0
169
268
2018-04-16T03:40:34Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "Luijwheye Aldavat is one of the alphabets for Uzbek. It bears some minor differences. {| style="font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; bo..."
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Luijwheye Aldavat is one of the alphabets for Uzbek. It bears some minor differences.
{| style="font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | A a
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | B b
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | E e
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | F f
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | G g
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | H h
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | I i
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | J j
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | K k
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | L l
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | M m
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | N n
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | O o
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | P p
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | R r
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | S s
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | T t
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | U u
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | V v
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | X x
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Y y
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Z z
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | O̅ o̅
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | G̅ g̅
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | T̅ t̅
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ƨ ƨ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Є є
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Kh kh
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ⁿ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |
|}
D is replaced by T̅, the letter T with a vinculum. The capital letter should not be confused with the Japanese postal mark.
'''Example:'''
Barєa ot̅amlar erkin, khat̅r-khimmat va hukhukhlart̅a teⁿ bo̅lib tug̅ilat̅ilar. Ular akhl va vijt̅on sohibit̅irlar va bir-birlari ila birot̅arlarєa muomala khiliƨlari zarur.
Barcha odamlar erkin, qadr-qimmat va huquqlarda teng boʻlib tugʻiladilar. Ular aql va vijdon sohibidirlar va bir-birlari ila birodarlarcha muomala qilishlari zarur.
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
52mp9g1w6w4mcetvklls0vxa2yfwsom
Main Page
0
79
80
2018-01-09T09:45:27Z
FANDOM
32769624
FANDOM moved page [[Main Page]] to [[The Fictional Language Community Wiki]]: SEO
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
#REDIRECT [[The Fictional Language Community Wiki]]
dkus85a4hyywbt7auboviitw7lbry8n
Meijer's Romanisation System of Chinese
0
209
340
2018-05-04T13:27:20Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "'''Meijer's Romanisation System of Chinese''' was used by a few authors between 1935 and the 1970s. It was based on Gwoyeu Romatzyh. It was an attempt by Junhou Meijer, to cre..."
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text/x-wiki
'''Meijer's Romanisation System of Chinese''' was used by a few authors between 1935 and the 1970s. It was based on Gwoyeu Romatzyh. It was an attempt by Junhou Meijer, to create a romanisation system for Mandarin Chinese, in 1933 for people living in northern parts of Nookipedian where Mandarin Chinese is official, to replace Gwoyeu Romatzyh and Wade-Giles systems used over there. The attempt was failed in 1960 when pinyin replaced both Wade-Giles and Gwoyeu Romatzyh systems used over there.
He included the special letters:
* Ч, the Cyrillic letter Che (GR ''ji'', Pinyin ''j''). He chosed this letter for the [tɕ] sound because this letter is similar to Bopomofo letter ㄐ.
* Ꜭ, the Latin letter cuatrillo (GR ''chi'', Pinyin ''q''). This letter was used in several colonial Mayan alphabets in the Latin script that is based on the digit 4. It was invented by a Franciscan friar, Alonso de la Parra, in the 16th century to represent the velar ejectiveconsonant /kʼ/ found in Mayan languages, and is known as one of the Parra letters. He chosed this for the [tɕʰ] sound.
* Ꜫ, the Latin letter tresillo (GR ''shi'', Pinyin ''x''). This was a letter in colonial Mayan alphabets in the Latin script that is based on the digit 3. It was invented by a Franciscan friar, Alonso de la Parra, in the 16th century to represent the uvular ejective consonant /qʼ/ found in Mayan languages, and is known as one of the Parra letters.
* Ƣ, the Latin letter gha (GR and Pinyin ''ch''). It has been used in the Latin orthographies of various, mostly Turkic languages, such as Azerior the Jaꞑalif orthography for Tatar. It usually represents a voiced velar fricative [ɣ] but is sometimes used for a voiced uvular fricative [ʁ]. It can still be seen in pre-1983 books published by the People’s Republic of China written in UYY.
* Ꝩ, the Latin letter vend (GR and Pinyin ''sh''). It was a letter of Old Norse, and was used to represent the sounds /u/, /v/, and /w/. It was related to and probably derived from the Old English letter Wynn (Runic alphabet ᚹ and later the Latin alphabet (Ƿ ƿ), except that the bowl was open on the top, not being connected to the stem, which made it somewhat resemble a letter Y. It was eventually replaced with v or u for most writings.
* Ŋ, the Latin letter eng (GR and Pinyin ''ng''). This letter was included in the African reference alphabet, as well as in Zhuang alphabet.
* Ꝣ, the Latin letter Visigothic Z (GR ''tz'', Pinyin ''z''). This letter was the origin of the cedilla diacritic.
* Ɂ, the Latin letter hook (or glottal stop) (GR ''ts'', Pinyin ''c''). This letter was not part of the classical Latin alphabet. Some Canadian indigenous languages adopted the letter for the glottal stop sound.
* Φ, the Greek letter phi (GR and Pinyin ''f''). It is the 21st letter of the Greek alphabet. In Ancient Greek, it represented an aspirated voiceless bilabial plosive ([pʰ]), which was the origin of its usual romanisation as "ph". In modern Greek, it represents a voiceless labiodental fricative ([f]) and is correspondingly romanised as "f". Its origin is uncertain but it may be that phi originated as the letter qoppa and initially represented the sound /kʷʰ/ before shifting to Classical Greek [pʰ]. The Cyrillic letter Ef (Ф, ф) descended from phi.
* Ω, the Greek letter omega (GR and Pinyin ''ou''). It was the last letter of the Greek alphabet.
* Ə, the Latin letter schwa (GR ''el'', Pinyin ''er''). The letter was used in the Uniform Turkic Alphabet, for example in Janalif for the Tatar language in the 1920s–1930s. In the Latin Azerbaijani and Chechen alphabets, ''Ə'' represents the near-open front unrounded vowel, /æ/. Also, in a romanisation of Pashto, the letter ''Ə'' is used to represent [ə]. When some roman orthographies in the Soviet Union were converted to use the Cyrillic script in the 1930s and 1940s, this letter has been adopted verbatim.
== Initials ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo-palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
!{{small|[[Tenuis consonant|unaspirated]]}}
| style="background: #ccf;" |[[Voiceless bilabial plosive|'''<big>b</big>''' {{IPA|[p]}}]]
| style="background: #cfc;" |[[Voiceless alveolar plosive|'''<big>d</big>''' {{IPA|[t]}}]]
|
|
| style="background: #fcc;" |[[Voiceless velar plosive|'''<big>g</big>''' {{IPA|[k]}}]]
|-
!{{small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
| style="background: #ccf;" |[[Voiceless bilabial plosive|'''<big>p</big>''' {{IPA|[pʰ]}}]]
| style="background: #cfc;" |[[Voiceless alveolar plosive|'''<big>t</big>''' {{IPA|[tʰ]}}]]
|
|
| style="background: #fcc;" |[[Voiceless velar plosive|'''<big>k</big>''' {{IPA|[kʰ]}}]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="background: #ccf;" |[[Bilabial nasal|'''<big>m</big>''' {{IPA|[m]}}]]
| style="background: #cfc;" |[[Alveolar nasal|'''<big>n</big>''' {{IPA|[n]}}]]
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!{{small|[[Tenuis consonant|unaspirated]]}}
|
| style="background: #ffc;" |[[Voiceless alveolar affricate|'''<big>ꝣ</big>''' {{IPA|[ts]}}]]
| style="background: #cff;" |[[Voiceless retroflex affricate|'''<big>ꝣh</big>''' {{IPA|[ʈʂ]}}]]
| style="background: #fcf;" |[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|'''<big>ч</big>''' {{IPA|[tɕ]}}]]
|
|-
!{{small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
|
| style="background: #ffc;" |[[Voiceless alveolar affricate|'''<big>ɂ</big>''' {{IPA|[tsʰ]}}]]
| style="background: #cff;" |[[Voiceless retroflex affricate|'''<big>ƣ</big>''' {{IPA|[ʈʂʰ]}}]]
| style="background: #fcf;" |[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|'''<big>ꜭ</big>''' {{IPA|[tɕʰ]}}]]
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="background: #ccf;" |[[Voiceless labiodental fricative|'''<big>φ</big>''' {{IPA|[f]}}]]
| style="background: #ffc;" |[[Voiceless alveolar sibilant|'''<big>s</big>''' {{IPA|[s]}}]]
| style="background: #cff;" |[[Voiceless retroflex sibilant|'''<big>ꝩ</big>''' {{IPA|[ʂ]}}]]
| style="background: #fcf;" |[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant|'''<big>ꜫ</big>''' {{IPA|[ɕ]}}]]
| style="background: #fcc;" |[[Voiceless velar fricative|'''<big>h</big>''' {{IPA|[x]}}]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Liquid consonant|Liquid]]
|
| style="background: #cfc;" |[[Alveolar lateral approximant|'''<big>l</big>''' {{IPA|[l]}}]]
| style="background: #cff;" |[[Retroflex approximant|'''<big>r</big>''' {{IPA|[ɻ~ʐ]}}]]
|
|
|}
== Finals ==
=== Finals ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="13" |Coda
|-
! colspan="3" |∅!! colspan="2" |{{IPA|/i/}}!! colspan="2" |{{IPA|/u/}}!! colspan="2" |{{IPA|/n/}}!! colspan="3" |{{IPA|/ŋ/}}!!{{IPA|/ɻ/}}
|-
! rowspan="4" |Medial
!∅
| bgcolor="#ccffff" |'''<big>-y</big>''' [ɨ]<br>ㄭ (-i)||'''<big>e</big>''' [ɤ]<br>ㄜ||'''<big>a</big>''' [a]<br>ㄚ
| bgcolor="#f3cac0" | '''<big>ij</big>''' [ei]<br>ㄟ||'''<big>ai</big>''' [ai]<br>ㄞ
| bgcolor="#d9cd97" |'''<big>ω</big>''' [ou]<br>ㄡ|| bgcolor="#ccffff" |'''<big>au</big>''' [au]<br>ㄠ (ao)
|'''<big>en</big>''' [ən]<br>ㄣ||'''<big>an</big>''' [an]<br>ㄢ
| bgcolor="#d9cd97" |'''<big>oŋ</big>''' [ʊŋ]<br>ㄨㄥ|| bgcolor="#d9cd97" |'''<big>eŋ</big>''' [əŋ]<br>ㄥ|| bgcolor="#d9cd97" |'''<big>aŋ</big>''' [aŋ]<br>ㄤ
| bgcolor="#d9cd97" |'''<big>ə</big>''' [aɚ]<br>ㄦ (er)
|-
!{{IPA|/j/}}
|'''<big>i</big>''' [i]<br>ㄧ||'''<big>ie</big>''' [je]<br>ㄧㄝ||'''<big>ia</big>''' [ja]<br>ㄧㄚ
| ||'''<big>iai</big>''' [jai]<br>ㄧㄞ
| bgcolor="#d9cd97" |'''<big>iω</big>''' [jou]<br>ㄧㄡ (iu)|| bgcolor="#ccffff" |'''<big>iau</big>''' [jau]<br>ㄧㄠ (iao)
|'''<big>in</big>''' [in]<br>ㄧㄣ||'''<big>ian</big>''' [jɛn]<br>ㄧㄢ
| bgcolor="#d9cd97" |'''<big>ioŋ</big>''' [jʊŋ]<br>ㄩㄥ|| bgcolor="#d9cd97" |'''<big>iŋ</big>''' [iŋ]<br>ㄧㄥ|| bgcolor="#d9cd97" |'''<big>iaŋ</big>''' [jaŋ]<br>ㄧㄤ
|
|-
!{{IPA|/w/}}
|'''<big>u</big>''' [u]<br>ㄨ||'''<big>uo/o</big>''' [wo]<br>ㄨㄛ||'''<big>ua</big>''' [wa]<br>ㄨㄚ
| bgcolor="#ccffff" |'''<big>uei</big>''' [wei]<br>ㄨㄟ (ui)||'''<big>uai</big>''' [wai]<br>ㄨㄞ
| ||
| bgcolor="#ccffff" |'''<big>uen</big>''' [wən]<br>ㄨㄣ (un)||'''<big>uan</big>''' [wan]<br>ㄨㄢ
| || bgcolor="#d9cd97" | '''<big>ueŋ</big>''' [wəŋ]<br>ㄨㄥ|| bgcolor="#d9cd97" | '''<big>uaŋ</big>''' [waŋ]<br>ㄨㄤ
|
|-
!{{IPA|/ɥ/}}
| bgcolor="#ccffff" |'''<big>iu</big>''' [y]<br>ㄩ (ü)|| bgcolor="#ccffff" |'''<big>iue</big>''' [ɥe]<br>ㄩㄝ (üe)||
| ||
| ||
| bgcolor="#ccffff" |'''<big>iun</big>''' [yn]<br>ㄩㄣ (ün)|| bgcolor="#ccffff" |'''<big>iuan</big>''' [ɥɛn]<br>ㄩㄢ (üan)
| || ||
|
|}
:'''Key'''
:<span style="background:#ccffff">Meijer differs from Pinyin</span>
:<span style="background:#f3cac0">Meijer differs from GR</span>
:<span style="background:#d9cd97">Meijer differs from GR and Pinyin</span>
== Tonal rules ==
A colour-coded '''rule of thumb''' is given below for each tone: the same colours are used below in a [[#Pinyin comparison: all tones|list of provinces]]. Each rule of thumb is then amplified by a comprehensive set of rules for that tone. These codes are used in the rules:
:* V = a vowel
:* NV = a non-vowel (either a consonant or zero in the case of an initial vowel)
:* ⇏ = "but avoid forming [the specified combination]"
Pinyin equivalents are given in brackets after each set of examples. To illustrate the Meijer tonal rules in practice, a [[#Pinyin comparison: all tones|table]] comparing Pinyin and Meijer spellings of some Chinese provinces follows the detailed rules.
'''Tone 1: basic form'''
* Initial [[sonorant]]s (''l-/m-/n-/r-''): insert ''-h-'' as second letter. ''r'''h'''eng, m'''h'''a'' (rēng, mā)
* Otherwise use the [[#Description|basic form]].
'''<span style="color:blue">Tone 2: i/u → y/w; or add -r</span>'''
* Initial sonorants: use basic form. ''<span style="color:blue">r</span>eng, <span style="color:blue">m</span>a'' (réng, má)
* NV''i'' → NV''y'' ( + ''-i'' if final). ''ch<span style="color:blue">y</span>ng, ch<span style="color:blue">y</span>an, <span style="color:blue">y</span>ng, <span style="color:blue">y</span>an, p<span style="color:blue">y</span>i'' (qíng, qián, yíng, yán, pí)
* NV''u'' → NV''w'' ( + ''-u'' if final). ''ch<span style="color:blue">w</span>an, <span style="color:blue">w</span>ang, h<span style="color:blue">w</span>o, ch<span style="color:blue">w</span>u'' (chuán, wáng, huó, chú)
* Otherwise add ''r'' to vowel or [[diphthong]]. ''cha<span style="color:blue">r</span>ng, bai<span style="color:blue">r</span>'' (cháng, bái)
'''<span style="color:fuchsia">Tone 3: i/u → e/o; or double vowel</span>'''
* V''i'' or ''i''V → V''e'' or ''e''V (⇏''ee''). ''ch<span style="color:fuchsia">e</span>an, ba<span style="color:fuchsia">e</span>, sh<span style="color:fuchsia">e</span>au'' (qiǎn, bǎi, xiǎo), but not <s>gee</s>
* V''u'' or ''u''V → V''o'' or ''o''V (⇏''oo''). ''d<span style="color:fuchsia">o</span>an, da<span style="color:fuchsia">o</span>, sh<span style="color:fuchsia">o</span>ei'' (duǎn, dǎo, shuǐ), but not <s>hoo</s>
* When both ''i'' and ''u'' can be found, only the first one changes, i.e. ''j<span style="color:fuchsia">e</span>au, g<span style="color:fuchsia">o</span>ai, sh<span style="color:fuchsia">e</span>u'' (jiǎo, guǎi, xǔ), not <s>jeao</s>, <s>goae</s>, <s>sheo</s>
* For basic forms starting with ''i-/u-'', change the starting ''i-/u-'' to ''e-/o-'' and add initial ''y-/w-''. ''<span style="color:fuchsia">ye</span>an, <span style="color:fuchsia">woo</span>, <span style="color:fuchsia">ye</span>u'' (yǎn, wǒ, yǔ)
* Otherwise double the (main)<ref>In diphthongs the main vowel is the vowel bearing the tone mark in Pinyin.</ref> vowel. ''ch<span style="color:fuchsia">ii</span>ng, d<span style="color:fuchsia">aa</span>, g<span style="color:fuchsia">ee</span>i, hu<span style="color:fuchsia">oo</span>, g<span style="color:fuchsia">oo</span>u'' (qǐng, dǎ, gěi, huǒ, gǒu)
'''<span style="color:red">Tone 4: change/double final letter; or add -h</span>'''
* V''i'' → V''y''. ''da<span style="color:red">y</span>, sue<span style="color:red">y</span>'' (dài, suì)
* V''u'' → V''w'' (⇏''iw''). ''da<span style="color:red">w</span>, go<span style="color:red">w</span>'' (dào, gòu), but not <s>chiw</s>
* ''-n'' → ''-nn''. ''dua<span style="color:red">nn</span>'' (duàn)
* ''-l'' → ''-ll''. ''e<span style="color:red">ll</span>'' (èr)
* ''-ng'' → ''-nq''. ''bi<span style="color:red">nq</span>'' (bìng)
* Otherwise add ''h''. ''da<span style="color:red">h</span>, chiu<span style="color:red">h</span>, di<span style="color:red">h</span>'' (dà, qù, dì)
* For basic forms starting with ''i-/u-'', replace initial ''i-/u-'' with ''y-/w-'', in addition to the necessary tonal change. ''<span style="color:red">y</span>a<span style="color:red">w</span>, <span style="color:red">w</span>u<span style="color:red">h</span>'' (yào, wù)
'''Neutral tone (轻声 ''Chingsheng / qīngshēng'')'''
A dot (usually written as a period or full stop) may be placed before neutral tone (unstressed) syllables, which appear in their original tonal spelling: ''perng.yeou, dih.fang'' (péngyou, dìfang). [[Yuen Ren Chao|Y.R. Chao]] used this device in the first eight chapters of the ''Mandarin Primer'', restricting it thereafter to new words on their first appearance. In ''A Grammar of Spoken Chinese'' he introduced a subscript circle (<sub>o</sub>) to indicate an optional neutral tone, as in ''bujy<sub>o</sub>daw'', "don't know" (Pinyin pronunciation ''bùzhīdào'' or ''bùzhīdao'').
<div id="uiNote">'''Meijer ''u-'' and ''i-'' syllables'''</div>
It is important to note that any Meijer syllables beginning ''u-'' or ''i-'' must be T1: in T2, T3 and T4 these syllables all begin with ''w-'' or ''y-'' respectively. An example in all four tones is the following: ''ing, yng, yiing, yinq'' (Pinyin ''ying'').
dxhw2bwvzxfx4x3qruw2s8l750pixu4
Minkat Toshiba language
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Minkat Toshiba language is one of the languages in Toshiba State, Hyundai Country and is spoken by around 46,855 people (the Minkats), and there are 85,996 L2 speakers. Minkat Toshiba is the most common spoken Toshiby language of Toshiba State.
The language belongs to the Toshiby family.
== Phonology ==
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!Open
|i iː
|
|
|-
!Open-Mid
|
|
|
|-
!Mid
|
|
|
|-
!Close-Mid
|
|
|
|-
!Close
|
|ä äː
|
|}
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Uvular
!Glottal
|-
! rowspan="2" |Nasal
!voiceless
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!voiced
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive/Affricate
!voiceless
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!voiced
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!voiceless
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!voiced
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Rhotic
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
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Minkat Toshiba language is one of the languages in Toshiba State, Hyundai Country and is spoken by around 46,855 people (the Minkats), and there are 85,996 L2 speakers. Minkat Toshiba is the most common spoken Toshiby language of Toshiba State.
The language belongs to the Toshiby family.
== Phonology ==
=== Vowels ===
==== Oral ====
Kinkui dialect of Minkat Toshiba has the following oral vowels (/i, u, e, ə, o, ɛ, ɜ, ɔ, ɐ, ä, ɑ/).
Togin dialect has /ɤ/ in place of /o/ and /ɘ/ in place of /ɐ/.
==== Nasal ====
Kinkui dialect of Minkat Toshiba has the following nasal vowels (/ĩ, ũ, ẽ, ə̃, ɛ̃, ɔ̃, ɐ̃, ɑ̃/).
Togin dialect has /ɘ̃/ in place of /ɐ̃/.
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |
!Labial
!Alveolar
!Palato-alveolar
!Retroflex
!Palatal
!Velar
!Uvular
!Glottal
|-
! rowspan="2" |Nasal
!voiceless
|m̥
|n̥
|
|ɳ̊
|ɲ̊
|ŋ̊
|
|
|-
!voiced
|m
|n
|
|ɳ
|ɲ
|ŋ
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |Plosive
!aspirated
|pʰ
|tʰ
|
|ʈʰ²
|
|kʰ
|qʰ
|
|-
!plain
|p
|t
|
|ʈ²
|
|k
|q
|
|-
!voiced
|b
|d
|
|ɖ²
|
|g
|ɢ²
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |Affricate
!aspirated
|
|tsʰ
|tʃʰ¹
|ʈʂʰ²
|
|
|
|
|-
!plain
|
|ts
|tʃ¹
|ʈʂ²
|
|
|
|
|-
!voiced
|
|dz
|dʒ¹
|ɖʐ²
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!voiceless
|
|s
|ʃ¹
|ʂ²
|
|x¹
|χ¹
|h¹
|-
!voiced
|
|z
|ʒ¹
|ʐ²
|
|ɣ²
|ʁ²
|ɦ²
|-
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
!plain
|
|ɹ
|
|
|j
|
|
|
|-
!labialised
|
|
|
|
|ɥ
|w
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Lateral
!voiceless
|
|l̥
|
|
|ʎ̥
|
|
|
|-
!voiced
|
|l
|
|
|ʎ
|
|
|
|}
The consonant inventory is almost the same as Shixing. Minkat Toshiba, however lacks palatal fricatives /ɕ ʑ/, and has a retroflex nasal.
== Writing system ==
Minkat Toshiba has been a written language since 1670. Previous to that, it was a purely spoken language.
The most recent alphabet was adopted in 1971.
The letters names are from British English letter names for unmodified letters, except for Y, which the letter's name is 'i gâreč', from the French letter name of Y, 'i grec', meaning 'Greek I'.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!
Letter
! class="unsortable" |Name
! class="unsortable" |IPA (Kinkui)
! class="unsortable" |IPA (Togin)
!Cyrillic
!Arabic
!Approximation
|-
|A a
|''eï''
| colspan="2" |/ə/
|А а
|
|
|-
|Ă ă
|''eïn''
| colspan="2" |/ɑ/
|Ӑ ӑ
|
|
|-
|Â â
|''jo''
|/ɐ/
|/ɘ/
|Я я
|
|
|-
|B b
|''bi''
| colspan="2" |/b/
|Б б
|
|
|-
|C c
|''ci''
|/χ/
|/ʁ/
|Х х
|
|
|-
|Č č
|''či''
|/tʃ/
|/ʈʂ/
|Ч ч
|
|
|-
|D d
|''di''
| colspan="2" |/z/
|Д д
|
|
|-
|Đ đ
|''đi''
|/d/
|/ɖ/
|Д̆ д̆
|
|
|-
|E e
|''i''
| colspan="2" |/e/
|Е е
|
|
|-
|Ê ê
|''ê''
| colspan="2" |/ɛ/
|Э э
|
|
|-
|F f
|''ef''
| colspan="2" |/f/
|Ф ф
|
|
|-
|G g
|''je''
|/g/
|/ɣ/, /ɢ/
|Ґ ґ
|
|
|-
|H h
|''aïtče''
|/h/
|/ɦ/
|Г г
|
|
|-
|I i
|''i''
| colspan="2" |/i/
|И и
|
|
|-
|Ï ï
|''ï''
| colspan="2" |/ɪ/
|Ѝ ѝ
|
|
|-
|J j
|''jeï''
|/dʒ/
|/ɖʐ/
|Џ џ
|
|
|-
|K k
|''keï''
| colspan="2" |/k/, /q/
|К к
|
|
|-
|Ǩ ǩ
|''ǩeï''
| colspan="2" |/kʰ/, /qʰ/
|Қ қ
|
|
|-
|L l
|''el''
| colspan="2" |/l/
|Л л
|
|
|-
|Ƚ ƚ
|''eƚ''
| colspan="2" |/ʎ/
|Љ љ
|
|
|-
|M m
|''em''
| colspan="2" |/m/
|М м
|
|
|-
|N n
|''en''
| colspan="2" |/n/
|Н н
|
|
|-
|Ñ ñ
|''eñ''
| colspan="2" |/ɲ/
|Њ њ
|
|
|-
|Ŋ ŋ
|''eŋ''
| colspan="2" |/ŋ/
|Ӈ ӈ
|
|
|-
|O o
|''o''
| colspan="2" |/ɔ/
|О о
|
|
|-
|P p
|''pe''
| colspan="2" |/p/
|П п
|
|
|-
|Ᵽ ᵽ
|''ᵽe''
| colspan="2" |/pʰ/
|Ԥ ԥ
|
|
|-
|R r
|''âr''
| colspan="2" |/ɹ/
|Р р
|
|
|-
|S s
|''es''
| colspan="2" |/s/
|С с
|
|
|-
|Š š
|''eš''
|/ʃ/
|/ʂ/
|Ш ш
|
|
|-
|T t
|''ti''
|/t/
|/ʈ/
|Т т
|
|
|-
|Ŧ ŧ
|''ŧi''
|/tʰ/
|/ʈʰ/
|Ҭ ҭ
|
|
|-
|U u
|''u''
| colspan="2" |/u/
|У у
|
|
|-
|Û û
|''û''
| colspan="2" |/ju/
|Ю ю
|
|
|-
|V v
|''vi''
| colspan="2" |/v/
|В в
|
|
|-
|Y y
|''i gâreč''
| colspan="2" |/j/
|Й й
|
|
|-
|Z z
|''zed''
| colspan="2" |/ts/
|З з
|
|
|-
|Ž ž
|''žed''
| colspan="2" |/dz/
|Ж ж
|
|
|-
|Á á
|''á''
| colspan="2" |/ɜ/
|Ў ў
|
|
|-
|Å å
|''å''
|/o/
|/ɤ/
|Ө ө
|
|
|-
|Ä ä
|''ä''
| colspan="2" |/ä/
|Ӓ ӓ
|
|
|-
|‘
|''näsäle''
| colspan="2" |/~/ (nasalisation)
|Ъ ъ
|
|
|}
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Modernham Standard Chinese Characters
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Modernham Standard Chinese Characters are used in Modernham, Rheintall and Smurf Village, Toontown, Rheintall. It contains over 1000+ characters.
Notable characters include:
{| class="article-table"
!Character
!Modernhamian
!Chinese Pinyin
|-
|安
|chånagši
|ān
|-
|吧
|n̊uicơ
|ba
|-
|八
|thaiğ
|bā
|-
|爸
|bächy
|bā
|-
|百
|byv
|bǎi
|-
|北
|n̊othé
|běi
|-
|不
|cyšy
|bù, bú
|-
|大
|ĉoph
|dà, dài
|-
|岛
|jikp, ōvbu, ğiq
|dǎo
|-
|的
|alep
|de, dí, dì
|-
|弟
|ugg, ỡyỡĵ
|dì
|-
|地
|euk, jhúvu, sheğ
|dì, de
|-
|东
|shyaç, ess
|dōng
|-
|都
|éph, kakı
|dōu, dū
|}
== In other fields ==
* The Sennong Company of Looney Country manufactures bedtime disposable underwear with Yosemite Sam (or Wile E. Coyote) and thousands of Chinese characters (Modernham Standard) in them.
== See also ==
* [[Modernhamian Alphabet]]
7phwlifzk7zok70wlx6c9y5gauwpiqv
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Modernham Standard Chinese Characters are used in Modernham, Rheintall and Smurf Village, Toontown, Rheintall. It contains over 1000+ characters.
Notable characters include:
{| class="article-table"
!Character
!Modernhamian
!Chinese Pinyin
|-
|安
|chånagši
|ān
|-
|吧
|n̊uicơ
|ba
|-
|八
|thaiğ
|bā
|-
|爸
|bächy
|bā
|-
|百
|byv
|bǎi
|-
|北
|n̊othé
|běi
|-
|不
|cyšy
|bù, bú
|-
|大
|ĉoph
|dà, dài
|-
|岛
|jikp, ōvbu, ğiq
|dǎo
|-
|的
|alep
|de, dí, dì
|-
|弟
|ugg, ỡyỡĵ
|dì
|-
|地
|euk, jhúvu, sheğ
|dì, de
|-
|东
|shyaç, ess
|dōng
|-
|都
|éph, kakı
|dōu, dū
|}
== In other fields ==
* The Sennong Company of Looney Country manufactures bedtime disposable underwear with Yosemite Sam [5 - 9] (or Wile E. Coyote [9 - 15]) and 1 of 1000 Chinese characters (Modernham Standard) in them.
== See also ==
* [[Modernhamian Alphabet]]
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Modernham Standard Chinese Characters are used in Modernham, Rheintall and Smurf Village, Toontown, Rheintall. It contains over 1000+ characters.
Notable characters include:
{| class="article-table"
!Character
!Modernhamian
!Chinese Pinyin
|-
|安
|chånagši
|ān
|-
|吧
|n̊uicơ
|ba
|-
|八
|thaiğ
|bā
|-
|爸
|bächy
|bā
|-
|百
|byv
|bǎi
|-
|北
|n̊othé
|běi
|-
|不
|cyšy
|bù, bú
|-
|大
|ĉoph
|dà, dài
|-
|岛
|jikp, ōvbu, ğiq
|dǎo
|-
|的
|alep
|de, dí, dì
|-
|弟
|ugg, ỡyỡĵ
|dì
|-
|地
|euk, jhúvu, sheğ
|dì, de
|-
|东
|shyaç, ess
|dōng
|-
|都
|éph, kakı
|dōu, dū
|-
|对
|ƚemur
|duì
|-
|多
|szeĵina, ålb
|duō
|-
|儿
|ğicukaği, žshui
|ér
|-
|二
|tau
|èr
|-
|方
|çescçï
|fāng
|}
== In other fields ==
* The Hingsong Company Book contains over 1000+ Modernham Standard Characters.
* Many dictionaries contain Modernham Standard Characters.
== See also ==
* [[Modernhamian Alphabet]]
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Modernhamian Alphabet
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The Modernhamian Language (official in Modernham, Rheintall along with English and Hebrew, and Smurf Village, Toontown, Rheintall) has been written in Latin alphabet, Cyrillic alphabet and Chinese characters. Latin was adopted in 1920, Cyrillic in 1926, and Chinese characters arrived in Modernhamian by 1927. See [[Modernham Standard Chinese Characters]] for more information about Chinese characters in Modernhamian.
== The Latin alphabet ==
The original Latin alphabet was introduced in 1920, using only uppercase letters, forming a unicase alphabet:
* A, B, C, Ç, D, E, É, F, G, H, Ì, I, J, K, L, M, N, Ñ, O, Õ, P, Q, R, S, T, U, Ú, V, Y, Z, Ä, Ö, '
A bimerical version was introduced in 1927, when Chinese chartacters arrived in Modernham, notice the iota subscript below the G, Ƣ, Ь and S to represent ''gi'', ''ƣi'', ''ьi'' and ''si'' respectively, and the letter h above C, J, K to represent ''ch'', ''jh'' and ''kh'' respectively. It had 55 letters, and was used until 1985, it borrowed Cyrillic letters Ь and Ы:
* Aa, A̍a̍, Bb, Cc, Cͪcͪ, Ꞓꞓ, Çç, Dd, Ee, Éé, Ff, Gg, Gͅgͅ, Ƣͅƣͅ, Ƣƣ, Hh, Ìì, Ii, Jj, Jͪjͪ, Kk, Kͪkͪ, Ьь, Ьͅьͅ, Ll, Ƚƚ, Mm, Nn, N̍n̍, Ññ, Oo, Ơơ, Õõ, Ỡỡ, Ɵɵ, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Sͅsͅ, Tt, Uu, Úú, Vv, Yy, Zz, Žž, Ыы, Ы̛ы̛, Ää, Ïï, Öö, '
In 1985, the Modernhamian Latin alphabet was changed changing to 52 letters:
* Aa, Åå, Bb, Cc, Chch, Ĉĉ, Çç, Dd, Ee, Éé, Ff, Gg, Gigi, Ğiği, Ğğ, Hh, Ìì, İi, Jj, Jhjh, Kk, Khkh, Iı, Iiıi, Ll, Mm, Nn, N̊n̊, Ññ, Oo, Ơơ, Õõ, Ỡỡ, Ōō, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Sisi, Tt, Uu, Úú, Vv, Yy, Zz, Žž, Šš, Ää, Ïï, Öö, '
The Cyrillic alphabet was created for Modernhamian by 1926, see the table:
{| class="article-table"
!Cyrillic
!Latin (1927-1985)
!Latin (1985-)
|-
|Аа
|Aa, A̍a̍
|Aa, Åå
|-
|Бб
|Bb
|Bb
|-
|Вв
|Vv
|Vv
|-
|Гг
|Gg, Ƣƣ
|Gg, Ğğ
|-
|Дд
|Dd
|Dd
|-
|Ее
|Ee, Éé
|Ee, Éé
|-
|Жж
|Žž
|Žž
|-
|Зз
|Zz
|Zz
|-
|Ии
|Ii
|İi
|-
|Йй
|Jj
|Jj
|-
|Йхйх
|Jͪjͪ
|Jhjh
|-
|Кк
|Kk, Qq
|Kk, Qq
|-
|Кхкх
|Kͪkͪ
|Khkh
|-
|Лл
|Ll, Ƚƚ
|Ll
|-
|Гиги
|Gͅgͅ, Ƣͅƣͅ
|Gigi, Ğiği
|-
|Мм
|Mm
|Mm
|-
|Нн
|Nn, N̍n̍, Ññ
|Nn, N̊n̊, Ññ
|-
|Оо
|Oo, Ơơ, Õõ, Ỡỡ
|Oo, Ơơ, Õõ, Ỡỡ
|-
|Пп
|Pp
|Pp
|-
|Рр
|Rr
|Rr
|-
|Сс
|Ss
|Ss
|-
|Сиси
|Sͅsͅ
|Sisi
|-
|Тт
|Tt
|Tt
|-
|Уу
|Uu, Úú
|Uu, Úú
|}
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The Modernhamian Language (official in Modernham, Rheintall along with English and Hebrew, and Smurf Village, Toontown, Rheintall) has been written in Latin alphabet, Cyrillic alphabet and Chinese characters. Latin was adopted in 1920, Cyrillic in 1926, and Chinese characters arrived in Modernhamian by 1927. See [[Modernham Standard Chinese Characters]] for more information about Chinese characters in Modernhamian.
== The Latin alphabet ==
The original Latin alphabet was introduced in 1920, using only uppercase letters, forming a unicase alphabet:
* A, B, C, Ç, D, E, É, F, G, H, Ì, I, J, K, L, M, N, Ñ, O, Õ, P, Q, R, S, T, U, Ú, V, Y, Z, Ä, Ö, '
A bimerical version was introduced in 1927, when Chinese chartacters arrived in Modernham, notice the iota subscript below the G, Ƣ, Ь and S to represent ''gi'', ''ƣi'', ''ьi'' and ''si'' respectively, and the letter h above C, J, K to represent ''ch'', ''jh'' and ''kh'' respectively. It had 54 letters, and was used until 1985, it borrowed Cyrillic letters Ь and Ы:
* Aa, A̍a̍, Bb, Cc, Cͪcͪ, Ꞓꞓ, Çç, Dd, Ee, Éé, Ff, Gg, Gͅgͅ, Ƣͅƣͅ, Ƣƣ, Hh, Ìì, Ii, Jj, Jͪjͪ, Kk, Kͪkͪ, Ьь, Ьͅьͅ, Ll, Ƚƚ, Mm, Nn, N̍n̍, Ññ, Oo, Ơơ, Õõ, Ỡỡ, Ɵɵ, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Sͅsͅ, Sͪsͪ, Tt, Uu, Úú, Vv, Yy, Zz, Žž, Ыы, Ы̛ы̛, Ää, Ïï, Öö, '
In 1985, the Modernhamian Latin alphabet was changed:
* Aa, Åå, Bb, Cc, Chch, Ĉĉ, Çç, Dd, Ee, Éé, Ff, Gg, Gigi, Ğiği, Ğğ, Hh, Ìì, İi, Jj, Jhjh, Kk, Khkh, Iı, Iiıi, Ll, Ƚƚ, Mm, Nn, N̊n̊, Ññ, Oo, Ơơ, Õõ, Ỡỡ, Ōō, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Sisi, Shsh, Tt, Uu, Úú, Vv, Yy, Zz, Žž, Šš, Ĵĵ, Ää, Ïï, Öö, '
The Cyrillic alphabet was created for Modernhamian by 1926, see the table:
{| class="article-table"
!Cyrillic
!Latin (1920-1927)
!Latin (1927-1985)
!Latin (1985-)
|-
|Аа
|A
|Aa, A̍a̍
|Aa, Åå
|-
|Бб
|B
|Bb
|Bb
|-
|Вв
|V
|Vv
|Vv
|-
|Гг
|G
|Gg, Ƣƣ
|Gg, Ğğ
|-
|Дд
|D
|Dd
|Dd
|-
|Ее
|E, É
|Ee, Éé
|Ee, Éé
|-
|Жж
|
|Žž
|Žž
|-
|Зз
|Z
|Zz
|Zz
|-
|Ии
|I, Ì
|Ii, Ìì
|İi, Ìì
|-
|Йй
|Y, J
|Yy, Jj
|Yy, Jj
|-
|Йхйх
|
|Jͪjͪ
|Jhjh
|-
|Кк
|K, Q
|Kk, Qq
|Kk, Qq
|-
|Кхкх
|
|Kͪkͪ
|Khkh
|-
|Лл
|L
|Ll, Ƚƚ
|Ll
|-
|Гиги
|
|Gͅgͅ, Ƣͅƣͅ
|Gigi, Ğiği
|-
|Мм
|M
|Mm
|Mm
|-
|Нн
|N, Ñ
|Nn, N̍n̍, Ññ
|Nn, N̊n̊, Ññ
|-
|Оо
|O, Õ
|Oo, Ơơ, Õõ, Ỡỡ
|Oo, Ơơ, Õõ, Ỡỡ
|-
|Пп
|P
|Pp
|Pp
|-
|Рр
|R
|Rr
|Rr
|-
|Сс
|S
|Ss
|Ss
|-
|Сиси
|
|Sͅsͅ
|Sisi
|-
|Тт
|T
|Tt
|Tt
|-
|Уу
|U, Ú
|Uu, Úú
|Uu, Úú
|-
|Фф
|F
|Ff
|Ff
|-
|Хх
|H
|Hh
|Hh
|-
|Цц
|C
|Cc
|Cc
|-
|Чч
|
|Cͪcͪ, Ꞓꞓ
|Chch
|-
|Шш
|
|Sͪsͪ
|Shsh
|-
|Ьь
|
|Ьь
|Iı
|-
|Ьиьи
|
|Ьͅьͅ
|Iiıi
|-
|Ыы
|
|Ыы, Ы̛ы̛
|Šš, Ĵĵ
|-
|Юю
|
|Yuyu
|Yuyu
|-
|Яя
|
|Yaya
|Yaya
|-
|Ӓӓ
|Ä
|Ää
|Ää
|-
|Її
|
|Ïï
|Ïï
|-
|Ӧӧ
|Ö
|Öö
|Öö
|-
|'
|'
|'
|'
|}
== Chinese characters ==
''Main article: [[Modernham Standard Chinese Characters]]''
== See also ==
* [[Modernhamian Language]]
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'''Naganoian Language''' (official in Nagano Prefecture) has 3 alphabets: the one based on the Old Italic Script (not in use since 1989), a Cyrillic and a Latin.Latin-script alphabet
The Naganoian Latin Alphabet was created along with the Naganoian Cyrillic Alphabet to replace the alphabet based on an Old Italic script.
{| class="article-table"
!Latin
!Cyrillic
!Shingjong
!Letter name
!Pronounciation
|-
|A a
|А а
|𐌀
|
|
|-
|A̍ a̍
|
|𐌀𐌡
|
|
|-
|B ʙ
|
|𐌁
|
|
|-
|G̍ g̍
|
|𐌂
|
|
|-
|D d
|
|𐌃
|
|
|-
|E e
|
|𐌄
|
|
|-
|E̍ e̍
|
|𐌄𐌡
|
|
|-
|F f
|
|𐌅
|
|
|-
|H h
|
|𐌇
|
|
|-
|T̍ t̍
|
|𐌈
|
|
|-
|I i
|
|𐌉
|
|
|-
|I̍ i̍
|
|𐌉𐌡
|
|
|-
|K k
|
|𐌊
|
|
|-
|L l
|
|𐌋
|
|
|-
|M m
|
|𐌌
|
|
|-
|N n
|
|𐌍
|
|
|-
|N̍ n̍
|
|𐌍𐌡
|
|
|-
|O o
|
|𐌏
|
|
|-
|O̍ o̍
|
|𐌏𐌡
|
|
|-
|P p
|
|𐌐
|
|
|-
|S̍ s̍
|
|𐌑
|
|
|-
|C̍ c̍
|
|𐌑𐌡
|
|
|-
|Q q
|
|𐌒
|
|
|-
|R r
|
|𐌓
|
|
|-
|S s
|
|𐌔
|
|
|-
|T t
|
|𐌕
|
|
|-
|U u
|
|𐌖
|
|
|-
|U̍ u̍
|
|𐌖𐌡
|
|
|-
|V v
|
|𐌙
|
|
|-
|X x
|
|𐌗
|
|
|-
|Z z
|
|𐌆
|
|
|}
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'''Naganoian Language''' (official in Nagano Prefecture) has 3 alphabets: the one based on the Old Italic Script (not in use since 1989), a Cyrillic and a Latin.Latin-script alphabet
The Naganoian Latin Alphabet was created along with the Naganoian Cyrillic Alphabet to replace the alphabet based on an Old Italic script.
{| class="article-table sortable"
!Latin
!Cyrillic
!Shingjong
!Letter name
!Pronounciation
|-
|A a
|А а
|𐌀
|
|
|-
|A̍ a̍
|Аъ аъ
|𐌀𐌡
|
|
|-
|B ʙ
|Б б
|𐌁
|
|
|-
|G g
|Г г
|𐌂
|
|
|-
|D d
|Д д
|𐌃
|
|
|-
|E e
|Є є
|𐌄
|
|
|-
|E̍ e̍
|Єъ єъ
|𐌄𐌡
|
|
|-
|F f
|Ф ф
|𐌅
|
|
|-
|H h
|Х х
|𐌇
|
|
|-
|T̍ t̍
|Ѳ ѳ
|𐌈
|
|
|-
|I i
|И и
|𐌉
|
|
|-
|I̍ i̍
|Иъ иъ
|𐌉𐌡
|
|
|-
|K k
|К к
|𐌊
|
|
|-
|L l
|Л л
|𐌋
|
|
|-
|M m
|М м
|𐌌
|
|
|-
|N n
|Н н
|𐌍
|
|
|-
|N̍ n̍
|Нъ нъ
|𐌍𐌡
|
|
|-
|O o
|О о
|𐌏
|
|
|-
|O̍ o̍
|Оъ оъ
|𐌏𐌡
|
|
|-
|P p
|П п
|𐌐
|
|
|-
|S̍ s̍
|Ш ш
|𐌑
|
|
|-
|C̍ c̍
|Ч ч
|𐌑𐌡
|
|
|-
|Q q
|Ԛ ԛ
|𐌒
|
|
|-
|R r
|Р р
|𐌓
|
|
|-
|S s
|С с
|𐌔
|
|
|-
|T t
|Т т
|𐌕
|
|
|-
|U u
|У у
|𐌖
|
|
|-
|U̍ u̍
|Уъ уъ
|𐌖𐌡
|
|
|-
|V v
|В в
|𐌙
|
|
|-
|X x
|Къ къ
|𐌗
|
|
|-
|Y y
|Ы ы
|𐌎
|
|
|-
|Z z
|З з
|𐌆
|
|
|-
|ʾ
|Ь ь
|𐌜
|
|
|-
|ʿ
|Ъ ъ
|𐌞
|
|
|-
|′
|С́ с́
|𐌘
|
|
|}
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'''Naganoian Language''' (official in Nagano Prefecture) has 3 alphabets: the one based on the Old Italic Script (not in use since 1989), a Cyrillic and a Latin script alphabet.
The Naganoian Latin Alphabet was created along with the Naganoian Cyrillic Alphabet to replace the alphabet based on an Old Italic script.
{| class="article-table sortable"
!Latin
!Cyrillic
!Shingjong
|-
|A a
|А а
|𐌀
|-
|A̍ a̍
|Аъ аъ
|𐌀𐌡
|-
|B ʙ
|Б б
|𐌁
|-
|G g
|Г г
|𐌂
|-
|D d
|Д д
|𐌃
|-
|E e
|Є є
|𐌄
|-
|E̍ e̍
|Єъ єъ
|𐌄𐌡
|-
|F f
|Ф ф
|𐌅
|-
|H h
|Х х
|𐌇
|-
|T̍ t̍
|Ѳ ѳ
|𐌈
|-
|I i
|И и
|𐌉
|-
|I̍ i̍
|Иъ иъ
|𐌉𐌡
|-
|K k
|К к
|𐌊
|-
|L l
|Л л
|𐌋
|-
|M m
|М м
|𐌌
|-
|N n
|Н н
|𐌍
|-
|N̍ n̍
|Нъ нъ
|𐌍𐌡
|-
|O o
|О о
|𐌏
|-
|O̍ o̍
|Оъ оъ
|𐌏𐌡
|-
|P p
|П п
|𐌐
|-
|S̍ s̍
|Ш ш
|𐌑
|-
|C̍ c̍
|Ч ч
|𐌑𐌡
|-
|Q q
|Ԛ ԛ
|𐌒
|-
|R r
|Р р
|𐌓
|-
|S s
|С с
|𐌔
|-
|T t
|Т т
|𐌕
|-
|U u
|У у
|𐌖
|-
|U̍ u̍
|Уъ уъ
|𐌖𐌡
|-
|V v
|В в
|𐌙
|-
|X x
|Къ къ
|𐌗
|-
|Y y
|Ы ы
|𐌎
|-
|Z z
|З з
|𐌆
|-
|ʾ
|Ь ь
|𐌜
|-
|ʿ
|Ъ ъ
|𐌞
|-
|′
|С́ с́
|𐌘
|}
'''Vertical line above''': A̍ a̍, C̍ c̍, E̍ e̍, I̍ i̍, N̍ n̍, O̍ o̍, S̍ s̍, T̍ t̍, U̍ u̍
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'''Naganoian Language''' (official in Nagano Prefecture) has 3 alphabets: the one based on the Old Italic Script (not in use since 1989), a Cyrillic and a Latin script alphabet.
The Naganoian Latin Alphabet was created along with the Naganoian Cyrillic Alphabet to replace the alphabet based on an Old Italic script.
{| class="article-table sortable"
!Latin
!Cyrillic
!Shingjong
|-
|A a
|А а
|𐌀
|-
|A̍ a̍
|Я я
|𐌀𐌡
|-
|B ʙ
|Б б
|𐌁
|-
|G g
|Г г
|𐌂
|-
|D d
|Д д
|𐌃
|-
|E e
|Е е
|𐌄
|-
|E̍ e̍
|Э э
|𐌄𐌡
|-
|F f
|Ф ф
|𐌅
|-
|H h
|Х х
|𐌇
|-
|T̍ t̍
|Тх тх
|𐌈
|-
|I i
|И и
|𐌉
|-
|I̍ i̍
|Иъ иъ
|𐌉𐌡
|-
|K k
|К к
|𐌊
|-
|L l
|Л л
|𐌋
|-
|M m
|М м
|𐌌
|-
|N n
|Н н
|𐌍
|-
|N̍ n̍
|Нъ нъ
|𐌍𐌡
|-
|O o
|О о
|𐌏
|-
|O̍ o̍
|Оъ оъ
|𐌏𐌡
|-
|P p
|П п
|𐌐
|-
|S̍ s̍
|Ш ш
|𐌑
|-
|C̍ c̍
|Ч ч
|𐌑𐌡
|-
|Q q
|Ԛ ԛ
|𐌒
|-
|R r
|Р р
|𐌓
|-
|S s
|С с
|𐌔
|-
|T t
|Т т
|𐌕
|-
|U u
|У у
|𐌖
|-
|U̍ u̍
|Ю ю
|𐌖𐌡
|-
|V v
|В в
|𐌙
|-
|X x
|Къ къ
|𐌗
|-
|Y y
|Ы ы
|𐌎
|-
|Z z
|З з
|𐌆
|-
|ʿ
|Ь ь
|𐌜
|-
|ʾ
|Ъ ъ
|𐌞
|-
|′
|'
|𐌘
|}
'''Vertical line above''': A̍ a̍, C̍ c̍, E̍ e̍, I̍ i̍, N̍ n̍, O̍ o̍, S̍ s̍, T̍ t̍, U̍ u̍
== Shingjong Script Examples ==
{| class="article-table"
!𐌐𐌄𐌉𐌂𐌉 𐌁𐌀𐌓𐌉𐌜𐌍𐌀𐌆𐌖𐌡 𐌈𐌏𐌉𐌉
!
𐌁𐌎𐌂𐌎 𐌍𐌀𐌕𐌏𐌡𐌍𐌉𐌕𐌀𐌉𐌞𐌓𐌉𐌜 𐌅𐌉𐌐𐌘 𐌐𐌏𐌋𐌂𐌀𐌑 𐌎𐌉𐌌𐌉𐌙𐌄𐌑𐌡 𐌀𐌕𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌀𐌓 𐌊𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌞𐌖𐌡𐌍𐌉𐌐𐌉𐌆𐌀𐌓!
|-
|Peigi ʙariʿnazu̍ t̍oii
|Bygy nato̍nitai̍riʿ fip′ polgas̍ yimivec̍ attatar kateʾu̍nipizar!
|-
|Пеиги бариьназю тхоии
|Быгы натоънитаиъриь фип’ полгаш ыимивеч аттатар катеъюнипизар!
|-
|ファーストクラスのアルファベット
|すべての労働者と人々は、今結束しよう!
|-
|First-class alphabet
|All of the workers and peoples, let's unite now!
|}
pdsop2btbbfv8uy5i61qbtocsskrh7z
New Tai Azerbaijani Script
0
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2018-03-28T07:41:04Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "The New Tai Azerbaijani Script is a Latin-based alphabet used in Gooperland. It used some of the Taiwanese Hokkien letters. == Orthography == Aa, Bb, Ƃƃ, Cc, Çç, Dd, Ee, ..."
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text/x-wiki
The New Tai Azerbaijani Script is a Latin-based alphabet used in Gooperland. It used some of the Taiwanese Hokkien letters.
== Orthography ==
Aa, Bb, Ƃƃ, Cc, Çç, Dd, Ee, A̍a̍, Ff, Gg, G̔g̔, Hh, Ɥɥ, Ii, Ɩɩ, Jj, Kk, K̔k̔ Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, O͘o͘, Pp, Rr, Ss, Şş, Tt, Uu, Úú, Yy, Zz, Ẑẑ.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Azerbaijani alphabet transliteration table
|-
! scope="col" | Arabic
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Cyrillic
! colspan="3" |New Tai Azerbaijani
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | IPA
|-
! scope="col" | –1922
! scope="col" | 1939–1958
! scope="col" | 1958–1991
!1926
!1949
!1983
|-
| ا || colspan="2" | А а
| colspan="3" |'''A a'''|| {{IPA|[ɑ]}}
|-
| ب || colspan="2" | Б б
|Ƃ ƃ
| colspan="2" |'''B b'''|| {{IPA|[b]}}
|-
| ج || colspan="2" | Ҹ ҹ
|C c
|Ç ç
|'''C c'''|| {{IPA|[dʒ]}}
|-
| چ || colspan="2" | Ч ч
|Ç ç
|C c
|'''Ç ç'''|| {{IPA|[tʃ]}}
|-
| د || colspan="2" | Д д
| colspan="3" |'''D d'''|| {{IPA|[d]}}
|-
| ئ || colspan="2" | Е е
| colspan="3" |'''E e'''|| {{IPA|[e]}}
|-
| أ || colspan="2" | Ә ә
|Æ æ
| colspan="2" |'''A̍ a̍'''|| {{IPA|[æ]}}
|-
| ف || colspan="2" | Ф ф
| colspan="3" |'''F f'''|| {{IPA|[f]}}
|-
| گ || colspan="2" | Ҝ ҝ
|Ƣ ƣ
| colspan="2" |'''G g'''|| {{IPA|[ɟ]}}
|-
| غ || colspan="2" | Ғ ғ
|G g
|Ƣ ƣ
|'''G̔ g̔'''|| {{IPA|[ɣ]}}
|-
| ح,‎ ه || colspan="2" | Һ һ
| colspan="3" |'''H h'''|| {{IPA|[h]}}
|-
| خ || colspan="2" | Х х
|Ⱨ ⱨ
| colspan="2" |'''Ɥ ɥ'''|| {{IPA|[x]}}
|-
| ؽ || colspan="2" | Ы ы
|Ы ы
|I̍ i̍
|'''Ɩ ɩ'''|| {{IPA|[ɯ]}}
|-
| ی || colspan="2" | И и
|Ṳ ṳ
| colspan="2" |'''I i'''|| {{IPA|[ɪ]}}
|-
| ژ || colspan="2" | Ж ж
| colspan="2" |Z̤ z̤
|'''J j'''|| {{IPA|[ʒ]}}
|-
| ک || colspan="2" | К к
|Ⱪ ⱪ
| colspan="2" |'''K k'''|| {{IPA|[c], [ç], [k]}}
|-
| ق || colspan="2" | Г г
|K k
|Ⱪ ⱪ
|'''K̔ k̔'''|| {{IPA|[ɡ]}}
|-
| ل || colspan="2" | Л л
| colspan="3" |'''L l'''|| {{IPA|[l]}}
|-
| م || colspan="2" | М м
| colspan="3" |'''M m'''|| {{IPA|[m]}}
|-
| ن || colspan="2" | Н н
| colspan="3" |'''N n'''|| {{IPA|[n]}}
|-
| ۇ || colspan="2" | О о
|U u
| colspan="2" |'''O͘ o͘'''|| {{IPA|[ɔ]}}
|-
| ؤ || colspan="2" | Ө ө
| colspan="3" |'''O o'''|| {{IPA|[œ]}}
|-
| پ || colspan="2" | П п
| colspan="3" |'''P p'''|| {{IPA|[p]}}
|-
| ر || colspan="2" | Р р
| colspan="3" |'''R r'''|| {{IPA|[r]}}
|-
| ث,‎ س,‎ ص || colspan="2" | С с
| colspan="3" |'''S s'''|| {{IPA|[s]}}
|-
| ش || colspan="2" | Ш ш
|Ƽ ƽ
|Ƨ ƨ
|'''Ş ş'''|| {{IPA|[ʃ]}}
|-
| ت,‎ ط || colspan="2" | Т т
| colspan="3" |'''T t'''|| {{IPA|[t]}}
|-
| و || colspan="2" | У у
|I i
| colspan="2" |'''U u'''|| {{IPA|[u]}}
|-
| ۆ || colspan="2" | Ү ү
| colspan="2" |Y y
|'''Ú ú'''|| {{IPA|[y]}}
|-
| ۏ || colspan="2" | В в
|B b
| colspan="2" |'''Ƃ ƃ'''|| {{IPA|[v]}}
|-
| ی || Й й || Ј ј
|Ý ý
|J j
|'''Y y'''|| {{IPA|[j]}}
|-
| یا || Я я || ЈА jа
|ÝA ýa
|JA ja
|'''YA ya'''|| {{IPA|[jɑ]}}
|-
| یئ || Е е<sup>1</sup> || ЈЕ је
|ÝE ýe
|JE je
|'''YE ye'''|| {{IPA|[je]}}
|-
| ائ || Э э<sup>1</sup> || Е е
| colspan="3" |'''E e'''|| {{IPA|[e]}}
|-
| یۇ || Йо йо || ЈО јо
|ÝO ýo
|JO jo
|'''YO yo'''|| {{IPA|[jɔ]}}
|-
| یو || Ю ю || ЈУ ју
|ÝU ýu
|JU ju
|'''YU yu'''|| {{IPA|[ju]}}
|-
| ذ,‎ ز,‎ ض,‎ ظ || colspan="2" | З з
| colspan="3" |'''Z z'''|| {{IPA|[z]}}
|}
== Comparison ==
q9u2krk8fev53y3zi7ae16ng7m7pm12
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The New Tai Azerbaijani Script is a Latin-based alphabet used in Gooperland. It used some of the Taiwanese Hokkien letters.
== Orthography ==
Aa, Bb, Ƃƃ, Cc, Çç, Dd, Ee, A̍a̍, Ff, Gg, G̔g̔, Hh, Ɥɥ, Ii, Ɩɩ, Jj, Kk, K̔k̔ Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, O͘o͘, Pp, Rr, Ss, Şş, Tt, Uu, Ṳṳ, Yy, Zz.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Azerbaijani alphabet transliteration table
|-
! scope="col" | Arabic
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Cyrillic
! colspan="3" |New Tai Azerbaijani
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | IPA
|-
! scope="col" | –1922
! scope="col" | 1939–1958
! scope="col" | 1958–1991
!1926
!1949
!1983
|-
| ا || colspan="2" | А а
| colspan="3" |'''A a'''|| {{IPA|[ɑ]}}
|-
| ب || colspan="2" | Б б
|Ƃ ƃ
| colspan="2" |'''B b'''|| {{IPA|[b]}}
|-
| ج || colspan="2" | Ҹ ҹ
|C c
|Ç ç
|'''C c'''|| {{IPA|[dʒ]}}
|-
| چ || colspan="2" | Ч ч
|Ç ç
|C c
|'''Ç ç'''|| {{IPA|[tʃ]}}
|-
| د || colspan="2" | Д д
| colspan="3" |'''D d'''|| {{IPA|[d]}}
|-
| ئ || colspan="2" | Е е
| colspan="3" |'''E e'''|| {{IPA|[e]}}
|-
| أ || colspan="2" | Ә ә
|Æ æ
| colspan="2" |'''A̍ a̍'''|| {{IPA|[æ]}}
|-
| ف || colspan="2" | Ф ф
| colspan="3" |'''F f'''|| {{IPA|[f]}}
|-
| گ || colspan="2" | Ҝ ҝ
|Ƣ ƣ
| colspan="2" |'''G g'''|| {{IPA|[ɟ]}}
|-
| غ || colspan="2" | Ғ ғ
|G g
|Ƣ ƣ
|'''G̔ g̔'''|| {{IPA|[ɣ]}}
|-
| ح,‎ ه || colspan="2" | Һ һ
| colspan="3" |'''H h'''|| {{IPA|[h]}}
|-
| خ || colspan="2" | Х х
|Ⱨ ⱨ
| colspan="2" |'''Ɥ ɥ'''|| {{IPA|[x]}}
|-
| ؽ || colspan="2" | Ы ы
|Ы ы
|I̍ i̍
|'''Ɩ ɩ'''|| {{IPA|[ɯ]}}
|-
| ی || colspan="2" | И и
|Ṳ ṳ
| colspan="2" |'''I i'''|| {{IPA|[ɪ]}}
|-
| ژ || colspan="2" | Ж ж
| colspan="2" |Z̤ z̤
|'''J j'''|| {{IPA|[ʒ]}}
|-
| ک || colspan="2" | К к
|Ⱪ ⱪ
| colspan="2" |'''K k'''|| {{IPA|[c], [ç], [k]}}
|-
| ق || colspan="2" | Г г
|K k
|Ⱪ ⱪ
|'''K̔ k̔'''|| {{IPA|[ɡ]}}
|-
| ل || colspan="2" | Л л
| colspan="3" |'''L l'''|| {{IPA|[l]}}
|-
| م || colspan="2" | М м
| colspan="3" |'''M m'''|| {{IPA|[m]}}
|-
| ن || colspan="2" | Н н
| colspan="3" |'''N n'''|| {{IPA|[n]}}
|-
| ۇ || colspan="2" | О о
|U u
| colspan="2" |'''O͘ o͘'''|| {{IPA|[ɔ]}}
|-
| ؤ || colspan="2" | Ө ө
| colspan="3" |'''O o'''|| {{IPA|[œ]}}
|-
| پ || colspan="2" | П п
| colspan="3" |'''P p'''|| {{IPA|[p]}}
|-
| ر || colspan="2" | Р р
| colspan="3" |'''R r'''|| {{IPA|[r]}}
|-
| ث,‎ س,‎ ص || colspan="2" | С с
| colspan="3" |'''S s'''|| {{IPA|[s]}}
|-
| ش || colspan="2" | Ш ш
|Ƽ ƽ
|Ƨ ƨ
|'''Ş ş'''|| {{IPA|[ʃ]}}
|-
| ت,‎ ط || colspan="2" | Т т
| colspan="3" |'''T t'''|| {{IPA|[t]}}
|-
| و || colspan="2" | У у
|I i
| colspan="2" |'''U u'''|| {{IPA|[u]}}
|-
| ۆ || colspan="2" | Ү ү
| colspan="2" |Y y
|'''Ṳ ṳ'''|| {{IPA|[y]}}
|-
| ۏ || colspan="2" | В в
|B b
| colspan="2" |'''Ƃ ƃ'''|| {{IPA|[v]}}
|-
| ی || Й й || Ј ј
|Ý ý
|J j
|'''Y y'''|| {{IPA|[j]}}
|-
| یا || Я я || ЈА jа
|ÝA ýa
|JA ja
|'''YA ya'''|| {{IPA|[jɑ]}}
|-
| یئ || Е е<sup>1</sup> || ЈЕ је
|ÝE ýe
|JE je
|'''YE ye'''|| {{IPA|[je]}}
|-
| ائ || Э э<sup>1</sup> || Е е
| colspan="3" |'''E e'''|| {{IPA|[e]}}
|-
| یۇ || Йо йо || ЈО јо
|ÝO ýo
|JO jo
|'''YO yo'''|| {{IPA|[jɔ]}}
|-
| یو || Ю ю || ЈУ ју
|ÝU ýu
|JU ju
|'''YU yu'''|| {{IPA|[ju]}}
|-
| ذ,‎ ز,‎ ض,‎ ظ || colspan="2" | З з
| colspan="3" |'''Z z'''|| {{IPA|[z]}}
|}
== Comparison ==
This section contains the national anthem of Azerbaijan, in New Tai Azerbaijani Script:
=== 1983 ===
<blockquote>Aza̍rbaycan! Aza̍rbaycan!</blockquote><blockquote>Ey k̔a̍hra̍man o͘ƃladɩn şanlɩ Ƃa̍ta̍ni!</blockquote><blockquote>Sa̍nda̍n o͘trṳ can ƃerma̍ya̍ cṳmla̍ hazɩrɩz!</blockquote><blockquote>Sa̍nda̍n o͘trṳ k̔an to͘kma̍ya̍ cṳmla̍ k̔adiriz!</blockquote><blockquote>Ṳçra̍ngli bayrag̔ɩnla ma̍sud yaşa!</blockquote><blockquote>Ṳçra̍ngli bayrag̔ɩnla ma̍sud yaşa!</blockquote><blockquote>Minla̍rla̍ can k̔urban oldu,</blockquote><blockquote>Sina̍n ha̍rba̍ meydan oldu!</blockquote><blockquote>Hṳk̔uk̔undan keça̍n a̍sga̍r,</blockquote><blockquote>Ha̍ra̍ bir k̔a̍hra̍man oldu!</blockquote><blockquote>Sa̍n olasan gṳlṳstan,</blockquote><blockquote>Sa̍na̍ ha̍r an can k̔urban!</blockquote><blockquote>Sa̍na̍ min bir ma̍ha̍bba̍t</blockquote><blockquote>Sina̍mda̍ tutmuş ma̍kan!</blockquote><blockquote>Namusunu hifz etma̍ya̍,</blockquote><blockquote>Bayrag̔ɩnɩ yṳksa̍ltma̍ya̍</blockquote><blockquote>Namusunu hifz etma̍ya̍,</blockquote><blockquote>Cṳmla̍ ga̍ncla̍r mṳştak̔dɩr!</blockquote><blockquote>Şanlɩ Ƃa̍ta̍n! Şanlɩ Ƃa̍ta̍n!</blockquote><blockquote>Aza̍rbaycan! Aza̍rbaycan!</blockquote><blockquote>Aza̍rbaycan! Aza̍rbaycan!</blockquote>
=== 1949 ===
<blockquote>Aza̍rbajçan! Aza̍rbajçan!</blockquote><blockquote>Ej ⱪa̍hra̍man o͘ƃladi̍n ƨanli̍ Ƃa̍ta̍ni!</blockquote><blockquote>Sa̍nda̍n o͘try çan ƃerma̍ja̍ çymla̍ hazi̍ri̍z!</blockquote><blockquote>Sa̍nda̍n o͘try ⱪan to͘kma̍ja̍ çymla̍ ⱪadiriz!</blockquote><blockquote>Yçra̍ngli bajraƣi̍nla ma̍sud jaƨa!</blockquote><blockquote>Yçra̍ngli bajraƣi̍nla ma̍sud jaƨa!</blockquote><blockquote>Minla̍rla̍ çan ⱪurban oldu,</blockquote><blockquote>Sina̍n ha̍rba̍ mejdan oldu!</blockquote><blockquote>Hyⱪuⱪundan keça̍n a̍sga̍r,</blockquote><blockquote>Ha̍ra̍ bir ⱪa̍hra̍man oldu!</blockquote><blockquote>Sa̍n olasan gylystan,</blockquote><blockquote>Sa̍na̍ ha̍r an çan ⱪurban!</blockquote><blockquote>Sa̍na̍ min bir ma̍ha̍bba̍t</blockquote><blockquote>Sina̍mda̍ tutmuƨ ma̍kan!</blockquote><blockquote>Namusunu hifz etma̍ja̍,</blockquote><blockquote>Bajraƣi̍ni̍ jyksa̍ltma̍ja̍</blockquote><blockquote>Namusunu hifz etma̍ja̍,</blockquote><blockquote>Çymla̍ ga̍nçla̍r myƨtaⱪdi̍r!</blockquote><blockquote>Ƨanli̍ Ƃa̍ta̍n! Ƨanli̍ Ƃa̍ta̍n!</blockquote><blockquote>Aza̍rbajçan! Aza̍rbajçan!</blockquote><blockquote>Aza̍rbajçan! Aza̍rbajçan!</blockquote>
15azlbhhzk1w5j12dcqoawn08qz1f6n
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2018-04-02T01:00:40Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
The New Tai Azerbaijani Script is a Latin-based alphabet used in Gooperland. It used some of the Taiwanese Hokkien letters.
== Orthography ==
Aa, Bb, Ƃƃ, Cc, Çç, Dd, Ee, A̍a̍, Ff, Gg, G̔g̔, Hh, Ɥɥ, Ii, Ɩɩ, Jj, Kk, K̔k̔ Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, O͘o͘, Pp, Rr, Ss, Şş, Tt, Uu, Ṳṳ, Yy, Zz.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Azerbaijani alphabet transliteration table
|-
! scope="col" | Arabic
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Cyrillic
! colspan="3" |New Tai Azerbaijani
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | IPA
|-
! scope="col" | –1922
! scope="col" | 1939–1958
! scope="col" | 1958–1991
!1926
!1949
!1983
|-
| ا || colspan="2" | А а
| colspan="3" |'''A a'''|| {{IPA|[ɑ]}}
|-
| ب || colspan="2" | Б б
|Ƃ ƃ
| colspan="2" |'''B b'''|| {{IPA|[b]}}
|-
| ج || colspan="2" | Ҹ ҹ
|C c
|Ç ç
|'''C c'''|| {{IPA|[dʒ]}}
|-
| چ || colspan="2" | Ч ч
|Ç ç
|C c
|'''Ç ç'''|| {{IPA|[tʃ]}}
|-
| د || colspan="2" | Д д
| colspan="3" |'''D d'''|| {{IPA|[d]}}
|-
| ئ || colspan="2" | Е е
| colspan="3" |'''E e'''|| {{IPA|[e]}}
|-
| أ || colspan="2" | Ә ә
|Æ æ
| colspan="2" |'''A̍ a̍'''|| {{IPA|[æ]}}
|-
| ف || colspan="2" | Ф ф
| colspan="3" |'''F f'''|| {{IPA|[f]}}
|-
| گ || colspan="2" | Ҝ ҝ
|Ƣ ƣ
| colspan="2" |'''G g'''|| {{IPA|[ɟ]}}
|-
| غ || colspan="2" | Ғ ғ
|G g
|Ƣ ƣ
|'''G̔ g̔'''|| {{IPA|[ɣ]}}
|-
| ح,‎ ه || colspan="2" | Һ һ
| colspan="3" |'''H h'''|| {{IPA|[h]}}
|-
| خ || colspan="2" | Х х
|Ⱨ ⱨ
| colspan="2" |'''Ɥ ɥ'''|| {{IPA|[x]}}
|-
| ؽ || colspan="2" | Ы ы
|Ы ы
|I̍ i̍
|'''Ɩ ɩ'''|| {{IPA|[ɯ]}}
|-
| ی || colspan="2" | И и
|Ṳ ṳ
| colspan="2" |'''I i'''|| {{IPA|[ɪ]}}
|-
| ژ || colspan="2" | Ж ж
| colspan="2" |Z̤ z̤
|'''J j'''|| {{IPA|[ʒ]}}
|-
| ک || colspan="2" | К к
|Ⱪ ⱪ
| colspan="2" |'''K k'''|| {{IPA|[c], [ç], [k]}}
|-
| ق || colspan="2" | Г г
|K k
|Ⱪ ⱪ
|'''K̔ k̔'''|| {{IPA|[ɡ]}}
|-
| ل || colspan="2" | Л л
| colspan="3" |'''L l'''|| {{IPA|[l]}}
|-
| م || colspan="2" | М м
| colspan="3" |'''M m'''|| {{IPA|[m]}}
|-
| ن || colspan="2" | Н н
| colspan="3" |'''N n'''|| {{IPA|[n]}}
|-
| ۇ || colspan="2" | О о
| colspan="3" |'''O o'''|| {{IPA|[ɔ]}}
|-
| ؤ || colspan="2" | Ө ө
|U u
| colspan="2" |'''O͘ o͘'''|| {{IPA|[œ]}}
|-
| پ || colspan="2" | П п
| colspan="3" |'''P p'''|| {{IPA|[p]}}
|-
| ر || colspan="2" | Р р
| colspan="3" |'''R r'''|| {{IPA|[r]}}
|-
| ث,‎ س,‎ ص || colspan="2" | С с
| colspan="3" |'''S s'''|| {{IPA|[s]}}
|-
| ش || colspan="2" | Ш ш
|Ƽ ƽ
|Ƨ ƨ
|'''Ş ş'''|| {{IPA|[ʃ]}}
|-
| ت,‎ ط || colspan="2" | Т т
| colspan="3" |'''T t'''|| {{IPA|[t]}}
|-
| و || colspan="2" | У у
|I i
| colspan="2" |'''U u'''|| {{IPA|[u]}}
|-
| ۆ || colspan="2" | Ү ү
| colspan="2" |Y y
|'''Ṳ ṳ'''|| {{IPA|[y]}}
|-
| ۏ || colspan="2" | В в
|B b
| colspan="2" |'''Ƃ ƃ'''|| {{IPA|[v]}}
|-
| ی || Й й || Ј ј
|Ý ý
|J j
|'''Y y'''|| {{IPA|[j]}}
|-
| یا || Я я || ЈА jа
|ÝA ýa
|JA ja
|'''YA ya'''|| {{IPA|[jɑ]}}
|-
| یئ || Е е<sup>1</sup> || ЈЕ је
|ÝE ýe
|JE je
|'''YE ye'''|| {{IPA|[je]}}
|-
| ائ || Э э<sup>1</sup> || Е е
| colspan="3" |'''E e'''|| {{IPA|[e]}}
|-
| یۇ || Йо йо || ЈО јо
|ÝO ýo
|JO jo
|'''YO yo'''|| {{IPA|[jɔ]}}
|-
| یو || Ю ю || ЈУ ју
|ÝU ýu
|JU ju
|'''YU yu'''|| {{IPA|[ju]}}
|-
| ذ,‎ ز,‎ ض,‎ ظ || colspan="2" | З з
| colspan="3" |'''Z z'''|| {{IPA|[z]}}
|}
== Comparison ==
This section contains the national anthem of Azerbaijan, in New Tai Azerbaijani Script:
=== 1983 ===
<blockquote>Aza̍rbaycan! Aza̍rbaycan!</blockquote><blockquote>Ey k̔a̍hra̍man o͘ƃladɩn şanlɩ Ƃa̍ta̍ni!</blockquote><blockquote>Sa̍nda̍n o͘trṳ can ƃerma̍ya̍ cṳmla̍ hazɩrɩz!</blockquote><blockquote>Sa̍nda̍n o͘trṳ k̔an to͘kma̍ya̍ cṳmla̍ k̔adiriz!</blockquote><blockquote>Ṳçra̍ngli bayrag̔ɩnla ma̍sud yaşa!</blockquote><blockquote>Ṳçra̍ngli bayrag̔ɩnla ma̍sud yaşa!</blockquote><blockquote>Minla̍rla̍ can k̔urban oldu,</blockquote><blockquote>Sina̍n ha̍rba̍ meydan oldu!</blockquote><blockquote>Hṳk̔uk̔undan keça̍n a̍sga̍r,</blockquote><blockquote>Ha̍ra̍ bir k̔a̍hra̍man oldu!</blockquote><blockquote>Sa̍n olasan gṳlṳstan,</blockquote><blockquote>Sa̍na̍ ha̍r an can k̔urban!</blockquote><blockquote>Sa̍na̍ min bir ma̍ha̍bba̍t</blockquote><blockquote>Sina̍mda̍ tutmuş ma̍kan!</blockquote><blockquote>Namusunu hifz etma̍ya̍,</blockquote><blockquote>Bayrag̔ɩnɩ yṳksa̍ltma̍ya̍</blockquote><blockquote>Namusunu hifz etma̍ya̍,</blockquote><blockquote>Cṳmla̍ ga̍ncla̍r mṳştak̔dɩr!</blockquote><blockquote>Şanlɩ Ƃa̍ta̍n! Şanlɩ Ƃa̍ta̍n!</blockquote><blockquote>Aza̍rbaycan! Aza̍rbaycan!</blockquote><blockquote>Aza̍rbaycan! Aza̍rbaycan!</blockquote>
=== 1949 ===
<blockquote>Aza̍rbajçan! Aza̍rbajçan!</blockquote><blockquote>Ej ⱪa̍hra̍man o͘ƃladi̍n ƨanli̍ Ƃa̍ta̍ni!</blockquote><blockquote>Sa̍nda̍n o͘try çan ƃerma̍ja̍ çymla̍ hazi̍ri̍z!</blockquote><blockquote>Sa̍nda̍n o͘try ⱪan to͘kma̍ja̍ çymla̍ ⱪadiriz!</blockquote><blockquote>Yçra̍ngli bajraƣi̍nla ma̍sud jaƨa!</blockquote><blockquote>Yçra̍ngli bajraƣi̍nla ma̍sud jaƨa!</blockquote><blockquote>Minla̍rla̍ çan ⱪurban oldu,</blockquote><blockquote>Sina̍n ha̍rba̍ mejdan oldu!</blockquote><blockquote>Hyⱪuⱪundan keça̍n a̍sga̍r,</blockquote><blockquote>Ha̍ra̍ bir ⱪa̍hra̍man oldu!</blockquote><blockquote>Sa̍n olasan gylystan,</blockquote><blockquote>Sa̍na̍ ha̍r an çan ⱪurban!</blockquote><blockquote>Sa̍na̍ min bir ma̍ha̍bba̍t</blockquote><blockquote>Sina̍mda̍ tutmuƨ ma̍kan!</blockquote><blockquote>Namusunu hifz etma̍ja̍,</blockquote><blockquote>Bajraƣi̍ni̍ jyksa̍ltma̍ja̍</blockquote><blockquote>Namusunu hifz etma̍ja̍,</blockquote><blockquote>Çymla̍ ga̍nçla̍r myƨtaⱪdi̍r!</blockquote><blockquote>Ƨanli̍ Ƃa̍ta̍n! Ƨanli̍ Ƃa̍ta̍n!</blockquote><blockquote>Aza̍rbajçan! Aza̍rbajçan!</blockquote><blockquote>Aza̍rbajçan! Aza̍rbajçan!</blockquote>
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The New Tai Azerbaijani Script is a Latin-based alphabet used in Gooperland. It used some of the Taiwanese Hokkien letters.
== Orthography ==
Aa, Bb, Ƃƃ, Cc, Çç, Dd, Ee, A̍a̍, Ff, Gg, G̔g̔, Hh, Ɥɥ, Ii, Ɩɩ, Jj, Kk, K̔k̔ Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, O͘o͘, Pp, Rr, Ss, Şş, Tt, Uu, Ṳṳ, Yy, Zz.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Azerbaijani alphabet transliteration table
|-
! scope="col" | Arabic
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Cyrillic
! colspan="3" |New Tai Azerbaijani
! rowspan="2" |RPA
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | IPA
|-
! scope="col" | –1922
! scope="col" | 1939–1958
! scope="col" | 1958–1991
!1926
!1949
!1983
|-
| ا || colspan="2" | А а
| colspan="3" |'''A a'''
|'''A a'''|| {{IPA|[ɑ]}}
|-
| ب || colspan="2" | Б б
|Ƃ ƃ
| colspan="2" |'''B b'''
|'''B b'''|| {{IPA|[b]}}
|-
| ج || colspan="2" | Ҹ ҹ
|C c
|Ç ç
|'''C c'''
|'''C c'''|| {{IPA|[dʒ]}}
|-
| چ || colspan="2" | Ч ч
|Ç ç
|C c
|'''Ç ç'''
|'''CH ch'''|| {{IPA|[tʃ]}}
|-
| د || colspan="2" | Д д
| colspan="3" |'''D d'''
|'''D d'''|| {{IPA|[d]}}
|-
| ئ || colspan="2" | Е е
| colspan="3" |'''E e'''
|'''E e'''|| {{IPA|[e]}}
|-
| أ || colspan="2" | Ә ә
|Æ æ
| colspan="2" |'''A̍ a̍'''
|'''AE ae'''|| {{IPA|[æ]}}
|-
| ف || colspan="2" | Ф ф
| colspan="3" |'''F f'''
|'''F f'''|| {{IPA|[f]}}
|-
| گ || colspan="2" | Ҝ ҝ
|Ƣ ƣ
| colspan="2" |'''G g'''
|'''G g'''|| {{IPA|[ɟ]}}
|-
| غ || colspan="2" | Ғ ғ
|G g
|Ƣ ƣ
|'''G̔ g̔'''
|'''GH gh'''|| {{IPA|[ɣ]}}
|-
| ح,‎ ه || colspan="2" | Һ һ
| colspan="3" |'''H h'''
|'''H h'''|| {{IPA|[h]}}
|-
| خ || colspan="2" | Х х
|Ⱨ ⱨ
| colspan="2" |'''Ɥ ɥ'''
|'''X x'''|| {{IPA|[x]}}
|-
| ؽ || colspan="2" | Ы ы
|Ы ы
|I̍ i̍
|'''Ɩ ɩ'''
|'''AU au'''|| {{IPA|[ɯ]}}
|-
| ی || colspan="2" | И и
|Ṳ ṳ
| colspan="2" |'''I i'''
|'''I i'''|| {{IPA|[ɪ]}}
|-
| ژ || colspan="2" | Ж ж
| colspan="2" |Z̤ z̤
|'''J j'''
|'''J j'''|| {{IPA|[ʒ]}}
|-
| ک || colspan="2" | К к
|Ⱪ ⱪ
| colspan="2" |'''K k'''
|'''K k'''|| {{IPA|[c], [ç], [k]}}
|-
| ق || colspan="2" | Г г
|K k
|Ⱪ ⱪ
|'''K̔ k̔'''
|'''Q q'''|| {{IPA|[ɡ]}}
|-
| ل || colspan="2" | Л л
| colspan="3" |'''L l'''
|'''L l'''|| {{IPA|[l]}}
|-
| م || colspan="2" | М м
| colspan="3" |'''M m'''
|'''M m'''|| {{IPA|[m]}}
|-
| ن || colspan="2" | Н н
| colspan="3" |'''N n'''
|'''N n'''|| {{IPA|[n]}}
|-
| ۇ || colspan="2" | О о
| colspan="3" |'''O o'''
|'''O o'''|| {{IPA|[ɔ]}}
|-
| ؤ || colspan="2" | Ө ө
|U u
| colspan="2" |'''O͘ o͘'''
|'''OE oe'''|| {{IPA|[œ]}}
|-
| پ || colspan="2" | П п
| colspan="3" |'''P p'''
|'''P p'''|| {{IPA|[p]}}
|-
| ر || colspan="2" | Р р
| colspan="3" |'''R r'''
|'''R r'''|| {{IPA|[r]}}
|-
| ث,‎ س,‎ ص || colspan="2" | С с
| colspan="3" |'''S s'''
|'''S s'''|| {{IPA|[s]}}
|-
| ش || colspan="2" | Ш ш
|Ƽ ƽ
|Ƨ ƨ
|'''Ş ş'''
|'''SH sh'''|| {{IPA|[ʃ]}}
|-
| ت,‎ ط || colspan="2" | Т т
| colspan="3" |'''T t'''
|'''T t'''|| {{IPA|[t]}}
|-
| و || colspan="2" | У у
|I i
| colspan="2" |'''U u'''
|'''U u'''|| {{IPA|[u]}}
|-
| ۆ || colspan="2" | Ү ү
| colspan="2" |Y y
|'''Ṳ ṳ'''
|'''YEE yee'''|| {{IPA|[y]}}
|-
| ۏ || colspan="2" | В в
|B b
| colspan="2" |'''Ƃ ƃ'''
|'''V v'''|| {{IPA|[v]}}
|-
| ی || Й й || Ј ј
|Ý ý
|J j
|'''Y y'''
|'''Y y'''|| {{IPA|[j]}}
|-
| یا || Я я || ЈА jа
|ÝA ýa
|JA ja
|'''YA ya'''
|'''YA ya'''|| {{IPA|[jɑ]}}
|-
| یئ || Е е<sup>1</sup> || ЈЕ је
|ÝE ýe
|JE je
|'''YE ye'''
|'''YE ye'''|| {{IPA|[je]}}
|-
| ائ || Э э<sup>1</sup> || Е е
| colspan="3" |'''E e'''
|'''E e'''|| {{IPA|[e]}}
|-
| یۇ || Йо йо || ЈО јо
|ÝO ýo
|JO jo
|'''YO yo'''
|'''YO yo'''|| {{IPA|[jɔ]}}
|-
| یو || Ю ю || ЈУ ју
|ÝU ýu
|JU ju
|'''YU yu'''
|'''YU yu'''|| {{IPA|[ju]}}
|-
| ذ,‎ ز,‎ ض,‎ ظ || colspan="2" | З з
| colspan="3" |'''Z z'''
|'''Z z'''|| {{IPA|[z]}}
|}
== Comparison ==
This section contains the national anthem of Azerbaijan, in New Tai Azerbaijani Script and RPA:
=== RPA ===
<blockquote>Azaerbaycan! Azaerbaycan!</blockquote><blockquote>Ey qaehraeman oevladihn shanlih Vaetaeni!</blockquote><blockquote>Saendaen oetryee can vermaeyae cyeemlae hazihrihz!</blockquote><blockquote>Saendaen oetryee qan toekmaeyae cyeemlae qadiriz!</blockquote><blockquote>Yeechraengli bayraghihnla maesud yasha!</blockquote><blockquote>Yeechraengli bayraghihnla maesud yasha!</blockquote><blockquote>Minlaerlae can qurban oldu,</blockquote><blockquote>Sinaen haerbae meydan oldu!</blockquote><blockquote>Hyeeququndan kechaen aesgaer,</blockquote><blockquote>Haerae bir qaehraeman oldu!</blockquote><blockquote>Saen olasan gyeelyeestan,</blockquote><blockquote>Saenae haer an can qurban!</blockquote><blockquote>Saenae min bir maehaebbaet</blockquote><blockquote>Sinaemdae tutmush maekan!</blockquote><blockquote>Namusunu hifz etmaeyae,</blockquote><blockquote>Bayraghihnih yyeeksaeltmaeyae</blockquote><blockquote>Namusunu hifz etmaeyae,</blockquote><blockquote>Cyeemlae gaenclaer myeeshtaqdihr!</blockquote><blockquote>Shanlih Vaetaen! Shanlih Vaetaen!</blockquote><blockquote>Azaerbaycan! Azaerbaycan!</blockquote><blockquote>Azaerbaycan! Azaerbaycan!</blockquote>
=== 1983 ===
<blockquote>Aza̍rbaycan! Aza̍rbaycan!</blockquote><blockquote>Ey k̔a̍hra̍man o͘ƃladɩn şanlɩ Ƃa̍ta̍ni!</blockquote><blockquote>Sa̍nda̍n o͘trṳ can ƃerma̍ya̍ cṳmla̍ hazɩrɩz!</blockquote><blockquote>Sa̍nda̍n o͘trṳ k̔an to͘kma̍ya̍ cṳmla̍ k̔adiriz!</blockquote><blockquote>Ṳçra̍ngli bayrag̔ɩnla ma̍sud yaşa!</blockquote><blockquote>Ṳçra̍ngli bayrag̔ɩnla ma̍sud yaşa!</blockquote><blockquote>Minla̍rla̍ can k̔urban oldu,</blockquote><blockquote>Sina̍n ha̍rba̍ meydan oldu!</blockquote><blockquote>Hṳk̔uk̔undan keça̍n a̍sga̍r,</blockquote><blockquote>Ha̍ra̍ bir k̔a̍hra̍man oldu!</blockquote><blockquote>Sa̍n olasan gṳlṳstan,</blockquote><blockquote>Sa̍na̍ ha̍r an can k̔urban!</blockquote><blockquote>Sa̍na̍ min bir ma̍ha̍bba̍t</blockquote><blockquote>Sina̍mda̍ tutmuş ma̍kan!</blockquote><blockquote>Namusunu hifz etma̍ya̍,</blockquote><blockquote>Bayrag̔ɩnɩ yṳksa̍ltma̍ya̍</blockquote><blockquote>Namusunu hifz etma̍ya̍,</blockquote><blockquote>Cṳmla̍ ga̍ncla̍r mṳştak̔dɩr!</blockquote><blockquote>Şanlɩ Ƃa̍ta̍n! Şanlɩ Ƃa̍ta̍n!</blockquote><blockquote>Aza̍rbaycan! Aza̍rbaycan!</blockquote><blockquote>Aza̍rbaycan! Aza̍rbaycan!</blockquote>
=== 1949 ===
<blockquote>Aza̍rbajçan! Aza̍rbajçan!</blockquote><blockquote>Ej ⱪa̍hra̍man o͘ƃladi̍n ƨanli̍ Ƃa̍ta̍ni!</blockquote><blockquote>Sa̍nda̍n o͘try çan ƃerma̍ja̍ çymla̍ hazi̍ri̍z!</blockquote><blockquote>Sa̍nda̍n o͘try ⱪan to͘kma̍ja̍ çymla̍ ⱪadiriz!</blockquote><blockquote>Yçra̍ngli bajraƣi̍nla ma̍sud jaƨa!</blockquote><blockquote>Yçra̍ngli bajraƣi̍nla ma̍sud jaƨa!</blockquote><blockquote>Minla̍rla̍ çan ⱪurban oldu,</blockquote><blockquote>Sina̍n ha̍rba̍ mejdan oldu!</blockquote><blockquote>Hyⱪuⱪundan keça̍n a̍sga̍r,</blockquote><blockquote>Ha̍ra̍ bir ⱪa̍hra̍man oldu!</blockquote><blockquote>Sa̍n olasan gylystan,</blockquote><blockquote>Sa̍na̍ ha̍r an çan ⱪurban!</blockquote><blockquote>Sa̍na̍ min bir ma̍ha̍bba̍t</blockquote><blockquote>Sina̍mda̍ tutmuƨ ma̍kan!</blockquote><blockquote>Namusunu hifz etma̍ja̍,</blockquote><blockquote>Bajraƣi̍ni̍ jyksa̍ltma̍ja̍</blockquote><blockquote>Namusunu hifz etma̍ja̍,</blockquote><blockquote>Çymla̍ ga̍nçla̍r myƨtaⱪdi̍r!</blockquote><blockquote>Ƨanli̍ Ƃa̍ta̍n! Ƨanli̍ Ƃa̍ta̍n!</blockquote><blockquote>Aza̍rbajçan! Aza̍rbajçan!</blockquote><blockquote>Aza̍rbajçan! Aza̍rbajçan!</blockquote>
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/* RPA */
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text/x-wiki
The New Tai Azerbaijani Script is a Latin-based alphabet used in Gooperland. It used some of the Taiwanese Hokkien letters.
== Orthography ==
Aa, Bb, Ƃƃ, Cc, Çç, Dd, Ee, A̍a̍, Ff, Gg, G̔g̔, Hh, Ɥɥ, Ii, Ɩɩ, Jj, Kk, K̔k̔ Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, O͘o͘, Pp, Rr, Ss, Şş, Tt, Uu, Ṳṳ, Yy, Zz.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Azerbaijani alphabet transliteration table
|-
! scope="col" | Arabic
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Cyrillic
! colspan="3" |New Tai Azerbaijani
! rowspan="2" |RPA
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | IPA
|-
! scope="col" | –1922
! scope="col" | 1939–1958
! scope="col" | 1958–1991
!1926
!1949
!1983
|-
| ا || colspan="2" | А а
| colspan="3" |'''A a'''
|'''A a'''|| {{IPA|[ɑ]}}
|-
| ب || colspan="2" | Б б
|Ƃ ƃ
| colspan="2" |'''B b'''
|'''B b'''|| {{IPA|[b]}}
|-
| ج || colspan="2" | Ҹ ҹ
|C c
|Ç ç
|'''C c'''
|'''C c'''|| {{IPA|[dʒ]}}
|-
| چ || colspan="2" | Ч ч
|Ç ç
|C c
|'''Ç ç'''
|'''CH ch'''|| {{IPA|[tʃ]}}
|-
| د || colspan="2" | Д д
| colspan="3" |'''D d'''
|'''D d'''|| {{IPA|[d]}}
|-
| ئ || colspan="2" | Е е
| colspan="3" |'''E e'''
|'''E e'''|| {{IPA|[e]}}
|-
| أ || colspan="2" | Ә ә
|Æ æ
| colspan="2" |'''A̍ a̍'''
|'''AE ae'''|| {{IPA|[æ]}}
|-
| ف || colspan="2" | Ф ф
| colspan="3" |'''F f'''
|'''F f'''|| {{IPA|[f]}}
|-
| گ || colspan="2" | Ҝ ҝ
|Ƣ ƣ
| colspan="2" |'''G g'''
|'''G g'''|| {{IPA|[ɟ]}}
|-
| غ || colspan="2" | Ғ ғ
|G g
|Ƣ ƣ
|'''G̔ g̔'''
|'''GH gh'''|| {{IPA|[ɣ]}}
|-
| ح,‎ ه || colspan="2" | Һ һ
| colspan="3" |'''H h'''
|'''H h'''|| {{IPA|[h]}}
|-
| خ || colspan="2" | Х х
|Ⱨ ⱨ
| colspan="2" |'''Ɥ ɥ'''
|'''X x'''|| {{IPA|[x]}}
|-
| ؽ || colspan="2" | Ы ы
|Ы ы
|I̍ i̍
|'''Ɩ ɩ'''
|'''AU au'''|| {{IPA|[ɯ]}}
|-
| ی || colspan="2" | И и
|Ṳ ṳ
| colspan="2" |'''I i'''
|'''I i'''|| {{IPA|[ɪ]}}
|-
| ژ || colspan="2" | Ж ж
| colspan="2" |Z̤ z̤
|'''J j'''
|'''J j'''|| {{IPA|[ʒ]}}
|-
| ک || colspan="2" | К к
|Ⱪ ⱪ
| colspan="2" |'''K k'''
|'''K k'''|| {{IPA|[c], [ç], [k]}}
|-
| ق || colspan="2" | Г г
|K k
|Ⱪ ⱪ
|'''K̔ k̔'''
|'''Q q'''|| {{IPA|[ɡ]}}
|-
| ل || colspan="2" | Л л
| colspan="3" |'''L l'''
|'''L l'''|| {{IPA|[l]}}
|-
| م || colspan="2" | М м
| colspan="3" |'''M m'''
|'''M m'''|| {{IPA|[m]}}
|-
| ن || colspan="2" | Н н
| colspan="3" |'''N n'''
|'''N n'''|| {{IPA|[n]}}
|-
| ۇ || colspan="2" | О о
| colspan="3" |'''O o'''
|'''O o'''|| {{IPA|[ɔ]}}
|-
| ؤ || colspan="2" | Ө ө
|U u
| colspan="2" |'''O͘ o͘'''
|'''OE oe'''|| {{IPA|[œ]}}
|-
| پ || colspan="2" | П п
| colspan="3" |'''P p'''
|'''P p'''|| {{IPA|[p]}}
|-
| ر || colspan="2" | Р р
| colspan="3" |'''R r'''
|'''R r'''|| {{IPA|[r]}}
|-
| ث,‎ س,‎ ص || colspan="2" | С с
| colspan="3" |'''S s'''
|'''S s'''|| {{IPA|[s]}}
|-
| ش || colspan="2" | Ш ш
|Ƽ ƽ
|Ƨ ƨ
|'''Ş ş'''
|'''SH sh'''|| {{IPA|[ʃ]}}
|-
| ت,‎ ط || colspan="2" | Т т
| colspan="3" |'''T t'''
|'''T t'''|| {{IPA|[t]}}
|-
| و || colspan="2" | У у
|I i
| colspan="2" |'''U u'''
|'''U u'''|| {{IPA|[u]}}
|-
| ۆ || colspan="2" | Ү ү
| colspan="2" |Y y
|'''Ṳ ṳ'''
|'''YEE yee'''|| {{IPA|[y]}}
|-
| ۏ || colspan="2" | В в
|B b
| colspan="2" |'''Ƃ ƃ'''
|'''V v'''|| {{IPA|[v]}}
|-
| ی || Й й || Ј ј
|Ý ý
|J j
|'''Y y'''
|'''Y y'''|| {{IPA|[j]}}
|-
| یا || Я я || ЈА jа
|ÝA ýa
|JA ja
|'''YA ya'''
|'''YA ya'''|| {{IPA|[jɑ]}}
|-
| یئ || Е е<sup>1</sup> || ЈЕ је
|ÝE ýe
|JE je
|'''YE ye'''
|'''YE ye'''|| {{IPA|[je]}}
|-
| ائ || Э э<sup>1</sup> || Е е
| colspan="3" |'''E e'''
|'''E e'''|| {{IPA|[e]}}
|-
| یۇ || Йо йо || ЈО јо
|ÝO ýo
|JO jo
|'''YO yo'''
|'''YO yo'''|| {{IPA|[jɔ]}}
|-
| یو || Ю ю || ЈУ ју
|ÝU ýu
|JU ju
|'''YU yu'''
|'''YU yu'''|| {{IPA|[ju]}}
|-
| ذ,‎ ز,‎ ض,‎ ظ || colspan="2" | З з
| colspan="3" |'''Z z'''
|'''Z z'''|| {{IPA|[z]}}
|}
== Comparison ==
This section contains the national anthem of Azerbaijan, in New Tai Azerbaijani Script and RPA:
=== RPA ===
<blockquote>Azaerbaycan! Azaerbaycan!</blockquote><blockquote>Ey qaehraeman oevladaun shanlau Vaetaeni!</blockquote><blockquote>Saendaen oetryee can vermaeyae cyeemlae hazaurauz!</blockquote><blockquote>Saendaen oetryee qan toekmaeyae cyeemlae qadiriz!</blockquote><blockquote>Yeechraengli bayraghaunla maesud yasha!</blockquote><blockquote>Yeechraengli bayraghaunla maesud yasha!</blockquote><blockquote>Minlaerlae can qurban oldu,</blockquote><blockquote>Sinaen haerbae meydan oldu!</blockquote><blockquote>Hyeeququndan kechaen aesgaer,</blockquote><blockquote>Haerae bir qaehraeman oldu!</blockquote><blockquote>Saen olasan gyeelyeestan,</blockquote><blockquote>Saenae haer an can qurban!</blockquote><blockquote>Saenae min bir maehaebbaet</blockquote><blockquote>Sinaemdae tutmush maekan!</blockquote><blockquote>Namusunu hifz etmaeyae,</blockquote><blockquote>Bayraghaunau yyeeksaeltmaeyae</blockquote><blockquote>Namusunu hifz etmaeyae,</blockquote><blockquote>Cyeemlae gaenclaer myeeshtaqdaur!</blockquote><blockquote>Shanlau Vaetaen! Shanlau Vaetaen!</blockquote><blockquote>Azaerbaycan! Azaerbaycan!</blockquote><blockquote>Azaerbaycan! Azaerbaycan!</blockquote>
=== 1983 ===
<blockquote>Aza̍rbaycan! Aza̍rbaycan!</blockquote><blockquote>Ey k̔a̍hra̍man o͘ƃladɩn şanlɩ Ƃa̍ta̍ni!</blockquote><blockquote>Sa̍nda̍n o͘trṳ can ƃerma̍ya̍ cṳmla̍ hazɩrɩz!</blockquote><blockquote>Sa̍nda̍n o͘trṳ k̔an to͘kma̍ya̍ cṳmla̍ k̔adiriz!</blockquote><blockquote>Ṳçra̍ngli bayrag̔ɩnla ma̍sud yaşa!</blockquote><blockquote>Ṳçra̍ngli bayrag̔ɩnla ma̍sud yaşa!</blockquote><blockquote>Minla̍rla̍ can k̔urban oldu,</blockquote><blockquote>Sina̍n ha̍rba̍ meydan oldu!</blockquote><blockquote>Hṳk̔uk̔undan keça̍n a̍sga̍r,</blockquote><blockquote>Ha̍ra̍ bir k̔a̍hra̍man oldu!</blockquote><blockquote>Sa̍n olasan gṳlṳstan,</blockquote><blockquote>Sa̍na̍ ha̍r an can k̔urban!</blockquote><blockquote>Sa̍na̍ min bir ma̍ha̍bba̍t</blockquote><blockquote>Sina̍mda̍ tutmuş ma̍kan!</blockquote><blockquote>Namusunu hifz etma̍ya̍,</blockquote><blockquote>Bayrag̔ɩnɩ yṳksa̍ltma̍ya̍</blockquote><blockquote>Namusunu hifz etma̍ya̍,</blockquote><blockquote>Cṳmla̍ ga̍ncla̍r mṳştak̔dɩr!</blockquote><blockquote>Şanlɩ Ƃa̍ta̍n! Şanlɩ Ƃa̍ta̍n!</blockquote><blockquote>Aza̍rbaycan! Aza̍rbaycan!</blockquote><blockquote>Aza̍rbaycan! Aza̍rbaycan!</blockquote>
=== 1949 ===
<blockquote>Aza̍rbajçan! Aza̍rbajçan!</blockquote><blockquote>Ej ⱪa̍hra̍man o͘ƃladi̍n ƨanli̍ Ƃa̍ta̍ni!</blockquote><blockquote>Sa̍nda̍n o͘try çan ƃerma̍ja̍ çymla̍ hazi̍ri̍z!</blockquote><blockquote>Sa̍nda̍n o͘try ⱪan to͘kma̍ja̍ çymla̍ ⱪadiriz!</blockquote><blockquote>Yçra̍ngli bajraƣi̍nla ma̍sud jaƨa!</blockquote><blockquote>Yçra̍ngli bajraƣi̍nla ma̍sud jaƨa!</blockquote><blockquote>Minla̍rla̍ çan ⱪurban oldu,</blockquote><blockquote>Sina̍n ha̍rba̍ mejdan oldu!</blockquote><blockquote>Hyⱪuⱪundan keça̍n a̍sga̍r,</blockquote><blockquote>Ha̍ra̍ bir ⱪa̍hra̍man oldu!</blockquote><blockquote>Sa̍n olasan gylystan,</blockquote><blockquote>Sa̍na̍ ha̍r an çan ⱪurban!</blockquote><blockquote>Sa̍na̍ min bir ma̍ha̍bba̍t</blockquote><blockquote>Sina̍mda̍ tutmuƨ ma̍kan!</blockquote><blockquote>Namusunu hifz etma̍ja̍,</blockquote><blockquote>Bajraƣi̍ni̍ jyksa̍ltma̍ja̍</blockquote><blockquote>Namusunu hifz etma̍ja̍,</blockquote><blockquote>Çymla̍ ga̍nçla̍r myƨtaⱪdi̍r!</blockquote><blockquote>Ƨanli̍ Ƃa̍ta̍n! Ƨanli̍ Ƃa̍ta̍n!</blockquote><blockquote>Aza̍rbajçan! Aza̍rbajçan!</blockquote><blockquote>Aza̍rbajçan! Aza̍rbajçan!</blockquote>
jzxcm1saqkf3jl74hfdyw59hr4rvnj3
Nookipedian Romanised Alphabet
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Nookipedian Romanised Alphabet is a Latin-based alphabet created for Nookipedian in 1922.
== The alphabet ==
== Consonants ==
There are 26 consonants:
{| class="wikitable"
!m
!n
!ng
!ngy
!p
!ph
!r
!rh
!s
!sh
!sht
!t
!th
!v
!w
!x
!xh
!z
!zs
|-
|[m]
|[n]
|[ŋ]
|[nʲ]
|[p]
|[pʰ]
|[ɰ]
|[ɰʰ]
|[s]
|[ʃ]
|[ʃt]
|[t]
|[θ̠]
|[v]
|[w]
|[χ]
|[χʰ]
|[z]
|[ʐ]
|-
!q
!b
!bh
!c
!ch
!d
!dg
!f
!g
!gh
!j
!k
!kh
!l
!ll
!h
!hh
!
!
|-
|[ʕ]
|[b]
|[bʰ]
|[ts]
|[tsʰ]
|[d]
|[cç]
|[f]
|[g]
|[ʁ]
|[dʒ]
|[k]
|[kʰ]
|[l] or [ʟ]
|[ʎ]
|[ħ]
|[h]
|
|
|}
== Vowels ==
There are vowels, double vowels are nasalised vowels.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="7" |Oral vowels
! colspan="13" |Diphtongs
|-
!a
!e
!i
!o
!ọ
!u
!y
!ae
!ai
!ao
!ay
!ee
!eo
!eu
!ey
!ou
!ọu
!ui
!uo
!uy
|-
|[ɑ]
|[ɛ]
|[i]
|[ɔ]
|[ə]
|[ʌ]
|[ʊ]
|[ɑɛ]
|[ɑi]
|[ɑɔ]
|[ɑʊ]
|[ɛɛ]
|[ɛɔ]
|[ɛʌ]
|[ɛʊ]
|[ɔʌ]
|[əʌ]
|[ʌi]
|[ʌɔ]
|[ʌʊ]
|-
! colspan="7" |Nasal vowels
!Others
! colspan="2" |Extras
! colspan="10" rowspan="2" |
|-
!aa
!ee
!ii
!oo
!ọọ
!uu
!yy
!w
!m
!ng
|-
|[ɑ̃]
|[ɛ̃]
|[ĩ]
|[ɔ̃]
|[ə̃]
|[ʌ̃]
|[ʊ̃]
|[ɨ]
|[mi]
|[ŋi]
| colspan="10" |
|}
== Tones ==
The tones are numbered 1 to 8. Tones are usually marked by diacritics; on SMS, chat or mobile phones with limited keys, tone letters are used instead.
{| class="wikitable"
!Tone number
!IPA
! colspan="2" |Diacritic
!Tone letter
! colspan="3" |Example
|-
|1
|˧
| colspan="3" |∅
| colspan="2" |mui
|grandmother
|-
|2
|˧˩
|◌̂
|circumflex
|b
|muî
|muib
|sand
|-
|3
|˨
|◌́
|acute
|x
|muí
|muix
|project
|-
|4
|˥
|◌̆
|breve
|d
|muĭ
|muid
|move
|-
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">4</span>
|ꜜ
|◌̑
|inverted breve
|z
|muȋ
|muiz
|stop
|-
|5
|˨˩˧
|◌̀
|grave
|p
|muì
|muip
|away
|-
|6
|˧˥
|◌̌
|caron
|f
|muǐ
|muif
|ocean
|-
|7
|˩˧
|◌̈
|diaeresis
|m
|muï
|muim
|pipe
|-
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">7</span>
|ꜛ
|◌̊
|ring
|v
|mui̊
|muiv
|locate
|-
|8
|˧˥˧
|◌̅
|vinculum, overline
|g
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">mui</span>
|muig
|strand
|}
== See also ==
* [[Paichera Unified Alphabet Script]]
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Nookipedian Romanised Alphabet is a Latin-based alphabet created for Nookipedian in 1922.
== Consonants ==
There are 26 consonants:
{| class="wikitable"
!m
!n
!ng
!ngy
!p
!ph
!r
!rh
!s
!sh
!sht
!t
!th
!v
!w
!x
!xh
!z
!zs
|-
|[m]
|[n]
|[ŋ]
|[nʲ]
|[p]
|[pʰ]
|[ɰ]
|[ɰʰ]
|[s]
|[ʃ]
|[ʃt]
|[t]
|[θ̠]
|[v]
|[w]
|[χ]
|[χʰ]
|[z]
|[ʐ]
|-
!q
!b
!bh
!c
!ch
!d
!dg
!f
!g
!gh
!j
!k
!kh
!l
!ll
!h
!hh
!
!
|-
|[ʕ]
|[b]
|[bʰ]
|[ts]
|[tsʰ]
|[d]
|[cç]
|[f]
|[g]
|[ʁ]
|[dʒ]
|[k]
|[kʰ]
|[l] or [ʟ]
|[ʎ]
|[ħ]
|[h]
|
|
|}
== Vowels ==
There are vowels, double vowels are nasalised vowels.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="7" |Oral vowels
! colspan="13" |Diphtongs
|-
!a
!e
!i
!o
!ọ
!u
!y
!ae
!ai
!ao
!ay
!ee
!eo
!eu
!ey
!ou
!ọu
!ui
!uo
!uy
|-
|[ɑ]
|[ɛ]
|[i]
|[ɔ]
|[ə]
|[ʌ]
|[ʊ]
|[ɑɛ]
|[ɑi]
|[ɑɔ]
|[ɑʊ]
|[ɛɛ]
|[ɛɔ]
|[ɛʌ]
|[ɛʊ]
|[ɔʌ]
|[əʌ]
|[ʌi]
|[ʌɔ]
|[ʌʊ]
|-
! colspan="7" |Nasal vowels
!Others
! colspan="2" |Extras
! colspan="10" rowspan="2" |
|-
!aa
!ee
!ii
!oo
!ọọ
!uu
!yy
!w
!m
!ng
|-
|[ɑ̃]
|[ɛ̃]
|[ĩ]
|[ɔ̃]
|[ə̃]
|[ʌ̃]
|[ʊ̃]
|[ɨ]
|[mi]
|[ŋi]
| colspan="10" |
|}
== Tones ==
The tones are numbered 1 to 8. Tones are usually marked by diacritics; on SMS, chat or mobile phones with limited keys, tone letters are used instead.
{| class="wikitable"
!Tone number
!IPA
! colspan="2" |Diacritic
!Tone letter
! colspan="3" |Example
|-
|1
|˧
| colspan="3" |∅
| colspan="2" |mui
|grandmother
|-
|2
|˧˩
|◌̂
|circumflex
|b
|muî
|muib
|sand
|-
|3
|˨
|◌́
|acute
|x
|muí
|muix
|project
|-
|4
|˥
|◌̆
|breve
|d
|muĭ
|muid
|move
|-
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">4</span>
|ꜜ
|◌̑
|inverted breve
|z
|muȋ
|muiz
|stop
|-
|5
|˨˩˧
|◌̀
|grave
|p
|muì
|muip
|away
|-
|6
|˧˥
|◌̌
|caron
|f
|muǐ
|muif
|ocean
|-
|7
|˩˧
|◌̈
|diaeresis
|m
|muï
|muim
|pipe
|-
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">7</span>
|ꜛ
|◌̊
|ring
|v
|mui̊
|muiv
|locate
|-
|8
|˧˥˧
|◌̅
|vinculum, overline
|g
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">mui</span>
|muig
|strand
|}
== See also ==
* [[Paichera Unified Alphabet Script]]
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/* Tones */
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Nookipedian Romanised Alphabet is a Latin-based alphabet created for Nookipedian in 1922.
== Consonants ==
There are 26 consonants:
{| class="wikitable"
!m
!n
!ng
!ngy
!p
!ph
!r
!rh
!s
!sh
!sht
!t
!th
!v
!w
!x
!xh
!z
!zs
|-
|[m]
|[n]
|[ŋ]
|[nʲ]
|[p]
|[pʰ]
|[ɰ]
|[ɰʰ]
|[s]
|[ʃ]
|[ʃt]
|[t]
|[θ̠]
|[v]
|[w]
|[χ]
|[χʰ]
|[z]
|[ʐ]
|-
!q
!b
!bh
!c
!ch
!d
!dg
!f
!g
!gh
!j
!k
!kh
!l
!ll
!h
!hh
!
!
|-
|[ʕ]
|[b]
|[bʰ]
|[ts]
|[tsʰ]
|[d]
|[cç]
|[f]
|[g]
|[ʁ]
|[dʒ]
|[k]
|[kʰ]
|[l] or [ʟ]
|[ʎ]
|[ħ]
|[h]
|
|
|}
== Vowels ==
There are vowels, double vowels are nasalised vowels.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="7" |Oral vowels
! colspan="13" |Diphtongs
|-
!a
!e
!i
!o
!ọ
!u
!y
!ae
!ai
!ao
!ay
!ee
!eo
!eu
!ey
!ou
!ọu
!ui
!uo
!uy
|-
|[ɑ]
|[ɛ]
|[i]
|[ɔ]
|[ə]
|[ʌ]
|[ʊ]
|[ɑɛ]
|[ɑi]
|[ɑɔ]
|[ɑʊ]
|[ɛɛ]
|[ɛɔ]
|[ɛʌ]
|[ɛʊ]
|[ɔʌ]
|[əʌ]
|[ʌi]
|[ʌɔ]
|[ʌʊ]
|-
! colspan="7" |Nasal vowels
!Others
! colspan="2" |Extras
! colspan="10" rowspan="2" |
|-
!aa
!ee
!ii
!oo
!ọọ
!uu
!yy
!w
!m
!ng
|-
|[ɑ̃]
|[ɛ̃]
|[ĩ]
|[ɔ̃]
|[ə̃]
|[ʌ̃]
|[ʊ̃]
|[ɨ]
|[mi]
|[ŋi]
| colspan="10" |
|}
== Tones ==
The tones are numbered 1 to 8. Tones are usually marked by diacritics; on SMS, chat or mobile phones with limited keys, tone letters are used instead.
{| class="wikitable"
!Tone number
!IPA
! colspan="2" |Diacritic
!Tone letter
! colspan="3" |Example
|-
|1
|˧
| colspan="3" |∅
| colspan="2" |mui
|grandmother
|-
|2
|˧˩
|◌̂
|circumflex
|b
|muî
|muib
|sand
|-
|3
|˨
|◌́
|acute
|x
|muí
|muix
|project
|-
|4
|˥
|◌̆
|breve
|d
|muĭ
|muid
|move
|-
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">4</span>
|˥˥
|◌̑
|inverted breve
|z
|muȋ
|muiz
|stop
|-
|5
|˨˩˧
|◌̀
|grave
|p
|muì
|muip
|away
|-
|6
|˧˥
|◌̌
|caron
|f
|muǐ
|muif
|ocean
|-
|7
|˩˧
|◌̈
|diaeresis
|m
|muï
|muim
|pipe
|-
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">7</span>
|˩˧˩˧
|◌̊
|ring
|v
|mui̊
|muiv
|locate
|-
|8
|˧˥˧
|◌̅
|vinculum, overline
|g
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">mui</span>
|muig
|strand
|}
== See also ==
* [[Paichera Unified Alphabet Script]]
c89w6yynex403p4946msix9cteysfq2
Old Chai Wan alphabet
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The Old Chai Wan alphabet was an alphabet designed for [[Chainan language]] and was used between 1877 and 1977.
== The order ==
The order is given in Hebrew letters/niqqud and transliteration; letters or niqqud missing from Hebrew left blank.
{| class="article-table"
!ʔ
!b
!ḳ
!g
!d
!i
!í
!h
!w
!à
!z
!a
!ḥ
!ṭ
!y
!k
!e
!ȥ
!á
!l
!m
!n
|-
|א
|ב
|
|ג
|ד
|ִ
|
|ה
|ו
|
|ז
|ַ
|ח
|ט
|י
|כ
|ֶ
|
|
|ל
|מ
|נ
|-
!ð
!é
!è
!s
!o
!ʕ
!p
!p̌
!θ
!ò
!ṣ
!q
!r
!š
!ã
!g̃
!t
!ó
!ú
!u
!ù
!õ
|-
|
|
|
|ס
|ֹ
|ע
|פ
|
|
|
|צ
|ק
|ר
|ש
|
|
|ת
|
|
|ֻ
|
|
|-
!ë
!2
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Signs ===
{| class="article-table"
!Letter
!Transliteration
!IPA
|-
|ꄤ
|ʔ
|
|-
|ꄼ
|b
|
|-
|ꁐ
|ḳ
|
|-
|ꀧ
|g
|
|-
|ꁼ
|d
|
|-
|ꀘ
|i
|
|-
|ꀜ
|í
|
|-
|ꀸ
|h
|
|-
|ꌌ
|w
|
|-
|ꆫ
|à
|
|-
|ꄳ
|z
|
|-
|ꉩ
|ḥ
|
|-
|ꄍ
|ṭ
|
|-
|ꉘ
|y
|
|-
|ꃢ
|k
|
|-
|ꑌ
|ȥ
|
|-
|ꌓ
|l
|
|-
|ꃿ
|m
|
|-
|ꀞ
|n
|
|-
|ꁘ
|ð
|
|-
|ꀚ
|é
|
|-
|ꁨ
|è
|
|-
|ꇙ
|s
|
|-
|ꄲ
|o
|
|-
|ꇎ
|ʕ
|
|}
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The Old Chai Wan alphabet was an alphabet designed for [[Chainan language]] and was used between 1877 and 1977.
== The order ==
The order is given in Hebrew letters/niqqud and transliteration; letters or niqqud missing from Hebrew left blank.
{| class="wikitable"
!ʔ
!b
!ḳ
!g
!d
!i
!í
!h
!w
!à
!z
!a
!ḥ
!ṭ
!y
!k
!e
!ȥ
!á
!l
!m
!n
|-
|א
|ב
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|ג
|ד
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|ה
|ו
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|ז
|ַ
|ח
|ט
|י
|כ
|ֶ
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|ל
|מ
|נ
|-
!ð
!é
!è
!s
!o
!ʕ
!p
!p̌
!θ
!ò
!ṣ
!q
!r
!š
!a
!g̃
!t
!ó
!ú
!u
!ù
!õ
|-
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|ס
|ֹ
|ע
|פ
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|צ
|ק
|ר
|ש
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|ת
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
!ì
!ë
!2
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Signs ===
{| class="article-table"
!Letter
!Transliteration
!IPA
|-
|ꄤ
|ʔ
|[ʔ]
|-
|ꄼ
|b
|[b]
|-
|ꁐ
|ḳ
|[kʲ]
|-
|ꀧ
|g
|[g]
|-
|ꁼ
|d
|[d]
|-
|ꀘ
|i
|[ɨ˧]
|-
|ꀜ
|í
|[ɨ˥]
|-
|ꀸ
|h
|[h]
|-
|ꌌ
|w
|[w]
|-
|ꆫ
|à
|[ə˩]
|-
|ꄳ
|z
|[z]
|-
|ꉩ
|ḥ
|[ħ]
|-
|ꆺ
|ṭ
|[t̼]
|-
|ꉘ
|y
|[j]
|-
|ꃢ
|k
|[k]
|-
|ꎆ
|e
|[ɛ˧]
|-
|ꑌ
|ȥ
|[ʒ]
|-
|ꅅ
|á
|[ə˥]
|-
|ꌓ
|l
|[l̼]
|-
|ꃿ
|m
|[m]
|-
|ꀞ
|n
|[n]
|-
|ꁘ
|ð
|[ð]
|-
|ꀚ
|é
|[ɛ˥]
|-
|ꁨ
|è
|[ɛ˩]
|-
|ꇙ
|s
|[s]
|-
|ꄲ
|o
|[ɒ˧]
|-
|ꇎ
|ʕ
|[ʕ]
|-
|ꊰ
|p
|[p]
|-
|ꊱ
|p̌
|[pʼ]
|-
|ꆪ
|θ
|[θ]
|-
|ꇘ
|ṣ
|[ts]
|-
|ꄍ
|q
|[q]
|-
|ꈡ
|r
|[r]
|-
|ꅐ
|š
|[ʃ]
|-
|ꅥ
|a
|[ə˧]
|-
|ꁅ
|g̃
|[χ]
|-
|ꉧ
|t
|[t]
|-
|ꃀ
|ó
|[ɒ˥]
|-
|ꏿ
|ú
|[y˥]
|-
|ꁝ
|u
|[y˧]
|-
|ꄽ
|ù
|[y˩]
|-
|ꄃ
|õ
|[ɵ]
|-
|ꀿ
|ì
|[ɨ˩]
|-
|ꇞ
|ë
|[æ]
|-
|ꋂ
|2
|[ʃtʃ]
|-
|′
|word divider
|
|-
|″
|full stop
|
|-
|‴
|comma
|
|}
dgg8wz6bugcu00eyqyn7t36h06nqxll
Ottaborta languages
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Kenstallyies30
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Created page with "Ottaborta languages are a family of languages in the Ottaborta Autonomous Republic of Econesia (which includes 12 states) and is also spoken overseas. Two writing systems are ..."
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Ottaborta languages are a family of languages in the Ottaborta Autonomous Republic of Econesia (which includes 12 states) and is also spoken overseas. Two writing systems are used: Latin alphabet and Segundiffu (a Chinese character-based writing system).
== Script ==
The Ottaborta languages don't have writing script before, but in 150 CE, Segundiffu arrived by the Chinese. In 1844, to decrease the difficultness of literacy, a Latin alphabet began to be used widely. Since then, a Latin alphabet is widely used, but Ottaborta languages are sometimes written in Segundiffu. Segundiffu is now used by 30 authors (as Latin script is in wide use in Ottaborta).
== Tones ==
All Ottaborta languages have tone, a final consonant is shown to indicate tone. A final consonant and a number of tones depend on the language.
== Languages ==
* [[Dujui language]] (Dujui state)
* [[Molani language]] (Molani state)
b8xjflzsfwxskwi3o8gy19p6lzwuhvu
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2018-07-04T07:14:39Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
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Ottaborta languages are a family of languages in the Ottaborta Autonomous Republic of Econesia (which includes 12 states) and is also spoken overseas. Two writing systems are used: Latin alphabet and Segundiffu (a Chinese character-based writing system).
== Script ==
The Ottaborta languages don't have writing script before, but in 150 CE, Segundiffu arrived by the Chinese. In 1844, to decrease the difficultness of literacy, a Latin alphabet began to be used widely. Since then, a Latin alphabet is widely used, but Ottaborta languages are sometimes written in Segundiffu. Segundiffu is now used by 30 authors (as Latin script is in wide use in Ottaborta).
== Tones ==
All Ottaborta languages have tone.
== Languages ==
* [[Dujui language]] (Dujui state)
* [[Molani language]] (Molani state)
c14fpgb0g3z7vgh32z1a75ekl590cxt
O͘
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136
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Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "'''O͘''' is one of the six Taiwanese Hokkien vowels as written in the Peh-oe-ji (POJ) orthography. It is a normal o followed by dot above right, and is not to be con..."
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text/x-wiki
'''O͘''' is one of the six Taiwanese Hokkien vowels as written in the Peh-oe-ji (POJ) orthography. It is a normal o followed by dot above right, and is not to be confused with the Vietnamese Ơ. It is pronounced [ɔ].
== History ==
The character was introduced by the Xiamen-based missionary Elihu Doty in the mid-nineteenth century, as a way to distinguish the Minnan vowels /o/ and /ɔ/ (the latter becoming ⟨o͘⟩). Since then it has become established in the Peh-oe-ji orthography, with only occasional deviations early in its usage – one example being Carstairs Douglas's 1873 dictionary, where he replaced the ⟨o͘⟩ with an o with a curl (similar to that of the English Phonotypic Alphabet).
In 1912, the POJ letter was adopted to the Gooperland's languages and pronounced the same as the Taiwanese Hokkien. It is placed between O and P in alphabetical order. (It was replaced by the Cyrillic letter Ө ө in 1939 during Cyrillisation of Gooperland.)
In 1982, the POJ letter was also adpoted to [[New Tai Azerbaijani Script]], used in Gooperland.
s6z1l7mxmr6mgqpkrvmehd42qv8oxai
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Kenstallyies30
29625957
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'''O͘''' is one of the six Taiwanese Hokkien vowels as written in the Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ) orthography. It is a normal o followed by dot above right, and is not to be confused with the Vietnamese Ơ. It is pronounced [ɔ].
== History ==
The character was introduced by the Xiamen-based missionary Elihu Doty in the mid-nineteenth century, as a way to distinguish the Minnan vowels /o/ and /ɔ/ (the latter becoming ⟨o͘⟩). Since then it has become established in the Peh-oe-ji orthography, with only occasional deviations early in its usage – one example being Carstairs Douglas's 1873 dictionary, where he replaced the ⟨o͘⟩ with an o with a curl (similar to that of the English Phonotypic Alphabet).
In 1912, the POJ letter was adopted to the Gooperland's languages and pronounced the same as the Taiwanese Hokkien. It is placed between O and P in alphabetical order.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|A a
|B b
|C c
|Ç ç
|D d
|E e
|É é
|Ə ə
|F f
|G g
|Ƣ ƣ
|I i
|J j
|-
|[ɑ]
|[b]
|[t͡s]
|[ç]
|[d]
|[ɤ]
|[ɛ]
|[ə]
|[f]
|[ɟ]
|[ɣ]
|[i]
|[d͡ʒ]
|-
|K k
|K̔ k̔
|L l
|M m
|N n
|O o
| bgcolor="#90C3D4" | O͘ o͘
|P p
|Q q
|Ꝗ ꝗ
|R r
|S s
|Ş ş
|-
|[k]
|[kǁ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[n]
|[o]
| bgcolor="#90C3D4" | [ɔ]
|[p]
|[q]
|[k’]
|[ʀ]
|[s]
|[sǁ]
|-
|T t
|U u
|V v
|Ƿ ƿ
|X x
|Y y
|Z z
|Ƶ ƶ
|Ʒ ʒ
|Ћ ћ
|Ы ы
|Ь ь
|ʕ ſ
|-
|[t]
|[u]
|[v]
|[w]
|[χ]
|[y]
|[z]
|[zǁ]
|[ʒ]
|[θ]
|[ɨ]
|[ʲ]
|[ʃ]
|-
|Г г
|Ӷ ӷ
|[[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]
|[[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]
|Ч ч
|Ҹ ҹ
|Ҕ ҕ
|H h
|Ħ ɦ
|W w
|Ẃ ẃ
|A̍ a̍
|E̍ e̍
|-
|[g]
|[ɟǁ]
|[ʘ]
|[ʘ̃]
|[ɥ]
|[ɥǁ]
|[ǂ]
|[h]
|[ħ]
|[ø]
|[øǁ]
|[ǀɑ]
|[ǀɛ]
|-
|I̍ i̍
|O̍ o̍
|O̍͘ o̍͘
|U̍ u̍
|W̍ w̍
|Y̍ y̍
|A̤ a̤
|E̤ e̤
|É̤ é̤
|I̤ i̤
|O̤ o̤
|Ṳ ṳ
|Ḃ ḃ
|-
|[ǀi]
|[ǀo]
|[ǀɔ]
|[ǀu]
|[ǀø]
|[ǀy]
|[aː]
|[ɤː]
|[ɛː]
|[iː]
|[oː]
|[uː]
|[ʔb]
|-
|Ċ ċ
|Ḋ ḋ
|Ė ė
|Ḟ ḟ
|Ġ ġ
|L̇ l̇
|Ṁ ṁ
|Ṅ ṅ
|Ṗ ṗ
|Ṙ ṙ
|Ṡ ṡ
|Ṫ ṫ
|Ẇ ẇ
|-
|[ʔt͡s]
|[ʔd]
|[ʔɤ]
|[ʔf]
|[ʔɟ]
|[ʔl]
|[ʔm]
|[ʔn]
|[ʔp]
|[ʔʀ]
|[ʔs]
|[ʔt]
|[ʔø]
|-
|Ħa ɦa
|Ħo ɦo
|Ħe ɦe
|Ħu ɦu
|Ħы ɦы
|DZ dz
|DƷ dʒ
|Q̣A q̣a
|Q̣E q̣e
|Q̣É q̣é
|Q̣I q̣i
|Q̣O q̣o
|Q̣O͘ q̣o͘
|-
|[ħa]
|[ħo]
|[ħe]
|[ħu]
|[ħɨ]
|[d͡z]
|[d͡zǁ]
|[aˤ]
|[ɤˤ]
|[ɛˤ]
|[iˤ]
|[oˤ]
|[ɔˤ]
|-
|Q̣U q̣u
|Q̣W q̣w
|Ȿ ȿ
|Ɀ ɀ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[uˤ]
|[øˤ]
|[ʃt͡ʃ]
|[ʒt͡ʃ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
In 1982, the POJ letter was also adpoted to [[New Tai Azerbaijani Script]], used in Gooperland.
gf2nxhexsv35momp17ggmg9qvuhorv3
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2018-04-11T06:14:51Z
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/* History */
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'''O͘''' is one of the six Taiwanese Hokkien vowels as written in the Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ) orthography. It is a normal o followed by dot above right, and is not to be confused with the Vietnamese Ơ. It is pronounced [ɔ].
== History ==
The character was introduced by the Xiamen-based missionary Elihu Doty in the mid-nineteenth century, as a way to distinguish the Minnan vowels /o/ and /ɔ/ (the latter becoming ⟨o͘⟩). Since then it has become established in the Peh-oe-ji orthography, with only occasional deviations early in its usage – one example being Carstairs Douglas's 1873 dictionary, where he replaced the ⟨o͘⟩ with an o with a curl (similar to that of the English Phonotypic Alphabet).
In 1912, the POJ letter was adopted to the Gooperland's languages and pronounced the same as the Taiwanese Hokkien. It is placed between O and P in alphabetical order.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''A a'''
|'''B b'''
|'''C c'''
|'''Ç ç'''
|'''D d'''
|'''E e'''
|'''É é'''
|'''Ə ə'''
|'''F f'''
|'''G g'''
|'''Ƣ ƣ'''
|'''I i'''
|'''J j'''
|-
|[ɑ]
|[b]
|[t͡s]
|[ç]
|[d]
|[ɤ]
|[ɛ]
|[ə]
|[f]
|[ɟ]
|[ɣ]
|[i]
|[d͡ʒ]
|-
|'''K k'''
|'''K̔ k̔'''
|'''L l'''
|'''M m'''
|'''N n'''
|'''O o'''
| bgcolor="#90C3D4" | '''O͘ o͘'''
|'''P p'''
|'''Q q'''
|'''Ꝗ ꝗ'''
|'''R r'''
|'''S s'''
|'''Ş ş'''
|-
|[k]
|[kǁ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[n]
|[o]
| bgcolor="#90C3D4" | [ɔ]
|[p]
|[q]
|[k’]
|[ʀ]
|[s]
|[sǁ]
|-
|'''T t'''
|'''U u'''
|'''V v'''
|'''Ƿ ƿ'''
|'''X x'''
|'''Y y'''
|'''Z z'''
|'''Ƶ ƶ'''
|'''Ʒ ʒ'''
|'''Ћ ћ'''
|'''Ы ы'''
|'''Ь ь'''
|'''ʕ ſ'''
|-
|[t]
|[u]
|[v]
|[w]
|[χ]
|[y]
|[z]
|[zǁ]
|[ʒ]
|[θ]
|[ɨ]
|[ʲ]
|[ʃ]
|-
|'''Г г'''
|'''Ӷ ӷ'''
|'''[[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]'''
|'''[[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]'''
|'''Ч ч'''
|'''Ҹ ҹ'''
|'''Ҕ ҕ'''
|'''H h'''
|'''Ħ ɦ'''
|'''W w'''
|'''Ẃ ẃ'''
|'''A̍ a̍'''
|'''E̍ e̍'''
|-
|[g]
|[ɟǁ]
|[ʘ]
|[ʘ̃]
|[ɥ]
|[ɥǁ]
|[ǂ]
|[h]
|[ħ]
|[ø]
|[øǁ]
|[ǀɑ]
|[ǀɛ]
|-
|'''I̍ i̍'''
|'''O̍ o̍'''
|'''O̍͘ o̍͘'''
|'''U̍ u̍'''
|'''W̍ w̍'''
|'''Y̍ y̍'''
|'''A̤ a̤'''
|'''E̤ e̤'''
|'''É̤ é̤'''
|'''I̤ i̤'''
|'''O̤ o̤'''
|'''Ṳ ṳ'''
|'''Ḃ ḃ'''
|-
|[ǀi]
|[ǀo]
|[ǀɔ]
|[ǀu]
|[ǀø]
|[ǀy]
|[aː]
|[ɤː]
|[ɛː]
|[iː]
|[oː]
|[uː]
|[ʔb]
|-
|'''Ċ ċ'''
|'''Ḋ ḋ'''
|'''Ė ė'''
|'''Ḟ ḟ'''
|'''Ġ ġ'''
|'''L̇ l̇'''
|'''Ṁ ṁ'''
|'''Ṅ ṅ'''
|'''Ṗ ṗ'''
|'''Ṙ ṙ'''
|'''Ṡ ṡ'''
|'''Ṫ ṫ'''
|'''Ẇ ẇ'''
|-
|[ʔt͡s]
|[ʔd]
|[ʔɤ]
|[ʔf]
|[ʔɟ]
|[ʔl]
|[ʔm]
|[ʔn]
|[ʔp]
|[ʔʀ]
|[ʔs]
|[ʔt]
|[ʔø]
|-
|'''Ħa ɦa'''
|'''Ħo ɦo'''
|'''Ħe ɦe'''
|'''Ħu ɦu'''
|'''Ħы ɦы'''
|'''DZ dz'''
|'''DƷ dʒ'''
|'''Q̣A q̣a'''
|'''Q̣E q̣e'''
|'''Q̣É q̣é'''
|'''Q̣I q̣i'''
|'''Q̣O q̣o'''
|'''Q̣O͘ q̣o͘'''
|-
|[ħa]
|[ħo]
|[ħe]
|[ħu]
|[ħɨ]
|[d͡z]
|[d͡zǁ]
|[aˤ]
|[ɤˤ]
|[ɛˤ]
|[iˤ]
|[oˤ]
|[ɔˤ]
|-
|'''Q̣U q̣u'''
|'''Q̣W q̣w'''
|'''Ȿ ȿ'''
|'''Ɀ ɀ'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[uˤ]
|[øˤ]
|[ʃt͡ʃ]
|[ʒt͡ʃ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
In 1982, the POJ letter was also adpoted to [[New Tai Azerbaijani Script]], used in Gooperland.
5echhewt6z8bzkq7u72fxqso7wv5g5u
285
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2018-04-22T00:26:27Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
285
wikitext
text/x-wiki
'''O͘''' is one of the six Taiwanese Hokkien vowels as written in the Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ) orthography. It is a normal o followed by dot above right, and is not to be confused with the Vietnamese Ơ. It is pronounced [ɔ].
== History ==
The character was introduced by the Xiamen-based missionary Elihu Doty in the mid-nineteenth century, as a way to distinguish the Minnan vowels /o/ and /ɔ/ (the latter becoming ⟨o͘⟩). Since then it has become established in the Peh-oe-ji orthography, with only occasional deviations early in its usage – one example being Carstairs Douglas's 1873 dictionary, where he replaced the ⟨o͘⟩ with an o with a curl (similar to that of the English Phonotypic Alphabet).
In 1900s, the POJ letter was adopted to the Gooperland's languages and pronounced the same as the Taiwanese Hokkien. It is placed between O and P in alphabetical order.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Eisatsu alphabet (1915)
|-
|'''A a'''
|'''B b'''
|'''C c'''
|'''Ç ç'''
|'''D d'''
|'''E e'''
|'''É é'''
|'''Ə ə'''
|'''F f'''
|'''G g'''
|'''Ƣ ƣ'''
|'''I i'''
|'''J j'''
|-
|[ɑ]
|[b]
|[t͡s]
|[ç]
|[d]
|[ɤ]
|[ɛ]
|[ə]
|[f]
|[ɟ]
|[ɣ]
|[i]
|[d͡ʒ]
|-
|'''K k'''
|'''K̔ k̔'''
|'''L l'''
|'''M m'''
|'''N n'''
|'''O o'''
| bgcolor="#90C3D4" | '''O͘ o͘'''
|'''P p'''
|'''Q q'''
|'''Ꝗ ꝗ'''
|'''R r'''
|'''S s'''
|'''Ş ş'''
|-
|[k]
|[kǁ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[n]
|[o]
| bgcolor="#90C3D4" | [ɔ]
|[p]
|[q]
|[k’]
|[ʀ]
|[s]
|[sǁ]
|-
|'''T t'''
|'''U u'''
|'''V v'''
|'''Ƿ ƿ'''
|'''X x'''
|'''Y y'''
|'''Z z'''
|'''Ƶ ƶ'''
|'''Ʒ ʒ'''
|'''Ћ ћ'''
|'''Ы ы'''
|'''Ь ь'''
|'''ʕ ſ'''
|-
|[t]
|[u]
|[v]
|[w]
|[χ]
|[y]
|[z]
|[zǁ]
|[ʒ]
|[θ]
|[ɨ]
|[ʲ]
|[ʃ]
|-
|'''Г г'''
|'''Ӷ ӷ'''
|'''[[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che.png|11x11px]]'''
|'''[[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|16x16px]] [[File:Capital_Abkz_Che_with_Descender.png|11x11px]]'''
|'''Ч ч'''
|'''Ҹ ҹ'''
|'''Ҕ ҕ'''
|'''H h'''
|'''Ħ ɦ'''
|'''W w'''
|'''Ẃ ẃ'''
|'''A̍ a̍'''
|'''E̍ e̍'''
|-
|[g]
|[ɟǁ]
|[ʘ]
|[ʘ̃]
|[ɥ]
|[ɥǁ]
|[ǂ]
|[h]
|[ħ]
|[ø]
|[øǁ]
|[ǀɑ]
|[ǀɛ]
|-
|'''I̍ i̍'''
|'''O̍ o̍'''
|'''O̍͘ o̍͘'''
|'''U̍ u̍'''
|'''W̍ w̍'''
|'''Y̍ y̍'''
|'''A̤ a̤'''
|'''E̤ e̤'''
|'''É̤ é̤'''
|'''I̤ i̤'''
|'''O̤ o̤'''
|'''Ṳ ṳ'''
|'''Ḃ ḃ'''
|-
|[ǀi]
|[ǀo]
|[ǀɔ]
|[ǀu]
|[ǀø]
|[ǀy]
|[aː]
|[ɤː]
|[ɛː]
|[iː]
|[oː]
|[uː]
|[ʔb]
|-
|'''Ċ ċ'''
|'''Ḋ ḋ'''
|'''Ė ė'''
|'''Ḟ ḟ'''
|'''Ġ ġ'''
|'''L̇ l̇'''
|'''Ṁ ṁ'''
|'''Ṅ ṅ'''
|'''Ṗ ṗ'''
|'''Ṙ ṙ'''
|'''Ṡ ṡ'''
|'''Ṫ ṫ'''
|'''Ẇ ẇ'''
|-
|[ʔt͡s]
|[ʔd]
|[ʔɤ]
|[ʔf]
|[ʔɟ]
|[ʔl]
|[ʔm]
|[ʔn]
|[ʔp]
|[ʔʀ]
|[ʔs]
|[ʔt]
|[ʔø]
|-
|'''Ħa ɦa'''
|'''Ħo ɦo'''
|'''Ħe ɦe'''
|'''Ħu ɦu'''
|'''Ħы ɦы'''
|'''DZ dz'''
|'''DƷ dʒ'''
|'''Q̣A q̣a'''
|'''Q̣E q̣e'''
|'''Q̣É q̣é'''
|'''Q̣I q̣i'''
|'''Q̣O q̣o'''
|'''Q̣O͘ q̣o͘'''
|-
|[ħa]
|[ħo]
|[ħe]
|[ħu]
|[ħɨ]
|[d͡z]
|[d͡zǁ]
|[aˤ]
|[ɤˤ]
|[ɛˤ]
|[iˤ]
|[oˤ]
|[ɔˤ]
|-
|'''Q̣U q̣u'''
|'''Q̣W q̣w'''
|'''Ȿ ȿ'''
|'''Ɀ ɀ'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[uˤ]
|[øˤ]
|[ʃt͡ʃ]
|[ʒt͡ʃ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
<small>''The letter O͘o͘ as the 20th letter in Eisatsu alphabet of 1915.''</small>
In 1982, the POJ letter was also adpoted to [[New Tai Azerbaijani Script]], used in Gooperland.
g16sgfdo6jth14m7ehf1s94nst9kz68
Ping'im Teinonken
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Created page with "'''Ping'im Teinonken''' is a variant of a Latin alphabet used to write Teinonken language. It is one of the two Latin-script alphabets named after Pinyin, the romanisation sys..."
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'''Ping'im Teinonken''' is a variant of a Latin alphabet used to write Teinonken language. It is one of the two Latin-script alphabets named after Pinyin, the romanisation system of Mandarin Chinese.
It was created in 1960 by a French person, Emile Parenne.
nihoywnf7vt7e2bzcr8uotdtmolsy6x
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'''Ping'im Teinonken''' is a variant of a Latin alphabet used to write Teinonken language. It is one of the two Latin-script alphabets named after Pinyin, the romanisation system of Mandarin Chinese.
It was created in 1960 by a French person, Emile Parenne.
== Consonants ==
* Nasal: m /m/, mh /m̥/, mj /mʲ/, n /n/, nh /n̥/, nj /nʲ/, ng /ŋ/
* Stop: p /p/, pj /pʲ/, b /b/, bj /bʲ/, tb /t̼/, t /t/, d /d/, dx /ɖ/, k /k/, g /g/, q /ʔ/
* Sibilant affricate: z /ts/, dz /dz/
* Sibilant fricative: s /s/, ss /z/, sh /ʃ/, zh /ʒ/
* Non-sibilant fricative: f /f/, ddb /ð̼/, dd /ð/, x /ħ/, c /ç/, xv /χ/
* Approximant: ff /ʋ̥/, v /ʋ/, j /j/, gx /ɰ/
* Flap: w /ⱱ/
* Lateral approximant: l /l/, lx /ɭ/, ll /ʎ/
* Lateral flap: lp /ɭ̆/, llp /ʎ̆/
== Vowels ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Oral vowels
!
a
!e
!i
!o
!u
!y
!h
!r
|-
!IPA
|/ɑ/
|/e/
|/ɪ/
|/ɔ/
|/u/
|/ʊ/
|/ɥ/
|/ə/
|-
!Nasal vowels
!an
!en
!in
!on
!un
!yn
!hn
!rn
|-
!
IPA
|/ɑ̃/
|/ẽ/
|/ɪ̃/
|/ɔ̃/
|/ũ/
|/ʊ̃/
|/ɥ̃/
|/ə̃/
|-
!Pressed vowels
!aq
!eq
!iq
!oq
!
!
!hq
!
|-
!IPA
|/ɑˤ/
|/eˤ/
|/ɪˤ/
|/ɔˤ/
|
|
|/ɥˤ/
|
|-
!Pressed nasal vowels
!anq
!
!inq
!onq
!
!
!
!
|-
!IPA
|/ɑ̃ˤ/
|
|/ɪ̃ˤ/
|/ɔ̃ˤ/
|
|
|
|
|-
!Oral vowels + ''ng''
!ang
!eng
!ing
!ong
!ung
!yng
!hng
!rng
|-
!IPA
|/ɑŋ/
|/eŋ/
|/ɪŋ/
|/ɔŋ/
|/uŋ/
|/ʊŋ/
|/ɥŋ/
|/əŋ/
|-
!Others
!n
!ng
!p
!t
!
!
!
!
|-
!IPA
|/n̩/
|/ŋ̍/
|/p̚/
|/t̚/
|
|
|
|
|}
== Tones ==
A word with no suffix has the mid tone, /˧/ or pitch 33 (in the Chinese convention). Other tones are shown by a one-letter suffix at the end of the word:
* ''-t'': /˥/ or pitch 51 (high tone)
* ''-r'': /˩/ or pitch 11 (low tone)
* ''-x'': /˨˩˦/ or pitch 214 (mid-dipping tone)
== See also ==
* [[Teinonye Pinyin]]
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'''Ping'im Teinonken''' is a variant of a Latin alphabet used to write Teinonken language. It is one of the two Latin-script alphabets named after Pinyin, the romanisation system of Mandarin Chinese.
It was created in 1960 by a French person, Emile Parenne.
== Consonants ==
* Nasal: m /m/, mh /m̥/, mj /mʲ/, n /n/, nh /n̥/, nj /nʲ/, ng /ŋ/
* Stop: p /p/, pj /pʲ/, b /b/, bj /bʲ/, tb /t̼/, t /t/, d /d/, dx /ɖ/, k /k/, g /g/, q /ʔ/
* Sibilant affricate: z /ts/, dz /dz/
* Sibilant fricative: s /s/, ss /z/, sh /ʃ/, zh /ʒ/
* Non-sibilant fricative: f /f/, ddb /ð̼/, dd /ð/, x /ħ/, c /ç/, xv /χ/
* Approximant: ff /ʋ̥/, v /ʋ/, j /j/, gx /ɰ/
* Flap: w /ⱱ/
* Lateral approximant: l /l/, lx /ɭ/, ll /ʎ/
* Lateral flap: lp /ɭ̆/, llp /ʎ̆/
== Vowels ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Oral vowels
!
a
!e
!i
!o
!u
!y
!h
!r
|-
!IPA
|/ɑ/
|/e/
|/ɪ/
|/ɔ/
|/u/
|/ʊ/
|/ɥ/
|/ə/
|-
!Nasal vowels
!an
!en
!in
!on
!un
!yn
!hn
!rn
|-
!
IPA
|/ɑ̃/
|/ẽ/
|/ɪ̃/
|/ɔ̃/
|/ũ/
|/ʊ̃/
|/ɥ̃/
|/ə̃/
|-
!Pressed vowels
!aq
!eq
!iq
!oq
!
!
!hq
!
|-
!IPA
|/ɑˤ/
|/eˤ/
|/ɪˤ/
|/ɔˤ/
|
|
|/ɥˤ/
|
|-
!Pressed nasal vowels
!anq
!
!inq
!onq
!
!
!
!
|-
!IPA
|/ɑ̃ˤ/
|
|/ɪ̃ˤ/
|/ɔ̃ˤ/
|
|
|
|
|-
!Oral vowels + ''ng''
!ang
!eng
!ing
!ong
!ung
!yng
!hng
!rng
|-
!IPA
|/ɑŋ/
|/eŋ/
|/ɪŋ/
|/ɔŋ/
|/uŋ/
|/ʊŋ/
|/ɥŋ/
|/əŋ/
|-
!Others
!n
!ng
!p
!t
!
!
!
!
|-
!IPA
|/n̩/
|/ŋ̍/
|/p̚/
|/t̚/
|
|
|
|
|}
== Tones ==
A word with no suffix has the mid tone, /˧/ or pitch 33 (in the Chinese convention). Other tones are shown by a one-letter suffix at the end of the word, since Teinonken is a tonal language. Sometimes ''-m'' suffix is used for the mid tone.
* ''-t'': /˥/ or pitch 51 (high tone)
* ''-r'': /˩/ or pitch 11 (low tone)
* ''-x'': /˨˩˦/ or pitch 214 (mid-dipping tone)
=== Examples of words with tone suffixes ===
{| class="wikitable"
!
Base word
!
˥ -t
!
˩ -r
!˨˩˦ -x
|-
|''dzan ''(work)
|''dzant ''(rice)
|''dzanr ''(loop)
|''dzanx ''(office)
|-
|''gxr'' (leave)
|''gxrt'' (drop)
|''gxrr'' (dream)
|''gxrx'' (bound)
|-
|''ddbanq'' (grewia berry)
|''ddbanqt'' (quilt)
|''ddbanqr'' (raccoon)
|''ddbanqx'' (pleasure)
|-
|''wa'' (cat)
|''wat'' (dog)
|''war'' (bird)
|''wax'' (city)
|-
|''ffeng'' (group)
|''ffengt'' (late)
|''ffengr'' (flew)
|''ffengx'' (spell)
|}
== See also ==
* [[Teinonye Pinyin]]
iar93mvin9elrp78sjs5cmqcvjzh5p0
Romanisations and other transcriptions by Smurfette
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These are the list of romanisations created by Smurfette. It shows only to 30. For more info, visit the other pages:
==Romanisation №1==
The Romanisation №1 was developed by Smurfette in 1890, and it uses diacritcs for tones like Pinyin.
=== Initials ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Romanisation №1'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Sample character'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Pronunciation'''
|-
| '''p'''
| 邊
| {{IPA|/p/}}
|-
| '''ph'''
| 波
| {{IPA|/pʰ/}}
|-
| '''m'''
| 蒙
| {{IPA|/m/}}
|-
| '''t'''
| 低
| {{IPA|/t/}}
|-
| '''th'''
| 他
| {{IPA|/tʰ/}}
|-
| '''n'''
| 日
| {{IPA|/n/}}
|-
| '''l'''
| 柳
| {{IPA|/l/}}
|-
| '''g'''
| 求
| {{IPA|/k/}}
|-
| '''gh'''
| 氣
| {{IPA|/kʰ/}}
|-
| '''ñ'''
| 語
| {{IPA|/ŋ/}}
|-
| '''h'''
| 喜
| {{IPA|/h/}}
|-
| '''c'''
| 爭
| {{IPA|/ts/}}
|-
| '''ch'''
| 出
| {{IPA|/tsʰ/}}
|-
| '''s'''
| 時
| {{IPA|/s/}}
|-
| ''None''
| 鶯
| ''Null Initial''
|}
=== Finals ===
==== Finals without codas ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Romanisation №1'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Sample character'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Traditional pronunciation'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Modern pronunciation'''
|-
| '''a'''
| 嘉
| {{IPA|/a/}}
| {{IPA|/a/}}
|-
| '''ia'''
| 奇
| {{IPA|/ia/}}
| {{IPA|/ia/}}
|-
| '''ua'''
| 花
| {{IPA|/ua/}}
| {{IPA|/ua/}}
|-
| '''æ'''
| 西
| {{IPA|/ɛ/}}
| {{IPA|/e/}} or {{IPA|/a/}}
|-
| '''ie'''
| 雞
| {{IPA|/ie/}}
| {{IPA|/ie/}}
|-
| '''o'''
| 歌
| {{IPA|/ɔ/}}
| {{IPA|/o/}} or {{IPA|/ɔ/}}
|-
| '''io'''
| 橋
| {{IPA|/io/}}
| {{IPA|/yo/}}
|-
| '''uo'''
| 過
| {{IPA|/uo/}}
| {{IPA|/uo/}}
|-
| '''e / æ'''
| 初
| {{IPA|/ø/}} or {{IPA|/aø/}}
| {{IPA|/ø/}} or {{IPA|/ɔ/}}
|-
| '''au'''
| 郊
| {{IPA|/au/}}
| {{IPA|/au/}}
|-
| '''eu / æiu'''
| 溝
| {{IPA|/eu/}} or {{IPA|/aiu/}}
| {{IPA|/eu/}} or {{IPA|/au/}}
|-
| '''ieu'''
| 燒
| {{IPA|/ieu/}}
| {{IPA|/iu/}}
|-
| '''iu / eu'''
| 秋
| {{IPA|/iu/}} or {{IPA|/eu/}}
| {{IPA|/iu/}}
|-
| '''œ'''
| 催
| {{IPA|/oi/}} or {{IPA|/ɔi/}}
| {{IPA|/øy/}} or {{IPA|/ɔy/}}
|-
| '''ai'''
| 開
| {{IPA|/ai/}}
| {{IPA|/ai/}}
|-
| '''uæi'''
| 歪
| {{IPA|/uai/}}
| {{IPA|/uai/}}
|-
| '''uœ'''
| 杯
| {{IPA|/uoi/}}
| {{IPA|/ui/}}
|-
| '''ui / oi'''
| 輝
| {{IPA|/ui/}} or {{IPA|/oi/}}
| {{IPA|/ui/}}
|-
| '''i / e'''
| 之
| {{IPA|/i/}} or {{IPA| /ei/}}
| {{IPA|/i/}} or {{IPA|/ɛi/}}
|-
| '''u / o'''
| 孤
| {{IPA|/u/}} or {{IPA| /ou/}}
| {{IPA|/u/}} or {{IPA| /ɔu/}}
|-
| '''ü / yü'''
| 須
| {{IPA|/y/}} or {{IPA| /øy/}}
| {{IPA|/y/}} or {{IPA| /œy/}}
|}
==== Finals with coda {{IPA|[ʔ]}} ====
{| class="wikitable"
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''BUC'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Traditional pronunciation'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Modern pronunciation'''
|-
| '''am'''
| {{IPA|/aʔ/}}
| {{IPA|/aʔ/}}
|-
| '''iam'''
| {{IPA|/iaʔ/}}
| {{IPA|/iaʔ/}}
|-
| '''uam'''
| {{IPA|/uaʔ/}}
| {{IPA|/uaʔ/}}
|-
| '''ap'''
| {{IPA|/ɛʔ/}}
| {{IPA|/eʔ/}}
|-
| '''iem'''
| {{IPA|/ieʔ/}}
| {{IPA|/ieʔ/}}
|-
| '''œz'''
| {{IPA|/ɔʔ/}}
| {{IPA|/oʔ/}} or {{IPA|/ɔʔ/}}
|-
| '''ioz'''
| {{IPA|/ioʔ/}}
| {{IPA|/yoʔ/}}
|-
| '''uoz'''
| {{IPA|/uoʔ/}}
| {{IPA|/uoʔ/}}
|-
| '''ë'''
| {{IPA|/øʔ/}}
| {{IPA|/øʔ/}}
|}
==== Finals with codas [-ŋ] and [-k] ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''BUC'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Sample character'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Traditional pronunciation'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Modern pronunciation'''
|-
| '''añ'''
| 山
| {{IPA|/aŋ/}}
| {{IPA|/aŋ/}}
|-
| '''iañ'''
| 聲
| {{IPA|/iaŋ/}}
| {{IPA|/iaŋ/}}
|-
| '''uañ'''
| 歡
| {{IPA|/uaŋ/}}
| {{IPA|/uaŋ/}}
|-
| '''ieñ'''
| 天
| {{IPA|/ieŋ/}}
| {{IPA|/ieŋ/}}
|-
| '''ioñ'''
| 香
| {{IPA|/ioŋ/}}
| {{IPA|/yoŋ/}}
|-
| '''uoñ'''
| 光
| {{IPA|/uoŋ/}}
| {{IPA|/uoŋ/}}
|-
| '''iñ / eñ'''
| 賓
| {{IPA|/iŋ/}} or {{IPA|/eiŋ/}}
| {{IPA|/iŋ/}} or {{IPA|/ɛiŋ/}}
|-
| '''uñ / oñ'''
| 春
| {{IPA|/uŋ/}} or {{IPA|/ouŋ/}}
| {{IPA|/uŋ/}} or {{IPA|/ɔuŋ/}}
|-
| '''üñ / yüñ'''
| 銀
| {{IPA|/yŋ/}} or {{IPA|/øyŋ/}}
| {{IPA|/yŋ/}} or {{IPA|/œyŋ/}}
|-
| '''eñ / æiñ'''
| 燈
| {{IPA|/eiŋ/}} or {{IPA|/aiŋ/}}
| {{IPA|/eiŋ/}} or {{IPA|/aiŋ/}}
|-
| '''oñ / auñ'''
| 釭
| {{IPA|/ouŋ/}} or {{IPA|/auŋ/}}
| {{IPA|/ouŋ/}} or {{IPA|/ɔuŋ/}}
|-
| '''ëñ / œñ'''
| 東
| {{IPA|/øŋ/}} or {{IPA|/aøŋ/}}
| {{IPA|/øyŋ/}} or {{IPA|/ɔyŋ/}}
|}
=== Tones ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Name'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''[[Tone letter#Numerical_values|Tone numeral]]'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Symbol'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Descriptive name'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Example'''
|-
| Shàngpíng (上平)
| 55
| ˆ
| ''Circumflex''
| 君 '''Gûñ'''
|-
| Shǎngshēng (上聲)
| 33
| ´
| ''Acute''
| 滾 '''Gúñ'''
|-
| Shàngqù (上去)
| 213
| ˇ
| ''Caron''
| 貢 '''Gǔñ'''
|-
| Shàngrù (上入)
| <u>24</u>
| ‾
| ''Overline''<ref>If the word becomes a ''Shàngrù'', the whole word is overlined: <span style="text-decoration: overline">'''Guñ'''</span> and not '''G<span style="text-decoration: overline">u</span>ñ.'''</ref>
| 谷 <span style="text-decoration: overline">'''Gok'''</span>
|-
| Xiàpíng (下平)
| 53
| `
| ''Grave accent''
| 群 '''Gùñ'''
|-
| Xiàqù (下去)
| 242
| ˘
| ''Breve''
| 郡 '''Gŏñ'''
|-
| Xiàrù (下入)
| 5
| ˚
| ''Ring''
| 掘 '''Gůk'''
|}
== Notes ==
<references/>
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These are the list of romanisations created by Smurfette. It shows only to 30. For more info, visit the other pages:
==Romanisation №1==
The Romanisation №1 was developed by Smurfette in 1890, and it uses diacritcs for tones like Pinyin.
=== Initials ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Romanisation №1'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Sample character'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Pronunciation'''
|-
| '''p'''
| 邊
| {{IPA|/p/}}
|-
| '''ph'''
| 波
| {{IPA|/pʰ/}}
|-
| '''m'''
| 蒙
| {{IPA|/m/}}
|-
| '''t'''
| 低
| {{IPA|/t/}}
|-
| '''th'''
| 他
| {{IPA|/tʰ/}}
|-
| '''n'''
| 日
| {{IPA|/n/}}
|-
| '''l'''
| 柳
| {{IPA|/l/}}
|-
| '''g'''
| 求
| {{IPA|/k/}}
|-
| '''gh'''
| 氣
| {{IPA|/kʰ/}}
|-
| '''ñ'''
| 語
| {{IPA|/ŋ/}}
|-
| '''h'''
| 喜
| {{IPA|/h/}}
|-
| '''c'''
| 爭
| {{IPA|/ts/}}
|-
| '''ch'''
| 出
| {{IPA|/tsʰ/}}
|-
| '''s'''
| 時
| {{IPA|/s/}}
|-
| ''None''
| 鶯
| ''Null Initial''
|}
=== Finals ===
==== Finals without codas ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Romanisation №1'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Sample character'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Traditional pronunciation'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Modern pronunciation'''
|-
| '''a'''
| 嘉
| {{IPA|/a/}}
| {{IPA|/a/}}
|-
| '''ia'''
| 奇
| {{IPA|/ia/}}
| {{IPA|/ia/}}
|-
| '''ua'''
| 花
| {{IPA|/ua/}}
| {{IPA|/ua/}}
|-
| '''æ'''
| 西
| {{IPA|/ɛ/}}
| {{IPA|/e/}} or {{IPA|/a/}}
|-
| '''ie'''
| 雞
| {{IPA|/ie/}}
| {{IPA|/ie/}}
|-
| '''o'''
| 歌
| {{IPA|/ɔ/}}
| {{IPA|/o/}} or {{IPA|/ɔ/}}
|-
| '''io'''
| 橋
| {{IPA|/io/}}
| {{IPA|/yo/}}
|-
| '''uo'''
| 過
| {{IPA|/uo/}}
| {{IPA|/uo/}}
|-
| '''e / æ'''
| 初
| {{IPA|/ø/}} or {{IPA|/aø/}}
| {{IPA|/ø/}} or {{IPA|/ɔ/}}
|-
| '''au'''
| 郊
| {{IPA|/au/}}
| {{IPA|/au/}}
|-
| '''eu / æiu'''
| 溝
| {{IPA|/eu/}} or {{IPA|/aiu/}}
| {{IPA|/eu/}} or {{IPA|/au/}}
|-
| '''ieu'''
| 燒
| {{IPA|/ieu/}}
| {{IPA|/iu/}}
|-
| '''iu / eu'''
| 秋
| {{IPA|/iu/}} or {{IPA|/eu/}}
| {{IPA|/iu/}}
|-
| '''œ'''
| 催
| {{IPA|/oi/}} or {{IPA|/ɔi/}}
| {{IPA|/øy/}} or {{IPA|/ɔy/}}
|-
| '''ai'''
| 開
| {{IPA|/ai/}}
| {{IPA|/ai/}}
|-
| '''uæi'''
| 歪
| {{IPA|/uai/}}
| {{IPA|/uai/}}
|-
| '''uœ'''
| 杯
| {{IPA|/uoi/}}
| {{IPA|/ui/}}
|-
| '''ui / oi'''
| 輝
| {{IPA|/ui/}} or {{IPA|/oi/}}
| {{IPA|/ui/}}
|-
| '''i / e'''
| 之
| {{IPA|/i/}} or {{IPA| /ei/}}
| {{IPA|/i/}} or {{IPA|/ɛi/}}
|-
| '''u / o'''
| 孤
| {{IPA|/u/}} or {{IPA| /ou/}}
| {{IPA|/u/}} or {{IPA| /ɔu/}}
|-
| '''ü / yü'''
| 須
| {{IPA|/y/}} or {{IPA| /øy/}}
| {{IPA|/y/}} or {{IPA| /œy/}}
|}
==== Finals with coda {{IPA|[ʔ]}} ====
{| class="wikitable"
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Romanisation №1'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Traditional pronunciation'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Modern pronunciation'''
|-
| '''am'''
| {{IPA|/aʔ/}}
| {{IPA|/aʔ/}}
|-
| '''iam'''
| {{IPA|/iaʔ/}}
| {{IPA|/iaʔ/}}
|-
| '''uam'''
| {{IPA|/uaʔ/}}
| {{IPA|/uaʔ/}}
|-
| '''ap'''
| {{IPA|/ɛʔ/}}
| {{IPA|/eʔ/}}
|-
| '''iem'''
| {{IPA|/ieʔ/}}
| {{IPA|/ieʔ/}}
|-
| '''œz'''
| {{IPA|/ɔʔ/}}
| {{IPA|/oʔ/}} or {{IPA|/ɔʔ/}}
|-
| '''ioz'''
| {{IPA|/ioʔ/}}
| {{IPA|/yoʔ/}}
|-
| '''uoz'''
| {{IPA|/uoʔ/}}
| {{IPA|/uoʔ/}}
|-
| '''ë'''
| {{IPA|/øʔ/}}
| {{IPA|/øʔ/}}
|}
==== Finals with codas [-ŋ] and [-k] ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''BUC'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Sample character'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Traditional pronunciation'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Modern pronunciation'''
|-
| '''añ'''
| 山
| {{IPA|/aŋ/}}
| {{IPA|/aŋ/}}
|-
| '''iañ'''
| 聲
| {{IPA|/iaŋ/}}
| {{IPA|/iaŋ/}}
|-
| '''uañ'''
| 歡
| {{IPA|/uaŋ/}}
| {{IPA|/uaŋ/}}
|-
| '''ieñ'''
| 天
| {{IPA|/ieŋ/}}
| {{IPA|/ieŋ/}}
|-
| '''ioñ'''
| 香
| {{IPA|/ioŋ/}}
| {{IPA|/yoŋ/}}
|-
| '''uoñ'''
| 光
| {{IPA|/uoŋ/}}
| {{IPA|/uoŋ/}}
|-
| '''iñ / eñ'''
| 賓
| {{IPA|/iŋ/}} or {{IPA|/eiŋ/}}
| {{IPA|/iŋ/}} or {{IPA|/ɛiŋ/}}
|-
| '''uñ / oñ'''
| 春
| {{IPA|/uŋ/}} or {{IPA|/ouŋ/}}
| {{IPA|/uŋ/}} or {{IPA|/ɔuŋ/}}
|-
| '''üñ / yüñ'''
| 銀
| {{IPA|/yŋ/}} or {{IPA|/øyŋ/}}
| {{IPA|/yŋ/}} or {{IPA|/œyŋ/}}
|-
| '''eñ / æiñ'''
| 燈
| {{IPA|/eiŋ/}} or {{IPA|/aiŋ/}}
| {{IPA|/eiŋ/}} or {{IPA|/aiŋ/}}
|-
| '''oñ / auñ'''
| 釭
| {{IPA|/ouŋ/}} or {{IPA|/auŋ/}}
| {{IPA|/ouŋ/}} or {{IPA|/ɔuŋ/}}
|-
| '''ëñ / œñ'''
| 東
| {{IPA|/øŋ/}} or {{IPA|/aøŋ/}}
| {{IPA|/øyŋ/}} or {{IPA|/ɔyŋ/}}
|}
=== Tones ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Name'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''[[Tone letter#Numerical_values|Tone numeral]]'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Symbol'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Descriptive name'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Example'''
|-
| Shàngpíng (上平)
| 55
| ˆ
| ''Circumflex''
| 君 '''Gûñ'''
|-
| Shǎngshēng (上聲)
| 33
| ´
| ''Acute''
| 滾 '''Gúñ'''
|-
| Shàngqù (上去)
| 213
| ˇ
| ''Caron''
| 貢 '''Gǔñ'''
|-
| Shàngrù (上入)
| <u>24</u>
| ‾
| ''Overline''<ref>If the word becomes a ''Shàngrù'', the whole word is overlined: <span style="text-decoration: overline">'''Guñ'''</span> and not '''G<span style="text-decoration: overline">u</span>ñ.'''</ref>
| 谷 <span style="text-decoration: overline">'''Gok'''</span>
|-
| Xiàpíng (下平)
| 53
| `
| ''Grave accent''
| 群 '''Gùñ'''
|-
| Xiàqù (下去)
| 242
| ˘
| ''Breve''
| 郡 '''Gŏñ'''
|-
| Xiàrù (下入)
| 5
| ˚
| ''Ring''
| 掘 '''Gůk'''
|}
== Notes ==
<references/>
aw1qi0txt1tg81x6539kk3q800nak85
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These are the list of romanisations created by Smurfette. It shows only to 30. For more info, visit the other pages:
==Romanisation №1==
The Romanisation №1 was developed by Smurfette in 1890, and it uses diacritcs for tones like Pinyin.
=== Initials ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Romanisation №1'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Sample character'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Pronunciation'''
|-
| '''p'''
| 邊
| {{IPA|/p/}}
|-
| '''ph'''
| 波
| {{IPA|/pʰ/}}
|-
| '''m'''
| 蒙
| {{IPA|/m/}}
|-
| '''t'''
| 低
| {{IPA|/t/}}
|-
| '''th'''
| 他
| {{IPA|/tʰ/}}
|-
| '''n'''
| 日
| {{IPA|/n/}}
|-
| '''l'''
| 柳
| {{IPA|/l/}}
|-
| '''g'''
| 求
| {{IPA|/k/}}
|-
| '''gh'''
| 氣
| {{IPA|/kʰ/}}
|-
| '''ñ'''
| 語
| {{IPA|/ŋ/}}
|-
| '''h'''
| 喜
| {{IPA|/h/}}
|-
| '''c'''
| 爭
| {{IPA|/ts/}}
|-
| '''ch'''
| 出
| {{IPA|/tsʰ/}}
|-
| '''s'''
| 時
| {{IPA|/s/}}
|-
| ''None''
| 鶯
| ''Null Initial''
|}
=== Finals ===
==== Finals without codas ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Romanisation №1'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Sample character'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Traditional pronunciation'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Modern pronunciation'''
|-
| '''a'''
| 嘉
| {{IPA|/a/}}
| {{IPA|/a/}}
|-
| '''ia'''
| 奇
| {{IPA|/ia/}}
| {{IPA|/ia/}}
|-
| '''ua'''
| 花
| {{IPA|/ua/}}
| {{IPA|/ua/}}
|-
| '''æ'''
| 西
| {{IPA|/ɛ/}}
| {{IPA|/e/}} or {{IPA|/a/}}
|-
| '''ie'''
| 雞
| {{IPA|/ie/}}
| {{IPA|/ie/}}
|-
| '''o'''
| 歌
| {{IPA|/ɔ/}}
| {{IPA|/o/}} or {{IPA|/ɔ/}}
|-
| '''io'''
| 橋
| {{IPA|/io/}}
| {{IPA|/yo/}}
|-
| '''uo'''
| 過
| {{IPA|/uo/}}
| {{IPA|/uo/}}
|-
| '''e / æ'''
| 初
| {{IPA|/ø/}} or {{IPA|/aø/}}
| {{IPA|/ø/}} or {{IPA|/ɔ/}}
|-
| '''au'''
| 郊
| {{IPA|/au/}}
| {{IPA|/au/}}
|-
| '''eu / æiu'''
| 溝
| {{IPA|/eu/}} or {{IPA|/aiu/}}
| {{IPA|/eu/}} or {{IPA|/au/}}
|-
| '''ieu'''
| 燒
| {{IPA|/ieu/}}
| {{IPA|/iu/}}
|-
| '''iu / eu'''
| 秋
| {{IPA|/iu/}} or {{IPA|/eu/}}
| {{IPA|/iu/}}
|-
| '''œ'''
| 催
| {{IPA|/oi/}} or {{IPA|/ɔi/}}
| {{IPA|/øy/}} or {{IPA|/ɔy/}}
|-
| '''ai'''
| 開
| {{IPA|/ai/}}
| {{IPA|/ai/}}
|-
| '''uæi'''
| 歪
| {{IPA|/uai/}}
| {{IPA|/uai/}}
|-
| '''uœ'''
| 杯
| {{IPA|/uoi/}}
| {{IPA|/ui/}}
|-
| '''ui / oi'''
| 輝
| {{IPA|/ui/}} or {{IPA|/oi/}}
| {{IPA|/ui/}}
|-
| '''i / e'''
| 之
| {{IPA|/i/}} or {{IPA| /ei/}}
| {{IPA|/i/}} or {{IPA|/ɛi/}}
|-
| '''u / o'''
| 孤
| {{IPA|/u/}} or {{IPA| /ou/}}
| {{IPA|/u/}} or {{IPA| /ɔu/}}
|-
| '''ü / yü'''
| 須
| {{IPA|/y/}} or {{IPA| /øy/}}
| {{IPA|/y/}} or {{IPA| /œy/}}
|}
==== Finals with coda {{IPA|[ʔ]}} ====
{| class="wikitable"
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Romanisation №1'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Traditional pronunciation'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Modern pronunciation'''
|-
| '''am'''
| {{IPA|/aʔ/}}
| {{IPA|/aʔ/}}
|-
| '''iam'''
| {{IPA|/iaʔ/}}
| {{IPA|/iaʔ/}}
|-
| '''uam'''
| {{IPA|/uaʔ/}}
| {{IPA|/uaʔ/}}
|-
| '''ap'''
| {{IPA|/ɛʔ/}}
| {{IPA|/eʔ/}}
|-
| '''iem'''
| {{IPA|/ieʔ/}}
| {{IPA|/ieʔ/}}
|-
| '''œz'''
| {{IPA|/ɔʔ/}}
| {{IPA|/oʔ/}} or {{IPA|/ɔʔ/}}
|-
| '''ioz'''
| {{IPA|/ioʔ/}}
| {{IPA|/yoʔ/}}
|-
| '''uoz'''
| {{IPA|/uoʔ/}}
| {{IPA|/uoʔ/}}
|-
| '''ë'''
| {{IPA|/øʔ/}}
| {{IPA|/øʔ/}}
|}
==== Finals with codas [-ŋ] and [-k] ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Romanisation №1'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Sample character'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Traditional pronunciation'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Modern pronunciation'''
|-
| '''añ'''
| 山
| {{IPA|/aŋ/}}
| {{IPA|/aŋ/}}
|-
| '''iañ'''
| 聲
| {{IPA|/iaŋ/}}
| {{IPA|/iaŋ/}}
|-
| '''uañ'''
| 歡
| {{IPA|/uaŋ/}}
| {{IPA|/uaŋ/}}
|-
| '''ieñ'''
| 天
| {{IPA|/ieŋ/}}
| {{IPA|/ieŋ/}}
|-
| '''ioñ'''
| 香
| {{IPA|/ioŋ/}}
| {{IPA|/yoŋ/}}
|-
| '''uoñ'''
| 光
| {{IPA|/uoŋ/}}
| {{IPA|/uoŋ/}}
|-
| '''iñ / eñ'''
| 賓
| {{IPA|/iŋ/}} or {{IPA|/eiŋ/}}
| {{IPA|/iŋ/}} or {{IPA|/ɛiŋ/}}
|-
| '''uñ / oñ'''
| 春
| {{IPA|/uŋ/}} or {{IPA|/ouŋ/}}
| {{IPA|/uŋ/}} or {{IPA|/ɔuŋ/}}
|-
| '''üñ / yüñ'''
| 銀
| {{IPA|/yŋ/}} or {{IPA|/øyŋ/}}
| {{IPA|/yŋ/}} or {{IPA|/œyŋ/}}
|-
| '''eñ / æiñ'''
| 燈
| {{IPA|/eiŋ/}} or {{IPA|/aiŋ/}}
| {{IPA|/eiŋ/}} or {{IPA|/aiŋ/}}
|-
| '''oñ / auñ'''
| 釭
| {{IPA|/ouŋ/}} or {{IPA|/auŋ/}}
| {{IPA|/ouŋ/}} or {{IPA|/ɔuŋ/}}
|-
| '''ëñ / œñ'''
| 東
| {{IPA|/øŋ/}} or {{IPA|/aøŋ/}}
| {{IPA|/øyŋ/}} or {{IPA|/ɔyŋ/}}
|}
=== Tones ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Name'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''[[Tone letter#Numerical_values|Tone numeral]]'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Symbol'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Descriptive name'''
| bgcolor="#ABCDEF" |'''Example'''
|-
| Shàngpíng (上平)
| 55
| ˆ
| ''Circumflex''
| 君 '''Gûñ'''
|-
| Shǎngshēng (上聲)
| 33
| ´
| ''Acute''
| 滾 '''Gúñ'''
|-
| Shàngqù (上去)
| 213
| ˇ
| ''Caron''
| 貢 '''Gǔñ'''
|-
| Shàngrù (上入)
| <u>24</u>
| ‾
| ''Overline''<ref>If the word becomes a ''Shàngrù'', the whole word is overlined: <span style="text-decoration: overline">'''Guñ'''</span> and not '''G<span style="text-decoration: overline">u</span>ñ.'''</ref>
| 谷 <span style="text-decoration: overline">'''Gok'''</span>
|-
| Xiàpíng (下平)
| 53
| `
| ''Grave accent''
| 群 '''Gùñ'''
|-
| Xiàqù (下去)
| 242
| ˘
| ''Breve''
| 郡 '''Gŏñ'''
|-
| Xiàrù (下入)
| 5
| ˚
| ''Ring''
| 掘 '''Gůk'''
|}
== Notes ==
<references/>
cclv5aim6oaetsr94rj6i48gery98bh
Scrabble variants
0
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Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "== French IPA == French IPA editions use ?? tiles: * 1 point: a × 12, ɑ × 11, ɛ × 11, e × 10, s × 9 * 2 points: ə × 9, t × 8, ɔ × 8, o × 7, ø × 7 * 3 points: y ..."
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== French IPA ==
French IPA editions use ?? tiles:
* 1 point: a × 12, ɑ × 11, ɛ × 11, e × 10, s × 9
* 2 points: ə × 9, t × 8, ɔ × 8, o × 7, ø × 7
* 3 points: y × 6, u × 6, ʃ × 6, m × 6, n × 5, ɛ̃ × 5, œ̃ × 5
* 4 points: b × 5, d × 5, l × 5, f × 5, ɑ̃ × 5
* 5 points: v × 4, ɲ × 4, z × 4, ʁ × 4, g × 3, ɔ̃ × 3
* 8 points: w × 3, j × 2,
* 10 points: ɥ × 1, ʒ × 1
* 12 points: ʎ × 1
* 15 points: h × 1, ŋ × 1
ɐ, ɒ, ä, æ, ɓ, ʙ, β, c, c’, ɕ, ç, d̼, ɗ, ɖ, ð, ð̼, ɘ, ɜ, ɞ, ɣ, ɤ, ɠ, ɢ, ʛ, ɢ̆, h, ħ, ʜ, ɦ, ɪ, ɨ, ɟ, ʄ, ʝ, kʼ, ɭ, ɭ̆, ʟ, ɬ, ɮ, ɱ, ɰ, ɯ, ɳ, ɴ, ɵ, ɶ, pʼ, q, qʼ, ɾ, r, ɺ, ɹ, ʀ, ʂ, ʈ, ʊ, ʋ, ⱱ, x, χ, ʐ, ʑ, ʡ̆, ʔ, ʡ, ʢ and ʕ do not exist in this game as they are not used in Parisian French. Arguably, ŋ and h are not used in French either, but they are included as they are sometimes used for loans.
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Shinagawan Alphabets
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The Shinagawan Language has three different alphabets: the Latin one, the Cyrillic one and the Glagolitic one (used until 1988).
== Latin script ==
''Main article: [[Shintake Matsuyama's Alphabet]]''
The Latin alphabet for Shinagawan was created in 1988 by Shintake Matsuyama, but did not include F, J, K, W, X and Y. One letter is adopted from Pe̍h-ōe-jī (O͘ ), also includes vertical line above letters borrowed from TRS or POJ (E̍ and U̍), special letters (V̍, Z̍, Ä, A͘, Č, Š, Ë, Ü, Ō, Ƨ, Ð) and digraphs (Dz, Gv, Kp, Lp, Op).
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The Shinagawan Language has three different alphabets: the Latin one, the Cyrillic one and the Glagolitic one (used until 1988).
== Latin script ==
''Main article: [[Shintake Matsuyama's Alphabet]]''
The Latin alphabet for Shinagawan was created in 1988 by Shintake Matsuyama, but did not include F, J, K, W, X and Y. One letter is adopted from Pe̍h-ōe-jī (O͘ ), also includes vertical line above letters borrowed from TRS or POJ (E̍ and U̍), special letters (V̍, Z̍, Ä, A͘, Č, Š, Ë, Ü, Ō, Ƨ, Ð) and digraphs (Dz, Gv, Lp, Op).
pxy0fgbq4ny1r3i2bh4ubxxxcq2qinv
Shingyen Tsitsimo's Latin alphabets for languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien
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Created page with "== Early Quenya == Early Quenya Latin alphabet developed by Shingyen Tsitsimo is similar to the current Vietnamese alphabet. {| class="wikitable" !A !Ă ! !B !ℬ !C !D !Đ ..."
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== Early Quenya ==
Early Quenya Latin alphabet developed by Shingyen Tsitsimo is similar to the current Vietnamese alphabet.
{| class="wikitable"
!A
!Ă
!Â
!B
!ℬ
!C
!D
!Đ
!E
!Ê
!Ë
!G
!H
!I
!K
!L
!M
!N
!Ň
!O
!Ô
!Ơ
!P
!Q
!R
|-
|a
|ă
|â
|b
|𝒷
|c
|d
|đ
|e
|ê
|ë
|g
|h
|i
|k
|l
|m
|n
|ň
|o
|ô
|ơ
|p
|q
|r
|-
|''a''
|''á''
|''au''
|''b''
|''z''
|''c''
|''y''
|''d''
|''e''
|''é''
|''ë''
|''g''
|''h''
|''i''
|''kw''
|''l''
|''m''
|''n''
|''ñ''
|''o''
|''ó''
|''ú''
|''p''
|''w''
|''r''
|-
!S
!T
!Ť
!U
!Ư
!V
!X
!Y
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|s
|t
|ť
|u
|ư
|v
|x
|y
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|''s''
|''t''
|''þ''
|''u''
|''í''
|''v''
|''x''
|''y''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
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Shintake Matsuyama's Alphabet
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{| class="article-table"
! colspan="23" |Capital Letters
|-
|A
|A͘
|Ä
|B
|C
|Č
|D
|Ð
|Dz
|E
|E̍
|Ë
|G
|Gv
|H
|I
|I̍
|L
|Lp
|M
|N
|O
|O͘
|-
|Ō
|Op
|P
|Q
|R
|S
|Š
|Ƨ
|T
|U
|U̍
|Ü
|V
|V̍
|Z
|Z̍
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="23" |Lowercase Letters
|-
|a
|a͘
|ä
|b
|c
|č
|d
|ð
|dz
|e
|e̍
|ë
|g
|gv
|h
|i
|i̍
|l
|lp
|m
|n
|o
|o͘
|-
|ō
|op
|p
|q
|r
|s
|š
|ƨ
|t
|u
|u̍
|ü
|v
|v̍
|z
|z̍
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
'''Shintake Matsuyama's Alphabet''' is one of the alphabets used to write Shinagawan Language. It was created in 1988 to replace the Glagolitic script used for Shinagawan.
The letter names are: '''a, ah, au, be, ce, che, de, edh, dze, e, eh, eu, ge, gve, ha, i, ih, el, elp, em, en, o, oh, ou, op, pe, ku, er, es, esh, est, te, u, uh, uu, ve, vhe, zeta, zeta vertikan'''
Shinagawan alphabet has no ''F'' (named ''ef''), ''J'' (named ''je''), ''K'' (named ''ka''), ''W'' (named ''twoich vep'', literally ''two vees''), X (named ''iks'') and ''Y'' (named ''upsilon''), and are only used in proper names, place names, or loanwords.
== Comparison table ==
{| class="article-table"
!Latin
!Cyrillic
!Glagolitic
!Letter name
!IPA
|-
|
|
|
|a
|
|-
|
|
|
|ah
|
|-
|
|
|
|au
|
|-
|
|
|
|be
|
|}
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add
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{| class="article-table"
! colspan="23" |Capital Letters
|-
|A
|A͘
|Ä
|B
|C
|Č
|D
|Ð
|Dz
|E
|E̍
|Ë
|G
|Gv
|H
|I
|I̍
|L
|Lp
|M
|N
|O
|O͘
|-
|Ō
|Op
|P
|Q
|R
|S
|Š
|Ƨ
|T
|U
|U̍
|Ü
|V
|V̍
|Z
|Z̍
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="23" |Lowercase Letters
|-
|a
|a͘
|ä
|b
|c
|č
|d
|ð
|dz
|e
|e̍
|ë
|g
|gv
|h
|i
|i̍
|l
|lp
|m
|n
|o
|o͘
|-
|ō
|op
|p
|q
|r
|s
|š
|ƨ
|t
|u
|u̍
|ü
|v
|v̍
|z
|z̍
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
'''Shintake Matsuyama's Alphabet''' is one of the alphabets used to write Shinagawan Language. It was created in 1988 to replace the Glagolitic script used for Shinagawan.
The letter names are: '''a, an, au, be, ce, che, de, edh, dze, e, ek, cylere yo '''(literally Cyrillic Yo)''', ge, gve, ha, i, ih, el, elp, em, en, o, on, ou, op, pe, ku, er, es, esh, est, te, u, uk, uu, ve, vek, zeta, zheta'''
Shinagawan alphabet has no ''F'' (named ''ef''), ''J'' (named ''je''), ''K'' (named ''ka''), ''W'' (named ''twoich vep'', literally ''two vees''), X (named ''iks'') and ''Y'' (named ''upsilon''), and are only used in proper names, place names, or loanwords.
== Comparison table ==
{| class="article-table"
!Latin (1988-)
!Cyrillic (1988-)
!Glagolitic (1909-1988)
!Letter name
!IPA
|-
|A a
|А а
|Ⰰ ⰰ
|a
|/a/
|-
|A͘ a͘
|А′ а′
|Ⰰⱔ ⰰⱔ
|an
|/ɑː/
|-
|Ä ä
|Ә ә
|Ⰰⱆ ⰰⱆ
|au
|/äː/
|-
|B b
|Б б
|Ⰱ ⰱ
|be
|/b/
|-
|C c
|Ц ц
|Ⱌ ⱌ
|ce
|/s/, /ts/
|-
|Č č
|Ч ч
|Ⱍ ⱍ
|che
|/t͡ʃ/
|-
|D d
|Д д
|Ⰴ ⰴ
|de
|/d/, /dj/
|-
|Ð ð
|Д′ д′
|Ⰴⱈ ⰴⱈ
|edh
|/ð/
|-
|Dz dz
|Ѕ ѕ
|Ⰷ ⰷ
|dze
|/d͡z/
|-
|E e
|Е е
|Ⰵ ⰵ
|e
|/e/
|-
|E̍ e̍
|Е′ е′
|Ⰵⱔ ⰵⱔ
|ek
|/ɛ/
|-
|Ë ë
|Ё ё
|Ⱖ ⱖ
|cylere yo
|/ə/, /ɜ/
|-
|G g
|Г г
|Ⰳ ⰳ
|ge
|/g/
|-
|Gv gv
|Гв гв
|Ⰳⰲ ⰳⰲ
|gve
|/guː/
|-
|H h
|Х х
|Ⱈ ⱈ
|ha
|/h/, /ʔh/
|-
|I i
|И и
|Ⰻ ⰻ
|i
|/i/, /ɪ/
|-
|I̍ i̍
|I і
|Ⰻⱔ ⰻⱔ
|ih
|/ɯ/
|-
|L l
|Л л
|Ⰾ ⰾ
|el
|/l/
|-
|Lp lp
|Лп лп
|Ⰾⱊ ⰾⱊ
|elp
|/lp/
|-
|M m
|М м
|Ⰿ ⰿ
|em
|/m/
|-
|N n
|Н н
|Ⱀ ⱀ
|en
|/n/
|-
|O o
|О о
|Ⱁ ⱁ
|o
|/o/
|-
|O͘ o͘
|О′ о′
|Ⱁⱔ ⱁⱔ
|on
|/ɔ/
|-
|Ō ō
|О″ о″
|Ⱉ ⱉ
|ou
|/oː/
|-
|Op op
|Оп оп
|Ⱁⱊ ⱁⱊ
|op
|/op/
|-
|P p
|П п
|Ⱊ ⱊ
|pe
|/p/
|-
|Q q
|Къ къ
|Ⰽⱏ ⰽⱏ
|ku
|/q/
|-
|R r
|Р р
|Ⱃ ⱃ
|er
|/ʀ/
|-
|S s
|С с
|Ⱄ ⱄ
|es
|/s/
|-
|Š š
|Ш ш
|Ⱎ ⱎ
|esh
|/ʃ/
|-
|Ƨ ƨ
|Ш′ ш′
|Ⱎⱔ ⱎⱔ
|est
|/ʂ/
|-
|T t
|Т т
|Ⱅ ⱅ
|te
|/t/, /θ/
|-
|U u
|У у
|Ⱆ ⱆ
|u
|/u/
|-
|U̍ u̍
|У′ у′
|Ⱆⱔ ⱆⱔ
|uk
|/ʉ/
|-
|Ü ü
|У″ у″
|Ⱆⱆ ⱆⱆ
|uu
|/ʊ/
|-
|V v
|В в
|Ⰲ ⰲ
|ve
|/v/
|-
|V̍ v̍
|В′ в′
|Ⰲⱔ ⰲⱔ
|vek
|/f/
|-
|Z z
|З з
|Ⰸ ⰸ
|zeta
|/z/
|-
|Z̍ z̍
|З′ з′
|Ⰸⱔ ⰸⱔ
|zheta
|/ʒ/
|}
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'''Shintake Matsuyama's Alphabet''' is one of the alphabets used to write Shinagawan Language. It was created in 1988 to replace the Glagolitic script used for Shinagawan.
The letter names are: '''a, an, au, be, ce, che, de, edh, dze, e, ek, cylere yo '''(literally Cyrillic Yo)''', ge, gve, ha, i, ih, el, elp, em, en, o, on, ou, op, pe, ku, er, es, esh, est, te, u, uk, uu, ve, vek, zeta, zheta'''
Shinagawan alphabet has no ''F'' (named ''ef''), ''J'' (named ''je''), ''K'' (named ''ka''), ''W'' (named ''twoich vep'', literally ''two vees''), X (named ''iks'') and ''Y'' (named ''upsilon''), and are only used in proper names, place names, or loanwords.
== Comparison table ==
{| class="article-table"
!Latin (1988-)
!Cyrillic (1988-)
!Glagolitic (1909-1988)
!Letter name
!IPA
|-
|A a
|А а
|Ⰰ ⰰ
|a
|/a/
|-
|A͘ a͘
|А′ а′
|Ⰰⱔ ⰰⱔ
|an
|/ɑː/
|-
|Ä ä
|Ә ә
|Ⰰⱆ ⰰⱆ
|au
|/äː/
|-
|B b
|Б б
|Ⰱ ⰱ
|be
|/b/
|-
|C c
|Ц ц
|Ⱌ ⱌ
|ce
|/s/, /ts/
|-
|Č č
|Ч ч
|Ⱍ ⱍ
|che
|/t͡ʃ/
|-
|D d
|Д д
|Ⰴ ⰴ
|de
|/d/, /dj/
|-
|Ð ð
|Д′ д′
|Ⰴⱈ ⰴⱈ
|edh
|/ð/
|-
|Dz dz
|Ѕ ѕ
|Ⰷ ⰷ
|dze
|/d͡z/
|-
|E e
|Е е
|Ⰵ ⰵ
|e
|/e/
|-
|E̍ e̍
|Е′ е′
|Ⰵⱔ ⰵⱔ
|ek
|/ɛ/
|-
|Ë ë
|Ё ё
|Ⱖ ⱖ
|cylere yo
|/ə/, /ɜ/
|-
|G g
|Г г
|Ⰳ ⰳ
|ge
|/g/
|-
|Gv gv
|Гв гв
|Ⰳⰲ ⰳⰲ
|gve
|/guː/
|-
|H h
|Х х
|Ⱈ ⱈ
|ha
|/h/, /ʔh/
|-
|I i
|И и
|Ⰻ ⰻ
|i
|/i/, /ɪ/
|-
|I̍ i̍
|I і
|Ⰻⱔ ⰻⱔ
|ih
|/ɯ/
|-
|L l
|Л л
|Ⰾ ⰾ
|el
|/l/
|-
|Lp lp
|Лп лп
|Ⰾⱊ ⰾⱊ
|elp
|/lp/
|-
|M m
|М м
|Ⰿ ⰿ
|em
|/m/
|-
|N n
|Н н
|Ⱀ ⱀ
|en
|/n/
|-
|O o
|О о
|Ⱁ ⱁ
|o
|/o/
|-
|O͘ o͘
|О′ о′
|Ⱁⱔ ⱁⱔ
|on
|/ɔ/
|-
|Ō ō
|О″ о″
|Ⱉ ⱉ
|ou
|/oː/
|-
|Op op
|Оп оп
|Ⱁⱊ ⱁⱊ
|op
|/op/
|-
|P p
|П п
|Ⱊ ⱊ
|pe
|/p/
|-
|Q q
|Къ къ
|Ⰽⱏ ⰽⱏ
|ku
|/q/
|-
|R r
|Р р
|Ⱃ ⱃ
|er
|/ʀ/
|-
|S s
|С с
|Ⱄ ⱄ
|es
|/s/
|-
|Š š
|Ш ш
|Ⱎ ⱎ
|esh
|/ʃ/
|-
|Ƨ ƨ
|Ш′ ш′
|Ⱎⱔ ⱎⱔ
|est
|/ʂ/
|-
|T t
|Т т
|Ⱅ ⱅ
|te
|/t/, /θ/
|-
|U u
|У у
|Ⱆ ⱆ
|u
|/u/
|-
|U̍ u̍
|У′ у′
|Ⱆⱔ ⱆⱔ
|uk
|/ʉ/
|-
|Ü ü
|У″ у″
|Ⱆⱆ ⱆⱆ
|uu
|/ʊ/
|-
|V v
|В в
|Ⰲ ⰲ
|ve
|/v/
|-
|V̍ v̍
|В′ в′
|Ⰲⱔ ⰲⱔ
|vek
|/f/
|-
|Z z
|З з
|Ⰸ ⰸ
|zeta
|/z/
|-
|Z̍ z̍
|З′ з′
|Ⰸⱔ ⰸⱔ
|zheta
|/ʒ/
|}
ni7y5pujxp2ghrun7pa3k4t31y6cu5q
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text/x-wiki
{| class="article-table"
! colspan="23" |Capital Letters
|-
|A
|A͘
|Ä
|B
|C
|Č
|D
|Ð
|Dz
|E
|E̍
|Ë
|G
|Gv
|H
|I
|I̍
|L
|Lp
|M
|N
|O
|O͘
|-
|Ō
|Op
|P
|Q
|R
|S
|Š
|Ƨ
|T
|U
|U̍
|Ü
|V
|V̍
|Z
|Z̍
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="23" |Lowercase Letters
|-
|a
|a͘
|ä
|b
|c
|č
|d
|ð
|dz
|e
|e̍
|ë
|g
|gv
|h
|i
|i̍
|l
|lp
|m
|n
|o
|o͘
|-
|ō
|op
|p
|q
|r
|s
|š
|ƨ
|t
|u
|u̍
|ü
|v
|v̍
|z
|z̍
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
'''Shintake Matsuyama's Alphabet''' is one of the alphabets used to write Shinagawan Language. It was created in 1988 to replace the Glagolitic script used for Shinagawan.
The letter names are: '''a, an, au, be, ce, che, de, edh, dze, e, ek, cylere yo '''(literally Cyrillic Yo)''', ge, gve, ha, i, ih, el, elp, em, en, o, on, ou, op, pe, ku, er, es, esh, est, te, u, uk, uu, ve, vek, zeta, zheta'''
Shinagawan alphabet has no ''F'' (named ''ef''), ''J'' (named ''je''), ''K'' (named ''ka''), ''W'' (named ''twoich vep'', literally ''two vees''), X (named ''iks'') and ''Y'' (named ''upsilon''), and are only used in proper names, place names, or loanwords.
== Comparison table ==
{| class="article-table"
!Latin (1988-)
!Cyrillic (1988-)
!Glagolitic (1909-1988)
!Letter name
!IPA
|-
|A a
|А а
|Ⰰ ⰰ
|a
|/a/
|-
|A͘ a͘
|А′ а′
|Ⰰⱔ ⰰⱔ
|an
|/ɑː/
|-
|Ä ä
|Ә ә
|Ⰰⱆ ⰰⱆ
|au
|/äː/
|-
|B b
|Б б
|Ⰱ ⰱ
|be
|/b/
|-
|C c
|Ц ц
|Ⱌ ⱌ
|ce
|/s/, /ts/
|-
|Č č
|Ч ч
|Ⱍ ⱍ
|che
|/t͡ʃ/
|-
|D d
|Д д
|Ⰴ ⰴ
|de
|/d/, /dj/
|-
|Ð ð
|Д′ д′
|Ⰴⱈ ⰴⱈ
|edh
|/ð/
|-
|Dz dz
|Ѕ ѕ
|Ⰷ ⰷ
|dze
|/d͡z/
|-
|E e
|Е е
|Ⰵ ⰵ
|e
|/e/
|-
|E̍ e̍
|Е′ е′
|Ⰵⱔ ⰵⱔ
|ek
|/ɛ/
|-
|Ë ë
|Ё ё
|Ⱖ ⱖ
|cylere yo
|/ə/, /ɜ/
|-
|G g
|Г г
|Ⰳ ⰳ
|ge
|/g/
|-
|Gv gv
|Гв гв
|Ⰳⰲ ⰳⰲ
|gve
|/guː/
|-
|H h
|Х х
|Ⱈ ⱈ
|ha
|/h/, /ʔh/
|-
|I i
|И и
|Ⰻ ⰻ
|i
|/i/, /ɪ/
|-
|I̍ i̍
|I і
|Ⰻⱔ ⰻⱔ
|ih
|/ɯ/
|-
|L l
|Л л
|Ⰾ ⰾ
|el
|/l/
|-
|Lp lp
|Лп лп
|Ⰾⱊ ⰾⱊ
|elp
|/lp/
|-
|M m
|М м
|Ⰿ ⰿ
|em
|/m/
|-
|N n
|Н н
|Ⱀ ⱀ
|en
|/n/
|-
|O o
|О о
|Ⱁ ⱁ
|o
|/o/
|-
|O͘ o͘
|О′ о′
|Ⱁⱔ ⱁⱔ
|on
|/ɔ/
|-
|Ō ō
|О″ о″
|Ⱉ ⱉ
|ou
|/oː/
|-
|Op op
|Оп оп
|Ⱁⱊ ⱁⱊ
|op
|/op/
|-
|P p
|П п
|Ⱊ ⱊ
|pe
|/p/
|-
|Q q
|Къ къ
|Ⰽⱏ ⰽⱏ
|ku
|/q/
|-
|R r
|Р р
|Ⱃ ⱃ
|er
|/ʀ/
|-
|S s
|С с
|Ⱄ ⱄ
|es
|/s/
|-
|Š š
|Ш ш
|Ⱎ ⱎ
|esh
|/ʃ/
|-
|Ƨ ƨ
|Ш′ ш′
|Ⱎⱔ ⱎⱔ
|est
|/ʂ/
|-
|T t
|Т т
|Ⱅ ⱅ
|te
|/t/, /θ/
|-
|U u
|У у
|Ⱆ ⱆ
|u
|/u/
|-
|U̍ u̍
|У′ у′
|Ⱆⱔ ⱆⱔ
|uk
|/ʉ/
|-
|Ü ü
|У″ у″
|Ⱆⱆ ⱆⱆ
|uu
|/ʊ/
|-
|V v
|В в
|Ⰲ ⰲ
|ve
|/v/
|-
|V̍ v̍
|В′ в′
|Ⰲⱔ ⰲⱔ
|vek
|/f/
|-
|Z z
|З з
|Ⰸ ⰸ
|zeta
|/z/
|-
|Z̍ z̍
|З′ з′
|Ⰸⱔ ⰸⱔ
|zheta
|/ʒ/
|}
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2018-01-30T07:31:27Z
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/* Comparison table */
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text/x-wiki
{| class="article-table"
! colspan="23" |Capital Letters
|-
|A
|A͘
|Ä
|B
|C
|Č
|D
|Ð
|Dz
|E
|E̍
|Ë
|G
|Gv
|H
|I
|I̍
|L
|Lp
|M
|N
|O
|O͘
|-
|Ō
|Op
|P
|Q
|R
|S
|Š
|Ƨ
|T
|U
|U̍
|Ü
|V
|V̍
|Z
|Z̍
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="23" |Lowercase Letters
|-
|a
|a͘
|ä
|b
|c
|č
|d
|ð
|dz
|e
|e̍
|ë
|g
|gv
|h
|i
|i̍
|l
|lp
|m
|n
|o
|o͘
|-
|ō
|op
|p
|q
|r
|s
|š
|ƨ
|t
|u
|u̍
|ü
|v
|v̍
|z
|z̍
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
'''Shintake Matsuyama's Alphabet''' is one of the alphabets used to write Shinagawan Language. It was created in 1988 to replace the Glagolitic script used for Shinagawan.
The letter names are: '''a, an, au, be, ce, che, de, edh, dze, e, ek, cylere yo '''(literally Cyrillic Yo)''', ge, gve, ha, i, ih, el, elp, em, en, o, on, ou, op, pe, ku, er, es, esh, est, te, u, uk, uu, ve, vek, zeta, zheta'''
Shinagawan alphabet has no ''F'' (named ''ef''), ''J'' (named ''je''), ''K'' (named ''ka''), ''W'' (named ''twoich vep'', literally ''two vees''), X (named ''iks'') and ''Y'' (named ''upsilon''), and are only used in proper names, place names, or loanwords.
== Comparison table ==
{| class="article-table sortable"
!Latin (1988-)
!Cyrillic (1988-)
!Glagolitic (1909-1988)
!Letter name
!IPA
|-
|A a
|А а
|Ⰰ ⰰ
|a
|/a/
|-
|A͘ a͘
|А′ а′
|Ⰰⱔ ⰰⱔ
|an
|/ɑː/
|-
|Ä ä
|Ә ә
|Ⰰⱆ ⰰⱆ
|au
|/äː/
|-
|B b
|Б б
|Ⰱ ⰱ
|be
|/b/
|-
|C c
|Ц ц
|Ⱌ ⱌ
|ce
|/s/, /ts/
|-
|Č č
|Ч ч
|Ⱍ ⱍ
|che
|/t͡ʃ/
|-
|D d
|Д д
|Ⰴ ⰴ
|de
|/d/, /dj/
|-
|Ð ð
|Д′ д′
|Ⰴⱈ ⰴⱈ
|edh
|/ð/
|-
|Dz dz
|Ѕ ѕ
|Ⰷ ⰷ
|dze
|/d͡z/
|-
|E e
|Е е
|Ⰵ ⰵ
|e
|/e/
|-
|E̍ e̍
|Е′ е′
|Ⰵⱔ ⰵⱔ
|ek
|/ɛ/
|-
|Ë ë
|Ё ё
|Ⱖ ⱖ
|cylere yo
|/ə/, /ɜ/
|-
|G g
|Г г
|Ⰳ ⰳ
|ge
|/g/
|-
|Gv gv
|Гв гв
|Ⰳⰲ ⰳⰲ
|gve
|/guː/
|-
|H h
|Х х
|Ⱈ ⱈ
|ha
|/h/, /ʔh/
|-
|I i
|И и
|Ⰻ ⰻ
|i
|/i/, /ɪ/
|-
|I̍ i̍
|I і
|Ⰻⱔ ⰻⱔ
|ih
|/ɯ/
|-
|L l
|Л л
|Ⰾ ⰾ
|el
|/l/
|-
|Lp lp
|Лп лп
|Ⰾⱊ ⰾⱊ
|elp
|/lp/
|-
|M m
|М м
|Ⰿ ⰿ
|em
|/m/
|-
|N n
|Н н
|Ⱀ ⱀ
|en
|/n/
|-
|O o
|О о
|Ⱁ ⱁ
|o
|/o/
|-
|O͘ o͘
|О′ о′
|Ⱁⱔ ⱁⱔ
|on
|/ɔ/
|-
|Ō ō
|О″ о″
|Ⱉ ⱉ
|ou
|/oː/
|-
|Op op
|Оп оп
|Ⱁⱊ ⱁⱊ
|op
|/op/
|-
|P p
|П п
|Ⱊ ⱊ
|pe
|/p/
|-
|Q q
|Къ къ
|Ⰽⱏ ⰽⱏ
|ku
|/q/
|-
|R r
|Р р
|Ⱃ ⱃ
|er
|/ʀ/
|-
|S s
|С с
|Ⱄ ⱄ
|es
|/s/
|-
|Š š
|Ш ш
|Ⱎ ⱎ
|esh
|/ʃ/
|-
|Ƨ ƨ
|Ш′ ш′
|Ⱎⱔ ⱎⱔ
|est
|/ʂ/
|-
|T t
|Т т
|Ⱅ ⱅ
|te
|/t/, /θ/
|-
|U u
|У у
|Ⱆ ⱆ
|u
|/u/
|-
|U̍ u̍
|У′ у′
|Ⱆⱔ ⱆⱔ
|uk
|/ʉ/
|-
|Ü ü
|У″ у″
|Ⱆⱆ ⱆⱆ
|uu
|/ʊ/
|-
|V v
|В в
|Ⰲ ⰲ
|ve
|/v/
|-
|V̍ v̍
|В′ в′
|Ⰲⱔ ⰲⱔ
|vek
|/f/
|-
|Z z
|З з
|Ⰸ ⰸ
|zeta
|/z/
|-
|Z̍ z̍
|З′ з′
|Ⰸⱔ ⰸⱔ
|zheta
|/ʒ/
|}
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{| class="article-table"
! colspan="23" |Capital Letters
|-
|A
|A͘
|Ä
|B
|C
|Č
|D
|Ð
|Dz
|E
|E̍
|Ë
|G
|Gv
|H
|I
|I̍
|L
|Lp
|M
|N
|O
|O͘
|-
|Ō
|Op
|P
|Q
|R
|S
|Š
|Ƨ
|T
|U
|U̍
|Ü
|V
|V̍
|Z
|Z̍
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="23" |Lowercase Letters
|-
|a
|a͘
|ä
|b
|c
|č
|d
|ð
|dz
|e
|e̍
|ë
|g
|gv
|h
|i
|i̍
|l
|lp
|m
|n
|o
|o͘
|-
|ō
|op
|p
|q
|r
|s
|š
|ƨ
|t
|u
|u̍
|ü
|v
|v̍
|z
|z̍
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
'''Shintake Matsuyama's Alphabet''' is one of the alphabets used to write Shinagawan Language. It was created in 1988 to replace the Glagolitic script used for Shinagawan.
The letter names are: '''a, an, au, be, ce, che, de, edh, dze, e, ek, cylere yo '''(literally Cyrillic Yo)''', ge, gve, ha, i, ih, el, elp, em, en, o, on, ou, op, pe, ku, er, es, esh, est, te, u, uk, uu, ve, vek, zeta, zheta'''
Shinagawan alphabet has no ''F'' (named ''ef''), ''J'' (named ''je''), ''K'' (named ''ka''), ''W'' (named ''twoich vep'', literally ''two vees''), X (named ''iks'') and ''Y'' (named ''upsilon''), and are only used in proper names, place names, or loanwords.
== Comparison table ==
{| class="article-table sortable"
!Latin (1988-)
!Cyrillic (1988-)
!Glagolitic (1909-1988)
!Letter name
!IPA
|-
|A a
|А а
|Ⰰ ⰰ
|a
|/a/
|-
|A͘ a͘
|А′ а′
|Ⰰⱔ ⰰⱔ
|an
|/ɑː/
|-
|Ä ä
|Ә ә
|Ⰰⱆ ⰰⱆ
|au
|/äː/
|-
|B b
|Б б
|Ⰱ ⰱ
|be
|/b/
|-
|C c
|Ц ц
|Ⱌ ⱌ
|ce
|/s/, /ts/
|-
|Č č
|Ч ч
|Ⱍ ⱍ
|che
|/t͡ʃ/
|-
|D d
|Д д
|Ⰴ ⰴ
|de
|/d/, /dj/
|-
|Ð ð
|Д′ д′
|Ⰴⱈ ⰴⱈ
|edh
|/ð/
|-
|Dz dz
|Ѕ ѕ
|Ⰷ ⰷ
|dze
|/d͡z/
|-
|E e
|Е е
|Ⰵ ⰵ
|e
|/e/
|-
|E̍ e̍
|Е′ е′
|Ⰵⱔ ⰵⱔ
|ek
|/ɛ/
|-
|Ë ë
|Ё ё
|Ⱖ ⱖ
|cylere yo
|/ə/, /ɜ/
|-
|G g
|Г г
|Ⰳ ⰳ
|ge
|/g/
|-
|Gv gv
|Гв гв
|Ⰳⰲ ⰳⰲ
|gve
|/guː/
|-
|H h
|Х х
|Ⱈ ⱈ
|ha
|/h/, /ʔh/
|-
|I i
|И и
|Ⰻ ⰻ
|i
|/i/, /ɪ/
|-
|I̍ i̍
|I і
|Ⰻⱔ ⰻⱔ
|ih
|/ɯ/
|-
|L l
|Л л
|Ⰾ ⰾ
|el
|/l/
|-
|Lp lp
|Лп лп
|Ⰾⱂ ⰾⱂ
|elp
|/lp/
|-
|M m
|М м
|Ⰿ ⰿ
|em
|/m/
|-
|N n
|Н н
|Ⱀ ⱀ
|en
|/n/
|-
|O o
|О о
|Ⱁ ⱁ
|o
|/o/
|-
|O͘ o͘
|О′ о′
|Ⱁⱔ ⱁⱔ
|on
|/ɔ/
|-
|Ō ō
|О″ о″
|Ⱉ ⱉ
|ou
|/oː/
|-
|Op op
|Оп оп
|Ⱁⱂ ⱁⱂ
|op
|/op/
|-
|P p
|П п
|Ⱂ ⱂ
|pe
|/p/
|-
|Q q
|Къ къ
|Ⰽⱏ ⰽⱏ
|ku
|/q/
|-
|R r
|Р р
|Ⱃ ⱃ
|er
|/ʀ/
|-
|S s
|С с
|Ⱄ ⱄ
|es
|/s/
|-
|Š š
|Ш ш
|Ⱎ ⱎ
|esh
|/ʃ/
|-
|Ƨ ƨ
|Ш′ ш′
|Ⱎⱔ ⱎⱔ
|est
|/ʂ/
|-
|T t
|Т т
|Ⱅ ⱅ
|te
|/t/, /θ/
|-
|U u
|У у
|Ⱆ ⱆ
|u
|/u/
|-
|U̍ u̍
|У′ у′
|Ⱆⱔ ⱆⱔ
|uk
|/ʉ/
|-
|Ü ü
|У″ у″
|Ⱆⱆ ⱆⱆ
|uu
|/ʊ/
|-
|V v
|В в
|Ⰲ ⰲ
|ve
|/v/
|-
|V̍ v̍
|В′ в′
|Ⰲⱔ ⰲⱔ
|vek
|/f/
|-
|Z z
|З з
|Ⰸ ⰸ
|zeta
|/z/
|-
|Z̍ z̍
|З′ з′
|Ⰸⱔ ⰸⱔ
|zheta
|/ʒ/
|}
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Shintatsuan alphabet
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The Shintatsuan alphabet has ?? alphabets. The only two alphabets are used: New Latin Shintatsuan and New Cyrillic Shintatsuan.
* Old Latin Shintatsuan, used between 1909 and 1940:
** Aa, Bb, Cc, C̦c̦, Ꞓꞓ, Dd, D̦d̦, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Ïï, Jj, Kk, Ll, L̦l̦, Mm, Nn, N̦n̦, Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Șș, Ꞩꞩ, Tt, Țț, Uu, Úú, Vv, Ьь, Ww, Xx, Yy, Zz, Зз, Ʒʒ, भ<small>भ</small>
* Second Cyrillic Shintatsuan, used between 1946 and 1982:
** Аа, Бб, Вв, Ԝԝ, Гг, Дд, Ее, Жж, Зз, Ии, Кк, Лл, Мм, Нн, Оо, Пп, Ԛԛ, Рр, Сс, Тт, Уу, Һһ, Фф, Хх, Цц, Чч, Шш, Щщ, Ыы, Ьь, Ээ, Юю, Яя
* New Latin Shintatsuan, used since 1982:
** Aa, Bb, Cc, CHch, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, LLll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, SHsh, Qq, Rr, Ss, THth, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy, Zz
* New Cyrillic Shintatsuan, used since 1982 by Russians in Shintatsu, Gooperland (simplified alphabet plus the Greek character Δ and the small ''ye'' looks like ε):
** Аа, Бб, Вв, Ԝԝ, Гг, Дд, Δδ, Εε, Жж, Зз, Ии, Ыы, Кк, Лл, Мм, Нн, Оо, Пп, Ԛԛ, Рр, Сс, Тт, Уу, Һһ, Фф, Хх, Цц, Чч, Ьь, Шш, Јј
== Old Latin Shintatsuian ==
The Old Latin Shintatsuian script (based on Latin script) was used between 1909 and 1940. It was created by Nantserdon Potsmov in 1907, and brang to official use in 1909. It was used until 1940, when Japan outlawed Shintatsuan publications.
The following chart shows the inventory of the Old Latin Shintatsuan alphabet. Besides the 26 letters of the ISO Basic Latin alphabet, the letter ezh and 10 letters with diacritics, it uses the Cyrillic letters Soft sign (Ь ь), Ze (З з) and the Devanagari letter Bha (भ <small>भ</small>).
{| style="font-family:Segoe UI; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
|A a
|B b
|C c
|C̦ c̦
|Ꞓ ꞓ
|D d
|D̦ d̦
|E e
|F f
|G g
|H h
|I i
|-
|[ɑ]
|[b]
|[ts]
|[tʃ]
|[ç]
|[d]
|[ð]
|[e]
|[f]
|[g]
|[h]
|[i]
|-
|Ï ï
|J j
|K k
|L l
|L̦ l̦
|M m
|N n
|N̦ n̦
|O o
|P p
|Q q
|R r
|-
|[ɨ]
|[dʒ]
|[k]
|[l]
|[ʎ]
|[m]
|[n]
|[ŋ]
|[o]
|[p]
|[ʀ̝̊]
|[r]
|-
|S s
|Ș ș
|Ꞩ ꞩ
|T t
|Ț ț
|U u
|Ú ú
|V v
|Ь ь
|W w
|X x
|Y y
|-
|[s]
|[ʃ]
|[ʃtʃ]
|[t]
|[θ]
|[u]
|[ɥ]
|[v]
|[ʲ]
|[w]
|[ks]
|[j]
|-
|Z z
|З з
|Ʒ ʒ
|भ <small>भ</small>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[z]
|[dz]
|[ʒ]
|[cç]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
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Somethingville Greek alphabets
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Somethingvillian is a stress accent language, and co-official in Somethingville State in Econesia along with English and French.
Somethingvillian was written with Chinese characters from 200 BCE until 1359 CE when the Greek alphabet was brought by Steribuls to Steribul Country (451 years before Econesia was created). Each suburb has its own alphabet for Somethingvillian until 19th century.
There are four types of Somethingvillian alphabets:
* Chuydan type- used in the cities and towns of Chuydan, Kapuno, Darletta, Kansun, Yakko, Weibanth, Paibu, Panagirtarre and Beipu.
* Hanugan type- used in the cities and towns of Hanugan, Karmeda, Luikon, Laidmi, Pattera and villages of Handusu and Karikomma.
* Yadanka type- used in the cities and towns of Central Steribul (now Central Somethingville), Coenratte, Ionia, Kattubu, Rosewick, Landessa, Bajin, Kernullu, Haitou, Bansenka and Fenzhu. This type is the one which the Standard Somethingvillian alphabet emerges.
* Teikone type- used in the cities and towns of Sanja, Kerleck, Teikone and Muilldiba.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Letter
!Α
!Β
!Γ
!Δ
!Ε
!Ϝ
!Ζ
!Η
!Θ
!Ι
!Ͷ
!Κ
!Λ
!Μ
!Ν
!Ξ
!Ο
!Π
!Ϻ
!Ϙ
!Ρ
!Σ
!Τ
!Υ
!Φ
!Χ
!Ψ
!Ω
!Ϡ
|-
!Chuyduan
|Α
|Β
|Γ
|Δ
|Ε
|Ϝ
|Ζ
|Η
|Θ
|Ι
|Ͷ
|Κ
|Λ
|Μ
|Ν
|
|Ο
|Π
|Ϻ
|Ϙ
|Ρ
|Σ
|Τ
|Υ
|
|
|
|
|Ϡ
|-
!Hanugan
|Α
|Β
|Γ
|Δ
|Ε
|
|Ζ
|Η
|Θ
|Ι
|
|Κ
|Λ
|Μ
|Ν
|
|Ο
|Π
|
|Ϙ
|Ρ
|Σ
|Τ
|Υ
|Φ
|Χ
|
|
|Ϡ
|-
!Yandanka
|Α
|Β
|Γ
|Δ
|Ε
|Ϝ
|Ζ
|Η
|Θ
|Ι
|Ͷ
|Κ
|Λ
|Μ
|Ν
|Ξ
|Ο
|Π
|
|Ϙ
|Ρ
|Σ
|Τ
|Υ
|Φ
|Χ
|Ψ
|Ω
|Ϡ
|-
!Teikone
|Α
|Β
|Γ
|Δ
|Ε
|
|Ζ
|
|Θ
|Ι
|
|Κ
|Λ
|Μ
|Ν
|
|Ο
|Π
|Ϻ
|
|Ρ
|
|Τ
|Υ
|
|
|
|Ω
|Ϡ
|-
!Modern
|'''Α'''
|'''Β'''
|'''Γ'''
|'''Δ'''
|'''Ε'''
|'''Ϝ'''
|'''Ζ'''
|'''Η'''
|'''Θ'''
|'''Ι'''
|'''Ͷ'''
|'''Κ'''
|'''Λ'''
|'''Μ'''
|'''Ν'''
|'''Ξ'''
|'''Ο'''
|'''Π'''
|
|'''Ϙ'''
|'''Ρ'''
|'''Σ'''
|'''Τ'''
|'''Υ'''
|'''Φ'''
|'''Χ'''
|'''Ψ'''
|'''Ω'''
|'''Ϡ'''
|-
!IPA (Old)
|a
|b
|g
|d
|e
|v
|z
|ə
|tˤ
|i
|j
|k
|l
|m
|n
|ks
|o
|p
|s
|q
|r
|s
|t
|u
|pˤ
|kˤ
|ps
|ɔ
|ts
|-
!IPA (Modern)
|ɑ
|ʋ
|g
|d
|e
|ʋ̥
|z
|ə
|θ
|i
|j
|k
|l
|m
|n
|ks
|o
|p
|–
|ʃ
|ɹ̠
|s
|t
|u
|f
|tʃ
|ps
|ɔ
|ts
|}
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Somethingvillian is a stress accent language, and co-official in Somethingville State in Econesia along with English and French.
Somethingvillian was written with Chinese characters from 200 BCE until 1359 CE when the Greek alphabet was brought by Steribuls to Steribul Country (451 years before Econesia was created). Each suburb has its own alphabet for Somethingvillian until 19th century.
There are four types of Somethingvillian alphabets:
* Chuydan type- used in the cities and towns of Chuydan, Kapuno, Darletta, Kansun, Yakko, Weibanth, Paibu, Panagirtarre and Beipu.
* Hanugan type- used in the cities and towns of Hanugan, Karmeda, Luikon, Laidmi, Pattera and villages of Handusu and Karikomma.
* Yadanka type- used in the cities and towns of Central Steribul (now Central Somethingville), Coenratte, Ionia, Kattubu, Rosewick, Landessa, Bajin, Kernullu, Haitou, Bansenka and Fenzhu. This type is the one which the Standard Somethingvillian alphabet emerges.
* Teikone type- used in the cities and towns of Sanja, Kerleck, Teikone and Muilldiba.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Letter
!Α
!Β
!Γ
!Δ
!Ε
!Ϝ
!Ζ
!Η
!Θ
!Ι
!Ͷ
!Κ
!Λ
!Μ
!Ν
!Ξ
!Ο
!Π
!Ϻ
!Ϙ
!Ρ
!Σ
!Τ
!Υ
!Φ
!Χ
!Ψ
!Ω
!Ϡ
|-
!Chuyduan
|Α
|Β
|Γ
|Δ
|Ε
|Ϝ
|Ζ
|Η
|Θ
|Ι
|Ͷ
|Κ
|Λ
|Μ
|Ν
|
|Ο
|Π
|Ϻ
|Ϙ
|Ρ
|Σ
|Τ
|Υ
|
|
|
|
|Ϡ
|-
!Hanugan
|Α
|Β
|Γ
|Δ
|Ε
|
|Ζ
|Η
|Θ
|Ι
|
|Κ
|Λ
|Μ
|Ν
|
|Ο
|Π
|
|Ϙ
|Ρ
|Σ
|Τ
|Υ
|Φ
|Χ
|
|
|Ϡ
|-
!Yandanka
|Α
|Β
|Γ
|Δ
|Ε
|Ϝ
|Ζ
|Η
|Θ
|Ι
|Ͷ
|Κ
|Λ
|Μ
|Ν
|Ξ
|Ο
|Π
|
|Ϙ
|Ρ
|Σ
|Τ
|Υ
|Φ
|Χ
|Ψ
|Ω
|Ϡ
|-
!Teikone
|Α
|Β
|Γ
|Δ
|Ε
|
|Ζ
|
|Θ
|Ι
|
|Κ
|Λ
|Μ
|Ν
|
|Ο
|Π
|Ϻ
|
|Ρ
|
|Τ
|Υ
|
|
|
|Ω
|Ϡ
|-
!Modern
|'''Α'''
|'''Β'''
|'''Γ'''
|'''Δ'''
|'''Ε'''
|'''Ϝ'''
|'''Ζ'''
|'''Η'''
|'''Θ'''
|'''Ι'''
|'''Ͷ'''
|'''Κ'''
|'''Λ'''
|'''Μ'''
|'''Ν'''
|'''Ξ'''
|'''Ο'''
|'''Π'''
|
|'''Ϙ'''
|'''Ρ'''
|'''Σ'''
|'''Τ'''
|'''Υ'''
|'''Φ'''
|'''Χ'''
|'''Ψ'''
|'''Ω'''
|'''Ϡ'''
|-
!IPA (Old)
|a
|b
|g
|d
|e
|v
|z
|ə
|tˤ
|i
|j
|k
|l
|m
|n
|ks
|o
|p
|s
|q
|r
|s
|t
|u
|pˤ
|kˤ
|ps
|ɔ
|ts
|-
!IPA (Modern)
|ɑ
|ʋ
|g
|d
|e
|ʋ̥
|z
|ə
|θ
|i
|j
|k
|l
|m
|n
|ks
|o
|p
|–
|ʃ
|ɹ̠
|s
|t
|u
|f
|tʃ
|ps
|ɔ
|ts
|}
== Summary ==
* In the village of Kapuno, the beta was shaped like a P, and delta was shaped like koppa. Koppa was shaped like phi.
* The village of Darletta has the letter mu shaped like san (Ϻ), the letter beta shaped like numeral 8 (𐌚), and the zeta shaped like the numeral 3 (З). The sigma was shaped like epsilon.
{| class="wikitable"
!City/Village
!Α
!Β
!Γ
!Δ
!Ε
!Ϝ
!Ζ
!Η
!Θ
!Ι
!Ͷ
!Κ
!Λ
!Μ
!Ν
!Ξ
!Ο
!Π
!Ϻ
!Ϙ
!Ρ
!Σ
!Τ
!Υ
!Φ
!Χ
!Ψ
!Ω
!Ϡ
|-
|Chuydan
|Α
|Β
|Γ
|Δ
|Ε
|F
|Ζ
|𐌇
|𐌈
|I
|N
|𐌊
|𐌋
|𐌌
|𐌍
|
|Ο
|Π
|
|Ϙ
|R
|Σ
|Τ
|V
|
|
|
|
|𐌣
|-
|Kapuno
|A
|P
|C
|𐌒
|𐌙
|Ϝ
|Ζ
|𐌇
|𐌈
|I
|N
|𐌊
|𐌡
|𐌌
|𐌍
|
|Ο
|Π
|
|𐌘
|R
|Σ
|Τ
|V
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Darletta
|A
|𐌚
|Γ
|𐌒
|B
|Y
|З
|𐌇
|𐌈
|𐌔
|N
|𐌊
|𐌋
|Ϻ
|𐌍
|
|Ο
|Π
|
|𐌘
|R
|E
|T
|Υ
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
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|}
0u16s35h9hjqjy1ug032lrxakxm8wax
Spelling in Kirklistonian language
0
113
163
2018-03-13T11:10:10Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "The Kirklistonian language, which has 17 tones, has tone spelling like Gwoyeu Romatzyh. It has consonants, nasal vowels and oral vowels. ==Consonants== There are twenty-eight ..."
163
wikitext
text/x-wiki
The Kirklistonian language, which has 17 tones, has tone spelling like Gwoyeu Romatzyh. It has consonants, nasal vowels and oral vowels.
==Consonants==
There are twenty-eight consonants in Kirklistonian. There is no letter 'x'. Superscript lowercase a (<sup>a</sup>) represents a glottal stop sound.
{| border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:500px;" class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"|Letter
! scope="col"|IPA
|-
|<sup>a</sup>
|/ʔ/
|-
|b
|/b/
|-
|c
|/c/
|-
|ch
|/ɕ/
|-
|d
|/d/
|-
|f
|/f/
|-
|ff
|/ʋ̥/
|-
|g
|/ɢ/
|-
|gg
|/ɣ/
|-
|h
|/h/
|-
|j
|/d͡ʒ/
|-
|k
|/k/
|-
|l
|/l/
|-
|l′
|/ʎ/
|-
|m
|/m/
|-
|n
|/n/
|-
|nn
|/ɳ/
|-
|p
|/p/
|-
|q
|/x/
|-
|r
|/ʀ/
|-
|r′
|/r/
|-
|s
|/s/
|-
|ss
|/ʃ/
|-
|t
|/t/
|-
|v
|/ʋ/
|-
|w
|/ɥ/
|-
|y
|/j/
|-
|z
|/ts/
|-
|zs
|/z/
|}
==Vowels==
Vowels are usually placed at the end.
{| border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:500px;" class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"| -a
! scope="col"| -e
! scope="col"| -i
! scope="col"| -o
! scope="col"| -u
! scope="col"| -ar
! scope="col"| -er
! scope="col"| -or
! scope="col"| -uu
! scope="col"| -t
! scope="col"| -p
|-
|∅-
|a<br />/ə/
|e<br />/ɛ/
|i<br />/i/
|o<br />/o/
|u<br />/u/
|ar<br />/ɑ/
|er<br />/e/
|or<br />/ɔ/
|uu<br />/ʌ/
|
|
|-
|e-
|ea<br />/əː/
|ee<br />/ɘ/
|ei<br />/ɛi/
|eo<br />/ɛo/
|eu<br />/ɛu/
|ear<br />/ɒ̈/
|eer<br />/ɛː/
|eor<br />/ɛɔ/
|
|et<br />/ɛt̚/
|ep<br />/ɛp̚/
|-
|i-
|ia<br />/ä/
|ie<br />/ɜ/
|ii<br />/ɯ/
|io<br />/jo/
|iu<br />/ju/
|iar<br />/äː/
|ier<br />/ɜː/
|
|
|
|ip<br />/ip̚/
|-
|o-
|oa<br />/oə/
|oe<br />/oɛ/
|oi<br />/oi/
|oo<br />/ʊ/
|ou<br />/ou/
|
|oer<br />/oeː/
|
|ouu<br />/ʌː/
|ot<br />/ot̚/
|op<br />/op̚/
|-
|u-
|ua<br />/uə/
|ue<br />/uɛ/
|ui<br />/ui/
|uo<br />/uo/
|uu<br />/uu/
|uar<br />/ua/
|uer<br />/ue/
|uor<br />/ɔː/
|
|ut<br />/ʌt̚/
|
|-
|y-
|ya<br />/ja/
|ye<br />/jɛ/
|yi<br />/ji/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|colspan="6" | -s /◌̆/ (makes previous vowel extra short)
|colspan="6" | -n /◌̃/ (makes previous vowel nasalised)
|}
==Tonal rules==
Kirklistonian has 16 tones. Like Gwoyeu Romatzyh and MLT, it uses tone spelling. Diacritics or letters are used as tone symbols:
===Tone 1 (/˧/)===
Any basic form is a tone 1 (or the first tone).
===Tone 2 (/˧˩/)===
To make the word tone 2 (or the second tone):
*If the first letter is '''g '''or '''q''', add ''th'' at the front: ''qiar'' ➡ ''thqiar''
*Otherwise, add the letter '''w''' at the end: ''ssiar'' ➡ ''ssiarw''
===Tone 3 (/˩˩˧/)===
For a tone 3 word (or the third tone):
*If the first letter is '''k''' or '''b''', insert ''v'' between a consonant and a vowel: ''kuor'' ➡ ''kvuor''
*If the the word begins with '''ff''' or '''gg''', add the circumflex to the first letter of the initial, then the letter ''b'', ''d'' or ''h'' at the end: ''ffouu'' ➡ ''ffôub'', ''ffôud'' or ''ffôuh''.
*Otherwise, add the circumflex to the first letter of the initial: ''gguorn'' ➡ ''ggûorn''.
===Tone 4 (/˥/)===
If the word becomes a tone 4 (or the fourth tone) then add a prefix ''qi-'': ''ssia'' ➡ ''qissia''.
===Tone 5 (/˦˩˨/)===
For a tone 5 (or the fifth tone) add a acute accent to the first letter of the initial, then a letter ''gq'' on the front: ''ggier ''➡ ''gqggíer''.
===Tone 6 (/˨˩˧/)===
For tone 6 (or the sixth tone) word:
*If the word begins with a '''h''', add another h before the vowel: ''hiorn'' ➡ ''hhiorn''.
*If the word beigns with a l-prime or a n-prime, add an interpunct: ''l′uer'' ➡ ''l′u·er''.
*If the word begins with a '''k''', add a k at the end: ''kya'' ➡ ''kyak''.
*Otherwise, add the prefix ''oo'': ''nnan'' ➡ ''oonnan''.
a2p7otipdm2lj9ip01mmtx8t2riwmph
Tai Lak's Romanisation of Chinese
0
187
304
2018-04-27T07:37:25Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "Tai Lak's Romanisation of Chinese is very close to pinyin with minor differences: '''ih''', '''ı''' and '''wh''' are used instead of '''y''', '''ü''' and '''w''', ogonek and..."
304
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Tai Lak's Romanisation of Chinese is very close to pinyin with minor differences: '''ih''', '''ı''' and '''wh''' are used instead of '''y''', '''ü''' and '''w''', ogonek and acute accent are used instead of the four marks.
Initials are the same in pinyin, except that ih and wh are used instead of y and w.
{| class="wikitable"
!Pinyin
!Tai Lak
|-
|y
|ih
|-
|w
|wh
|}
==Finals==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:95%; font-size:95%; margin:auto;"
|-
! Pinyin
!Tai Lak|| [[help:IPA|IPA]] || Form with [[zero initial]] (Pinyin)
!Form with [[zero initial]] (Tai Lak)
|-
| ''a''
|a|| [a] || '''a'''
|a
|-
| ''e''
|e|| [ɤ] || '''e'''
|e
|-
| ''ai''
|ai|| {{IPA|[ai̯]}} || '''ai'''
|ai
|-
| ''ei''
|ei|| {{IPA|[ei̯]}} || '''ei'''
|ei
|-
| ''ao''
|au|| {{IPA|[au̯]}} || '''ao'''
|au
|-
| ''ou''
|ou|| {{IPA|[ou̯]}} || '''ou'''
|ou
|-
| ''an''
|an|| {{IPA|[an]}} || '''an'''
|an
|-
| ''en''
|en|| {{IPA|[ən]}} || '''en'''
|en
|-
| ''ang''
|aŋ|| {{IPA|[aŋ]}} || '''ang'''
|aŋ
|-
| ''eng''
|eŋ|| {{IPA|[əŋ]}} || '''eng'''
|eŋ
|-
| ''ong''
|oŋ|| {{IPA|[ʊŋ]}} || (''n/a'')
|(''n/a'')
|-
| ''er''
|elle|| {{IPA|[aɚ̯]}} || '''er'''
|elle
|-
! colspan="4" | Finals beginning with ''i-'' (''y-'')
!
|-
| ''i''
|i|| [i] || '''yi'''
|ihi
|-
| ''ia''
|ia|| {{IPA|[ja]}} || '''ya'''
|iha
|-
| ''ie''
|ie|| {{IPA|[je]}} || '''ye'''
|ihe
|-
| ''iao''
|iau|| {{IPA|[jau̯]}} || '''yao'''
|ihau
|-
| ''iu''
|iu|| {{IPA|[jou̯]}} || '''you'''
|ihou
|-
| ''ian''
|ian|| {{IPA|[jɛn]}} || '''yan'''
|ihan
|-
| ''in''
|in|| {{IPA|[in]}} || '''yin'''
|ihin
|-
| ''iang''
|iaŋ|| {{IPA|[jaŋ]}} || '''yang'''
|ihaŋ
|-
| ''ing''
|iŋ|| {{IPA|[iŋ]}} || '''ying'''
|ihiŋ
|-
| ''iong''
|ioŋ|| {{IPA|[jʊŋ]}} || '''yong'''
|ihoŋ
|-
! colspan="4" | Finals beginning with ''u-'' (''w-'')
!
|-
| ''u''
|u|| [u] || '''wu'''
|whu
|-
| ''ua''
|ua|| {{IPA|[wa]}} || '''wa'''
|wha
|-
| ''uo'', ''o''
|uo|| {{IPA|[wo]}}|| '''wo'''
|who
|-
| ''uai''
|uai|| {{IPA|[wai̯]}} || '''wai'''
|whai
|-
| ''ui''
|ui|| {{IPA|[wei̯]}} || '''wei'''
|whei
|-
| ''uan''
|uan|| {{IPA|[wan]}} || '''wan'''
|whan
|-
| ''un''
|un|| {{IPA|[wən]}} || '''wen'''
|when
|-
| ''uang''
|uaŋ|| {{IPA|[waŋ]}} || '''wang'''
|whaŋ
|-
|(''n/a'')
|(n/a)|| {{IPA|[wəŋ]}} || '''weng'''
|wheŋ
|-
! colspan="4" | Finals beginning with ''ü-'' (''yu-'')
!
|-
| ''u'', ''ü''
|u, ı|| [y] || '''yu'''
|ihu
|-
| ''ue, üe''
|ue, ıe|| {{IPA|[ɥe]}} || '''yue'''
|ihue
|-
| ''uan''
|uan|| {{IPA|[ɥɛn]}} || '''yuan'''
|ihuan
|-
| ''un''
|un|| {{IPA|[yn]}} || '''yun'''
|ihun
|-
! colspan="4" | Interjections
!
|-
| ''ê''
|eh|| [ɛ] || (''n/a'')
|(''n/a'')
|-
| ''o''
|o|| [ɔ] || (''n/a'')
|(''n/a'')
|-
| ''io''
|io|| {{IPA|[jɔ]}} || '''yo'''
|iho
|}
== Tones ==
The only diacritics are ogonek and acute accent.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"
|-
! Tone !! Tone Mark (Pinyin)
!Tone Mark (Tai Lak)!! Example using<br>tone mark (Pinyin)
!Example using<br>tone mark (Tai Lak)!![[help:IPA|IPA]]
|-
| First || ¯
|◌̨|| style="text-align: center" |mā
|mą||{{IPA|ma˥}}
|-
| Second|| ´
|◌̨h|| style="text-align: center" |má
|mąh
||{{IPA|ma˧˥}}
|-
| Third || ˇ
|◌́|| style="text-align: center" |mǎ
|má
||{{IPA|ma˨˩˦}}
|-
| Fourth || `
|◌́h|| style="text-align: center" |mà
|máh||{{IPA|ma˥˩}}
|-
| "Neutral" || ∅ or ·
|∅ or ◌̄ (vinculum)|| style="text-align: center" |ma<br>·ma
|ma<br><span style="text-decoration: overline;">ma</span>
||{{IPA|ma}}
|}
== Example ==
{| class="article-table"
!Hanyu Pinyin
|"Hànxué" de míngchēng duì Zhōngguó yǒu yìdiǎn bùzūnjìng de yìwèi. Wǒmen tīngshuō yǒu "Yìndùxué," "Āijíxué," "Hànxué," ér méiyǒu tīngshuō yǒu "Xīlàxué," "Luómǎxué," gèng méiyǒu tīngshuō yǒu "Yīngguóxué," "Měiguóxué." "Hànxué" zhège míngchēng wánquán biǎoshì Ōu-Měi xuézhě duì nàxiē yǐjīng chénlún de gǔlǎo-guójiā de wénhuà de yìzhǒng qīngkàn de tàidù.
|-
!Tai Lak
|
|-
!English
|
|}
4fa23yshfl98eefndwfmf5azjlnds15
Tai Nüa Latin
0
114
164
2018-03-16T08:37:08Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "The '''Tai Nüa '''language is written using Tai Le script, but sometimes uses Latin in other cases. == Romedebythun =="
164
wikitext
text/x-wiki
The '''Tai Nüa '''language is written using Tai Le script, but sometimes uses Latin in other cases.
== Romedebythun ==
07pmdkvdy83y72oplzkn5pv1u5qct0a
166
164
2018-03-16T08:53:53Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
166
wikitext
text/x-wiki
The '''Tai Nüa '''language is written using Tai Le script, but sometimes uses Latin in other cases.
== Romedebythun ==
Romedebythun is a transcription system developed by Huanong Kadaban.
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-family:MPH 2B Damase" ;
! Letter !! Romedebythun !! IPA !! Letter !! Romedebythun !! IPA !! Letter !! Romedebythun !! IPA
|-----
| {{TaiLe|ᥐ}} || k || [k] || {{TaiLe|ᥑ}} || x || [x] || {{TaiLe|ᥒ}} || ng || [ŋ]
|-----
| {{TaiLe|ᥓ}} || z || [ts] || {{TaiLe|ᥔ}} || s || [s] || {{TaiLe|ᥕ}} || j || [j]
|-----
| {{TaiLe|ᥖ}} || t || [t] || {{TaiLe|ᥗ}} || t' || {{IPA|[tʰ]}} || {{TaiLe|ᥘ}} || l || [l]
|-----
| {{TaiLe|ᥙ}} || p || [p] || {{TaiLe|ᥚ}} || p' || {{IPA|[pʰ]}} || {{TaiLe|ᥛ}} || m || [m]
|-----
| {{TaiLe|ᥜ}} || f || [f] || {{TaiLe|ᥝ}} || v || [w] || || ||
|-----
| {{TaiLe|ᥞ}} || h || [h] || {{TaiLe|ᥟ}} || -- || {{IPA|[ʔ]}} || || ||
|-----
| {{TaiLe|ᥠ}} || k' || {{IPA|[kʰ]}} || {{TaiLe|ᥡ}} || g || {{IPA|[tsʰ]}} || {{TaiLe|ᥢ}} || n || [n]
|}
===Vowels and diphthongs===
Consonants that are not followed by a vowel letter are pronounced with the inherent vowel [a]. Other vowels are indicated with the following letters:
{| class="wikitable" style="font-family:MPH 2B Damase" ;
! Letter !! Romedebythun !! IPA !! Letter !! Romedebythun !! IPA
|-----
| {{TaiLe|ᥣ}} || a || {{IPA|[aː]}} || || ||
|-----
| {{TaiLe|ᥤ}} || i || [i] || {{TaiLe|ᥧ}} || u || [u]
|-----
| {{TaiLe|ᥥ}} || e || [e] || {{TaiLe|ᥨ}} || oo || [o]
|-----
| {{TaiLe|ᥦ}} || é || {{IPA|[ɛ]}} || {{TaiLe|ᥩ}} || o || {{IPA|[ɔ]}}
|-----
| {{TaiLe|ᥪ}} || ı || {{IPA|[ɯ]}} || {{TaiLe|ᥫ}} || e || [ə]
|-----
| {{TaiLe|ᥬ}} || aı || {{IPA|[aɯ]}} || {{TaiLe|ᥭ}} || ai || [ai]
|}
Diphthongs are formed by combining some vowel letters with the consonant {{TaiLe|ᥝ}} [w] and some vowel letters with ᥭ [ai]/[j].
Notice: Dotless I represents the same sound as Turkish language.
=== Tones ===
Tones are marked by letters instead of diacritics:
{| class="wikitable" style="font-family:MPH 2B Damase"
! Number
!Letter
!Example!! Tai Le
|-----
| 1.
|q
|ta'''q'''|| {{TaiLe|ᥖ}}
|-----
| 2.
|l
|ta'''l'''|| {{TaiLe|ᥖᥰ}}
|-----
| 3.
|∅
|ta|| {{TaiLe|ᥖᥱ}}
|-----
| 4.
|b
|ta'''b'''|| {{TaiLe|ᥖᥲ}}
|-----
| 5.
|x
|ta'''x'''|| {{TaiLe|ᥖᥳ}}
|-----
| 6.
|w
|ta'''w'''|| {{TaiLe|ᥖᥴ}}
|}
Example: ᥖᥭᥰᥖᥬᥳᥑᥨᥒᥰ (tail taıx xooq ngaw)
r0hi9yrfjf6qhwlwid5kdje8vwrz1pf
Taikondelath alphabet
0
206
332
2018-05-03T11:02:41Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "Taikondelath, a constructed language and official in Taikondelath State in Arcanus, has been written in Latin alphabet since its creation in 1789. In Russia, it is written wit..."
332
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Taikondelath, a constructed language and official in Taikondelath State in Arcanus, has been written in Latin alphabet since its creation in 1789. In Russia, it is written with Cyrillic, in Greece it is written with Greek alphabet, where Taikondelath is spoken by Taikondelath Greeks, in China, it is written with Tai Le alphabet and in Afghanistan, it is written with Arabic script.
== Comparison ==
{| class="wikitable"
!IPA
!Current<br>Latin
!1993<br>Latin
!1955<br>Latin
!1924<br>Latin
!1789<br>Latin
!Cyrillic
!Greek
|-
|[ɑ]
|A a
|A a
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[ʙ]
|B b
|B b
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[t͡ʃ]
|Ç ç
|Ç ç
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[d]
|D d
|D d
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[ə]
|E e
|E e
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[ɑ̃]
|A̐ a̐
|A̐ a̐
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[e]
|É é
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[ɸ]
|F f
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[ʁ]
|G g
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[g]
|Ĝ ĝ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[x]
|H h
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[i]
|I i
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[d͡ʒ]
|J j
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[ɭ]
|Ż ż
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[k]
|K k
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[ʟ]
|L l
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[m]
|M m
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[n]
|N n
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[ŋ]
|Ŋ ŋ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[ɔ]
|O o
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[ø]
|Ỏ ỏ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[p]
|P p
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[ɹ̠~ɹ̠ʷ]
|R r
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[s]
|S s
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[ʃ]
|Ş ş
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[t]
|T t
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[θ]
|Ţ ţ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[ʊ]
|U u
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[u]
|Ủ ủ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[ɥ]
|W w
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[ɨ]
|Y y
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[j]
|Ÿ ÿ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[ʈ]
|Z z
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
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Taikondelath, a constructed language and official in Taikondelath State in Arcanus, has been written in Latin alphabet since its creation in 1789. In Russia, it is written with Cyrillic, in Greece it is written with Greek alphabet, where Taikondelath is spoken by Taikondelath Greeks, in China, it is written with Tai Le alphabet and in Afghanistan, it is written with Arabic script.
== Comparison ==
{| class="wikitable"
!IPA
!Current<br>Latin
!1993<br>Latin
!1955<br>Latin
!1924<br>Latin
!1789<br>Latin
!Cyrillic
!Greek
|-
|[ɑ]
|A a
|A a
|A a
|
|
|
|
|-
|[ʙ]
|B b
|B b
|B b
|
|
|
|
|-
|[t͡ʃ]
|Ç ç
|Ç ç
|Ç ç
|
|
|
|
|-
|[d]
|D d
|D d
|D d
|
|
|
|
|-
|[ə]
|E e
|E e
|E e
|
|
|
|
|-
|[ɑ̃]
|A̐ a̐
|A̐ a̐
|Ã ã
|
|
|
|
|-
|[e]
|É é
|É é
|É é
|
|
|
|
|-
|[ɸ]
|F f
|F f
|F f
|
|
|
|
|-
|[ʁ]
|G g
|G g
|G g
|
|
|
|
|-
|[g]
|Ĝ ĝ
|₲ ǥ
|Gh gh
|
|
|
|
|-
|[x]
|H h
|H h
|H h
|
|
|
|
|-
|[i]
|I i
|I i
|I i
|
|
|
|
|-
|[d͡ʒ]
|J j
|J j
|J j
|
|
|
|
|-
|[ɭ]
|Ż ż
|£ ſ
|Ż ż
|
|
|
|
|-
|[k]
|K k
|K k
|K k
|
|
|
|
|-
|[ʟ]
|L l
|L l
|L l
|
|
|
|
|-
|[m]
|M m
|M m
|M m
|
|
|
|
|-
|[n]
|N n
|N n
|N n
|
|
|
|
|-
|[ŋ]
|Ŋ ŋ
|Ŋ ŋ
|Ŋ ŋ
|
|
|
|
|-
|[ɔ]
|O o
|O o
|O o
|
|
|
|
|-
|[ø]
|Ỏ ỏ
|Ỏ ỏ
|Ö ö
|
|
|
|
|-
|[p]
|P p
|P p
|P p
|
|
|
|
|-
|[ɹ̠~ɹ̠ʷ]
|R r
|R r
|R r
|
|
|
|
|-
|[s]
|S s
|S s
|S s
|
|
|
|
|-
|[ʃ]
|Ş ş
|$ <small>$</small>
|Ş ş
|
|
|
|
|-
|[t]
|T t
|T t
|T t
|
|
|
|
|-
|[θ]
|Ţ ţ
|₮ ⱦ
|Ţ ţ
|
|
|
|
|-
|[ʊ]
|U u
|U u
|U u
|
|
|
|
|-
|[u]
|Ủ ủ
|Ủ ủ
|Ü ü
|
|
|
|
|-
|[ɥ]
|W w
|W w
|W w
|
|
|
|
|-
|[ɨ]
|Y y
|Y y
|Y y
|
|
|
|
|-
|[j]
|Ŷ ŷ
|¥ ÿ
|Ŷ ŷ
|
|
|
|
|-
|[ʈ]
|Z z
|Z z
|Z z
|
|
|
|
|}
d1rv5qcay36f3wd8abs86tskg7ho1ai
Taishnildon Writing
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Created page with "Taishnildon has been written since 1783 - it's languages creation date (before Arcanusian became extinct in 1806). == Alphabet == {| class="wikitable" !A !B !MB !C !D !E !Ê ..."
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Taishnildon has been written since 1783 - it's languages creation date (before Arcanusian became extinct in 1806).
== Alphabet ==
{| class="wikitable"
!A
!B
!MB
!C
!D
!E
!Ê
!F
!G
!NG
!H
!I
!Î
!L
!LL
!M
!N
!O
!Ô
!P
!R
!RR
!S
!Ƨ
!T
!U
!Û
!V
!W
!Y
!Φ
!Ψ
|-
|a
|b
|mb
|c
|d
|e
|ê
|f
|g
|ng
|h
|i
|î
|l
|ll
|m
|n
|o
|ô
|p
|r
|rr
|s
|ƨ
|t
|u
|û
|v
|w
|y
|φ
|ψ
|}
The alphabet consists of 27 letters.
{| class="wikitable"
!
Letter
!
Name
!IPA
!
Closest equivalent
|-
|A, a
|a
|[ɑ]
|b'''a'''th
|-
|B, b
|be
|[b]
|'''b'''ull
|-
|Mb, mb
|mbe
|[v]
|'''v'''alve
|-
|C, c
|ce
|[k]
|'''k'''ind
|-
|D, d
|de
|[d]
|'''d'''ice
|-
|E, e
|e
|[e]
|b'''e'''d
|-
|Ê, ê
|ê
|[ə]
|'''a'''bout
|-
|F, f
|ef
|[f]
|'''f'''ill
|-
|G, g
|ge
|[g]
|'''g'''oat
|-
|Ng, ng
|nge
|[ŋ]
|ri'''ng'''
|-
|H, h
|ha
|[h]
|'''h'''igh
|-
|I, i
|i
|[i]
|b'''i'''t, p'''i'''ll
|-
|Î, î
|î
|[ɨ]
|Russian т'''ы'''
|-
|L, l
|el
|[ɫ]
|fee'''l'''
|-
|Ll, ll
|el-el
|[ɭ]
|Norweigan fa'''rl'''ig
|-
|M, m
|em
|[m]
|'''m'''ince
|-
|N, n
|en
|[n]
|'''n'''ice
|-
|O, o
|o
|[ɔ]
|n'''o'''t
|-
|Ô, ô
|ô
|[o]
|g'''o'''
|-
|P, p
|pe
|[p]
|'''p'''ick
|-
|R, r
|er
|[ɹ]
|'''r'''ed
|-
|Rr, rr
|er-er
|[ɚ]
|AmE sta'''r'''t
|-
|S, s
|es
|[s]
|'''s'''tir
|-
|Ƨ, ƨ
|eƨ
|[ʃ]
|'''sh'''ip
|-
|T, t
|te
|[t], [θ]
|'''t'''ips, '''th'''e
|-
|U, u
|u
|[u]
|b'''oo'''k
|-
|Û, û
|û
|[ʌ]
|pl'''u'''s
|-
|V, v
|v
|[ɵ]
|Cardiff f'''oo'''t
|-
|W, w
|we
|[w]
|'''w'''ith
|-
|Y, y
|y
|[y]
|Scouse, Multicultural London f'''ew'''
|-
|Φ, φ
|φe
|[pʰ]
|s'''p'''ill
|-
|Ψ, ψ
|ψ
|[ps]
|na'''ps'''
|}
=== Old alphabet ===
{| class="wikitable"
!A
!Ƃ
!B
!C
!D
!E
!Ê
!F
!G
!Ŋ
!H
!I
!Î
!L
!LL
!M
!N
!O
!Ô
!P
!R
!RR
!S
!Ƨ
!T
!U
!Û
!Ỽ
!V
!Φ
!Ψ
|-
|a
|ƃ
|b
|c
|d
|e
|ê
|f
|g
|ŋ
|h
|i
|î
|l
|ll
|m
|n
|o
|ô
|p
|r
|rr
|s
|ƨ
|t
|u
|û
|ỽ
|v
|φ
|ψ
|}
bwwpc6ozoc5v27mphpt3b4pdnx1ic9o
Taiwanese Tengwar Symbols
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Created page with "'''Taiwanese Tengwar Symbols''' is a system to write Taiwanese Hokkien designed in 2009 by Chhoa Luia, in association with J. R. R. Tolkien. Like the Taiwanese Phonetic Symbol..."
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'''Taiwanese Tengwar Symbols''' is a system to write Taiwanese Hokkien designed in 2009 by Chhoa Luia, in association with J. R. R. Tolkien. Like the Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols, they are used as Ruby characters.
The Tengwar letters used in Taiwanese Tengwar Symbols are:
{| class="article-table"
!ngoldo
!lambe
!tinco
!formen
!parma
!esse
!quesse
!thule
!harma
!vala
!hwesta
|-
|ng
|l
|t
|ph
|p
|s
|k
|th
|h
|tsh
|j
|-
!anca
!calma
!anna
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|g
|r
|nn
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
The tehtars used in Taiwanese Tengwar Symbols are:
{| class="article-table"
!(none)
!rempe
!rempenuquerna
!tecco
!rempe
!amatixe 2
|-
|a
|e
|i
|o
|oo
|u
|}
Tones are indicated by a superscript number next to a letter, ¹ to ⁸ are used. No spaces or hyphens are used to separate compounds.
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'''Taiwanese Tengwar Symbols''' is a system to write Taiwanese Hokkien designed in 2009 by Chhoa Luia, in association with J. R. R. Tolkien. Like the Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols, they are used as Ruby characters.
The Tengwar letters used in Taiwanese Tengwar Symbols are:
{| class="article-table"
!ngoldo
!lambe
!tinco
!formen
!parma
!esse
!quesse
!thule
!harma
!vala
!hwesta
|-
|ng
|l
|t
|ph
|p
|s
|k
|th
|h
|tsh
|j
|-
!anca
!calma
!anna
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|g
|r
|nn
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
The tehtars used in Taiwanese Tengwar Symbols are:
{| class="article-table"
!(none)
!rempe
!rempenuquerna
!tecco
!rempe
!amatixe 2
|-
|a
|e
|i
|o
|oo
|u
|}
Tones are indicated by a superscript number next to a letter, ¹ to ⁸ are used. Unlike POJ or Taiwanese Romanisation System, no hyphens are used to separate compounds.
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'''Taiwanese Tengwar Symbols''' is a system to write Taiwanese Hokkien designed in 2009 by Chhoa Luia, in association with J. R. R. Tolkien. Like the Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols, they are used as Ruby characters.
The Tengwar letters used in Taiwanese Tengwar Symbols are:
{| class="article-table"
!ngoldo
!lambe
!tinco
!formen
!parma
!esse
!quesse
!thule
!harma
!vala
!hwesta
|-
|ng
|l
|t
|ph
|p
|s
|k
|th
|h
|tsh
|j
|-
!anca
!calma
!anna
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|g
|r
|nn
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
The tehtars used in Taiwanese Tengwar Symbols are:
{| class="article-table"
!(none)
!rempe
!rempenuquerna
!tecco
!rempe
!amatixe 2
|-
|a
|e
|i
|o
|oo
|u
|}
Tones are indicated by a superscript number next to a letter, ¹ to ⁸ are used. Unlike POJ or Taiwanese Romanisation System, no hyphens are needed to indicate compounds.
slw7awkld692m1qpxu0ze7gueljydww
Tchilkenva Unified Languages
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The language family '''Tchilkenva Unified''' is a family of constructed tonal languages located in Tchilkenva State, Nookipedian, with each city having their own language. Although English, French and Nookipedian are official languages, there are other languages that people can speak.
== History ==
The languages of Tchilkenva Unified were developed by Chungon Hinanta, in 1235 CE (221 years before the country, Nookipedian, was created in 1456 by King Tsenonkuro Laudanmo who merged 10 empires into 1 country), and Chungon Hinanta was the first speaker. The number of speakers of Tchilkenva Unified Family increased to 3,560 in 1267 CE. By 1456, when King Tsenonkuro Laudanmo created a new country, Nookipedian, it had 3,180,693 speakers.
When French became the official language of Tchilkenva State in 1458 CE (2 years after the country Nookipedian was created) by Sentusas' request, the number of speakers had increased to approximately 5,680,782. English did not became an official language of Tchilkenva State until roughly 1688 CE.
The new language family, Tchilkenva Unified, was created in 1690 CE by Tanwoon Karmiste and put the unclassified, constructed languages into a new language family, Tchilkenva Unified.
== Phonology ==
All languages in Tchilkenva Unified have the nasals [m], [n] and [ŋ]. There was used to be a palatal nasal [ɲ], but has been replaced by a palatalised nasal [nʲ] in Tchilkenvan in 1709 CE, and has been dropped from other Tchilkenva Unified languages between 1707 CE and 1720 CE. Nasal vowels survive in Tchilkenvan and Yutarlei, but had been eliminated in other Tchilkenva Unified languages by 1836 CE.
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" |
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
!Labiodental
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]
! [[palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| m
|
|
| n
|
|
| ŋ
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Stop
|
|
|
|
|
|c
|
|ʔ
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | [[Plosive]]/<br />[[affricate]]
|p
|
|
|t
|t͡ʃ
|
|k
|
|-
|
|
|
|d
|
|
|g
|
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | [[Fricative]]
|f
|
|θ
|s
|ʃ
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|ð
|
|ʒ
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant]]
|
|ʋ, ʋ̥
|
|
|
|j, ɥ
|w
|
|}
=== Vowels ===
Most languages in the Tchilkenva Unified family have only oral vowels. Nasal vowels are only found in Tchilkenvan and Yutarlei. (Most languages in Tchilkenva Unified have lost their nasal vowels roughly around 1830s.)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |
Front
! rowspan="2" |Central
! rowspan="2" |Back
|-
!unrounded
!rounded
|-
|Close
|i
|y
|
|u
|-
|Close-mid
|e
|
| rowspan="2" |ə
|o
|-
|Open-mid
|ɛ
|œ
|ɔ
|-
|Open
|
|
|
|ɑ
|}
==== Nasal vowels ====
These nasal vowels are intended for use in Tchilkenvan and Yutarlei.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! rowspan="2" |
Nasalised vowel
! colspan="2" |
Occurs in
|-
!
Tchilkenvan
!Yutarlei
|-
|ɑ̃
|✔
|✔
|-
|ɛ̃
|
|✔
|-
|ɔ̃
|✔
|✔
|}
=== Tones ===
Because all languages in Tchilkenva Unified are tonal, there are six tones in most languages, but eight in Tchilkenvan and Yutarlei.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!Tone number
!Tone name
!
IPA
! colspan="2" |
Tone mark (1906)
! colspan="2" |Tone mark (1986)
|-
|1
|Mid
|˧
|I ı
|aı
|L l
|al
|-
|2
|Dipping
|˧˩˧
|Ƨ ƨ
|aƨ
|Z z
|az
|-
|3
|Rising
|˧˥
|З з
|aз
|Q q
|aq
|-
|4
|High
|˥
|Ч ч
|aч
|H h
|ah
|-
|5
|Low
|˩
|Ƽ ƽ
|aƽ
|V v
|av
|-
|6
|Falling
|˥˩
|Ƅ ƅ
|aƅ
|X x
|ax
|-
|7
|Creaky Rising
|˧ˀ˦˥
|Г г
|aг
|´ (acute accent)
|á
|-
|8
|Creaky Falling
|˨˩ˀ
|Ȣ ȣ
|aȣ
|` (grave accent)
|à
|-
|0
|Neutral
|
|not marked
|a
|not marked
|a
|}
== Tchilkenva reference alphabet ==
The current alphabet was created in 1906. In 1986, after 80 years, the letters with diacritics, lettwers resembling numerals and IPA letters have been replaced with digraphs and trigraphs. The 1986 alphabet uses the English alphabet.
Notes:
* The letter '''''c''''' was used for /s/, because of its similarity to the lunate sigma.
* It is unusual to have the th-sound (/θ/) represented by the letter '''''s''''', as elsewhere it is a voiceless alveolar sibilant. The voiceless alveolar sibilant on the Tchilkenva Unified Languages should be represented by '''''c'''''.
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The language family '''Tchilkenva Unified''' is a family of constructed tonal languages located in Tchilkenva State, Nookipedian, with each city having their own language. Although English, French and Nookipedian are official languages, there are other languages that people can speak.
== History ==
The languages of Tchilkenva Unified were developed by Chungon Hinanta, in 1235 CE (221 years before the country, Nookipedian, was created in 1456 by King Tsenonkuro Laudanmo who merged 10 empires into 1 country), and Chungon Hinanta was the first speaker. The number of speakers of Tchilkenva Unified Family increased to 3,560 in 1267 CE. By 1456, when King Tsenonkuro Laudanmo created a new country, Nookipedian, it had 3,180,693 speakers.
When French became the official language of Tchilkenva State in 1458 CE (2 years after the country Nookipedian was created) by Sentusas' request, the number of speakers had increased to approximately 5,680,782. English did not became an official language of Tchilkenva State until roughly 1688 CE.
The new language family, Tchilkenva Unified, was created in 1690 CE by Tanwoon Karmiste and put the unclassified, constructed languages into a new language family, Tchilkenva Unified.
== Phonology ==
All languages in Tchilkenva Unified have the nasals [m], [n] and [ŋ]. There was used to be a palatal nasal [ɲ], but has been replaced by a palatalised nasal [nʲ] in Tchilkenvan in 1709 CE, and has been dropped from other Tchilkenva Unified languages between 1707 CE and 1720 CE. Nasal vowels survive in Tchilkenvan and Yutarlei, but had been eliminated in other Tchilkenva Unified languages by 1836 CE.
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" |
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
!Labiodental
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]
! [[palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| m
|
|
| n
|
|
| ŋ
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Stop
|
|
|
|
|
|c
|
|ʔ
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | [[Plosive]]/<br />[[affricate]]
|p
|
|
|t
|t͡ʃ
|
|k
|
|-
|
|
|
|d
|
|
|g
|
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | [[Fricative]]
|f
|
|θ
|s
|ʃ
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|ð
|
|ʒ
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant]]
|
|ʋ, ʋ̥
|
|
|ɹ̠
|j, ɥ
|w
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Implosive
|ɓ
|
|
|ɗ
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Vowels ===
Most languages in the Tchilkenva Unified family have only oral vowels. Nasal vowels are only found in Tchilkenvan and Yutarlei. (Most languages in Tchilkenva Unified have lost their nasal vowels roughly around 1830s.)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |
Front
! rowspan="2" |Central
! rowspan="2" |Back
|-
!unrounded
!rounded
|-
|Close
|i
|y
|
|u
|-
|Close-mid
|e
|
| rowspan="2" |ə
|o
|-
|Open-mid
|ɛ
|œ
|ɔ
|-
|Open
|
|
|
|ɑ
|}
==== Nasal vowels ====
These nasal vowels are intended for use in Tchilkenvan and Yutarlei. In the 1906 version of the Tchilkenva reference alphabet, nasalisation of vowels is marked with an ogonek, but in the 1986 version, it uses the letter 'n' to represent nasalisation (being a double-duty: representing an alveolar nasal [n] and vowel nasalisation).
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! rowspan="2" |
Nasalised vowel
! colspan="2" |
Occurs in
|-
!
Tchilkenvan
!Yutarlei
|-
|ɑ̃
|✔
|✔
|-
|ɛ̃
|
|✔
|-
|ɔ̃
|✔
|✔
|}
=== Tones ===
Because all languages in Tchilkenva Unified are tonal, there are six tones in most languages, but eight in Tchilkenvan and Yutarlei. The 1906 version of the Tchilkenva reference alphabet used final letters resembling numerals, but in the 1986 verion of the Tchilkenva reference alphabet, it used final consonant letters to indicate tone. Some of the letters pull double-duty, representing consonants.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!Tone number
!Tone name
!
IPA
! colspan="2" |
Tone mark (1906)
! colspan="2" |Tone mark (1986)
|-
|1
|Mid
|˧
|I ı
|aı
|L l
|al
|-
|2
|Dipping
|˧˩˧
|Ƨ ƨ
|aƨ
|Z z
|az
|-
|3
|Rising
|˧˥
|З з
|aз
|Q q
|aq
|-
|4
|High
|˥
|Ч ч
|aч
|H h
|ah
|-
|5
|Low
|˩
|Ƽ ƽ
|aƽ
|V v
|av
|-
|6
|Falling
|˥˩
|Ƅ ƅ
|aƅ
|X x
|ax
|-
|7
|Creaky Rising
|˧ˀ˦˥
|<big>⁊</big> ⁊
|a⁊
|F f
|af
|-
|8
|Creaky Falling
|˨˩ˀ
|Ȣ ȣ
|aȣ
|J j
|aj
|-
|0
|Neutral
|
|not marked
|a
|not marked
|a
|}
== Tchilkenva reference alphabet ==
The current alphabet was created in 1906. In 1986, after 80 years, the letters with diacritics, lettwers resembling numerals and IPA letters have been replaced with digraphs and trigraphs. The 1986 alphabet uses the English alphabet.
Notes:
* The letter '''''c''''' was used for /s/, because of its letter similarity to the lunate sigma.
* It is unusual to have the th-sound (/θ/) represented by the letter '''''s''''', as elsewhere it is a voiceless alveolar sibilant. The voiceless alveolar sibilant on the Tchilkenva Unified Languages should be represented by '''''c'''''.
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!
1906
!1986
!
IPA
!
!1906
!1986
!IPA
!
!1906
!1986
!IPA
|-
|B b
|B b
|/p/
|
|Ǵ ǵ
|Gv gv
|/ɹ̠ʷ/
|
|M m
|M m
|/m/
|-
|D d
|D d
|/d/
|
|Ɠ ɠ
|Q q
|/g/
|
|N n
|N n
|/n/
|-
|Ƃ ƃ
|Bb bb
|/ɓ/
|
|Y y
|Y y
|/j/
|
|Ŋ ŋ
|Ng ng
|/ŋ/
|-
|Ƌ ƌ
|Dd dd
|/ɗ/
|
|T t
|T t
|/t/
|
|S s
|S s
|/θ/
|-
|G g
|G g
|/ɹ̠/
|
|Ƀ ƀ
|P p
|/pʰ/
|
|
|
|
|-
|C c
|C c
|/s/
|
|K k
|K k
|/kʰ/
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ch ch
|Ch ch
|/ʃ/
|
|Ḱ ḱ
|Kh kh
|/k/
|
|
|
|
|-
|Š š
|Sh sh
|/t͡ʃ/
|
|L l
|L l
|/l/
|
|
|
|
|}
mthqpq6asm88pe396twrsdjytrt6hsh
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The language family '''Tchilkenva Unified''' is a family of constructed tonal languages located in Tchilkenva State, Nookipedian, with each city having their own language. Although English, French and Nookipedian are official languages, there are other languages that people can speak.
== History ==
The languages of Tchilkenva Unified were developed by Chungon Hinanta, in 1235 CE (221 years before the country, Nookipedian, was created in 1456 by King Tsenonkuro Laudanmo who merged 10 empires into 1 country), and Chungon Hinanta was the first speaker. The number of speakers of Tchilkenva Unified Family increased to 3,560 in 1267 CE. By 1456, when King Tsenonkuro Laudanmo created a new country, Nookipedian, it had 3,180,693 speakers.
When French became the official language of Tchilkenva State in 1458 CE (2 years after the country Nookipedian was created) by Sentusas' request, the number of speakers had increased to approximately 5,680,782. English did not became an official language of Tchilkenva State until roughly 1688 CE.
The new language family, Tchilkenva Unified, was created in 1690 CE by Tanwoon Karmiste and put the unclassified, constructed languages into a new language family, Tchilkenva Unified.
== Phonology ==
All languages in Tchilkenva Unified have the nasals [m], [n] and [ŋ]. There was used to be a palatal nasal [ɲ], but has been replaced by a palatalised nasal [nʲ] in Tchilkenvan in 1709 CE, and has been dropped from other Tchilkenva Unified languages between 1707 CE and 1720 CE. Nasal vowels survive in Tchilkenvan and Yutarlei, but had been eliminated in other Tchilkenva Unified languages by 1836 CE.
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" |
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
!Labiodental
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]
! [[palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| m
|
|
| n
|
|
| ŋ
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Stop
|
|
|
|
|
|c
|
|ʔ
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | [[Plosive]]/<br />[[affricate]]
|p
|
|
|t
|t͡ʃ
|
|k
|
|-
|
|
|
|d
|
|
|g
|
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | [[Fricative]]
|f
|
|θ
|s
|ʃ
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|ð
|
|ʒ
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant]]
|
|ʋ, ʋ̥
|
|
|ɹ̠
|j, ɥ
|w
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Implosive
|ɓ
|
|
|ɗ
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Vowels ===
Most languages in the Tchilkenva Unified family have only oral vowels. Nasal vowels are only found in Tchilkenvan and Yutarlei. (Most languages in Tchilkenva Unified have lost their nasal vowels roughly around 1830s.)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |
Front
! rowspan="2" |Central
! rowspan="2" |Back
|-
!unrounded
!rounded
|-
|Close
|i
|y
|
|u
|-
|Close-mid
|e
|
| rowspan="2" |ə
|o
|-
|Open-mid
|ɛ
|œ
|ɔ
|-
|Open
|
|
|
|ɑ
|}
==== Nasal vowels ====
These nasal vowels are intended for use in Tchilkenvan and Yutarlei. In the 1906 version of the Tchilkenva reference alphabet, nasalisation of vowels is marked with an ogonek, but in the 1986 version, it uses the letter 'n' to represent nasalisation (being a double-duty: representing an alveolar nasal [n] and vowel nasalisation).
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! rowspan="2" |
Nasalised vowel
! colspan="2" |
Occurs in
|-
!
Tchilkenvan
!Yutarlei
|-
|ɑ̃
|✔
|✔
|-
|ɛ̃
|
|✔
|-
|ɔ̃
|✔
|✔
|}
=== Tones ===
Because all languages in Tchilkenva Unified are tonal, there are six tones in most languages, but eight in Tchilkenvan and Yutarlei. The 1906 version of the Tchilkenva reference alphabet used final letters resembling numerals, but in the 1986 verion of the Tchilkenva reference alphabet, it used final consonant letters to indicate tone. Some of the letters pull double-duty, representing consonants.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!Tone number
!Tone name
!
IPA
! colspan="2" |
Tone mark (1906)
! colspan="2" |Tone mark (1986)
|-
|1
|Mid
|˧
|I ı
|aı
|L l
|al
|-
|2
|Dipping
|˧˩˧
|Ƨ ƨ
|aƨ
|Z z
|az
|-
|3
|Rising
|˧˥
|З з
|aз
|Q q
|aq
|-
|4
|High
|˥
|Ч ч
|aч
|H h
|ah
|-
|5
|Low
|˩
|Ƽ ƽ
|aƽ
|V v
|av
|-
|6
|Falling
|˥˩
|Ƅ ƅ
|aƅ
|X x
|ax
|-
|7
|Creaky Rising
|˧ˀ˦˥
|<big>⁊</big> ⁊
|a⁊
|F f
|af
|-
|8
|Creaky Falling
|˨˩ˀ
|Ȣ ȣ
|aȣ
|J j
|aj
|-
|0
|Neutral
|
|not marked
|a
|not marked
|a
|}
== Tchilkenva reference alphabet ==
The current alphabet was created in 1906. In 1986, after 80 years, the letters with diacritics, lettwers resembling numerals and IPA letters have been replaced with digraphs and trigraphs. The 1986 alphabet uses the English alphabet.
Notes:
* The letter '''''c''''' was used for /s/, because of its letter similarity to the lunate sigma.
* It is unusual to have the th-sound (/θ/) represented by the letter '''''s''''', as elsewhere it is a voiceless alveolar sibilant. The voiceless alveolar sibilant on the Tchilkenva Unified Languages should be represented by '''''c'''''.
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!
1906
!1986
!
IPA
!
!1906
!1986
!IPA
!
!1906
!1986
!IPA
!
!1906
!1986
!IPA
!
!1906
!1986
!IPA
|-
|B b
|B b
|/p/
|
|Ǵ ǵ
|Gv gv
|/ɹ̠ʷ/
|
|M m
|M m
|/m/
|
|Ʒj ʒj
|Zhj zhj
|/ʒʲ/
|
|Ð ð
|Z z
|/ð/
|-
|D d
|D d
|/d/
|
|Ɠ ɠ
|Q q
|/g/
|
|N n
|N n
|/n/
|
|Ŋy ŋy
|Ngy ngy
|/ŋʲ/
|
|Ff ff
|Ff ff
|/ʋ̥/
|-
|Ƃ ƃ
|Bb bb
|/ɓ/
|
|Y y
|Y y
|/j/
|
|Ŋ ŋ
|Ng ng
|/ŋ/
|
|Mv mv
|Mv mv
|/mʷ/
|
|Th th
|Th th
|/c/
|-
|Ƌ ƌ
|Dd dd
|/ɗ/
|
|T t
|T t
|/t/
|
|Nj nj
|Nj nj
|/nʲ/
|
|F f
|F f
|/ɸ/
|
|
|
|
|-
|G g
|G g
|/ɹ̠/
|
|Ƀ ƀ
|P p
|/pʰ/
|
|Mj mj
|Mj mj
|/mʲ/
|
|H h
|H h
|/h/
|
|
|
|
|-
|C c
|C c
|/s/
|
|K k
|K k
|/kʰ/
|
|Kj kj
|Kj kj
|/kʲ/
|
|L l
|L l
|/ɭ/
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ch ch
|Ch ch
|/ʃ/
|
|Ḱ ḱ
|Kh kh
|/k/
|
|J j
|J j
|/dʒ/
|
|Ll ll
|Ll ll
|/ʎ/
|
|
|
|
|-
|Š š
|Sh sh
|/t͡ʃ/
|
|L l
|L l
|/l/
|
|Ʒ ʒ
|Zh zh
|/ʒ/
|
|V v
|V v
|/ʋ/
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!
1906
!1986
!
IPA
!
!1906
!1986
!IPA
!
!1906
!1986
!IPA
|-
|Ą ą
|An an
|/ɑ̃/
|
|R r
|R r
|/ə/
|
|I i
|I i
|/i/
|-
|A a
|A a
|/ɑ/
|
|O o
|O o
|/ɔ/
|
|Ï ï
|H h
|/y/
|-
|E e
|E e
|/ɛ/
|
|Ɵ ɵ
|Oe oe
|/o/
|
|É é
|Eu eu
|/e/
|-
|Ę ę
|En en
|/ɛ̃/
|
|Ǫ ǫ
|On on
|/ɔ̃/
|
|Œ œ
|W w
|/œ/
|}
=== Tones ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!Tone number
!
1906
!1986
!IPA
|-
|1
|I ı
|L l
|/˧/
|-
|2
|Ƨ ƨ
|Z z
|/˧˩˧/
|-
|3
|З з
|Q q
|/˧˥/
|-
|4
|Ч ч
|H h
|/˥/
|-
|5
|Ƽ ƽ
|V v
|/˩/
|-
|6
|Ƅ ƅ
|X x
|/˥˩/
|-
|7
|<big>⁊</big> ⁊
|F f
|/˧ˀ˦˥/
|-
|8
|Ȣ ȣ
|J j
|/˨˩ˀ/
|-
|0
| colspan="3" |∅
|}
juwslj9xbjy3t6h0dkjaqfi0s8i5qo9
Thao-jan-Chann
0
174
281
2018-04-19T07:27:43Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "Thao-jan-Chann is a Latin alphabet designed for Nathui language (a tonal language official in Nathui state. Nookipedian). == Alphabet == The system uses 27 letters (20 conson..."
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Thao-jan-Chann is a Latin alphabet designed for Nathui language (a tonal language official in Nathui state. Nookipedian).
== Alphabet ==
The system uses 27 letters (20 consonants and 6 vowels). C, Q and W are only used in loanwords.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:1.2em; text-align:center;"
|A
|B
|D
|E
|F
|G
|Gh
|H
|I
|J
|K
|L
|M
| colspan="2" |N
|O
|Ø
|P
|SH
|R
|S
|T
|U
|V
|X
|Y
|Z
|-
|a
|b
|d
|e
|f
|g
|gh
|h
|i
|j
|k
|l
|m
|n
|ƞ
|o
|ø
|p
|sh
|r
|s
|t
|u
|v
|x
|y
|z
|}
== Initials ==
{| class="wikitable"
!
Initial
!
IPA
|-
|b
|[p]
|-
|d
|[t]
|-
|f
|[f]
|-
|g
|[χ]
|-
|gh
|[ɢ]
|-
|h
|[ħ]
|-
|j
|[ɟ]
|-
|k
|[k]
|-
|l
|[l]
|-
|m
|[m]
|-
|n
|[n]
|-
|p
|[p]
|-
|sh
|[ʃ]
|-
|r
|[r]
|-
|s
|[s]
|-
|t
|[t]
|-
|v
|[b], [w]*
|-
|x
|[tʃ]
|-
|y
|[j]
|-
|z
|[z]
|}
== Finals ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Final
!IPA
!Final
!IPA
!Final
!IPA
|-
|a
|[ɑ]
|iƞ
|[ɪ̃]
|yy
|[aː]
|-
|aa
|[ɑː]
|o
|[ɔ]
|ye
|[e]
|-
|ae
|[ə]
|oo
|[ɔː]
|yi
|[ɘ]
|-
|ai
|[ɑi]
|oa
|[ɔʔɑ]
|yƞ
|[ã]
|-
|ao
|[ɑʊ]
|oe
|[ɔʔɛ]
|m
|[m̩]
|-
|au
|[ʌ]
|ou
|[uː]
|n
|[n̩]
|-
|aƞ
|[ɑ̃]
|oy
|[oɪː]
|ng
|[ŋ̍]
|-
|e
|[ɛ]
|oƞ
|[ɔ̃]
|rr
|[r̩]
|-
|eau
|[o]
|ø
|[œ]
|<nowiki>-p</nowiki>
|[p̚]
|-
|ee
|[ɛː]
|øø
|[œː]
|<nowiki>-t</nowiki>
|[t̚]
|-
|ei
|[ɛɪ]
|øƞ
|[œ̃]
|<nowiki>-k</nowiki>
|[k̚]
|-
|eo
|[ɛo]
|u
|[ʊ]
|<nowiki>-v</nowiki>
|[v]
|-
|eu
|[u]
|uu
|[ʊː]
|
|
|-
|eƞ
|[ɛ̃]
|ua
|[əː]
|
|
|-
|i
|[ɪ]
|ue
|[ʊɛ]
|
|
|-
|in
|[ɪn]
|ui
|[ʊi]
|
|
|-
|ii
|[ɪː]
|uo
|[ʊo]
|
|
|-
|ia
|[ɪɑ], [ʲɑ]
|uy
|[ɯ]
|
|
|-
|ie
|[ɪɛ], [ʲɛ]
|uƞ
|[ʊ̃]
|
|
|-
|io
|[ɪo], [ʲo]
|y
|[a]
|
|
|}
== Tones ==
Tones are marked with diacritics, since Nathui is a tonal language.
{| class="wikitable"
!Tone number
!Tone name
!
IPA
! colspan="2" |Symbol
|-
|1
|High
|[˦]
|'''◌̄'''
|macron
|-
|2
|Low-dipping
|[˨˩˧]
|'''◌̌'''
|caron
|-
|3
|Mid
|[˧]
|◌
|none
|-
|<u>3</u>
|Mid checked
|[˧˥˧]
|◌
|none (-p, -t, -k)
|-
|4
|Low
|[˨]
|'''◌̀'''
|grave
|-
|5
|Rising
|[˩˩˦]
|'''◌́'''
|acute
|-
|6
|Extra low
|[˩]
|'''◌̂'''
|circumflex
|-
|<u>6</u>
|Extra low checked
|[˩˥˧]
|'''◌̂'''
|circumflex (-p, -t, -k)
|-
|7
|Extra high
|[˥]
|'''◌̆'''
|breve
|-
|8
|Falling
|[˥˥˩]
|'''◌̑'''
|inverted breve
|-
|9
|Mid-falling breathy
|[˧˩]
|'''◌̈'''
|umalut (-v)
|-
|10
|High falling
|[˦˧]
|◌̅
|vinculum (-v)
|-
|0
|Neutral
|[∅]
|◌̣
|underdot
|}
3rb644a7h5pjzj0xx2ohwa7a2w4ytdb
Tharuii's phonetic alphabet
0
249
437
2018-06-24T08:40:46Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "Tharuii's phonetic alphabet is one of the phonetic alphabets, derived from Cyrillic but using some letters from the Greek and other alphabets. == Pulmonic consonants == {| cl..."
437
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text/x-wiki
Tharuii's phonetic alphabet is one of the phonetic alphabets, derived from Cyrillic but using some letters from the Greek and other alphabets.
== Pulmonic consonants ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Place →
! colspan="5" |Labial
! colspan="9" |Coronal
! colspan="6" |Dorsal
! colspan="6" |Laryngeal
|-
!Manner ↓
! colspan="2" |Bilabial
! colspan="2" |Labiodental
! colspan="2" |Linguolabial
! colspan="2" |Dental
! colspan="2" |Alveolar
! colspan="2" |Postalveolar
! colspan="2" |Retroflex
! colspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! colspan="2" |Uvular
! colspan="2" |Pharyngeal/Epiglottal
! colspan="2" |Glottal
|-
!Nasal
|м̣
|м
|
|м̉
|
|н̧
| colspan="2" |
|н̣
|н
| colspan="2" |
|н̟̇
|н̟
|н̣̽
|н̽
|ң̣
|ң
|
|ν
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
!Stop
|п
|б
|п̉
|б̉
|т̧
|д̧
| colspan="2" |
|т
|д
| colspan="2" |
|т̟
|д̟
|к̽
|г̽
|к
|г
|қ
|ӷ
|<s>¿</s>
|
|ʔ
|
|-
!Sibilant affricate
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|ц
|ѕ
|ч
|џ
|ц̟
|ѕ̟
|ч̽
|џ̽
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
!Non-sibilant affricate
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">пф</span>
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">бв</span>
|п̉ф
|б̉в
| colspan="2" |
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">тѳ</span>
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">дԁ</span>
|тҏ͛
|дҏ͛
|тҏ̝̓̇
|дҏ̝̓
| colspan="2" |
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ч̽ц</span>
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">џ̽ѕ</span>
|кx
|гγ
|қχ
|
|
|ʡʢ
|ʔh
|
|-
!Sibilant fricative
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|с
|з
|ш
|ж
|ш̟
|ж̟
|щ
|ӡ
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
!Non-sibilant fricative
|ԥ
|β
|ф
|в
|ѳ̧
|ԁ̧
|ѳ
|ԁ
|ѳ̓
|ԁ̓
|ҏ̝̓̇
|ҏ̝̓
|
|р̏
|цч̽
|џј̽
|x
|γ
|χ
|ԗ
|ħ
|ʕ
|h
|ɦ
|-
!Approximant
| colspan="2" |
|ʋ̥
|ʋ
|
|
|
|
|ҏ̣
|ҏ
| colspan="2" |
|ɻ̊
|ɻ
|j̊
|j
|ɰ̊
|ɰ
|
|
|
|
|
|ʔ̞
|-
!Tap/Flap
|
|ⱱ̟
|
|ⱱ
|
|ɾ̼
| colspan="2" |
|ɾ̥
|ɾ
| colspan="2" |
|ɽ̊
|ɽ
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|
|ɢ̆
|
|ʡ̆
| colspan="2" |
|-
!Trill
|ʙ̥
|ʙ
| colspan="2" |
|
|
| colspan="2" |
|r̥
|r
| colspan="2" |
|ɽ̊ɽ̊
|ɽɽ
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|ʀ̥
|ʀ
|ʜ
|¿
| colspan="2" |
|-
!Lateral affricate
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|tɬ
|dɮ
| colspan="2" |
|ʈɭ̊˔
|
|cʎ̝̊
|
|kʟ̝̊
|ɡʟ̝
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
!Lateral fricative
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|ɬ
|ɮ
| colspan="2" |
|ɭ̊˔
|ɭ˔
|ʎ̝̊
|ʎ̝
|ʟ̝̊
|ʟ̝
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
!Lateral approximant
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|l̥
|l
| colspan="2" |
|ɭ̊
|ɭ
|ʎ̥
|ʎ
|ʟ̥
|ʟ
|
|ʟ̠
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
!Lateral tap/flap
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|
|ɺ
| colspan="2" |
|
|ɭ̆
|
|ʎ̆
|
|ʟ̆
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}
qrpm72wjg6ntxjue1qfzjugrk5j3xkh
Thayuganu numerals
0
236
407
2018-06-05T10:50:56Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "Thayuganu uses both Hebrew alphabet and Latin-based alphabet. Its numeral system is alphabetic. This system was the main system for counting in Thayuganu from 56 AD to 1766 AD..."
407
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Thayuganu uses both Hebrew alphabet and Latin-based alphabet. Its numeral system is alphabetic. This system was the main system for counting in Thayuganu from 56 AD to 1766 AD, when Kallugra Tainin replaced it with Arabic numerals. Today, Thayuganu numerals are seldom used except in cook books with units in British imperial system (used in West Thayuganu), ordinal numerals, numbering lists, prices at Chinese markets in Thayuganu state, prayer books and days of the week and years in the calendar.
{| class="wikitable"
!Arabic numeral
!Thayuganu numeral
|-
|0
|<span style="font-family:David;">·</span>
|-
|1
|<span style="font-family:David;">א</span>
|-
|2
|<span style="font-family:David;">ב</span>
|-
|3
|<span style="font-family:David;">ג</span>
|-
|4
|<span style="font-family:David;">ד</span>
|-
|5
|<span style="font-family:David;">ה</span>
|-
|6
|<span style="font-family:David;">ױ</span>
|-
|7
|<span style="font-family:David;">ו</span>
|-
|8
|<span style="font-family:David;">ז</span>
|-
|9
|<span style="font-family:David;">ח</span>
|-
|10
|<span style="font-family:David;">ט</span>
|-
|20
|<span style="font-family:David;">י</span>
|-
|30
|<span style="font-family:David;">כ</span>
|-
|40
|<span style="font-family:David;">ל</span>
|-
|50
|<span style="font-family:David;">מ</span>
|-
|60
|<span style="font-family:David;">נ</span>
|-
|70
|<span style="font-family:David;">ס</span>
|-
|80
|<span style="font-family:David;">ע</span>
|-
|90
|<span style="font-family:David;">װ</span>
|-
|100
|<span style="font-family:David;">פ</span>
|-
|200
|<span style="font-family:David;">צ</span>
|-
|300
|<span style="font-family:David;">ק</span>
|-
|400
|<span style="font-family:David;">ר</span>
|-
|500
|<span style="font-family:David;">שׁ</span>
|-
|600
|<span style="font-family:David;">שׂ</span>
|-
|700
|<span style="font-family:David;">ת</span>
|-
|800
|<span style="font-family:David;">תּ</span>
|-
|900
|<span style="font-family:David;">ײַ</span>
|-
|1000
|<span style="font-family:David;">א֜</span>
|-
|2000
|<span style="font-family:David;">ב֜</span>
|-
|5000
|<span style="font-family:David;">ה֜</span>
|}
== Fractional numerals ==
To express fractions, a ''geresh'' is used to indicate a fraction: א׳ה for "one fifth" or א׳ג for "one third".
The decimal mark is represented by ''paseq''. For example, ע׀טב is 80.12.
qgf9jeltfnba2fy4xlusow08hju95zx
The Fictional Language Community Wiki
0
3
79
3
2018-01-09T09:45:26Z
FANDOM
32769624
FANDOM moved page [[Main Page]] to [[The Fictional Language Community Wiki]]: SEO
79
wikitext
text/x-wiki
<mainpage-leftcolumn-start />
==Welcome to the Wiki==
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3
2018-01-09T09:45:28Z
FANDOM
32769624
3
wikitext
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<mainpage-leftcolumn-start />
==Welcome to the Wiki==
Welcome to the wiki. We’re a collaborative community website about your topic that anyone, including you, can edit. Click the edit button at the top of any page to get started!
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Write a description about your topic. Let your readers know what your topic is about and add some general information about it.
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85
79
2018-01-09T09:45:29Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
85
wikitext
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<mainpage-leftcolumn-start />
==Welcome to the The Fictional Language Community Wiki==
This wiki is a sub-wiki of PTBFC Community. This wiki is about fictional languages.
==Describe your topic==
Write a description about your topic. Let your readers know what your topic is about and add some general information about it.
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<activityfeed/>
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bqbc46ny0u9fby47ps64ohlm0p8c1ea
86
85
2018-01-09T09:46:33Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
/* Welcome to the The Fictional Language Community Wiki */
86
wikitext
text/x-wiki
<mainpage-leftcolumn-start />
==Welcome to the The Fictional Language Community Wiki==
This wiki is a sub-wiki of PTBFC Community. This wiki is about fictional languages.
PTBFC Wiki: [http://ptbfc.wikia.com/]
==Describe your topic==
Write a description about your topic. Let your readers know what your topic is about and add some general information about it.
==Latest activity==
<activityfeed/>
<mainpage-endcolumn />
<mainpage-rightcolumn-start />
Photos and videos are a great way to add visuals to your wiki. Find videos about your topic by exploring Fandom's [[w:c:video|Video Library]].
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0zltba2pl3iepcx16kodpz1g0o5he5c
87
86
2018-01-09T09:47:06Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
/* Welcome to the The Fictional Language Community Wiki */
87
wikitext
text/x-wiki
<mainpage-leftcolumn-start />
==Welcome to the The Fictional Language Community Wiki==
This wiki is a sub-wiki of PTBFC Community. This wiki is about fictional languages.
PTBFC Wiki: [http://ptbfc.wikia.com/ PTBFC Community]
==Describe your topic==
Write a description about your topic. Let your readers know what your topic is about and add some general information about it.
==Latest activity==
<activityfeed/>
<mainpage-endcolumn />
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Photos and videos are a great way to add visuals to your wiki. Find videos about your topic by exploring Fandom's [[w:c:video|Video Library]].
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87enria4v36ri4847vrlg01o4vyv58t
Theluida romanisation of Hokkien
0
176
288
2018-04-22T06:05:25Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "The '''Theluida romanisation of Hokkien''' is a romanisation system developed for Taiwanese Hokkien. It was in use in Nookipedian country between 1887 and 1992, when Peh-oe-ji..."
288
wikitext
text/x-wiki
The '''Theluida romanisation of Hokkien''' is a romanisation system developed for Taiwanese Hokkien. It was in use in Nookipedian country between 1887 and 1992, when Peh-oe-ji completely replaced Theluida as the main romanisation system for Taiwanese Hokkien in Nookipedianese cities. The main differences from POJ are: use of 〈ɔ〉 (Open O) for 〈o͘〉, use of prime symbol 〈′〉 to express nasalisation, use of 〈c〉 for 〈ch〉 and 〈x〉 for 〈chh〉 and use of Greek letters 〈Φ〉 and 〈Ψ〉 for 〈ph〉 and 〈kh〉.
The alphabet is:
{| class="wikitable"
!Theluida
!POJ equivalent
|-
|A a
|A a
|-
|B b
|B b
|-
|C c
|Ch ch
|-
|D d
|Th th
|-
|E e
|E e
|-
|G g
|G g
|-
|H h
|H h
|-
|Y y
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|I i
|I i
|-
|J j
|J j
|-
|K k
|K k
|-
|L l
|L l
|-
|M m
|M m
|-
|N n
|N n
|-
|O o
|O o
|-
|P p
|P p
|-
|S s
|S s
|-
|T t
|T t
|-
|U u
|U u
|-
|V v
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|X x
|Chh chh
|-
|Φ φ
|Ph ph
|-
|Ψ ψ
|Kh kh
|}
== Initials ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | !! colspan="2" |[[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]!! colspan="2" |[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" |[[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo-palatal]]!! colspan="2" |[[Velar consonant|Velar]]!![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
![[Voicelessness|Voiceless]]!![[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]!![[Voicelessness|Voiceless]]!![[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]
![[Voicelessness|Voiceless]]!![[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]!![[Voicelessness|Voiceless]]!![[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]
![[Voicelessness|Voiceless]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| ||[[Bilabial nasal|'''<big>m</big>''' {{IPA|[m]}}]]<br />ㄇ 毛 (mo͘ )|| ||[[Alveolar nasal|'''<big>n</big>''' {{IPA|[n]}}]]<br />ㄋ 耐 (nāi)|| ||
| ||[[Velar nasal|'''<big>ng</big>''' {{IPA|[ŋ]}}]]<br />ㄫ 雅 (ngá)||
|- align="center"
! rowspan="2" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]!![[Aspirated consonant|Unaspirated]]
|[[Voiceless bilabial stop|'''<big>p</big>''' {{IPA|[p]}}]]<br />ㄅ 邊 (pian)
|[[Voiced bilabial stop|'''<big>b</big>''' {{IPA|[b]}}]]<br />ㆠ 文 (bûn)
|[[Voiceless alveolar stop|'''<big>t</big>''' {{IPA|[t]}}]]<br />ㄉ 地 (tē)|| || ||
|[[Voiceless velar stop|'''<big>k</big>''' {{IPA|[k]}}]]<br />ㄍ 求 (kiû)
|[[Voiced velar stop|'''<big>g</big>''' {{IPA|[g]}}]]<br />ㆣ 語 (gí)||
|- align="center"
![[Aspirated consonant|Aspirated]]
|[[Voiceless bilabial stop|'''<big>φ</big>''' {{IPA|[pʰ]}}]]<br />ㄆ 波 (pho)||
|[[Voiceless alveolar stop|'''<big>d</big>''' {{IPA|[tʰ]}}]]<br />ㄊ 他 (thaⁿ)|| || ||
|[[Voiceless velar stop|'''<big>ψ</big>''' {{IPA|[kʰ]}}]]<br />ㄎ 去 (khì)|| ||
|- align="center"
! rowspan="2" |[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]!![[Aspirated consonant|Unaspirated]]
| || ||[[Voiceless alveolar affricate|'''<big>c</big>''' {{IPA|[ts]}}]]<br />ㄗ 曾 (chan)
|[[Voiced alveolar affricate|'''<big>j</big>''' {{IPA|[dz]}}]]<br />ㆡ 熱 (joa̍h)
|[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|'''<big>ci</big>''' {{IPA|[tɕ]}}]]<br />ㄐ 尖 (chiam)
|[[Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate|'''<big>ji</big>''' {{IPA|[dʑ]}}]]<br />ㆢ 入 (ji̍p)|| || ||
|- align="center"
![[Aspirated consonant|Aspirated]]
| || ||[[Voiceless alveolar affricate|'''<big>x</big>''' {{IPA|[tsʰ]}}]]<br />ㄘ 出 (chhut)||
|[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|'''<big>xi</big>''' {{IPA|[tɕʰ]}}]]<br />ㄑ 手 (chhiú)|| || || ||
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| || ||[[Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiceless alveolar sibilant|'''<big>s</big>''' {{IPA|[s]}}]]<br />ㄙ 衫 (saⁿ)||
|[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant|'''<big>si</big>''' {{IPA|[ɕ]}}]]<br />ㄒ 寫 (siá)|| || ||
|[[Voiceless glottal fricative|'''<big>h</big>''' {{IPA|[h]}}]]<br />ㄏ 喜 (hí)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
| || || ||[[Alveolar lateral approximant|'''<big>l</big>''' {{IPA|[l]}}]]<br />ㄌ 柳 (liú)|| || || || ||
|}
== Finals ==
{|
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+Monophthongs
! rowspan="2" | !! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]]!![[Central vowel|Central]]!! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
!Simple!![[Nasal vowel|Nasal]]!!Simple!!Simple!![[Nasal vowel|Nasal]]
|- align="center"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|[[Close front unrounded vowel|'''<big>i</big>''' {{IPA|[i]}}]]<br />ㄧ 衣 (i)
|[[Close front unrounded vowel|'''<big>i′</big>''' {{IPA|[ĩ]}}]]<br />ㆪ 圓 (îⁿ)||
|[[Close back rounded vowel|'''<big>u</big>''' {{IPA|[u]}}]]<br />ㄨ 污 (u)
|[[Close back rounded vowel|'''<big>u′</big>''' {{IPA|[ũ]}}]]<br />ㆫ 張 (tiuⁿ)
|- align="center"
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|[[Close-mid front unrounded vowel|'''<big>e</big>''' {{IPA|[e]}}]]<br />ㆤ 禮 (lé)
|[[Close-mid front unrounded vowel|'''<big>e′</big>''' {{IPA|[ẽ]}}]]<br />ㆥ 生 (seⁿ)
|[[Mid central vowel|'''<big>o</big>''' {{IPA|[ə]}}]]<br />ㄜ 高 (ko)
|[[Open-mid back rounded vowel|'''<big>ɔ</big>''' {{IPA|[ɔ]}}]]<br />ㆦ 烏 (o͘ )
|[[Open-mid back rounded vowel|'''<big>o′</big>''' {{IPA|[ɔ̃]}}]]<br />ㆧ 翁 (oⁿ)
|- align="center"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|[[Open front unrounded vowel|'''<big>a</big>''' {{IPA|[a]}}]]<br />ㄚ 查 (cha)
|[[Open front unrounded vowel|'''<big>a′</big>''' {{IPA|[ã]}}]]<br />ㆩ 衫 (saⁿ)|| || ||
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+Diphthongs & Triphthongs
|- align="center"
! rowspan="2" |Diphthongs
|'''<big>igh</big>''' {{IPA|[aɪ]}}<br />ㄞ||'''<big>au</big>''' {{IPA|[aʊ]}}<br />ㄠ
|'''<big>ia</big>''' {{IPA|[ɪa]}}<br />ㄧㄚ||'''<big>io</big>''' {{IPA|[ɪo]}}<br />ㄧㄜ
|- align="center"
|'''<big>iue</big>''' {{IPA|[iu]}}<br />ㄧㄨ||'''<big>oa</big>''' {{IPA|[ua]}}<br />ㄨㄚ
|'''<big>oe</big>''' {{IPA|[ue]}}<br />ㄨㆤ||'''<big>ui</big>''' {{IPA|[ui]}}<br />ㄨㄧ
|- align="center"
!Triphthongs
| colspan="2" |'''<big>iau</big>''' {{IPA|[ɪaʊ]}}<br />ㄧㄠ|| colspan="2" |'''<big>oai</big>''' {{IPA|[uai]}}<br />ㄨㄞ
|}
|}
Coda endings:
{|
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable"
! !![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]!![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]!![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|- align="center"
![[Nasal consonant]]
|[[Bilabial nasal|'''<big>-m</big>''' {{IPA|[m]}}]]<br />ㆬ||[[Alveolar nasal|'''<big>-n</big>''' {{IPA|[n]}}]]<br />ㄣ
|[[Velar nasal|'''<big>-ng</big>''' {{IPA|[ŋ]}}]]<br />ㆭ||
|- align="center"
![[Stop consonant]]
|'''<big>-p</big>''' {{IPA|[p̚]}}<br />ㆴ||'''<big>-t</big>''' {{IPA|[t̚]}}<br />ㆵ||'''<big>-k</big>''' {{IPA|[k̚]}}<br />ㆶ||[[Glottal stop|'''<big>-h</big>''' {{IPA|[ʔ]}}]]<br />ㆷ
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+[[Syllabic consonant]]
! !![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]!![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|- align="center"
![[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|'''<big>m</big>''' {{IPA|[m̩]}}<br />ㆬ 姆 (ḿ)||'''<big>ng</big>''' {{IPA|[ŋ̍]}}<br />ㆭ 酸 (sng)
|}
|}
== Tone marks ==
Tone marks are different from POJ. The only diacritic is circumflex.
{| class="wikitable"
!Tone
!POJ
!Theluida
|-
|1
|a
|a
|-
|2
|á
|â
|-
|3
|à
|av
|-
|4
|ah
|ah
|-
|5
|â
|ây
|-
|7
|ā
|ag
|-
|8
|a̍h
|âh
|}
== Example ==
{| class="wikitable"
!POJ
!Theluida
!Translation
!
Audio
|-
|Thài-khong pêng-iú, lín-hó. Lín chia̍h-pá--bē? Ū-êng, to̍h lâi gún chia chē--ô͘!
|Davi ψong pêyng iû, lîn hô. Lîn ciâh pâ beg? Ug-êyng, tôh lâi gûn cia ceg ɔy!
|Space friends, how are you? Have you eaten yet? When you have the time, come on over to eat.
|[http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/languages/audio/amoy.au Listen] (from NASA Voyager Golden Record)
|}
940gutsyxf1vrvrphe6iwgzb68b7sew
289
288
2018-04-22T06:20:20Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
289
wikitext
text/x-wiki
The '''Theluida romanisation of Hokkien''' is a romanisation system developed for Taiwanese Hokkien. It was in use in Nookipedian country between 1839 and 1988, when Peh-oe-ji completely replaced Theluida as the main romanisation system for Taiwanese Hokkien in Nookipedianese cities. The main differences from POJ are: use of 〈ɔ〉 (Open O) for 〈o͘〉, use of prime symbol 〈′〉 to express nasalisation, use of 〈c〉 for 〈ch〉 and 〈x〉 for 〈chh〉 and use of Greek letters 〈Φ〉 and 〈Ψ〉 for 〈ph〉 and 〈kh〉.
Tone was not marked in the 1839 orthography. In the 1858 orthography, these were: â, ââ, a, ah, ay, ag and ah. In 1875 orthography, it changed into its current form.
Initially, c was 'ch', x was 'ts', b was 'ph' and ψ was k' (k-prime) in 1839 orthographies. In 1858, ch became c, and ts became x, with k' becoming ψ and ph becoming b in the 1875 orthography.
The alphabet is:
{| class="wikitable"
!Theluida
!POJ equivalent
|-
|A a
|A a
|-
|B b
|B b
|-
|C c
|Ch ch
|-
|D d
|Th th
|-
|E e
|E e
|-
|G g
|G g
|-
|H h
|H h
|-
|Y y
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|I i
|I i
|-
|J j
|J j
|-
|K k
|K k
|-
|L l
|L l
|-
|M m
|M m
|-
|N n
|N n
|-
|O o
|O o
|-
|P p
|P p
|-
|S s
|S s
|-
|T t
|T t
|-
|U u
|U u
|-
|V v
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|X x
|Chh chh
|-
|Φ φ
|Ph ph
|-
|Ψ ψ
|Kh kh
|}
== Initials ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | !! colspan="2" |[[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]!! colspan="2" |[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" |[[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo-palatal]]!! colspan="2" |[[Velar consonant|Velar]]!![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
![[Voicelessness|Voiceless]]!![[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]!![[Voicelessness|Voiceless]]!![[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]
![[Voicelessness|Voiceless]]!![[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]!![[Voicelessness|Voiceless]]!![[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]
![[Voicelessness|Voiceless]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| ||[[Bilabial nasal|'''<big>m</big>''' {{IPA|[m]}}]]<br />ㄇ 毛 (mo͘ )|| ||[[Alveolar nasal|'''<big>n</big>''' {{IPA|[n]}}]]<br />ㄋ 耐 (nāi)|| ||
| ||[[Velar nasal|'''<big>ng</big>''' {{IPA|[ŋ]}}]]<br />ㄫ 雅 (ngá)||
|- align="center"
! rowspan="2" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]!![[Aspirated consonant|Unaspirated]]
|[[Voiceless bilabial stop|'''<big>p</big>''' {{IPA|[p]}}]]<br />ㄅ 邊 (pian)
|[[Voiced bilabial stop|'''<big>b</big>''' {{IPA|[b]}}]]<br />ㆠ 文 (bûn)
|[[Voiceless alveolar stop|'''<big>t</big>''' {{IPA|[t]}}]]<br />ㄉ 地 (tē)|| || ||
|[[Voiceless velar stop|'''<big>k</big>''' {{IPA|[k]}}]]<br />ㄍ 求 (kiû)
|[[Voiced velar stop|'''<big>g</big>''' {{IPA|[g]}}]]<br />ㆣ 語 (gí)||
|- align="center"
![[Aspirated consonant|Aspirated]]
|[[Voiceless bilabial stop|'''<big>φ</big>''' {{IPA|[pʰ]}}]]<br />ㄆ 波 (pho)||
|[[Voiceless alveolar stop|'''<big>d</big>''' {{IPA|[tʰ]}}]]<br />ㄊ 他 (thaⁿ)|| || ||
|[[Voiceless velar stop|'''<big>ψ</big>''' {{IPA|[kʰ]}}]]<br />ㄎ 去 (khì)|| ||
|- align="center"
! rowspan="2" |[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]!![[Aspirated consonant|Unaspirated]]
| || ||[[Voiceless alveolar affricate|'''<big>c</big>''' {{IPA|[ts]}}]]<br />ㄗ 曾 (chan)
|[[Voiced alveolar affricate|'''<big>j</big>''' {{IPA|[dz]}}]]<br />ㆡ 熱 (joa̍h)
|[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|'''<big>ci</big>''' {{IPA|[tɕ]}}]]<br />ㄐ 尖 (chiam)
|[[Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate|'''<big>ji</big>''' {{IPA|[dʑ]}}]]<br />ㆢ 入 (ji̍p)|| || ||
|- align="center"
![[Aspirated consonant|Aspirated]]
| || ||[[Voiceless alveolar affricate|'''<big>x</big>''' {{IPA|[tsʰ]}}]]<br />ㄘ 出 (chhut)||
|[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|'''<big>xi</big>''' {{IPA|[tɕʰ]}}]]<br />ㄑ 手 (chhiú)|| || || ||
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| || ||[[Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiceless alveolar sibilant|'''<big>s</big>''' {{IPA|[s]}}]]<br />ㄙ 衫 (saⁿ)||
|[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant|'''<big>si</big>''' {{IPA|[ɕ]}}]]<br />ㄒ 寫 (siá)|| || ||
|[[Voiceless glottal fricative|'''<big>h</big>''' {{IPA|[h]}}]]<br />ㄏ 喜 (hí)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
| || || ||[[Alveolar lateral approximant|'''<big>l</big>''' {{IPA|[l]}}]]<br />ㄌ 柳 (liú)|| || || || ||
|}
== Finals ==
{|
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+Monophthongs
! rowspan="2" | !! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]]!![[Central vowel|Central]]!! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
!Simple!![[Nasal vowel|Nasal]]!!Simple!!Simple!![[Nasal vowel|Nasal]]
|- align="center"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|[[Close front unrounded vowel|'''<big>i</big>''' {{IPA|[i]}}]]<br />ㄧ 衣 (i)
|[[Close front unrounded vowel|'''<big>i′</big>''' {{IPA|[ĩ]}}]]<br />ㆪ 圓 (îⁿ)||
|[[Close back rounded vowel|'''<big>u</big>''' {{IPA|[u]}}]]<br />ㄨ 污 (u)
|[[Close back rounded vowel|'''<big>u′</big>''' {{IPA|[ũ]}}]]<br />ㆫ 張 (tiuⁿ)
|- align="center"
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|[[Close-mid front unrounded vowel|'''<big>e</big>''' {{IPA|[e]}}]]<br />ㆤ 禮 (lé)
|[[Close-mid front unrounded vowel|'''<big>e′</big>''' {{IPA|[ẽ]}}]]<br />ㆥ 生 (seⁿ)
|[[Mid central vowel|'''<big>o</big>''' {{IPA|[ə]}}]]<br />ㄜ 高 (ko)
|[[Open-mid back rounded vowel|'''<big>ɔ</big>''' {{IPA|[ɔ]}}]]<br />ㆦ 烏 (o͘ )
|[[Open-mid back rounded vowel|'''<big>o′</big>''' {{IPA|[ɔ̃]}}]]<br />ㆧ 翁 (oⁿ)
|- align="center"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|[[Open front unrounded vowel|'''<big>a</big>''' {{IPA|[a]}}]]<br />ㄚ 查 (cha)
|[[Open front unrounded vowel|'''<big>a′</big>''' {{IPA|[ã]}}]]<br />ㆩ 衫 (saⁿ)|| || ||
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+Diphthongs & Triphthongs
|- align="center"
! rowspan="2" |Diphthongs
|'''<big>igh</big>''' {{IPA|[aɪ]}}<br />ㄞ||'''<big>au</big>''' {{IPA|[aʊ]}}<br />ㄠ
|'''<big>ia</big>''' {{IPA|[ɪa]}}<br />ㄧㄚ||'''<big>io</big>''' {{IPA|[ɪo]}}<br />ㄧㄜ
|- align="center"
|'''<big>iue</big>''' {{IPA|[iu]}}<br />ㄧㄨ||'''<big>oa</big>''' {{IPA|[ua]}}<br />ㄨㄚ
|'''<big>oe</big>''' {{IPA|[ue]}}<br />ㄨㆤ||'''<big>ui</big>''' {{IPA|[ui]}}<br />ㄨㄧ
|- align="center"
!Triphthongs
| colspan="2" |'''<big>iau</big>''' {{IPA|[ɪaʊ]}}<br />ㄧㄠ|| colspan="2" |'''<big>oai</big>''' {{IPA|[uai]}}<br />ㄨㄞ
|}
|}
Coda endings:
{|
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable"
! !![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]!![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]!![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|- align="center"
![[Nasal consonant]]
|[[Bilabial nasal|'''<big>-m</big>''' {{IPA|[m]}}]]<br />ㆬ||[[Alveolar nasal|'''<big>-n</big>''' {{IPA|[n]}}]]<br />ㄣ
|[[Velar nasal|'''<big>-ng</big>''' {{IPA|[ŋ]}}]]<br />ㆭ||
|- align="center"
![[Stop consonant]]
|'''<big>-p</big>''' {{IPA|[p̚]}}<br />ㆴ||'''<big>-t</big>''' {{IPA|[t̚]}}<br />ㆵ||'''<big>-k</big>''' {{IPA|[k̚]}}<br />ㆶ||[[Glottal stop|'''<big>-h</big>''' {{IPA|[ʔ]}}]]<br />ㆷ
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+[[Syllabic consonant]]
! !![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]!![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|- align="center"
![[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|'''<big>m</big>''' {{IPA|[m̩]}}<br />ㆬ 姆 (ḿ)||'''<big>ng</big>''' {{IPA|[ŋ̍]}}<br />ㆭ 酸 (sng)
|}
|}
== Tone marks ==
Tone marks are different from POJ. The only diacritic is circumflex.
{| class="wikitable"
!Tone
!POJ
!Theluida
|-
|1
|a
|a
|-
|2
|á
|â
|-
|3
|à
|av
|-
|4
|ah
|ah
|-
|5
|â
|ây
|-
|7
|ā
|ag
|-
|8
|a̍h
|âh
|}
== Example ==
{| class="wikitable"
!POJ
!Theluida
!Translation
!
Audio
|-
|Thài-khong pêng-iú, lín-hó. Lín chia̍h-pá--bē? Ū-êng, to̍h lâi gún chia chē--ô͘!
|Davi ψong pêyng iû, lîn hô. Lîn ciâh pâ beg? Ug-êyng, tôh lâi gûn cia ceg ɔy!
|Space friends, how are you? Have you eaten yet? When you have the time, come on over to eat.
|[http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/languages/audio/amoy.au Listen] (from NASA Voyager Golden Record)
|}
oomo6mk9owl93c709liknmydld2i019
Thenghi's Reference Alphabet
0
88
98
2018-01-19T07:30:09Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
add 1
98
wikitext
text/x-wiki
'''Thenghi's Reference Alphabet''' is a Latin alphabet used in Dellisian, Davidvillian, Oichan, Jyutping, Zhuang, South Nengu and Remek languages/romanisations.
== Dellisian ==
In 1950s, the Dellisian (a tonal language) alphabet contained 32 letters. The last 6 letters (Ƨ to Г) are used to mark tones 2 to 7.
{| class="article-table"
!A
!B
!C
!D
!E
!F
!Q
!H
!Θ
!I
!K
!L
!M
!N
!O
!P
|-
|'''a'''
|'''b'''
|'''c'''
|'''d'''
|'''e'''
|'''f'''
|'''q'''
|'''h'''
|'''θ'''
|'''i'''
|'''k'''
|'''l'''
|'''m'''
|'''n'''
|'''o'''
|'''p'''
|-
|''a''
|''b''
|''c''
|''d''
|''e''
|''f''
|''gw''
|''h''
|''th''
|''i''
|''k''
|''l''
|''m''
|''n''
|''o''
|''p''
|-
!Š
!G
!R
!S
!T
!V
!Χ
!Φ
!Π
!
Ψ
!Ƨ
!З
!Ч
!Ƽ
!Ƅ
!Г
|-
|'''š'''
|'''g'''
|'''r'''
|'''s'''
|'''t'''
|'''v'''
|'''χ'''
|'''φ'''
|'''π'''
|'''ψ'''
|'''ƨ'''
|'''з'''
|'''ч'''
|'''ƽ'''
|'''ƅ'''
|'''г'''
|-
|''sh''
|''gy''
|''r''
|''s''
|''t''
|''u''
|''x''
|''ph''
|''py''
|''ps''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|}
Note that four letters are borrowed from Greek (that is, Θ, Φ, Π and Ψ). In 1986, the alphabet was expanded:
{| class="article-table"
!A
!Ä
!C
!Ç
!D
!E
!F
!Q
!H
!Θ
!I
!K
!L
!M
!N
!O
|-
|'''a'''
|'''ä'''
|'''c'''
|'''ç'''
|'''d'''
|'''e'''
|'''f'''
|'''q'''
|'''h'''
|'''θ'''
|'''i'''
|'''k'''
|'''l'''
|'''m'''
|'''n'''
|'''o'''
|-
|''a''
|''ae''
|''c''
|''ch''
|''d''
|''e''
|''f''
|''gw''''gy''
|''h''
|''th''
|''i''
|''k''
|''l''
|''m''
|''n''
|''o''
|-
!P
!Š
!R
!S
!$
!¢
!T
!V
!X
!Φ
!Π
!Ψ
!Ƨ
!З
!Ч
!Ƽ
|-
|'''p'''
|'''š'''
|'''r'''
|'''s'''
|<small>'''$'''</small>
|<small>'''¢'''</small>
|'''t'''
|'''v'''
|'''χ'''
|'''φ'''
|'''π'''
|'''ψ'''
|'''ƨ'''
|''''''з''''''
|''''''ч''''''
|''''''ƽ''''''
|-
|''p''
|''sh''
|''r''
|''s''
|''sz''
|''cj''
|''t''
|''u''
|''x''
|''ph''
|''py''
|''ps''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
!
Ƅ
!Г
!
Ꝏ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|'''ƅ'''
|'''г'''
|'''ꝏ'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
There are changes: B is replaced by P, G lost to letter Q, and some unusual letters introduced.
A new letter, Ꝏ, a OO ligature, was used to represent the 8th tone. This letter is the last letter of the modern Dellisian alphabet.
== Davidvillian ==
The Davidvillian alphabet consisted of 33 letters:
{| class="article-table"
!A
!B
!C
!D
!E
!Ê
!Q
!H
!Θ
!I
!K
!L
!M
!N
!O
!P
!Š
!G
!R
!S
!T
|-
|'''a'''
|'''b'''
|'''c'''
|'''d'''
|'''e'''
|'''ê'''
|'''q'''
|'''h'''
|'''θ'''
|'''i'''
|'''k'''
|'''l'''
|'''m'''
|'''n'''
|'''o'''
|'''p'''
|'''š'''
|'''g'''
|'''r'''
|'''s'''
|'''t'''
|-
|''a''
|''b''
|''c''
|''d''
|''e''
|''ej''
|''gy''
|''h''
|''th''
|''i''
|''k''
|''l''
|''m''
|''n''
|''o''
|''p''
|''sh''
|''gw''
|''r''
|''s''
|''t''
|-
!V
!X
!Φ
!Ƨ
!З
!Ч
!Ƽ
!Y
!Ý
!Z
!Ë
!Ï
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|'''v'''
|'''χ'''
|'''φ'''
|'''ƨ'''
|''''''з''''''
|''''''ч''''''
|''''''ƽ''''''
|'''y'''
|'''ý'''
|'''z'''
|'''ë'''
|'''ï'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|''u''
|''x''
|''ph''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''y''
|''yh''
|''z''
|''ee''
|''ie''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
i2pv2i6zswah26bhqtxd1228qpi0isg
99
98
2018-01-19T07:30:51Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
<br>
99
wikitext
text/x-wiki
'''Thenghi's Reference Alphabet''' is a Latin alphabet used in Dellisian, Davidvillian, Oichan, Jyutping, Zhuang, South Nengu and Remek languages/romanisations.
== Dellisian ==
In 1950s, the Dellisian (a tonal language) alphabet contained 32 letters. The last 6 letters (Ƨ to Г) are used to mark tones 2 to 7.
{| class="article-table"
!A
!B
!C
!D
!E
!F
!Q
!H
!Θ
!I
!K
!L
!M
!N
!O
!P
|-
|'''a'''
|'''b'''
|'''c'''
|'''d'''
|'''e'''
|'''f'''
|'''q'''
|'''h'''
|'''θ'''
|'''i'''
|'''k'''
|'''l'''
|'''m'''
|'''n'''
|'''o'''
|'''p'''
|-
|''a''
|''b''
|''c''
|''d''
|''e''
|''f''
|''gw''
|''h''
|''th''
|''i''
|''k''
|''l''
|''m''
|''n''
|''o''
|''p''
|-
!Š
!G
!R
!S
!T
!V
!Χ
!Φ
!Π
!
Ψ
!Ƨ
!З
!Ч
!Ƽ
!Ƅ
!Г
|-
|'''š'''
|'''g'''
|'''r'''
|'''s'''
|'''t'''
|'''v'''
|'''χ'''
|'''φ'''
|'''π'''
|'''ψ'''
|'''ƨ'''
|'''з'''
|'''ч'''
|'''ƽ'''
|'''ƅ'''
|'''г'''
|-
|''sh''
|''gy''
|''r''
|''s''
|''t''
|''u''
|''x''
|''ph''
|''py''
|''ps''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|}
Note that four letters are borrowed from Greek (that is, Θ, Φ, Π and Ψ). In 1986, the alphabet was expanded:
{| class="article-table"
!A
!Ä
!C
!Ç
!D
!E
!F
!Q
!H
!Θ
!I
!K
!L
!M
!N
!O
|-
|'''a'''
|'''ä'''
|'''c'''
|'''ç'''
|'''d'''
|'''e'''
|'''f'''
|'''q'''
|'''h'''
|'''θ'''
|'''i'''
|'''k'''
|'''l'''
|'''m'''
|'''n'''
|'''o'''
|-
|''a''
|''ae''
|''c''
|''ch''
|''d''
|''e''
|''f''
|''gw''<br>''gy''
|''h''
|''th''
|''i''
|''k''
|''l''
|''m''
|''n''
|''o''
|-
!P
!Š
!R
!S
!$
!¢
!T
!V
!X
!Φ
!Π
!Ψ
!Ƨ
!З
!Ч
!Ƽ
|-
|'''p'''
|'''š'''
|'''r'''
|'''s'''
|<small>'''$'''</small>
|<small>'''¢'''</small>
|'''t'''
|'''v'''
|'''χ'''
|'''φ'''
|'''π'''
|'''ψ'''
|'''ƨ'''
|'<nowiki/>'''''з''''''
|'<nowiki/>'''''ч''''''
|'<nowiki/>'''''ƽ''''''
|-
|''p''
|''sh''
|''r''
|''s''
|''sz''
|''cj''
|''t''
|''u''
|''x''
|''ph''
|''py''
|''ps''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
!
Ƅ
!Г
!
Ꝏ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|'''ƅ'''
|'''г'''
|'''ꝏ'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
There are changes: B is replaced by P, G lost to letter Q, and some unusual letters introduced.
A new letter, Ꝏ, a OO ligature, was used to represent the 8th tone. This letter is the last letter of the modern Dellisian alphabet.
== Davidvillian ==
The Davidvillian alphabet consisted of 33 letters:
{| class="article-table"
!A
!B
!C
!D
!E
!Ê
!Q
!H
!Θ
!I
!K
!L
!M
!N
!O
!P
!Š
!G
!R
!S
!T
|-
|'''a'''
|'''b'''
|'''c'''
|'''d'''
|'''e'''
|'''ê'''
|'''q'''
|'''h'''
|'''θ'''
|'''i'''
|'''k'''
|'''l'''
|'''m'''
|'''n'''
|'''o'''
|'''p'''
|'''š'''
|'''g'''
|'''r'''
|'''s'''
|'''t'''
|-
|''a''
|''b''
|''c''
|''d''
|''e''
|''ej''
|''gy''
|''h''
|''th''
|''i''
|''k''
|''l''
|''m''
|''n''
|''o''
|''p''
|''sh''
|''gw''
|''r''
|''s''
|''t''
|-
!V
!X
!Φ
!Ƨ
!З
!Ч
!Ƽ
!Y
!Ý
!Z
!Ë
!Ï
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|'''v'''
|'''χ'''
|'''φ'''
|'''ƨ'''
|'<nowiki/>'''''з''''''
|'<nowiki/>'''''ч''''''
|'<nowiki/>'''''ƽ''''''
|'''y'''
|'''ý'''
|'''z'''
|'''ë'''
|'''ï'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|''u''
|''x''
|''ph''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''y''
|''yh''
|''z''
|''ee''
|''ie''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
r2t1fz4ryjhsj2vg8qtjvtqkdip57o1
100
99
2018-01-19T07:31:51Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
/* Davidvillian */
100
wikitext
text/x-wiki
'''Thenghi's Reference Alphabet''' is a Latin alphabet used in Dellisian, Davidvillian, Oichan, Jyutping, Zhuang, South Nengu and Remek languages/romanisations.
== Dellisian ==
In 1950s, the Dellisian (a tonal language) alphabet contained 32 letters. The last 6 letters (Ƨ to Г) are used to mark tones 2 to 7.
{| class="article-table"
!A
!B
!C
!D
!E
!F
!Q
!H
!Θ
!I
!K
!L
!M
!N
!O
!P
|-
|'''a'''
|'''b'''
|'''c'''
|'''d'''
|'''e'''
|'''f'''
|'''q'''
|'''h'''
|'''θ'''
|'''i'''
|'''k'''
|'''l'''
|'''m'''
|'''n'''
|'''o'''
|'''p'''
|-
|''a''
|''b''
|''c''
|''d''
|''e''
|''f''
|''gw''
|''h''
|''th''
|''i''
|''k''
|''l''
|''m''
|''n''
|''o''
|''p''
|-
!Š
!G
!R
!S
!T
!V
!Χ
!Φ
!Π
!
Ψ
!Ƨ
!З
!Ч
!Ƽ
!Ƅ
!Г
|-
|'''š'''
|'''g'''
|'''r'''
|'''s'''
|'''t'''
|'''v'''
|'''χ'''
|'''φ'''
|'''π'''
|'''ψ'''
|'''ƨ'''
|'''з'''
|'''ч'''
|'''ƽ'''
|'''ƅ'''
|'''г'''
|-
|''sh''
|''gy''
|''r''
|''s''
|''t''
|''u''
|''x''
|''ph''
|''py''
|''ps''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|}
Note that four letters are borrowed from Greek (that is, Θ, Φ, Π and Ψ). In 1986, the alphabet was expanded:
{| class="article-table"
!A
!Ä
!C
!Ç
!D
!E
!F
!Q
!H
!Θ
!I
!K
!L
!M
!N
!O
|-
|'''a'''
|'''ä'''
|'''c'''
|'''ç'''
|'''d'''
|'''e'''
|'''f'''
|'''q'''
|'''h'''
|'''θ'''
|'''i'''
|'''k'''
|'''l'''
|'''m'''
|'''n'''
|'''o'''
|-
|''a''
|''ae''
|''c''
|''ch''
|''d''
|''e''
|''f''
|''gw''<br>''gy''
|''h''
|''th''
|''i''
|''k''
|''l''
|''m''
|''n''
|''o''
|-
!P
!Š
!R
!S
!$
!¢
!T
!V
!X
!Φ
!Π
!Ψ
!Ƨ
!З
!Ч
!Ƽ
|-
|'''p'''
|'''š'''
|'''r'''
|'''s'''
|<small>'''$'''</small>
|<small>'''¢'''</small>
|'''t'''
|'''v'''
|'''χ'''
|'''φ'''
|'''π'''
|'''ψ'''
|'''ƨ'''
|'<nowiki/>'''''з''''''
|'<nowiki/>'''''ч''''''
|'<nowiki/>'''''ƽ''''''
|-
|''p''
|''sh''
|''r''
|''s''
|''sz''
|''cj''
|''t''
|''u''
|''x''
|''ph''
|''py''
|''ps''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
!
Ƅ
!Г
!
Ꝏ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|'''ƅ'''
|'''г'''
|'''ꝏ'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
There are changes: B is replaced by P, G lost to letter Q, and some unusual letters introduced.
A new letter, Ꝏ, a OO ligature, was used to represent the 8th tone. This letter is the last letter of the modern Dellisian alphabet.
== Davidvillian ==
The Davidvillian alphabet consisted of 33 letters:
{| class="article-table"
!A
!B
!C
!D
!E
!Ê
!Q
!H
!Θ
!I
!K
!L
!M
!N
!O
!P
!Š
!G
!R
!S
!T
|-
|'''a'''
|'''b'''
|'''c'''
|'''d'''
|'''e'''
|'''ê'''
|'''q'''
|'''h'''
|'''θ'''
|'''i'''
|'''k'''
|'''l'''
|'''m'''
|'''n'''
|'''o'''
|'''p'''
|'''š'''
|'''g'''
|'''r'''
|'''s'''
|'''t'''
|-
|''a''
|''b''
|''c''
|''d''
|''e''
|''ej''
|''gy''
|''h''
|''th''
|''i''
|''k''
|''l''
|''m''
|''n''
|''o''
|''p''
|''sh''
|''gw''
|''r''
|''s''
|''t''
|-
!V
!X
!Φ
!Ƨ
!З
!Ч
!Ƽ
!Y
!Ý
!Z
!Ë
!Ï
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|'''v'''
|'''χ'''
|'''φ'''
|'''ƨ'''
|<nowiki/>'''з'''
|<nowiki/>'''ч'''
|<nowiki/>'''ƽ'''
|'''y'''
|'''ý'''
|'''z'''
|'''ë'''
|'''ï'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|''u''
|''x''
|''ph''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''y''
|''yh''
|''z''
|''ee''
|''ie''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
rrf39j1j9cm7s8wdlbw0h81oavrl5tb
Thenogije alphabet
0
217
357
2018-05-11T12:23:03Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "Thenogije has been writing since its establishment in 1706, and official in Thenogije State, Arcanus. It is normally written with Latin, but Syriac script and Cyrillic scripts..."
357
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Thenogije has been writing since its establishment in 1706, and official in Thenogije State, Arcanus. It is normally written with Latin, but Syriac script and Cyrillic scripts are also used.
* The native word for alphabet is
== Thenogije Latin Alphabet ==
Thenogije Latin Alphabet uses 23 out of 26 letters of the ISO Basic Latin alphabet:
{| class="wikitable"
!A
!B
!C
!CH
!D
!E
!F
!G
!H
!I
!J
!L
!M
!N
!O
!P
!SH
!Q
!R
!S
!T
!U
!V
!X
!Z
|-
|[a], [ə]
|[b]
|[k]
|[x]
|[d]
|[e]
|[f]
|[g]
|[h]
|[i]
|[ʒ]
|[l]
|[m]
|[n]
|[o]
|[p]
|[ʃ]
|[q]
|[ɹ̠], [ɹ̠ʷ]
|[s]
|[t]
|[u]
|[v], [w]
|[tʃ]
|[ts]
|-
|''a''
|''be''
|''ce''
|''che''
|''de''
|''e''
|''fe''
|''ge''
|''hou''
|''i''
|''jou''
|''la''
|''ma''
|''na''
|''o''
|''pe''
|''she''
|''qe''
|''re''
|''es''
|''te''
|''u''
|''ve''
|''ex''
|''ze''
|-
|А
|Б
|К
|Х
|Д
|Е
|Ф
|Г
|Һ
|И
|Ж
|Л
|М
|Н
|О
|П
|Ш
|Қ
|Р
|С
|Т
|У
|В
|Ч
|З
|-
|ܐܲ
|ܒ
|ܟ
|ܟ݂ܟ݂
|ܕ
|ܐܵ
|ܦ݂
|ܓ
|ܗ
|ܐܸ
|ܓ݂
|ܠ
|ܡ
|ܢ
|ܐܰ
|ܦ
|ܫ
|ܩ
|ܪ
|ܣ
|ܬ
|ܐܽ
|ܒ݂ or ܘ
|ܬܫ
|ܙ
|}
The letters K (named ''kou''), W (named ''dubole ve'', meaning "Double V" or ''dubole u'', meaning "Double U") and Y (named ''upselon'', meaning "Upsilon") do not occur in Thenogije Latin Alphabet and are used for loanwords and internet addresses.
=== Diacritics ===
The diacritics are: '''acute accent''', '''grave accent''', '''cedilla''', '''diaeresis''', '''caron''' or '''háček''', '''circumflex''' and '''overline''', '''overscore''' or '''vinculum'''.
* '''Acute accent''': The acute accent is only used on ''é'' and ''ó''. They represent [ɤ] and [ɯ]. Examples are ''cérulâ'' ([kɤɹ̠ʷuləː], "cereal") and ''ûdentóch'' ([uːdentɯx], "squeeze"). When a circumflex appears on these letters, the acute accent is placed a the top of circumflex.
* '''Grave accent''': The grave accent indicates pitch accent, for example, ''èyûém'' ([èyuːɤm], "hot") and ''nerzà'' ([nɹ̩tsà], "nurse").
* '''Cedilla''': The cedilla is placed under ''c'' to indicate that ''c'' is pronunced [θ] rather than [k]: fenêduç ([feneːdus], "fish").
* '''Diaeresis''': The diaeresis indicate that two adjacent vowels should be pronounced separately, rather than as a diphthong, for example, ''nâdoë'' ([naːdo.e], "prove").
* '''Circumflex''': Circumflex indicates long vowels.
* '''Caron or háček''': The caron indicates palatalisation, for example, ''lap̌êrề'' ([lapʲeːɹ̠èː], "rice").
* '''Overline, overscore or''' '''vinculum''': The vinculum is used in ''l̅'', ''l̅l̅'', ''r̅'' and ''r̅r̅''. They represent the sounds [ʎ], [ɭ], [ʁ] and [ɰ] respectively ([ɭ] and [ɰ] are rare sounds in Thenogije). Example: ''mil̅én'' ([miʎɤn], "million").
== Scrabble ==
A Scrabble version was created for Thenogije:
{| class="wikitable"
|A<sub>1</sub>
|A<sub>1</sub>
|A<sub>1</sub>
|A<sub>1</sub>
|A<sub>1</sub>
|A<sub>1</sub>
|A<sub>1</sub>
|A<sub>1</sub>
|A<sub>1</sub>
|A<sub>1</sub>
|-
|A<sub>1</sub>
|A<sub>1</sub>
|B<sub>3</sub>
|B<sub>3</sub>
|B<sub>3</sub>
|C<sub>2</sub>
|C<sub>2</sub>
|C<sub>2</sub>
|C<sub>2</sub>
|C<sub>2</sub>
|-
|C<sub>2</sub>
|C<sub>2</sub>
|C<sub>2</sub>
|Ç<sub>10</sub>
|D<sub>2</sub>
|D<sub>2</sub>
|D<sub>2</sub>
|D<sub>2</sub>
|E<sub>1</sub>
|E<sub>1</sub>
|-
|E<sub>1</sub>
|E<sub>1</sub>
|E<sub>1</sub>
|E<sub>1</sub>
|E<sub>1</sub>
|E<sub>1</sub>
|E<sub>1</sub>
|E<sub>1</sub>
|E<sub>1</sub>
|E<sub>1</sub>
|-
|E<sub>1</sub>
|E<sub>1</sub>
|F<sub>4</sub>
|F<sub>4</sub>
|G<sub>2</sub>
|G<sub>2</sub>
|G<sub>2</sub>
|G<sub>2</sub>
|G<sub>2</sub>
|G<sub>2</sub>
|-
|H<sub>5</sub>
|I<sub>1</sub>
|I<sub>1</sub>
|I<sub>1</sub>
|I<sub>1</sub>
|I<sub>1</sub>
|I<sub>1</sub>
|I<sub>1</sub>
|I<sub>1</sub>
|I<sub>1</sub>
|-
|I<sub>1</sub>
|I<sub>1</sub>
|J<sub>8</sub>
|L<sub>1</sub>
|L<sub>1</sub>
|L<sub>1</sub>
|L<sub>1</sub>
|L<sub>1</sub>
|L<sub>1</sub>
|L<sub>1</sub>
|-
|L<sub>1</sub>
|L<sub>1</sub>
|L<sub>1</sub>
|L<sub>1</sub>
|L<sub>1</sub>
|L̅<sub>4</sub>
|L̅<sub>4</sub>
|L̅<sub>4</sub>
|L̅L̅<sub>10</sub>
|M<sub>3</sub>
|-
|M<sub>3</sub>
|N<sub>1</sub>
|N<sub>1</sub>
|N<sub>1</sub>
|N<sub>1</sub>
|N<sub>1</sub>
|N<sub>1</sub>
|N<sub>1</sub>
|N<sub>1</sub>
|O<sub>1</sub>
|-
|O<sub>1</sub>
|O<sub>1</sub>
|O<sub>1</sub>
|O<sub>1</sub>
|O<sub>1</sub>
|O<sub>1</sub>
|O<sub>1</sub>
|O<sub>1</sub>
|P<sub>3</sub>
|P<sub>3</sub>
|-
|P<sub>3</sub>
|P<sub>3</sub>
|P<sub>3</sub>
|P<sub>3</sub>
|P<sub>3</sub>
|Q<sub>7</sub>
|R<sub>2</sub>
|R<sub>2</sub>
|R<sub>2</sub>
|R<sub>2</sub>
|-
|R<sub>2</sub>
|R<sub>2</sub>
|R̅<sub>5</sub>
|R̅<sub>5</sub>
|R̅<sub>5</sub>
|R̅R̅<sub>10</sub>
|S<sub>1</sub>
|S<sub>1</sub>
|S<sub>1</sub>
|S<sub>1</sub>
|-
|S<sub>1</sub>
|S<sub>1</sub>
|S<sub>1</sub>
|S<sub>1</sub>
|S<sub>1</sub>
|S<sub>1</sub>
|S<sub>1</sub>
|S<sub>1</sub>
|S<sub>1</sub>
|S<sub>1</sub>
|-
|T<sub>1</sub>
|T<sub>1</sub>
|T<sub>1</sub>
|T<sub>1</sub>
|T<sub>1</sub>
|T<sub>1</sub>
|T<sub>1</sub>
|T<sub>1</sub>
|T<sub>1</sub>
|T<sub>1</sub>
|-
|U<sub>1</sub>
|U<sub>1</sub>
|U<sub>1</sub>
|U<sub>1</sub>
|U<sub>1</sub>
|U<sub>1</sub>
|U<sub>1</sub>
|U<sub>1</sub>
|U<sub>1</sub>
|U<sub>1</sub>
|-
|U<sub>1</sub>
|U<sub>1</sub>
|V<sub>6</sub>
|X<sub>10</sub>
|Z<sub>12</sub>
|
|
|
|
|
|}
''Complete set''
{| class="wikitable"
!
!
×0
!
×1
!
×2
!×3
!×4
!×6
!×7
!×8
!×9
!×10
!×11
!×12
!×14
|-
!0
|
|
|[blank]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|N
|O
|T
|A I
|L
|E S
|-
!2
|
|
|
|
|D
|G
|
|C
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!3
|
|
|M
|B
|
|
|P
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!4
|
|
|F
|L̅
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!5
|
|H
|
|R̅
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!6
|
|V
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!7
|K (when used for blank)
|Q
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!8
|
|J
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!10
|
|Ç L̅L̅ X R̅R̅
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!12
|
|Z
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!19
|W (when used for blank)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!20
|Y (when used for blank)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
Acute, grave, circumflex, caron and diaeresis marks are ignored. ''K'', ''W'' and ''Y'' are only used in loanwords so there are no tiles for them. A blank may be used for ''K'' for 7-point reward because it is the most common loanword letter. ''W'' and ''Y'' are mostly in outside loanwords so those letters can be played with a blank because a few loanwords are using them.
kbrffkh9jbsoyqqsdzyr7podzth7fvr
Thoneggwe alphabet
0
177
290
2018-04-22T09:51:24Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "Thoneggwe is a non-tonal language of Nookipedian, 10 out of 49 are non-tonal in Nookipedian Country. == Alphabets == {| class="wikitable" ! IPA !1846– !1801–1846 !Nukatai..."
290
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Thoneggwe is a non-tonal language of Nookipedian, 10 out of 49 are non-tonal in Nookipedian Country.
== Alphabets ==
{| class="wikitable"
!
IPA
!1846–
!1801–1846
!Nukataisei's alphabet<br>1786–1801
!Cyrillic
|-
|ɑ
|A a
|A a
|a
|
|-
|ʌ
|Â â
|Ɐ ɐ
|ɐ
|
|-
|β
|B b
|V v
|v
|
|-
|ts
|C c
|Ц ц
|ц
|
|-
|d
|D d
|D d
|d
|
|-
|ð
|D̦ d̦
|Ð ð
|ð
|
|-
|ɛ
|E e
|E e
|e
|
|-
|ɘ
|É é
|È è
|è
|
|-
|ə
|Ë ë
|Ə ə
|ə
|
|-
|f
|F f
|F f
|f
|
|-
|g
|G g
|G g
|g
|
|-
|ɣ
|Ğ ğ
|ʃ <small>ʃ</small>
|ʃ
|
|-
|h
|H h
|H h
|h
|
|-
|i
|I i
|I i
|i
|
|-
|ɯ
|Î î
|Ɯ ɯ
|ɯ
|
|-
|dʒ
|J j
|J j
|j
|
|-
|k
|K k
|K k
|k
|
|-
|l
|L l
|Λ λ
|λ
|
|-
|lʲ
|Ĺ ĺ
|L l
|l
|
|-
|m
|M m
|M m
|m
|
|-
|n
|N n
|N n
|n
|
|-
|ŋ
|Ŋ ŋ
|Ŋ ŋ
|ŋ
|
|-
|nʲ
|Ń ń
|Ɲ ɲ
|ɲ
|
|-
|ɔ
|O o
|Ɔ ɔ
|ɔ
|
|-
|ɔː
|Ó ó
|Ɔ̀ ɔ̀
|ɔ̀
|
|-
|p
|P p
|P p
|p
|
|-
|q
|Q q
|C c
|c
|
|-
|r
|R r
|R r
|r
|
|-
|s
|S s
|S s
|s
|
|-
|ʃ
|Ș ș
|Š š
|š
|
|-
|t
|T t
|T t
|t
|
|-
|θ
|Ț ț
|Ç ç
|ç
|
|-
|u
|U u
|U u
|u
|
|-
|b
|V v
|B b
|b
|
|-
|w
|W w
|–
|–
|
|-
|x
|X x
|–
|–
|
|-
|j
|Y y
|Y y
|y
|
|-
|z
|Z z
|З з
|з
|
|-
|ʒ
|Ź ź
|–
|–
|
|-
|ʕ
|(‘)
|·
|·
|
|-
|ʔ
|(’)
|⁚
|⁚
|
|}
Nasalisation of vowels is done with a tilde (˜).
== Nukatasei's alphabet ==
The Nukatasei's alphabet was created in 1786. It was created by Nukatasei Shenara.
The letter ⁝, inidcates nasalisation of the previous vowel and it is the last letter of Nukatasei's alphabet.
{| class="wikitable"
!·
!a
!ɐ
!ɔ
!ɔ̀
!e
!è
!ə
!i
!ɯ
!b
!f
!d
!g
!y
!ŋ
!з
!v
!c
!s
!ʃ
!ç
!λ
!⁚
!k
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!l
!m
!n
!
ð
!
ц
!
š
!
ɲ
!h
!
⁝
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|
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hbgd779oaja43tq2pg79c0vce08oq7b
Thorulinei numeration
0
214
350
2018-05-06T10:40:54Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "Thorulinei numeration is a system where Arabic letters, Hangul letters or New Tai Lue letters used as numbers. == New Tai Lue numerals == New Tai Lue has its own set of digit..."
350
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Thorulinei numeration is a system where Arabic letters, Hangul letters or New Tai Lue letters used as numbers.
== New Tai Lue numerals ==
New Tai Lue has its own set of digits:
{| class="wikitable"
!0
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
|-
|᧐
|᧑
|᧒
|᧓
|᧔
|᧕
|᧖
|᧗
|᧘
|᧙
|}
An alternative glyph for one (᧚) is used when ᧑ might be confused with the vowel ᦱ.
== Korean numerals ==
For both native and Sino- '''Korean numerals''', the teens (11 through 19) are represented by a combination of tens and the ones places. For instance, 15 would be ''sib-o'' (십오; 十五), but not usually ''il-sib-o'' in the Sino-Korean system, and ''yeol-daseot'' (열다섯) in native Korean. Twenty through ninety are likewise represented in this place-holding manner in the Sino-Korean system, while Native Korean has its own unique set of words, as can be seen in the chart below. The grouping of large numbers in Korean follow the Chinese tradition of myriads (10000) rather than thousands (1000). The Sino-Korean system is nearly entirely based on the Chinese numerals.
The distinction between the two numeral systems is very important. Everything that can be counted will use one of the two systems, but seldom both. Sino-Korean words are sometimes used to mark ordinal usage: ''yeol beon'' (열 번) means "ten times" while ''sip beon'' (십번; 十番) means "number ten."
When denoting the age of a person, one will usually use ''sal'' (살) for the native Korean numerals, and ''se'' (세; 歲) for Sino-Korean. For example, ''seumul-daseot sal'' (스물다섯 살) and ''i-sib-o se'' (이십오 세; 二十五 歲) both mean 'twenty-five-year-old'. See also East Asian age reckoning.
The Sino-Korean numerals are used to denote the minute of time. For example, ''sam-sib-o bun'' (삼십오 분; 三十五 分) means "__:35" or "thirty-five minutes." The native Korean numerals are used for the hours in the 12-hour system and for the hours 0:00 to 12:00 in the 24-hour system. The hours 13:00 to 24:00 in the 24-hour system are denoted using both the native Korean numerals and the Sino-Korean numerals. For example, ''se si'' (세 시) means '03:00' or '3:00 a.m./p.m.' and ''sip-chil si'' (십칠 시; 十七 時) or ''yeol-ilgop si'' (열일곱 시) means '17:00'.
For counting above 100, Sino-Korean words are used, sometimes in combination: 101 can be ''baek-hana'' or ''baeg-il''.
Some of the native numbers take a different form in front of measure words:
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Number
! colspan="3" |Native Korean cardinals
! colspan="3" |Attributive forms of native Korean cardinals
|-
!Hangul
!McCune–Reischauer
!Revised
!Hangul
!McCune–Reischauer
!Revised
|-
|1
|하나
| colspan="2" |''hana''
|한
| colspan="2" |''han''
|-
|2
|둘
|''tul''
|''dul''
|두
|''tu''
|''du''
|-
|3
|셋
| colspan="2" |''set''
|세
| colspan="2" |''se''
|-
|4
|넷
| colspan="2" |''net''
|네
| colspan="2" |''ne''
|-
|20
|스물
|''sŭmul''
|''seumul''
|스무
|''sŭmu''
|''seumu''
|}
The descriptive forms for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 20 are formed by "dropping the last letter" from the original native cardinal, so to speak. Examples:
* 한 번 ''han beon'' ("once")
* 두 개 ''du gae'' ("two things")
* 세 시 ''se si'' ("three o'clock"), in contrast, in North Korea the Sino-Korean numeral 삼 "sam" would normally be used; making it 삼시 "sam si"
* 네 명 ''ne myeong'' ("four people")
* 스무 마리 ''seumu mari'' ("twenty animals")
Something similar also occurs in some Sino-Korean cardinals:
* 오뉴월 ''onyuwol'' ("May and June")
* 유월 ''yuwol'' ("June")
* 시월 ''siwol'' ("October")
The cardinals for three and four have alternative forms in front of some measure words:
* 석 달 ''seok dal'' ("three months")
* 넉 잔 ''neok jan'' ("four cups")
== Letters used as numerals ==
Like Greek and Hebrew numerals, on recipies, years, and contexts written in Thorulinei where Roman numerals would be used in Nookipedian, French and English, letters are used as numerals.
The numeral system is based on the order of Thorulinei alphabets.
In Thorulinei Hangul numerals, archaic letters are placed at the end.
In Thorulinei New Tai Lue numeral system, a prime is added next to a letter ᦗ, ᦌ, ᦍ and ᦒ. The tone marks, ᧈ and ᧉ, were sometimes ued for 600 and 900, respectively. Quotation marks (and sometimes guillemets) between a letter are used to indicate that the letter's numerical value is multiplied by 1000.
In Thorulinei Hangul numeral system, a diacritic called overline is added above a letter to indicate that letter's numerical value is multiplied by 1000.
{| class="wikitable"
!Value
!Thorulinei Abjad numeral
!Thorulinei Hangul numeral
!Thorulinei New Tai Lue numeral
!Roman numeral
!Greek numeral
|-
|0
| colspan="5" |∅
|-
|1
|گ
|ㄱ
|ᦅ
|I
|
|-
|2
|ن
|ㄴ
|ᦓ
|II
|
|-
|3
|د
|ㄷ
|ᦤ
|III
|
|-
|4
|ل
|ㄹ
|ᦟ
|IV
|
|-
|5
|م
|ㅁ
|ᦙ
|V
|
|-
|6
|پ
|ㅂ
|ᦗ
|VI
|
|-
|7
|س
|ㅅ
|ᦌ
|VII
|
|-
|8
|ط
|ㅈ
|ᦍ
|VIII
|
|-
|9
|ڜ
|ㅊ
|ᦒ
|IX
|
|-
|10
|خ
|ㅋ
|ᦂ
|X
|
|-
|20
|ذ
|ㅌ
|ᦎ
|XX
|
|-
|30
|ڽ
|ㅍ
|ᦔ
|XXX
|
|-
|40
|ه
|ㅎ
|ᦣ
|XL
|
|-
|50
|ح
|ㄲ
|ᦦ
|L
|
|-
|60
|غ
|ㄸ
|ᦪ
|LX
|
|-
|70
|ق
|ㅃ
|ᦧ
|LXX
|
|-
|80
|ف
|ㅆ
|ᧁ
|LXXX
|
|-
|90
|ع
|ㅉ
|ᧅ
|XC
|
|-
|100
|ا
|ㅇ
|ᧇ
|C
|
|-
|200
|ت
|ㆁ
|ᧆ
|CC
|
|-
|300
|ظ
|ㆆ
|ᦲ
|CCC
|
|-
|400
|ع
|ㆍ
|ᦱ
|CD
|
|-
|500
|و
|ㆄ
|ᦺ
|D
|
|-
|600
|ي
|ㅸ
|ᦗ′ or ᧈ
|DC
|
|-
|700
|ر
|ㅹ
|ᦌ′
|DCC
|
|-
|800
|ش
|ㅱ
|ᦍ′
|DCCC
|
|-
|900
|آ
|ㅿ
|ᧅ′ or ᧉ
|CM
|
|-
|1000
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">گ</span>
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ㄱ</span>
|"ᦅ"
|M
|
|-
|2000
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ن</span>
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ㄴ</span>
|"ᦓ"
|MM
|
|-
|5000
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">م</span>
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ㅁ</span>
|"ᦙ"
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">V</span>
|
|-
|10000
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">خ</span>
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ㅋ</span>
|"ᦂ"
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">X</span>
|
|}
=== Examples ===
* 1360 = <span style="text-decoration: overline;">گ</span>ظغ, <span style="text-decoration: overline;">ㄱ</span>ㆆㄸ, "ᦅ"ᦲᦪ
* 222 = تذن, ㆁㅌㄴ, ᧆᦎᦓ
* 1939 = <span style="text-decoration: overline;">گ</span>آڽڜ, <span style="text-decoration: overline;">ㄱ</span>ㅿㅍㅊ, "ᦅ"ᧅ′ᦔᦒ or "ᦅ"ᧉᦔᦒ
764ykj8u88v4yjinvv69mq63ony5mjd
Thusselo's Romanisation of Chinese
0
186
303
2018-04-27T07:01:54Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "Thusselo's Romanisation of Chinese is a romanisation system created by Thusselo Kanpeng in 1899. == Initials == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="2" |..."
303
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Thusselo's Romanisation of Chinese is a romanisation system created by Thusselo Kanpeng in 1899.
== Initials ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo-palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
!{{small|[[Tenuis consonant|unaspirated]]}}
| style="background: #ccf;" |[[Voiceless bilabial plosive|'''<big>b</big>''' {{IPA|[p]}}]]
| style="background: #cfc;" |[[Voiceless alveolar plosive|'''<big>d</big>''' {{IPA|[t]}}]]
|
|
| style="background: #fcc;" |[[Voiceless velar plosive|'''<big>g</big>''' {{IPA|[k]}}]]
|-
!{{small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
| style="background: #ccf;" |[[Voiceless bilabial plosive|'''<big>p</big>''' {{IPA|[pʰ]}}]]
| style="background: #cfc;" |[[Voiceless alveolar plosive|'''<big>t</big>''' {{IPA|[tʰ]}}]]
|
|
| style="background: #fcc;" |[[Voiceless velar plosive|'''<big>k</big>''' {{IPA|[kʰ]}}]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="background: #ccf;" |[[Bilabial nasal|'''<big>m</big>''' {{IPA|[m]}}]]
| style="background: #cfc;" |[[Alveolar nasal|'''<big>n</big>''' {{IPA|[n]}}]]
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!{{small|[[Tenuis consonant|unaspirated]]}}
|
| style="background: #ffc;" |[[Voiceless alveolar affricate|'''<big>z</big>''' {{IPA|[ts]}}]]
| style="background: #cff;" |[[Voiceless retroflex affricate|'''<big>j</big>''' {{IPA|[ʈʂ]}}]] (zh)
| style="background: #fcf;" |[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|'''<big>ch</big>''' {{IPA|[tɕ]}}]] (j)
|
|-
!{{small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
|
| style="background: #ffc;" |[[Voiceless alveolar affricate|'''<big>ç</big>''' {{IPA|[tsʰ]}}]] (c)
| style="background: #cff;" |[[Voiceless retroflex affricate|'''<big>tch</big>''' {{IPA|[ʈʂʰ]}}]] (ch)
| style="background: #fcf;" |[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|'''<big>qu</big>''' {{IPA|[tɕʰ]}}]] (q)
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="background: #ccf;" |[[Voiceless labiodental fricative|'''<big>pf</big>''' {{IPA|[f]}}]] (f)
| style="background: #ffc;" |[[Voiceless alveolar sibilant|'''<big>s</big>''' {{IPA|[s]}}]]
| style="background: #cff;" |[[Voiceless retroflex sibilant|'''<big>tsch</big>''' {{IPA|[ʂ]}}]] (sh)
| style="background: #fcf;" |[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant|'''<big>ts</big>''' {{IPA|[ɕ]}}]] (x)
| style="background: #fcc;" |[[Voiceless velar fricative|'''<big>h</big>''' {{IPA|[x]}}]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Liquid consonant|Liquid]]
|
| style="background: #cfc;" |[[Alveolar lateral approximant|'''<big>l</big>''' {{IPA|[l]}}]]
| style="background: #cff;" |[[Retroflex approximant|'''<big>l·l</big>''' {{IPA|[ɻ~ʐ]}}]] (r)
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Semivowel]]
| colspan="5" |'''<big>y</big>''' [[Palatal approximant|[j]]]/[[Labialized palatal approximant|[ɥ]]] and '''<big>v</big>''' [[Labio-velar approximant|{{IPA|[w]}}]]
|}
== Finals ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="12" |Coda
|-
! colspan="3" |∅!! colspan="2" |{{IPA|/i/}}!! colspan="2" |{{IPA|/u/}}!! colspan="2" |{{IPA|/n/}}!! colspan="3" |{{IPA|/ŋ/}}
|-
! rowspan="4" |Medial
!∅
|{{IPA|[ɨ]}}<br><br>-i||{{IPA|[ɤ]}}<br>e<br>-e||{{IPA|[a]}}<br>a<br>-a
|{{IPA|[ei̯]}}<br>ei<br>-ei||{{IPA|[ai̯]}}<br>ai<br>-ai
|{{IPA|[ou̯]}}<br>oy<br>-oy||{{IPA|[au̯]}}<br>au<br>-au
|{{IPA|[ən]}}<br>en<br>-en||{{IPA|[an]}}<br>an<br>-an
|{{IPA|[ʊŋ]}}<br><br>-ong||{{IPA|[əŋ]}}<br>eng<br>-eng||{{IPA|[aŋ]}}<br>ang<br>-ang
|-
!{{IPA|/j/}}
|{{IPA|[i]}}<br>yi<br>-i||{{IPA|[je]}}<br>ye<br>-ie||{{IPA|[ja]}}<br>ya<br>-ia
| ||
|{{IPA|[jou̯]}}<br>you<br>-iu||{{IPA|[jau̯]}}<br>yau<br>-iau
|{{IPA|[in]}}<br>yin<br>-in||{{IPA|[jɛn]}}<br>yan<br>-ian
|{{IPA|[jʊŋ]}}<br>yong<br>-iong||{{IPA|[iŋ]}}<br>ying<br>-ing||{{IPA|[jaŋ]}}<br>yang<br>-iang
|-
!{{IPA|/w/}}
|{{IPA|[u]}}<br>wu<br>-u||{{IPA|[wo]}}<br>wo<br>-uo <sup>3</sup>||{{IPA|[wa]}}<br>wa<br>-ua
|{{IPA|[wei̯]}}<br>wei<br>-ui||{{IPA|[wai̯]}}<br>wai<br>-uai
| ||
|{{IPA|[wən]}}<br>wen<br>-un||{{IPA|[wan]}}<br>wan<br>-uan
| ||{{IPA|[wəŋ]}}<br>weng<br> ||{{IPA|[waŋ]}}<br>wang<br>-uang
|-
!{{IPA|/y/}}
|{{IPA|[y]}}<br>yu<br>-y <sup>2</sup> ||{{IPA|[ɥe]}}<br>yue<br>-yye <sup>2</sup>||
| ||
| ||
|{{IPA|[yn]}}<br>yun<br>-yyn <sup>2</sup>||{{IPA|[ɥɛn]}}<br>yuan<br>-yyan <sup>2</sup>
| || ||
|}
== Tones ==
Tone is marked with spelling:
{| class="wikitable"
!
Neutral tone
|a
|e
|i
|o
|u
|y
|-
!
Tone 1
|arr
|err
|irr
|orr
|urr
|yrr
|-
!Tone 2
|ah
|eh
|ih
|oh
|uh
|yh
|-
!Tone 3
|â
|ê
|î
|ô
|û
|ŷ
|-
!Tone 4
|aa
|ou
|ee
|oo
|ue
|uu
|}
== Examples ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
|-
! Pinyin
!Thusselo
|-
| Qīnghǎi
|Quirrnghâi
|-
| Fújiàn
|Pfuhchiaan
|-
| Guǎngdōng
|Guângdorrng
|-
| Héběi
|Hehbêi
|-
| Húnán
|Huhnahn
|-
| Zhèjiāng
|Jouchiarrng
|-
| Nèiménggǔ
|Nouimerrnggû
|-
| Shǎnxī
|Shântsirr
|-
| Shānxī
|Sharrntsirr
|-
| Xīnjiāng
|Tsirrnchiarrng
|-
| Xīzàng
|Tsirrzaang
|-
| Sìchuān
|Seejuarrn
|}
== See also ==
* [[Tai Lak's Romanisation of Chinese]]
m44ubwpfmjskwjis4caf4pj514xafrw
Timinoniya alphabet
0
225
377
2018-05-23T11:07:46Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "Timinoniya (a constructed language used by 6,693,000 people) has a tengwar abugida. It is written left to right. === Abecedaries === There are two orders: an ''ABGDE'' order ..."
377
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Timinoniya (a constructed language used by 6,693,000 people) has a tengwar abugida. It is written left to right.
=== Abecedaries ===
There are two orders: an ''ABGDE'' order for the northern and eastern cities and towns of Timinoniya (similar to the one found in the orders of the Northwest Semitic abjads, the Greek alphabet and the Latin alphabet), and a ''TPCQN'' order for the southern and western cities and towns of Timinoniya (similar to the one found in the order of standard Tengwar alphabet). This table shows the transliteration and Hebrew letters; letters missing from the Hebrew alphabet are left blank.
'''ABGDE'''
{| class="wikitable"
!
â
!
b
!
g
!
ḫ
!d
!h
!w
!z
!ḥ
!ṭ
!y
!k
!š
!j
!l
!m
!ḏ
!n
!ẓ
!c
!s
!ï
!p
!f
!ṣ
!q
!r
!ṫ
!ŀ
|-
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|-
|/ʔa/
|/b/
|/g/
|/x/
|/d/
|/h/
|/w/
|/z/
|/ħ/
|/t̼/
|/j/
|/k/
|/ʃ/
|/ʒ/
|/l/
|/m/
|/ð/
|/n/
|
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|-
!ġ
!t
!v
!ṙ
!î
!ô
!û
!s²
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
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qq3gslnfzaq5s0atvlii1pmgrxbzxqv
378
377
2018-05-23T11:14:09Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
378
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Timinoniya (a constructed language used by 6,693,000 people) has a tengwar abugida. It is written left to right.
=== Abecedaries ===
There are two orders: an ''ABGDE'' order for the northern and eastern cities and towns of Timinoniya (similar to the one found in the orders of the Northwest Semitic abjads, the Greek alphabet and the Latin alphabet), and a ''TPCQN'' order for the southern and western cities and towns of Timinoniya (similar to the one found in the order of standard Tengwar alphabet). This table shows the transliteration and Hebrew letters; letters missing from the Hebrew alphabet are left blank.
'''ABGDE'''
{| class="wikitable"
!
â
!
b
!
g
!
ḫ
!d
!h
!w
!z
!ḥ
!ṭ
!y
!k
!š
!j
!l
!m
!ḏ
!n
!ẓ
!c
!s
!ï
!p
!f
!ṣ
!q
!r
!ṫ
!ŀ
|-
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|-
|/ʔa/
|/b/
|/g/
|/x/
|/d/
|/h/
|/w/
|/z/
|/ħ/
|/t̼/
|/j/
|/k/
|/ʃ/
|/ʒ/
|/l/
|/m/
|/ð/
|/n/
|/zʱ/
|/c/
|/s/
|/ʕ/
|/p/
|/f/
|/ts/
|/q/
|/r/
|/
|
|-
!ġ
!t
!v
!ṙ
!î
!ô
!û
!s²
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
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|}
epeoldrpjkueg53e5r6erc6i1iggnld
379
378
2018-05-24T05:59:44Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
379
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Timinoniya (a constructed language used by 6,693,000 people) has a tengwar abugida. It is written left to right.
=== Abecedaries ===
There are two orders: an ''ABGDE'' order for the northern and eastern cities and towns of Timinoniya (similar to the one found in the orders of the Northwest Semitic abjads, the Greek alphabet and the Latin alphabet), and a ''TPCQN'' order for the southern and western cities and towns of Timinoniya (similar to the one found in the order of standard Tengwar alphabet). This table shows the transliteration and Hebrew letters; letters missing from the Hebrew alphabet are left blank. The ''ABGDE'' order is similar to the order of Ugaritic alphabet.
'''ABGDE'''
{| class="wikitable"
!
â
!
b
!
g
!
ḫ
!d
!h
!w
!z
!ḥ
!ṭ
!y
!k
!š
!j
!l
!m
!ḏ
!n
!ẓ
!c
!s
!ë
!p
!f
!ṣ
!q
!r
!ṫ
!ŀ
|-
|א
|ב
|ג
|
|ד
|ה
|ו
|ז
|ח
|ט
|י
|כ
|ש
|
|ל
|מ
|
|נ
|
|
|ס
|ע
|פ
|
|צ
|ק
|ר
|
|
|-
|/ʔa/
|/b/
|/g/
|/x/
|/d/
|/h/
|/w/
|/z/
|/ħ/
|/t̼/
|/j/
|/k/
|/ʃ/
|/ʒ/
|/l/
|/m/
|/ð/
|/n/
|/zʱ/
|/c/
|/s/
|/ʕ/
|/p/
|/f/
|/ts/
|/q/
|/r/
|/θ/
|/ɬ/
|-
!ġ
!t
!v
!ṙ
!î
!ô
!û
!s²
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|
|ת
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|/ɣ/
|/t/
|/v/
|/θʱ/
|/ʔi/
|/ʔo/
|/ʔu/
|/s͈/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
'''TPCQN'''
{| class="wikitable"
!
t
!p
!c
!q
!ḏ
!ṙ
!s
!f
!ḫ
!â
!ë
!m
!n
!r
!v
!y
!w
!î
!l
!ṫ
!z
|-
|ת
|פ
|
|ק
|
|
|ס
|
|
|א
|
|מ
|נ
|ר
|
|י
|ו
|
|ל
|
|ז
|-
|/t/
|/p/
|/c/
|/q/
|/ð/
|/θʱ/
|/s/
|/f/
|/x/
|/ʔa/
|/ʕ/
|/m/
|/n/
|/r/
|/v/
|/j/
|/w/
|/ʔi/
|/l/
|/θ/
|/z/
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
The letter names are:
* ABGDE: ''alfa'', ''batha'', ''gamal'', ''ḫa'', ''dalath'', ''haw'', ''waw'', ''zata'', ''hath'', ''tath'', ''yad'', ''kaf'', ''šin'', ''jue'', ''lamadh'', ''meim'', ''ḏal'', ''nais'', ''ẓa'', ''calma'', ''simkath'', ''ayn'', ''pitu'', ''formen'', ''tsadi'', ''qup'', ''raiš'', ''ṫann'', ''ŀadeh'', ''ġayn'', ''taw'', ''vue'', ''ṙis'', ''i'', ''o'', ''u'', ''s²u''
* TPCQN: ''taw'', ''pitu'', ''calma'', ''qup'', ''ḏal'', ''ṙis'', ''simkath'', ''formen'', ''ḫa'', ''alfa'', ''ayn'', ''meim'', ''nais'', ''raiš'', ''vue'', ''yad'', ''waw'', ''i'', ''lamadh'', ''ṫann'', ''zata'',
q2pp3n68hsmjsgp0kfw88j7717epwlj
Togoji language
0
231
396
2018-05-30T07:34:05Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "Togoji language is a non-tonal language spoken in the Togoji State. Katakana is the most common writing system to write Togoji, but Latin alphabet and tengwar are also used. ..."
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Togoji language is a non-tonal language spoken in the Togoji State. Katakana is the most common writing system to write Togoji, but Latin alphabet and tengwar are also used.
== Classification & Distribution ==
It is a member of Econesian family of languages. Overseas Togoji (in France, Spain, Liftland, Japan, China and South Korea) also speak Togoji.
For Qiang and Tujia people in Togoji State, there is ''Qiang! Tujia! Speak Togoji'' campaign to focus on Qiang and Tujia peoples from China to stop speaking Qiangic or Tujia languages and speak Togoji, which is co-official in Togoji State along with English, French, Italian, Spanish and Japanese.
The Togoji language is spoken by Togoji, Qiang people, Tujia people (in Togoji State), Chinese (in Togoji State), Vietnamese (in Togoji State), Russians (in Togoji State) and second-level speakers.
== Grammar ==
Togoji is a subject-verb-object (SVO) language.
21lbiwtt6pxzqz0js2jareaja9yubwk
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Kenstallyies30
29625957
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Togoji language is a non-tonal language spoken in the Togoji State. Katakana is the most common writing system to write Togoji, but Latin alphabet and tengwar are also used.
== Classification & Distribution ==
It is a member of Econesian family of languages. Overseas Togoji (in France, Spain, Liftland, Japan, China and South Korea) also speak Togoji.
For Qiang and Tujia people in Togoji State, there is ''Qiang! Tujia! Speak Togoji'' campaign to focus on Qiang and Tujia peoples from China to stop speaking Qiangic or Tujia languages and speak Togoji, which is co-official in Togoji State along with English, French, Italian, Spanish and Japanese.
The Togoji language is spoken by Togoji, Qiang people, Tujia people (in Togoji State), Chinese (in Togoji State), Vietnamese (in Togoji State), Russians (in Togoji State) and second-level speakers.
== Grammar ==
Togoji is a subject-verb-object (SVO) language.
== Syllabary ==
Togoji has no alphabet but rather has a syllabary. It consists of either V, CV, VC or CVC.
=== V ===
* a: ア [ɑ]
* e: エ [e]
* i: イ [ɪ]
* u: ウ [ɨ]
=== CV ===
{| class="wikitable"
!
!a<br>[-ɑ]
!e<br>[-e]
!i<br>[-ɪ]
!u<br>[-ɨ]
|-
!b<br>[p-]
|パ<br>ba
|ペ<br>be
|ピ<br>bi
|プ<br>bu
|-
!d<br>[t-]
|タ<br>da
|テ<br>de
|N/A
|N/A
|-
!g<br>[k-]
|カ<br>ga
|ケ<br>ge
|キ<br>gi
|ク<br>gu
|-
!k<br>[kʰ-]
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">カ</span><br>ga
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">ケ</span><br>ge
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">キ</span><br>gi
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">ク</span><br>gu
|-
!l<br>[l-]
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">ラ</span><br>la
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">レ</span><br>le
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">リ</span><br>li
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">ル</span><br>lu
|-
!m<br>[m-]
|マ<br>ma
|メ<br>me
|ミ<br>mi
|ム<br>mu
|-
!n<br>[n-]
|ナ<br>na
|ネ<br>ne
|ニ<br>ni
|ヌ<br>nu
|-
!ñ<br>[nj-]
|
|
|
|
|-
!p<br>[pʰ-]
|
|
|
|
|-
!q<br>[t͡ʃ-]
|
|
|
|
|-
!r<br>[ɹ~ɹʷ-]
|
|
|
|
|-
!s<br>[s-]
|
|
|
|
|-
!š<br>[ʃ-]
|
|
|
|
|-
!t<br>[tʰ-]
|
|
|
|
|-
!x<br>[χ-]
|
|
|
|
|-
!z<br>[z-]
|
|
|
|
|-
!g̃<br>[ɢ-]
|
|
|
|
|-
!ř<br>[ʁ~ʀ-]
|
|
|
|
|-
!w<br>[ʍ-]
|
|
|
|
|}
7mq20tdyp0qdsaf7wpjaci6k05o0bn6
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2018-06-02T08:32:21Z
Kenstallyies30
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Togoji language is a non-tonal language spoken in the Togoji State. Katakana is the most common writing system to write Togoji, but Latin alphabet and tengwar are also used.
== Classification & Distribution ==
It is a member of Econesian family of languages. Overseas Togoji (in France, Spain, Liftland, Japan, China and South Korea) also speak Togoji.
For Qiang and Tujia people in Togoji State, there is ''Qiang! Tujia! Speak Togoji'' campaign to focus on Qiang and Tujia peoples from China to stop speaking Qiangic or Tujia languages and speak Togoji, which is co-official in Togoji State along with English, French, Italian, Spanish and Japanese.
The Togoji language is spoken by Togoji, Qiang people, Tujia people (in Togoji State), Chinese (in Togoji State), Vietnamese (in Togoji State), Russians (in Togoji State) and second-level speakers.
== Grammar ==
Togoji is a subject-verb-object (SVO) language.
== Syllabary ==
Togoji has no alphabet but rather has a syllabary. It consists of either V, CV, VC or CVC.
=== V ===
* a: ア [ɑ]
* e: エ [e]
* i: イ [ɪ]
* u: ウ [ɨ]
=== CV ===
{| class="wikitable"
!
!a<br>[-ɑ]
!e<br>[-e]
!i<br>[-ɪ]
!u<br>[-ɨ]
|-
!b<br>[p-]
|パ<br>ba
|ペ<br>be
|ピ<br>bi
|プ<br>bu
|-
!d<br>[t-]
|タ<br>da
|テ<br>de
|N/A
|N/A
|-
!g<br>[k-]
|カ<br>ga
|ケ<br>ge
|キ<br>gi
|ク<br>gu
|-
!k<br>[kʰ-]
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">カ</span><br>ka
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">ケ</span><br>ke
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">キ</span><br>ki
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">ク</span><br>ku
|-
!l<br>[l-]
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">ラ</span><br>la
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">レ</span><br>le
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">リ</span><br>li
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">ル</span><br>lu
|-
!m<br>[m-]
|マ<br>ma
|メ<br>me
|ミ<br>mi
|ム<br>mu
|-
!n<br>[n-]
|ナ<br>na
|ネ<br>ne
|ニ<br>ni
|ヌ<br>nu
|-
!ñ<br>[nj-]
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">ナ</span><br>ña
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">ネ</span><br>ñe
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">ニ</span><br>ñi
|N/A
|-
!p<br>[pʰ-]
|ハ<br>pa
|ヘ<br>pe
|ヒ<br>pi
|フ<br>pu
|-
!q<br>[t͡ʃ-]
|
|
|
|
|-
!r<br>[ɹ~ɹʷ-]
|
|
|
|
|-
!s<br>[s-]
|
|
|
|
|-
!š<br>[ʃ-]
|
|
|
|
|-
!t<br>[tʰ-]
|
|
|
|
|-
!x<br>[χ-]
|
|
|
|
|-
!z<br>[z-]
|
|
|
|
|-
!g̃<br>[ɢ-]
|
|
|
|
|-
!ř<br>[ʁ~ʀ-]
|
|
|
|
|-
!w<br>[ʍ-]
|
|
|
|
|}
120vzr5z13ha6xsrzk5b7kwgohp6t9c
Toidai's Latin alphabet
0
192
315
2018-05-01T10:50:10Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "Toidai's Latin alphabet is a form of Latin script used to write languages of Saffronian state (with each city having their own language). The other two alphabets exist for Saf..."
315
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Toidai's Latin alphabet is a form of Latin script used to write languages of Saffronian state (with each city having their own language). The other two alphabets exist for Saffronian: [[Toidai's Cyrillic alphabet]] and [[Toidai's katakana syllabary]].
== Letters ==
The alphabet has thirty-eight letters:
{| class="wikitable"
!
Letter
!Name
!IPA
!
Letter
!Name
!IPA
!Letter
!Name
!IPA
!Letter
!Name
!IPA
|-
|A, a
|a
|[ɑ]
|G, g
|ge
|[g], [ɢ]
|O̐, o̐
|o̐
|[ɔ̃]
|Z, z
|zed
|[t͡s]
|-
|A̐, a̐
|a̐
|[ɑ̃]
|H, h
|ha
|[h]
|P, p
|pe
|[p]
|Ž, ž
|žed
|[d͡z]
|-
|B, b
|be
|[b]
|I, i
|i
|[ɪ]
|R, r
|er
|[ɻ], [r̩]
|
|
|
|-
|C, c
|ce
|[k], [s]
|I̐, i̐
|i̐
|[ɪ̃]
|S, s
|es
|[s]
|
|
|
|-
|Č, č
|če
|[t͡ʃ]
|K, k
|ka
|[k]
|Š, š
|eš
|[ʃ]
|
|
|
|-
|Ĉ, ĉ
|ĉe
|[t͡ɕ]
|L, l
|le
|[ʟ]
|S·h, s·h
|es·h
|[ʂ]
|
|
|
|-
|D, d
|de
|[d]
|L·l, l·l
|l·le
|[ʎ]
|Ç, ç
|çe
|[ɸ]
|
|
|
|-
|Dz, dz
|dze
|[d͡ʒ]
|M, m
|me
|[m], [m̥]
|T, t
|te
|[t]
|
|
|
|-
|Ð, ð
|ðe
|[ð]
|N, n
|ne
|[n], [n̩], [n̥]
|Ŧ, ŧ
|ŧe
|[θ]
|
|
|
|-
|Δ, δ
|δe
|[ɗ]
|N·h, n·h
|n·he
|[ɳ], [ɳ̊]
|U, u
|u
|[u], [ʊ]
|
|
|
|-
|E, e
|e
|[ɛ]
|Ň, ň
|ňe
|[nʲ]
|U̐, u̐
|u̐
|[ũ], [ʊ̃]
|
|
|
|-
|E̐, e̐
|e̐
|[ɛ̃]
|O, o
|o
|[ɔ]
|V, v
|ved
|[ʋ], [ʋ̥]
|
|
|
|}
It uses 20 of the 26 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet, plus vowel letters with chandrabindu, letters C, H, L, N, S, T and Z with caron, circumflex, cedilla and interpunct diacritics and the Greek letter delta. The Toidai's Latin alphabet lacks F, J, Q, W, X, Y, but the names are ''ef'', ''je'', ''ku'', ''dubellu'', ''iks'' and ''igriega''.
== Use in Caloundrian ==
Caloundrian (official in Caloundra, Saffron State, Arcanus) uses the Latin script, but the alphabet is different to Toidai's. Toidai's ''ĉ'', ''ð'', ''l·l'', ''ç'' and ''ŧ'' are not used, replacing it with ''ḱ'', ''t̨'', ''ll'', ''ṕ'', ''θ'' and ''â'', ''ê'' and ''ë'' were introduced. The Caloundrian's alphabet is as follows:<blockquote>a, â, a̐, b, c, č, d, dz, δ, e, ê, ë, e̐, g, h, i, i̐, k, ḱ, l, ll, m, n, n·h, o, o̐, p, ṕ, r, s, š, s·h, θ, t, t̨,'' ''u, u̐, v, z, ž</blockquote>In uppercase:<blockquote>A, Â, A̐, B, C, Č, D, DZ, Δ, E, Ê, Ë, E̐, G, H, I, I̐, K, Ḱ, L, LL, M, N, N·H, O, O̐, P, Ṕ, R, S, Š, S·H, Θ, T, T̨, U, U̐, V, Z, Ž</blockquote>
c7vwcs42d5tnrd66wo7lc58a6hxmhuz
Tone letters
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Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "A tone letter is a letter that is used to represent tone. == Examples == === Nookipedian language === ''See also: [[Nookipedian Romanised Alphabet]]'' Tone letters are used..."
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A tone letter is a letter that is used to represent tone.
== Examples ==
=== Nookipedian language ===
''See also: [[Nookipedian Romanised Alphabet]]''
Tone letters are used when no diacritics are available, such as in SMS (Nookipedian language tones are usually indicated by diacritics, sometimes by final consonant letters).
{| class="wikitable"
!Tone number
!IPA
! colspan="2" |Diacritic
!Tone letter
! colspan="3" |Example
|-
|1
|˧
| colspan="3" |∅
| colspan="2" |mui
|grandmother
|-
|2
|˧˩
|◌̂
|circumflex
|b
|muî
|muib
|sand
|-
|3
|˨
|◌́
|acute
|x
|muí
|muix
|project
|-
|4
|˥
|◌̆
|breve
|d
|muĭ
|muid
|move
|-
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">4</span>
|˥˧
|◌̑
|inverted breve
|z
|muȋ
|muiz
|stop
|-
|5
|˨˩˧
|◌̀
|grave
|p
|muì
|muip
|away
|-
|6
|˧˥
|◌̌
|caron
|f
|muǐ
|muif
|ocean
|-
|7
|˩˧
|◌̈
|diaeresis
|m
|muï
|muim
|pipe
|-
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">7</span>
|˧˥˧
|◌̊
|ring
|v
|mui̊
|muiv
|locate
|-
|8
|˦˩˨
|◌̅
|vinculum, overline
|g
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">mui</span>
|muig
|strand
|}
tpv72rruv12lzp8j96u1vvundso32w9
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/* Nookipedian language */
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A tone letter is a letter that is used to represent tone.
== Examples ==
=== Nookipedian language ===
''See also: [[Nookipedian Romanised Alphabet]]''
Tone letters are used when no diacritics are available, such as in SMS (Nookipedian language tones are usually indicated by diacritics, sometimes by final consonant letters).
{| class="wikitable"
!Tone number
!IPA
! colspan="2" |Diacritic
!Tone letter
! colspan="3" |Example
|-
|1
|˧
| colspan="3" |∅
| colspan="2" |mui
|grandmother
|-
|2
|˧˩
|◌̂
|circumflex
|b
|muî
|muib
|sand
|-
|3
|˨
|◌́
|acute
|x
|muí
|muix
|project
|-
|4
|˥
|◌̆
|breve
|d
|muĭ
|muid
|move
|-
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">4</span>
|ꜜ
|◌̑
|inverted breve
|z
|muȋ
|muiz
|stop
|-
|5
|˨˩˧
|◌̀
|grave
|p
|muì
|muip
|away
|-
|6
|˧˥
|◌̌
|caron
|f
|muǐ
|muif
|ocean
|-
|7
|˩˧
|◌̈
|diaeresis
|m
|muï
|muim
|pipe
|-
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">7</span>
|˧˥˧
|◌̊
|ring
|v
|mui̊
|muiv
|locate
|-
|8
|ꜛ
|◌̅
|vinculum, overline
|g
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">mui</span>
|muig
|strand
|}
mmmet5t1qj8h93j4145owt3bj8ort1y
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A tone letter is a letter that is used to represent tone.
== Examples ==
=== Nookipedian language ===
''See also: [[Nookipedian Romanised Alphabet]]''
Tone letters are used when no diacritics are available, such as in SMS (Nookipedian language tones are usually indicated by diacritics, sometimes by final consonant letters).
{| class="wikitable"
!Tone number
!IPA
! colspan="2" |Diacritic
!Tone letter
! colspan="3" |Example
|-
|1
|˧
| colspan="3" |∅
| colspan="2" |mui
|grandmother
|-
|2
|˧˩
|◌̂
|circumflex
|b
|muî
|muib
|sand
|-
|3
|˨
|◌́
|acute
|x
|muí
|muix
|project
|-
|4
|˥
|◌̆
|breve
|d
|muĭ
|muid
|move
|-
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">4</span>
|ꜜ
|◌̑
|inverted breve
|z
|muȋ
|muiz
|stop
|-
|5
|˨˩˧
|◌̀
|grave
|p
|muì
|muip
|away
|-
|6
|˧˥
|◌̌
|caron
|f
|muǐ
|muif
|ocean
|-
|7
|˩˧
|◌̈
|diaeresis
|m
|muï
|muim
|pipe
|-
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">7</span>
|ꜛ
|◌̊
|ring
|v
|mui̊
|muiv
|locate
|-
|8
|˧˥˧
|◌̅
|vinculum, overline
|g
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">mui</span>
|muig
|strand
|}
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A tone letter is a letter that is used to represent tone.
== Examples ==
=== Nookipedian language ===
''See also: [[Nookipedian Romanised Alphabet]]''
Tone letters are used when no diacritics are available, such as in SMS (Nookipedian language tones are usually indicated by diacritics, sometimes by final consonant letters).
{| class="wikitable"
!Tone number
!IPA
! colspan="2" |Diacritic
!Tone letter
! colspan="3" |Example
|-
|1
|˧
| colspan="3" |∅
| colspan="2" |mui
|grandmother
|-
|2
|˧˩
|◌̂
|circumflex
|b
|muî
|muib
|sand
|-
|3
|˨
|◌́
|acute
|x
|muí
|muix
|project
|-
|4
|˥
|◌̆
|breve
|d
|muĭ
|muid
|move
|-
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">4</span>
|˥˥
|◌̑
|inverted breve
|z
|muȋ
|muiz
|stop
|-
|5
|˨˩˧
|◌̀
|grave
|p
|muì
|muip
|away
|-
|6
|˧˥
|◌̌
|caron
|f
|muǐ
|muif
|ocean
|-
|7
|˩˧
|◌̈
|diaeresis
|m
|muï
|muim
|pipe
|-
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">7</span>
|˩˧˩˧
|◌̊
|ring
|v
|mui̊
|muiv
|locate
|-
|8
|˧˥˧
|◌̅
|vinculum, overline
|g
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">mui</span>
|muig
|strand
|}
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A tone letter is a letter that is used to represent tone.
== Examples ==
=== Nookipedian language ===
''See also: [[Nookipedian Romanised Alphabet]]''
Tone letters are used when no diacritics are available, such as in SMS (Nookipedian language tones are usually indicated by diacritics, sometimes by final consonant letters).
{| class="wikitable"
!Tone number
!IPA
! colspan="2" |Diacritic
!Tone letter
! colspan="3" |Example
|-
|1
|˧
| colspan="3" |∅
| colspan="2" |mui
|grandmother
|-
|2
|˧˩
|◌̂
|circumflex
|b
|muî
|muib
|sand
|-
|3
|˨
|◌́
|acute
|x
|muí
|muix
|project
|-
|4
|˥
|◌̆
|breve
|d
|muĭ
|muid
|move
|-
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">4</span>
|˥˥
|◌̑
|inverted breve
|z
|muȋ
|muiz
|stop
|-
|5
|˨˩˧
|◌̀
|grave
|p
|muì
|muip
|away
|-
|6
|˧˥
|◌̌
|caron
|f
|muǐ
|muif
|ocean
|-
|7
|˩˧
|◌̈
|diaeresis
|m
|muï
|muim
|pipe
|-
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">7</span>
|˩˧˩˧
|◌̊
|ring
|v
|mui̊
|muiv
|locate
|-
|8
|˧˥˧
|◌̅
|vinculum, overline
|g
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">mui</span>
|muig
|strand
|}
=== Tchilkenva Unified ===
Because all languages in Tchilkenva Unified are tonal, there are six tones in most languages, but eight in Tchilkenvan and Yutarlei. The 1906 version of the Tchilkenva reference alphabet used final letters resembling numerals, but in the 1986 verion of the Tchilkenva reference alphabet, it used final consonant letters to indicate tone. Some of the letters pull double-duty, representing consonants.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!Tone number
!Tone name
!
IPA
! colspan="2" |
Tone letter (1906)
! colspan="2" |Tone letter (1986)
|-
|1
|Mid
|˧
|I ı
|aı
|L l
|al
|-
|2
|Dipping
|˧˩˧
|Ƨ ƨ
|aƨ
|Z z
|az
|-
|3
|Rising
|˧˥
|З з
|aз
|Q q
|aq
|-
|4
|High
|˥
|Ч ч
|aч
|H h
|ah
|-
|5
|Low
|˩
|Ƽ ƽ
|aƽ
|V v
|av
|-
|6
|Falling
|˥˩
|Ƅ ƅ
|aƅ
|X x
|ax
|-
|7
|Creaky Rising
|˧ˀ˦˥
|<big>⁊</big> ⁊
|a⁊
|F f
|af
|-
|8
|Creaky Falling
|˨˩ˀ
|Ȣ ȣ
|aȣ
|J j
|aj
|-
|0
|Neutral
|
|not marked
|a
|not marked
|a
|}
=== Teinonken language ===
''See also: [[Ping'im Teinonken]]''
In Ping'im Teinonken, a consonantal letter is used at the end of the syllable.
{| class="wikitable"
!Pitch
!Tone name
!Tone diacritic<br>(Teinonye Pinyin)
!Tone letter<br>(Ping'im Teinonken)
|-
|˥ 51
|high
|◌́
|t
|-
|˧ 33
|mid
|∅
|∅
|-
|˩ 11
|low
|◌̀
|r
|-
|˨˩˦ 214
|mid-dipping
|◌̂
|x
|}
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Tongol language is a Looneylandian language spoken in the Tongol State of Looneyland. According to Shemson: The Looneylandian Languages, there are 980 people speaking Tongol, causing the language to be in danger of extinction. However, the Tongol Language Society is set up to include a forum, game hub and an online Tongol language learning class called Tongol: Learn, now there are 12,500 speak Tongol as a second language.
Most Tongol people now speak Italian, the official language of Tongol State.
== Alphabet ==
Until 1932, Tongol had no alphabet: Chinese characters are used, representing a word. However, in 1800, there are attempts at writing religious texts in it using the Latin alphabet.
In 1932, a Latin alphabet was introduced. The former Latin alphabet was:
'''A,B,C,D,E,Ë,F,G,H,H̨,I,Ï,J,K,L,L̨,M,N,N̨,O,Ö,P,R,S,S̨,<s>S</s>,T,T̨,U,V,Z,Ь'''
In 1937, Cyrillic displaced the Latin.
{| class="wikitable"
!А а
!<span style="color:red;">Б б</span>
!<span style="color:red;">В в</span>
!Г г
!Д д
!Е е
!<span style="color:red;">Ж ж</span>
!<span style="color:red;">З з</span>
!И и
!<span style="color:red;">Й й</span>
!К к
!Л л
!М м
!Н н
!Ҥ ҥ
|-
|[a], [ə]
|[b]
|[w]
|[g]
|[d]
|[e]
|[ʐ]
|[z]
|[i]
|[j]
|[k]
|[l]
|[m]
|[n]
|[ŋ]
|-
!О о
!П п
!Р р
!С с
!Т т
!Ҭ ҭ
!У у
!<span style="color:red;">Ф ф</span>
!Х х
!<span style="color:red;">Ц ц</span>
!Ч ч
!Џ џ
!Ш ш
!<span style="color:red;">Щ щ</span>
!ʻ
|-
|[o], [ɔ], [œ]
|[p], [p’]
|[r], [ɻ], [ɹ], [ɹ̠], [ɹ̠ʷ]
|[s], [ʂ]
|[t]
|[t̼]
|[u]
|[ɸ]
|[h]
|[ts]
|[tɕ]
|[d̼]
|[ɕ]
|[ɕɕ], [ɕtɕ]
|[.]
|-
!Ы ы
!<span style="color:red;">Э э</span>
!Ю ю
!Я я
!<span style="color:red;">Ё ё</span>
!ʼ
!Ь ь
!
Ъ ъ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[ʏ], [ʏʷ]
|[e]
|[ju]
|[ja]
|[jo]
|[ː]
|[j]
|[~]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
The letters in <span style="color:red;">red</span> only appear in Russian loanwords.
The letter Ъ indicates vowel nasalisation, and the consonant /j/ is represented by Ь (unlike in Russian).
== Grammar ==
Tongol is a SVO language like other Looneylandian languages.
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Tongol language is a Looneylandian language spoken in the Tongol State of Looneyland. According to Shemson: The Looneylandian Languages, there are 980 people speaking Tongol, causing the language to be in danger of extinction. However, the Tongol Language Society is set up to include a forum, game hub and an online Tongol language learning class called Tongol: Learn, now there are 12,500 speak Tongol as a second language.
Most Tongol people now speak Italian, the official language of Tongol State.
== Alphabet ==
Until 1932, Tongol had no alphabet: Chinese characters are used, representing a word. However, in 1800, there are attempts at writing religious texts in it using the Latin alphabet.
In 1932, a Latin alphabet was introduced. The former Latin alphabet was:
'''A,B,C,D,E,Ë,F,G,H,H̨,I,Ï,J,K,L,L̨,M,N,N̨,O,Ö,P,R,S,S̨,<s>S</s>,T,T̨,U,V,Z,Ь'''
In 1937, Cyrillic displaced the Latin.
{| class="wikitable"
!А а
!<span style="color:red;">Б б</span>
!В в
!Г г
!Д д
!Е е
!<span style="color:red;">Ж ж</span>
!<span style="color:red;">З з</span>
!И и
!<span style="color:red;">Й й</span>
!К к
!Л л
!М м
!Н н
!Ҥ ҥ
|-
|[ə], [a]
|[b]
|[w]
|[g]
|[d]
|[e]
|[ʐ]
|[z]
|[i]
|[j]
|[k]
|[ɫ]
|[m]
|[n]
|[ŋ]
|-
!О о
!П п
!Р р
!С с
!Т т
!Ҭ ҭ
!У у
!<span style="color:red;">Ф ф</span>
!Х х
!<span style="color:red;">Ц ц</span>
!Ч ч
!Џ џ
!Ш ш
!<span style="color:red;">Щ щ</span>
!ʻ
|-
|[o], [ɔ], [œ]
|[p], [p’]
|[r], [ɻ], [ɹ], [ɹ̠], [ɹ̠ʷ]
|[s], [ʂ]
|[t]
|[t̼]
|[u]
|[ɸ]
|[h]
|[ts]
|[tɕ]
|[d̼]
|[ɕ]
|[ɕɕ], [ɕtɕ]
|[.]
|-
!Ы ы
!Э э
!Ю ю
!Я я
!<span style="color:red;">Ё ё</span>
!ʼ
!Ь ь
!
Ъ ъ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[ʏ], [ʏʷ]
|[a], [e]
|[ju]
|[ja]
|[jo]
|[ː]
|[j]
|[~]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
The letters in <span style="color:red;">red</span> only appear in Russian loanwords.
The letter Ъ indicates vowel nasalisation, and Ь represents the consonant /j/ (unlike in Russian).
=== Comparison between Latin and Cyrillic ===
{| class="wikitable"
!IPA
!
Cyrillic
!Latin (1932-1937)
!Notes
|-
!ə
|А а
|A a
|''А'' denotes a schwa sound in native words, and [a] in Russian loanwords.
|-
!b
|<span style="color:red;">Б б</span>
|B b
|Found only in Russian loanwords.
|-
!w
|В в
|V v
|
|-
!g
|Г г
|G g
|
|-
!d
|Д д
|D d
|
|-
!e
|Е е
|E e
|''Е'' denotes [je] in Russian loanwords.
|-
!◌.e
|(ʻе)
|Ë ë
|
|-
!ʐ
|<span style="color:red;">Ж ж</span>
|S̨ s̨
|Found only in Russian loanwords.
|-
!z
|<span style="color:red;">З з</span>
|Z z
|Found only in Russian loanwords.
|-
!i
|И и
|I i
|
|-
!◌.i
|(ʻи)
|Ï ï
|
|-
!j
|<span style="color:red;">Й й </span>/ Ь ь
|J j
|''Й'' is found only in Russian loanwords and is often replaced by ''Ь''.
|-
!k
|К к
|K k
|
|-
!ɫ
|Л л
|L l
|
|-
!ɬ
|(ҭл)
|L̨ l̨
|
|-
!m
|М м
|M m
|
|-
!n
|Н н
|N n
|
|-
!ɲ
|(нь)
|(nь)
|
|-
!ŋ
|Ҥ ҥ
|N̨ n̨
|
|-
!o<br>ɔ<br>œ
|О о
|O o
|The sounds [œ] and [ɔ] at the beginning of the word are only found in loanwords
|-
!◌.o<br>◌.ɔ<br>◌.œ
|(ʻо)
|Ö ö
|
|-
!p<br>p’
|П п
|P p
|
|-
!r
|Р р
|R r
|Allophones of [r] include [ɻ], [ɹ], [ɹ̠], [ɹ̠ʷ], [ɻʷ], [ʀ], [ʁ], [χ] and [ɭ].
|-
!s<br>ʂ
|С с
|S s
|
|-
!t
|Т т
|T t
|
|-
!t̼
|Ҭ ҭ
|T̨ t̨
|
|-
!u
|У у
|U u
|
|-
!ɸ
|<span style="color:red;">Ф ф</span>
|F f
|Found only in Russian loanwords.
|-
!h
|Х х
|H h
|
|-
!ts
|<span style="color:red;">Ц ц</span>
|C c
|Found only in Russian loanwords.
|-
!tɕ
|Ч ч
|(ts̨)
|
|-
!d̼
|Џ џ
|(tt̨)
|
|-
!ɕ
|Ш ш
|<s>S</s> <s>s</s>
|
|-
!ɕɕ<br>ɕtɕ
|<span style="color:red;">Щ щ</span>
|(<s>s</s>ts̨)
|
|-
!ʏ<br>ʏʷ
|Ы ы
|Ь ь
|
|-
!a
|Э э
|(ah)
|''Э'' denotes [e] in Russian loanwords.
|-
!ju
|Ю ю
|(ju)
|
|-
!ja
|Я я
|(ja)
|
|-
!◌ː
|ʼ
|ʼ
|
|-
!◌̃
|Ъ ъ
|(nn̨)
|
|}
== Grammar ==
Tongol is a SVO language like other Looneylandian languages.
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Tongol language is a Looneylandian language spoken in the Tongol State of Looneyland. According to Shemson: The Looneylandian Languages, there are 980 people speaking Tongol, causing the language to be in danger of extinction. However, the Tongol Language Society is set up to include a forum, game hub and an online Tongol language learning class called Tongol: Learn, now there are 12,500 speak Tongol as a second language.
Most Tongol people now speak Italian, the official language of Tongol State.
== Alphabet ==
Until 1932, Tongol had no alphabet: Chinese characters are used, representing a word. However, in 1800, there are attempts at writing religious texts in it using the Latin alphabet.
In 1932, a Latin alphabet was introduced. The former Latin alphabet was:
'''A,B,C,D,E,Ë,F,G,H,H̨,I,Ï,J,K,L,L̨,M,N,N̨,O,Ö,P,R,S,S̨,<s>S</s>,T,T̨,U,V,Z,Ь'''
In 1932
{| class="wikitable"
!А а
!<span style="color:red;">Б б</span>
!В в
!Г г
!Д д
!Е е
!<span style="color:red;">Ж ж</span>
!<span style="color:red;">З з</span>
!И и
!<span style="color:red;">Й й</span>
!К к
!Л л
!М м
!Н н
!Ҥ ҥ
|-
|[ə], [a]
|[b]
|[w]
|[g]
|[d]
|[e]
|[ʐ]
|[z]
|[i]
|[j]
|[k]
|[ɫ]
|[m]
|[n]
|[ŋ]
|-
!О о
!П п
!Р р
!С с
!Т т
!Ҭ ҭ
!У у
!<span style="color:red;">Ф ф</span>
!Х х
!<span style="color:red;">Ц ц</span>
!Ч ч
!Џ џ
!Ш ш
!<span style="color:red;">Щ щ</span>
!ʻ
|-
|[o], [ɔ], [œ]
|[p], [p’]
|[r], [ɻ], [ɹ], [ɹ̠], [ɹ̠ʷ]
|[s], [ʂ]
|[t]
|[t̼]
|[u]
|[ɸ]
|[h]
|[ts]
|[tɕ]
|[d̼]
|[ɕ]
|[ɕɕ], [ɕtɕ]
|[.]
|-
!Ы ы
!Э э
!Ю ю
!Я я
!<span style="color:red;">Ё ё</span>
!ʼ
!Ь ь
!
Ъ ъ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[ʏ], [ʏʷ]
|[a], [e]
|[ju]
|[ja]
|[jo]
|[ː]
|[j]
|[~]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
The letters in <span style="color:red;">red</span> only appear in Russian loanwords.
The letter Ъ indicates vowel nasalisation, and Ь represents the consonant /j/ (unlike in Russian).
=== Comparison between Latin and Cyrillic ===
{| class="wikitable"
!IPA
!
Cyrillic
!Latin (1932-1937)
!Notes
|-
!ə
|А а
|A a
|
|-
!b
|<span style="color:red;">Б б</span>
|B b
|Found only in loanwords.
|-
!w
|В в
|V v
|
|-
!g
|Г г
|G g
|
|-
!d
|Д д
|D d
|
|-
!e
|Е е
|E e
|
|-
!◌.e
|(ʻе)
|Ë ë
|
|-
!ʐ
|<span style="color:red;">Ж ж</span>
|S̨ s̨
|Found only in loanwords.
|-
!z
|<span style="color:red;">З з</span>
|Z z
|Found only in loanwords.
|-
!i
|И и
|I i
|
|-
!◌.i
|(ʻи)
|Ï ï
|
|-
!j
|<span style="color:red;">Й й </span>/ Ь ь
|J j
|''Й'' is found only in loanwords and is often replaced by ''Ь''.
|-
!k
|К к
|K k
|
|-
!ɫ
|Л л
|L l
|
|-
!ɬ
|(ҭл)
|L̨ l̨
|
|-
!m
|М м
|M m
|
|-
!n
|Н н
|N n
|
|-
!ɲ
|(нь)
|(nь)
|
|-
!ŋ
|Ҥ ҥ
|N̨ n̨
|
|-
!o<br>ɔ<br>œ
|О о
|O o
|
|-
!◌.o<br>◌.ɔ<br>◌.œ
|(ʻо)
|Ö ö
|
|-
!p<br>p’
|П п
|P p
|
|-
!r
|Р р
|R r
|Allophones of [r] include [ɻ], [ɹ], [ɹ̠], [ɹ̠ʷ], [ɻʷ], [ʀ], [ʁ], [χ] and [ɭ].
|-
!s<br>ʂ
|С с
|S s
|
|-
!t
|Т т
|T t
|
|-
!t̼
|Ҭ ҭ
|T̨ t̨
|
|-
!u
|У у
|U u
|
|-
!ɸ
|<span style="color:red;">Ф ф</span>
|F f
|Found only in loanwords.
|-
!h
|Х х
|H h
|
|-
!ts
|<span style="color:red;">Ц ц</span>
|C c
|Found only in loanwords.
|-
!tɕ
|Ч ч
|(ts̨)
|
|-
!d̼
|Џ џ
|(tt̨)
|
|-
!ɕ
|Ш ш
|<s>S</s> <s>s</s>
|
|-
!ɕɕ<br>ɕtɕ
|<span style="color:red;">Щ щ</span>
|(<s>s</s>ts̨)
|
|-
!ʏ<br>ʏʷ
|Ы ы
|Ь ь
|
|-
!a
|Э э
|(ah)
|
|-
!ju
|Ю ю
|(ju)
|
|-
!ja
|Я я
|(ja)
|
|-
!◌ː
|ʼ
|ʼ
|
|-
!◌̃
|Ъ ъ
|(nn̨)
|
|}
== Grammar ==
Tongol is a SVO language like other Looneylandian languages.
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Tongol language is a Looneylandian language spoken in the Tongol State of Looneyland. According to Shemson: The Looneylandian Languages, there are 980 people speaking Tongol, causing the language to be in danger of extinction. However, the Tongol Language Society is set up to include a forum, game hub and an online Tongol language learning class called Tongol: Learn, now there are 12,500 speak Tongol as a second language.
Most Tongol people now speak Italian, the official language of Tongol State.
== Alphabet ==
Until 1932, Tongol had no alphabet: Chinese characters are used, representing a word. However, in 1800, there are attempts at writing religious texts in it using the Latin alphabet.
In 1932, a Latin alphabet was introduced. The former Latin alphabet was:
'''A,B,C,D,E,Ë,F,G,H,H̨,I,Ï,J,K,L,L̨,M,N,N̨,O,Ö,P,R,S,S̨,<s>S</s>,T,T̨,U,V,Z,Ь'''
In 1938, the use of Tongol Latin alphabet was suppressed in favour of katakana. In 1945, Tongol now uses Cyrillic script.
{| class="wikitable"
!А а
!<span style="color:red;">Б б</span>
!В в
!Г г
!Д д
!Е е
!<span style="color:red;">Ж ж</span>
!<span style="color:red;">З з</span>
!И и
!<span style="color:red;">Й й</span>
!К к
!Л л
!М м
!Н н
!Ҥ ҥ
|-
|[ə], [a]
|[b]
|[w]
|[g]
|[d]
|[e]
|[ʐ]
|[z]
|[i]
|[j]
|[k]
|[ɫ]
|[m]
|[n]
|[ŋ]
|-
!О о
!П п
!Р р
!С с
!Т т
!Ҭ ҭ
!У у
!<span style="color:red;">Ф ф</span>
!Х х
!<span style="color:red;">Ц ц</span>
!Ч ч
!Џ џ
!Ш ш
!<span style="color:red;">Щ щ</span>
!ʻ
|-
|[o], [ɔ], [œ]
|[p], [p’]
|[r], [ɻ], [ɹ], [ɹ̠], [ɹ̠ʷ]
|[s], [ʂ]
|[t]
|[t̼]
|[u]
|[ɸ]
|[h]
|[ts]
|[tɕ]
|[d̼]
|[ɕ]
|[ɕɕ], [ɕtɕ]
|[.]
|-
!Ы ы
!Э э
!Ю ю
!Я я
!<span style="color:red;">Ё ё</span>
!ʼ
!Ь ь
!
Ъ ъ
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[ʏ], [ʏʷ]
|[a], [e]
|[ju]
|[ja]
|[jo]
|[ː]
|[j]
|[~]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
The letters in <span style="color:red;">red</span> only appear in Russian loanwords.
The letter Ъ indicates vowel nasalisation, and Ь represents the consonant /j/ (unlike in Russian).
=== Comparison between Latin and Cyrillic ===
{| class="wikitable"
!IPA
!
Cyrillic
!Latin (1932-1937)
!Notes
|-
!ə
|А а
|A a
|
|-
!b
|<span style="color:red;">Б б</span>
|B b
|Found only in loanwords.
|-
!w
|В в
|V v
|
|-
!g
|Г г
|G g
|
|-
!d
|Д д
|D d
|
|-
!e
|Е е
|E e
|
|-
!◌.e
|(ʻе)
|Ë ë
|
|-
!ʐ
|<span style="color:red;">Ж ж</span>
|S̨ s̨
|Found only in loanwords.
|-
!z
|<span style="color:red;">З з</span>
|Z z
|Found only in loanwords.
|-
!i
|И и
|I i
|
|-
!◌.i
|(ʻи)
|Ï ï
|
|-
!j
|<span style="color:red;">Й й </span>/ Ь ь
|J j
|''Й'' is found only in loanwords and is often replaced by ''Ь''.
|-
!k
|К к
|K k
|
|-
!ɫ
|Л л
|L l
|
|-
!ɬ
|(ҭл)
|L̨ l̨
|
|-
!m
|М м
|M m
|
|-
!n
|Н н
|N n
|
|-
!ɲ
|(нь)
|(nь)
|
|-
!ŋ
|Ҥ ҥ
|N̨ n̨
|
|-
!o<br>ɔ<br>œ
|О о
|O o
|
|-
!◌.o<br>◌.ɔ<br>◌.œ
|(ʻо)
|Ö ö
|
|-
!p<br>p’
|П п
|P p
|
|-
!r
|Р р
|R r
|Allophones of [r] include [ɻ], [ɹ], [ɹ̠], [ɹ̠ʷ], [ɻʷ], [ʀ], [ʁ], [χ] and [ɭ].
|-
!s<br>ʂ
|С с
|S s
|
|-
!t
|Т т
|T t
|
|-
!t̼
|Ҭ ҭ
|T̨ t̨
|
|-
!u
|У у
|U u
|
|-
!ɸ
|<span style="color:red;">Ф ф</span>
|F f
|Found only in loanwords.
|-
!h
|Х х
|H h
|
|-
!ts
|<span style="color:red;">Ц ц</span>
|C c
|Found only in loanwords.
|-
!tɕ
|Ч ч
|(ts̨)
|
|-
!d̼
|Џ џ
|(tt̨)
|
|-
!ɕ
|Ш ш
|<s>S</s> <s>s</s>
|
|-
!ɕɕ<br>ɕtɕ
|<span style="color:red;">Щ щ</span>
|(<s>s</s>ts̨)
|
|-
!ʏ<br>ʏʷ
|Ы ы
|Ь ь
|
|-
!a
|Э э
|(ah)
|
|-
!ju
|Ю ю
|(ju)
|
|-
!ja
|Я я
|(ja)
|
|-
!◌ː
|ʼ
|ʼ
|
|-
!◌̃
|Ъ ъ
|(nn̨)
|
|}
== Grammar ==
Tongol is a SVO language like other Looneylandian languages.
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Toontown Standard Hexadecimal
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Toontown Standard Hexadecimal is a numeral system used in old computers, train numbers, kilometre markson roads, years of construction, copyright notices on books from 1754 to the 1930s (1960 on old computers). Toontown Standard Hexadecimal uses latin letters treated as digits. Before 1754, they used their own numeral systems.
== Numbers ==
{| class="article-table"
! rowspan="2" |Toontown Standard Hexadecimal
! rowspan="2" |Normal Hexadecimal
! rowspan="2" |Arabic Numeral
! rowspan="2" |Roman Numeral
! colspan="2" |Chinese Numeral
|-
!Normal
!Financial
|-
|O
|0
|0
|
|零/〇
|零
|-
|İ
|1
|1
|I
|一
|壹
|-
|Ƨ
|2
|2
|II
|二
|贰
|-
|З
|3
|3
|III
|三
|叁
|-
|Ч
|4
|4
|IV
|四
|肆
|-
|Ƽ
|5
|5
|V
|五
|伍
|-
|Ƅ
|6
|6
|VI
|六
|陆
|-
|Г
|7
|7
|VII
|七
|柒
|-
|𐌚
|8
|8
|VIII
|八
|捌
|-
|Ꮽ
|9
|9
|IX
|九
|玖
|-
|𐌀
|A
|10
|X
|十
|拾
|-
|Ƃ or Ь
|B
|11
|XI
|十一
|拾壹
|-
|Ԍ
|C
|12
|XII
|十二
|拾贰
|-
|Ԁ
|D
|13
|XIII
|十三
|拾叁
|-
|Ҽ
|E
|14
|XIV
|十四
|拾肆
|-
|Ӻ
|F
|15
|XV
|十五
|拾伍
|}
== Kinnaschei's notation ==
One of the alternatives is Kinnaschei's notation, where it substitutes the numbers 𐌀, Ƃ, Ԍ, Ԁ, Ҽ, Ӻ into ᏭЯᏭ. This shows as follows:
{| class="article-table"
!Kinnaschei's notation
!Normal hexadecimal
!Standard alternative
|-
|ᏭЯᏭ
|A
|𐌀
|-
|ᏭᏭЯᏭ
|B
|Ƃ
|-
|ᏭᏭЯᏭᏭ
|C
|Ԍ
|-
|ᏭᏭᏭЯᏭ
|D
|Ԁ
|-
|ᏭᏭᏭЯᏭᏭ
|E
|Ҽ
|-
|ᏭᏭᏭЯᏭᏭᏭ
|F
|Ӻ
|}
== See also ==
* [[Toontownian Language]]
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Toontownian Language
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Toontownian language is one of the Rheintallian languages. (In Rheintall, each city has its own language.) Toontown in Rheintall is the official language of Toontownian.
== Writing system ==
Toontownian uses the Latin alphabet, but only a few books have been published in Toontownian language (most are English).
The original alphabet was:
* A a, B b, C c, Ch ch, Chh chh, Є є, Ç ç, D d, E e, É é, Ә ә, F f, G g, Ƣ ƣ, İ i, J j, K k, Ꞣ ꞣ, M m, N n, O o, P p, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, Ş ş, Z z, L l, Q q, Ь ь, Ꜭ ꜭ, Ƽ ƽ, ′, ″
In 1944, people started to use Cyrillic alphabet, so the letters are changed:
* А а, Б б, Ц ц, Цх цх, Цхх цхх, Є є, Цѕ цѕ, Д д, Е е, Ә ә, Ф ф, Г г, Ґ ґ, И и, Ј ј, К к, С́ с́, М м, Н н, О о, П п, Р р, С с, Т т, У у, В в, Ш ш, З з, Л л, Ԛ ԛ, Ь ь, Ю ю, Я я, Ъ ъ, Ꜭ ꜭ, Ƽ ƽ, ′, ″
In 1991, the latin alphabet returned to replace the Cyrillic alphabet:
* A a, B b, C c, Ch ch, Chh chh, Cj cj, Ç ç, D d, E e, É é, Ä ä, F f, G g, G′ g′, I i, J j, K k, Kh kh, M m, N n, O o, P p, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, Ş ş, Z z, L l, Q q, H h, W w, Ō ō, Å å, Í í, '
Note that the letter G-prime is used for /gh/. The letter '''Ä''' replaced the historic '''Ә'''. The letters Ch, Chh, Cj, Ç, G′, Ş and Kh are not present on the computer keyboard, but can be done in alternative ways:
* For Ç, it is done by /+C (or Shift+/+C for the uppercase).
* For G′, it is done by typing G then apostrophe (G').
* For Ş, it is done by typing /+S (or Shift+/+S for the uppercase).
=== Consonants ===
{| class="article-table"
!Letter
!IPA
|-
|b
|b
|-
|c
|tʃ
|-
|ch
|x
|-
|chh
|dʒ
|-
|cj
|ʒ, ˈ
|-
|ç
|t͡ʃ
|-
|d
|dj
|-
|f
|f
|-
|g
|dʑ, ɡ
|-
|g′
|q
|-
|j
|kʰ
|-
|k
|k
|-
|kh
|kʷ
|-
|m
|m
|-
|n
|n, ŋ
|-
|p
|p, pʰ
|-
|r
|r
|-
|s
|s
|-
|t
|t, tj
|-
|u
|ʊ
|-
|v
|ð
|-
|ş
|ʃ
|-
|z
|z, zj
|-
|l
|lj
|-
|q
|x
|-
|h
|h, hw
|-
|w
|w
|}
=== Vowels ===
{| class="article-table"
!Letter
!IPA
|-
|a
|ɑː
|-
|e
|e
|-
|é
|ɛ
|-
|ä
|æ
|-
|i
|i
|-
|o
|o, oː
|-
|u
|u
|-
|ō
|ɔː
|-
|å
|ɔ
|-
|í
|ʊi
|}
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Toontownian language is one of the Rheintallian languages. (In Rheintall, each city has its own language.) Toontownian is the official language in Toontown in Rheintall.
== Writing system ==
Toontownian uses the Latin alphabet, but only a few books have been published in Toontownian language (most are English).
The original alphabet was:
* A a, B b, C c, Ch ch, Chh chh, Є є, Ç ç, D d, E e, É é, Ә ә, F f, G g, Ƣ ƣ, İ i, J j, K k, Ꞣ ꞣ, M m, N n, O o, P p, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, Ş ş, Z z, L l, Q q, Ь ь, Ꜭ ꜭ, Ƽ ƽ, ′, ″
In 1944, people started to use Cyrillic alphabet, so the letters are changed:
* А а, Б б, Ц ц, Цх цх, Цхх цхх, Є є, Цѕ цѕ, Д д, Е е, Ә ә, Ф ф, Г г, Ґ ґ, И и, Ј ј, К к, С́ с́, М м, Н н, О о, П п, Р р, С с, Т т, У у, В в, Ш ш, З з, Л л, Ԛ ԛ, Ь ь, Ю ю, Я я, Ъ ъ, Ꜭ ꜭ, Ƽ ƽ, ′, ″
In 1991, the latin alphabet returned to replace the Cyrillic alphabet:
* A a, B b, C c, Ch ch, Chh chh, Cj cj, Ç ç, D d, E e, É é, Ä ä, F f, G g, G′ g′, I i, J j, K k, Kh kh, M m, N n, O o, P p, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, Ş ş, Z z, L l, Q q, H h, W w, Ō ō, Å å, Í í, '
Note that the letter G-prime is used for /gh/. The letter '''Ä''' replaced the historic '''Ә'''. The letters Ch, Chh, Cj, Ç, G′, Ş and Kh are not present on the computer keyboard, but can be done in alternative ways:
* For Ç, it is done by /+C (or Shift+/+C for the uppercase).
* For G′, it is done by typing G then apostrophe (G').
* For Ş, it is done by typing /+S (or Shift+/+S for the uppercase).
=== Consonants ===
{| class="article-table"
!Letter
!IPA
|-
|b
|b
|-
|c
|tʃ
|-
|ch
|x
|-
|chh
|dʒ
|-
|cj
|ʒ, ˈ
|-
|ç
|t͡ʃ
|-
|d
|dj
|-
|f
|f
|-
|g
|dʑ, ɡ
|-
|g′
|q
|-
|j
|kʰ
|-
|k
|k
|-
|kh
|kʷ
|-
|m
|m
|-
|n
|n, ŋ
|-
|p
|p, pʰ
|-
|r
|r
|-
|s
|s
|-
|t
|t, tj
|-
|u
|ʊ
|-
|v
|ð
|-
|ş
|ʃ
|-
|z
|z, zj
|-
|l
|lj
|-
|q
|x
|-
|h
|h, hw
|-
|w
|w
|}
=== Vowels ===
{| class="article-table"
!Letter
!IPA
|-
|a
|ɑː
|-
|e
|e
|-
|é
|ɛ
|-
|ä
|æ
|-
|i
|i
|-
|o
|o, oː
|-
|u
|u
|-
|ō
|ɔː
|-
|å
|ɔ
|-
|í
|ʊi
|}
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Toontownian language is one of the Rheintallian languages. (In Rheintall, each city has its own language.) Toontownian is the official language in Toontown in Rheintall.
== Writing system ==
Toontownian uses the Latin alphabet, but only a few books have been published in Toontownian language (most are English).
The original alphabet was:
* A a, B b, C c, Ch ch, Chh chh, Є є, Ç ç, D d, E e, É é, Ә ә, F f, G g, Ƣ ƣ, İ i, J j, K k, Ꞣ ꞣ, M m, N n, O o, P p, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, Ş ş, Z z, L l, Q q, Ь ь, Ꜭ ꜭ, Ƽ ƽ, ′, ″
In 1944, people started to use Cyrillic alphabet, so the letters are changed:
* А а, Б б, Ц ц, Цх цх, Цхх цхх, Є є, Цѕ цѕ, Д д, Е е, Ә ә, Ф ф, Г г, Ґ ґ, И и, Ј ј, К к, С́ с́, М м, Н н, О о, П п, Р р, С с, Т т, У у, В в, Ш ш, З з, Л л, Ԛ ԛ, Ь ь, Ю ю, Я я, Ъ ъ, Ꜭ ꜭ, Ƽ ƽ, ′, ″
In 1991, the latin alphabet returned to replace the Cyrillic alphabet:
* A a, B b, C c, Ch ch, Chh chh, Cj cj, Ç ç, D d, E e, É é, Ä ä, F f, G g, G′ g′, I i, J j, K k, Kh kh, M m, N n, O o, P p, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, Ş ş, Z z, L l, Q q, H h, W w, Ō ō, Å å, Í í, '
Note that the letter G-prime is used for /gh/. The letter '''Ä''' replaced the historic '''Ә'''. The letters Ch, Chh, Cj, Ç, G′, Ş and Kh are not present on the computer keyboard, but can be done in alternative ways:
* For Ç, it is done by /+C (or Shift+/+C for the uppercase).
* For G′, it is done by typing G then apostrophe (G').
* For Ş, it is done by typing /+S (or Shift+/+S for the uppercase).
=== Consonants ===
{| class="article-table"
!Letter
!IPA
|-
|b
|b
|-
|c
|tʃ
|-
|ch
|x
|-
|chh
|dʒ
|-
|cj
|ʒ, ˈ
|-
|ç
|t͡ʃ
|-
|d
|dj
|-
|f
|f
|-
|g
|dʑ, ɡ
|-
|g′
|q
|-
|j
|kʰ
|-
|k
|k
|-
|kh
|kʷ
|-
|m
|m
|-
|n
|n, ŋ
|-
|p
|p, pʰ
|-
|r
|r
|-
|s
|s
|-
|t
|t, tj
|-
|u
|ʊ
|-
|v
|ð
|-
|ş
|ʃ
|-
|z
|z, zj
|-
|l
|lj
|-
|q
|x
|-
|h
|h, hw
|-
|w
|w
|}
=== Vowels ===
{| class="article-table"
!Letter
!IPA
|-
|a
|ɑː
|-
|e
|e
|-
|é
|ɛ
|-
|ä
|æ
|-
|i
|i
|-
|o
|o, oː
|-
|u
|u
|-
|ō
|ɔː
|-
|å
|ɔ
|-
|í
|ʊi
|}
== Numerals ==
''Main article: [[Toontown Standard Hexadecimal]]''
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Toyutsu alphabet
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The Toyutsu alphabet began with Cyrillic in 1869, then switched to Latin alphabet in 1914, then switched again to Cyrillic in 1939 and back to Latin in 1972.
== History ==
In the past, the lack of an alphabet caused low rates of literacy amongst the Toyutsu speakers. It had been written with Chinese characters in Toyutsu, Togari State, Gooperland, however, this is extremely difficult for Toyutsu speakers from other countries, other groups and other states or cities in Gooperland.
=== First Cyrillic Era ===
In an effort to address this, a Cyrillic alphabet was created in 1869. This is the first alphabetic writing system for Toyutsu.
{| class="article-table"
|А а
|Б б
|В в
|Г г
|Д д
|Е е
|Ж ж
|З з
|И и
|I і
|К к
|-
|Л л
|М м
|Н н
|О о
|П п
|Р р
|С с
|Ѳ ѳ
|Т т
|У у
|Ф ф
|-
|Х х
|Ц ц
|Ч ч
|Џ џ
|Ш ш
|Щ щ
|Ъ ъ
|Ы ы
|Ь ь
|Ѣ ѣ
|Ю ю
|-
|Я я
|Ѫ ѫ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== First Latin Era ===
A Latin alphabet for Toyutsu was created in 1913 by Shenres Eldic and brought to use in 1914: ᴀ, ʙ, c, ʕ, d, з, e, ə, f, ɟ, g, ǥ, ɦ, y, i, j, k, ꝁ, ᴋ, ʀ, l, ƚ, ⱡ, m, n,
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The Toyutsu alphabet began with Cyrillic in 1869, then switched to Latin alphabet in 1914, then switched again to Cyrillic in 1939 and back to Latin in 1972.
== History ==
In the past, the lack of an alphabet caused low rates of literacy amongst the Toyutsu speakers. It had been written with Chinese characters in Toyutsu, Togari State, Gooperland, however, this is extremely difficult for Toyutsu speakers from other countries, other groups and other states or cities in Gooperland.
=== First Cyrillic Era ===
In an effort to address this, a Cyrillic alphabet was created in 1869. This is the first alphabetic writing system for Toyutsu.
{| class="article-table"
|А а
|Б б
|В в
|Г г
|Д д
|Е е
|Ж ж
|З з
|И и
|I і
|К к
|-
|Л л
|М м
|Н н
|О о
|П п
|Р р
|С с
|Ѳ ѳ
|Т т
|У у
|Ф ф
|-
|Х х
|Ц ц
|Ч ч
|Џ џ
|Ш ш
|Щ щ
|Ъ ъ
|Ы ы
|Ь ь
|Ѣ ѣ
|Ю ю
|-
|Я я
|Ѫ ѫ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== First Latin Era ===
A Latin alphabet for Toyutsu was created in 1913 by Shenres Eldic and brought to use in 1914, replacing the 1869 Cyrillic alphabet during Latinisation of Gooperland. It only included lowercase letters (forming a unicase alphabet):
* Normal forms:
** ᴀ, ʙ, c, ↄ, ʕ, d, з, e, ɛ, ə, f, ɟ, g, ǥ, θ, ɦ, ɧ, y, i, j, k, ꝁ, ᴋ, ʀ, l, ƚ, ⱡ, m, ɴ, o, ø, ᴘ, p, ꝑ, q, r, ɼ, s, š, ʃ, ʖ, t, ŧ, u, v, x, χ, ↄc, z, ⱬ, ь, г, ӷ, г̌, ɭ, ɺ, ɾ, ɹ, ɻ, ɽ, ɬ, ɟ, ȷ, ƀ, đ, ɖ, h, w, ω
* Italic forms:
** <span style="font-family: times, 'Symbola', serif;">''ᴀ, ʙ, c, ↄ, ʕ, d, з, e, ɛ, ə, f, ɟ, g, ǥ, θ, ɦ, ɧ, y, i, j, k, ꝁ, ᴋ, ʀ, l, ƚ, ⱡ, m, ɴ, o, ø, ᴘ, p, ꝑ, q, r, ɼ, s, š, ʃ, ʖ, t, ŧ, u, v, x, χ, ↄc, z, ⱬ, ь, г, ӷ, г̌, ɭ, ɺ, ɾ, ɹ, ɻ, ɽ, ɬ, ɟ, ȷ, đ, ɖ, h, w, ω''</span>
=== Comparison ===
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The Toyutsu alphabet began with Cyrillic in 1869, then switched to Latin alphabet in 1914, then switched again to Cyrillic in 1939 and back to Latin in 1972.
== History ==
In the past, the lack of an alphabet caused low rates of literacy amongst the Toyutsu speakers. It had been written with Chinese characters in Toyutsu, Togari State, Gooperland, however, this is extremely difficult for Toyutsu speakers from other countries, other groups and other states or cities in Gooperland.
=== First Cyrillic Era ===
In an effort to address this, a Cyrillic alphabet was created in 1869. This is the first alphabetic writing system for Toyutsu.
{| class="article-table"
|А а
|Б б
|В в
|Г г
|Д д
|Е е
|Ж ж
|З з
|И и
|I і
|К к
|-
|Л л
|М м
|Н н
|О о
|П п
|Р р
|С с
|Ѳ ѳ
|Т т
|У у
|Ф ф
|-
|Х х
|Ц ц
|Ч ч
|Џ џ
|Ш ш
|Щ щ
|Ъ ъ
|Ы ы
|Ь ь
|Ѣ ѣ
|Ю ю
|-
|Я я
|Ѫ ѫ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== First Latin Era ===
A Latin alphabet for Toyutsu was created in 1913 by Shenres Eldic and brought to use in 1914, replacing the 1869 Cyrillic alphabet during Latinisation of Gooperland. It only included lowercase letters (forming a unicase alphabet):
* Normal forms:
** ᴀ, ʙ, c, ↄ, ʕ, d, з, e, ɛ, ə, f, ɟ, g, ǥ, θ, ɦ, ɧ, y, i, j, k, ꝁ, ᴋ, ʀ, l, ƚ, ⱡ, m, ɴ, o, ø, ᴘ, p, ꝑ, n, q, r, ɼ, s, š, ʃ, ʖ, t, ŧ, u, v, x, χ, ↄc, z, ⱬ, ь, г, ӷ, г̌, ɭ, ɺ, ɾ, ɹ, ɻ, ɽ, ɬ, ɟ, ȷ, ƀ, đ, ɖ, h, w, ω
* Italic forms:
** <span style="font-family: times, 'Symbola', serif;">''ᴀ, ʙ, c, ↄ, ʕ, d, з, e, ɛ, ə, f, ɟ, g, ǥ, θ, ɦ, ɧ, y, i, j, k, ꝁ, ᴋ, ʀ, l, ƚ, ⱡ, m, ɴ, o, ø, ᴘ, p, ꝑ, n, q, r, ɼ, s, š, ʃ, ʖ, t, ŧ, u, v, x, χ, ↄc, z, ⱬ, ь, г, ӷ, г̌, ɭ, ɺ, ɾ, ɹ, ɻ, ɽ, ɬ, ɟ, ȷ, đ, ɖ, h, w, ω''</span>
=== Comparison ===
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wikitext
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The Toyutsu alphabet began with Cyrillic in 1869, then switched to Latin alphabet in 1914, then switched again to Cyrillic in 1939 and back to Latin in 1972.
== History ==
In the past, the lack of an alphabet caused low rates of literacy amongst the Toyutsu speakers. It had been written with Chinese characters in Toyutsu, Togari State, Gooperland, however, this is extremely difficult for Toyutsu speakers from other countries, other groups and other states or cities in Gooperland.
=== First Cyrillic Era ===
In an effort to address this, a Cyrillic alphabet was created in 1869. This is the first alphabetic writing system for Toyutsu.
{| class="article-table"
|А а
|Б б
|В в
|Г г
|Д д
|Е е
|Ж ж
|З з
|И и
|I і
|К к
|-
|Л л
|М м
|Н н
|О о
|П п
|Р р
|С с
|Ѳ ѳ
|Т т
|У у
|Ф ф
|-
|Х х
|Ц ц
|Ч ч
|Џ џ
|Ш ш
|Щ щ
|Ъ ъ
|Ы ы
|Ь ь
|Ѣ ѣ
|Ю ю
|-
|Я я
|Ѫ ѫ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== First Latin Era ===
A Latin alphabet for Toyutsu was created in 1913 by Shenres Eldic and brought to use in 1914, replacing the 1869 Cyrillic alphabet during Latinisation of Gooperland. It only included lowercase letters (forming a unicase alphabet).
Note that the letter '''y''' makes the previous vowel nasalised, and it is moved to occur between '''ɧ''' and '''i'''.
* Normal forms:
** ᴀ, ʙ, c, ↄ, ʕ, d, з, e, ɛ, ə, f, ɟ, g, ǥ, θ, ɦ, ɧ, y, i, j, k, ꝁ, ᴋ, ʀ, l, ƚ, ⱡ, m, ɴ, o, ø, ᴘ, p, ꝑ, n, q, r, ɼ, s, š, ʃ, ʖ, t, ŧ, u, v, x, χ, ↄc, z, ⱬ, ь, г, ӷ, г̌, ɭ, ɺ, ɾ, ɹ, ɻ, ɽ, ɬ, ȷ, ƀ, đ, ɖ, h, w, ω
* Italic forms:
** <span style="font-family: times, 'Symbola', serif;">''ᴀ, ʙ, c, ↄ, ʕ, d, з, e, ɛ, ə, f, ɟ, g, ǥ, θ, ɦ, ɧ, y, i, j, k, ꝁ, ᴋ, ʀ, l, ƚ, ⱡ, m, ɴ, o, ø, ᴘ, p, ꝑ, n, q, r, ɼ, s, š, ʃ, ʖ, t, ŧ, u, v, x, χ, ↄc, z, ⱬ, ь, г, ӷ, г̌, ɭ, ɺ, ɾ, ɹ, ɻ, ɽ, ɬ, ȷ, đ, ɖ, h, w, ω''</span>
=== Comparison ===
{| class="article-table"
|+hᴀyəlfᴀʙᴀ toyɛχᴀ, 1913 (Toyutsu alphabet, 1913)
!#
!IPA
!Latin, 1913
!Latin, 1974
!Cyrillic, 1869
!Cyrillic, 1939
|-
|1
|[ɑ]
|ᴀ
|A a
|А а
|
|-
|2
|[b]
|ʙ
|B b
|Б б
|
|-
|3
|[ts]
|c
|C c
|Ц ц
|
|-
|4
|[tsʰ]
|ↄ
|Ç ç
|Ч ч
|
|-
|5
|[tsǀ]
|ʕ
|Ch ch
|Чъ чъ
|
|-
|6
|[d]
|d
|D d
|Д д
|
|-
|7
|[ʒ]
|з
|Dz dz
|Дз дз
|
|-
|8
|[e]
|e
|E e
|Е е
|
|-
|9
|[ɛ]
|ɛ
|É é
|Еъ еъ
|
|-
|10
|[ə]
|ə
|Ä ä
|Ѣ ѣ
|
|-
|11
|[f]
|f
|F f
|Ф ф
|
|-
|12
|[ɟ]
|ɟ
|Gn gn
|Фш фш
|
|-
|13
|[g]
|g
|G g
|Г г
|
|-
|14
|[ǃ]
|ǥ
|Ĝ ĝ
|Гк гк
|
|-
|15
|[θ]
|θ
|Th th
|Ѳ ѳ
|
|-
|16
|[ɦ]
|ɦ
|H h
|И и
|
|-
|17
|[x]
|ɧ
|Ĥ ĥ
|Иѣ иѣ
|
|-
|18
|[◌̃]
|y
|Ý ý
|Нъ нъ
|
|-
|19
|[i]
|i
|I i
|I і
|
|-
|20
|[dʒ]
|j
|J j
|Дж дж
|
|-
|21
|[k]
|k
|K k
|К к
|
|-
|22
|[kʰ]
|ꝁ
|Kh kh
|Кѣ кѣ
|
|-
|23
|[ǃ̬]
|ᴋ
|K' k'
|Къ къ
|
|-
|24
|[xʼ]
|ʀ
|R' r'
|Ръ ръ
|
|-
|25
|[l]
|l
|L l
|Л л
|
|-
|26
|[ʎ]
|ƚ
|Ll ll
|Лѣ лѣ
|
|-
|27
|[ʎǀ]
|ⱡ
|Ł ł
|Лъ лъ
|
|-
|28
|[m]
|m
|M m
|М м
|
|-
|29
|[n]
|ɴ
|N n
|Н н
|
|-
|30
|[o]
|o
|O o
|О о
|
|-
|31
|[ø]
|ø
|Ö ö
|Оу оу
|
|-
|32
|[pǀ]
|ᴘ
|Ph ph
|Пъ пъ
|
|-
|33
|[p]
|p
|P p
|П п
|
|-
|34
|[pʰ]
|ꝑ
|Pk pk
|Пѣ пѣ
|
|-
|35
|[q]
|q
|Q q
|Кѣъ кѣъ
|
|-
|36
|[ʐ]
|r
|Zs zs
|Ж ж
|
|-
|37
|[r]
|ɼ
|R r
|Р р
|
|-
|38
|[s]
|s
|S s
|С с
|
|-
|39
|[ɖʐ]
|š
|Sz sz
|Џ џ
|
|-
|40
|[ʃ]
|ʃ
|Sh sh
|Ш ш
|
|-
|41
|[ʃtʃ]
|ʖ
|Š š
|Щ щ
|
|-
|42
|[t]
|t
|T t
|Т т
|
|}
nrgogce6cwneardehcauu8c1wa4zc2a
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The Toyutsu alphabet began with Cyrillic in 1869, then switched to Latin alphabet in 1914, then switched again to Cyrillic in 1939 and back to Latin in 1972.
== History ==
In the past, the lack of an alphabet caused low rates of literacy amongst the Toyutsu speakers. It had been written with Chinese characters in Toyutsu, Togari State, Gooperland, however, this is extremely difficult for Toyutsu speakers from other countries, other groups and other states or cities in Gooperland.
=== First Cyrillic Era ===
In an effort to address this, a Cyrillic alphabet was created in 1869. This is the first alphabetic writing system for Toyutsu.
{| class="article-table"
|А а
|Б б
|В в
|Г г
|Д д
|Е е
|Ж ж
|З з
|И и
|I і
|К к
|-
|Л л
|М м
|Н н
|О о
|П п
|Р р
|С с
|Ѳ ѳ
|Т т
|У у
|Ф ф
|-
|Х х
|Ц ц
|Ч ч
|Џ џ
|Ш ш
|Щ щ
|Ъ ъ
|Ы ы
|Ь ь
|Ѣ ѣ
|Ю ю
|-
|Я я
|Ѫ ѫ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== First Latin Era ===
A Latin alphabet for Toyutsu was created in 1913 by Shenres Eldic and brought to use in 1914, replacing the 1869 Cyrillic alphabet during Latinisation of Gooperland. It only included lowercase letters (forming a unicase alphabet).
Note that the letter '''h''' makes the previous vowel nasalised, and it is moved to occur between '''ɖ''' and '''w'''.
* Normal forms:
** ᴀ, ʙ, c, ↄ, ʕ, d, з, e, ɛ, ə, f, ɟ, g, ǥ, θ, ɦ, ɧ, y, i, j, k, ꝁ, ᴋ, ʀ, l, ƚ, ⱡ, m, ɴ, o, ø, ᴘ, n, q, r, ɼ, s, š, ʃ, ʖ, t, ŧ, u, v, x, χ, ↄc, z, ⱬ, ь, г, ӷ, г̌, ɭ, ɺ, ɾ, ɹ, ɻ, ɽ, ɬ, ȷ, đ, ɖ, h, w, ω
* Italic forms:
** <span style="font-family: times, 'Symbola', serif;">''ᴀ, ʙ, c, ↄ, ʕ, d, з, e, ɛ, ə, f, ɟ, g, ǥ, θ, ɦ, ɧ, y, i, j, k, ꝁ, ᴋ, ʀ, l, ƚ, ⱡ, m, ɴ, o, ø, ᴘ, p, ꝑ, n, q, r, ɼ, s, š, ʃ, ʖ, t, ŧ, u, v, x, χ, ↄc, z, ⱬ, ь, г, ӷ, г̌, ɭ, ɺ, ɾ, ɹ, ɻ, ɽ, ɬ, ȷ, đ, ɖ, h, w, ω''</span>
=== Comparison ===
{| class="article-table"
|+hᴀyəlfᴀʙᴀ toyɛχᴀ, 1913 (Toyutsu alphabet, 1913)
!#
!IPA
!Latin, 1913
!Latin, 1974
!Cyrillic, 1869
!Cyrillic, 1939
|-
|1
|[ɑ]
|ᴀ
|A a
|А а
|
|-
|2
|[b]
|ʙ
|B b
|Б б
|
|-
|3
|[ts]
|c
|C c
|Ц ц
|
|-
|4
|[tsʰ]
|ↄ
|Ç ç
|Ч ч
|
|-
|5
|[tsǀ]
|ʕ
|Ch ch
|Чъ чъ
|
|-
|6
|[d]
|d
|D d
|Д д
|
|-
|7
|[ʒ]
|з
|Dz dz
|Дз дз
|
|-
|8
|[e]
|e
|E e
|Е е
|
|-
|9
|[ɛ]
|ɛ
|É é
|Еъ еъ
|
|-
|10
|[ə]
|ə
|Ä ä
|Ѣ ѣ
|
|-
|11
|[f]
|f
|F f
|Ф ф
|
|-
|12
|[ɟ]
|ɟ
|Gn gn
|Фш фш
|
|-
|13
|[g]
|g
|G g
|Г г
|
|-
|14
|[ǃ]
|ǥ
|Ĝ ĝ
|Гк гк
|
|-
|15
|[θ]
|θ
|Th th
|Ѳ ѳ
|
|-
|16
|[ɦ]
|ɦ
|H h
|И и
|
|-
|17
|[x]
|ɧ
|Ĥ ĥ
|Иѣ иѣ
|
|-
|18
|[j]
|y
|Ý ý
|Нъ нъ
|
|-
|19
|[i]
|i
|I i
|I і
|
|-
|20
|[dʒ]
|j
|J j
|Дж дж
|
|-
|21
|[k]
|k
|K k
|К к
|
|-
|22
|[kʰ]
|ꝁ
|Kh kh
|Кѣ кѣ
|
|-
|23
|[ǃ̬]
|ᴋ
|K' k'
|Къ къ
|
|-
|24
|[xʼ]
|ʀ
|R' r'
|Ръ ръ
|
|-
|25
|[l]
|l
|L l
|Л л
|
|-
|26
|[ʎ]
|ƚ
|Ll ll
|Лѣ лѣ
|
|-
|27
|[ʎǀ]
|ⱡ
|Ł ł
|Лъ лъ
|
|-
|28
|[m]
|m
|M m
|М м
|
|-
|29
|[n]
|ɴ
|N n
|Н н
|
|-
|30
|[o]
|o
|O o
|О о
|
|-
|31
|[ø]
|ø
|Ö ö
|Оу оу
|
|-
|32
|[p]
|ᴘ
|P p
|П п
|
|-
|33
|[ɲ]
|n
|Ń ń
|Нѣ нѣ
|
|-
|35
|[q]
|q
|Q q
|Кѣъ кѣъ
|
|-
|36
|[ʐ]
|r
|Zs zs
|Ж ж
|
|-
|37
|[r]
|ɼ
|R r
|Р р
|
|-
|38
|[s]
|s
|S s
|С с
|
|-
|39
|[sz]
|š
|Sz sz
|Џ џ
|
|-
|40
|[ʃ]
|ʃ
|Sh sh
|Ш ш
|
|-
|41
|[ʃtʃ]
|ʖ
|Š š
|Щ щ
|
|-
|42
|[t]
|t
|T t
|Т т
|
|-
|43
|[ǀ]
|ŧ
|Th th
|Тъ тъ
|
|-
|44
|[u]
|u
|U u
|У у
|
|-
|45
|[v]
|v
|V v
|В в
|
|-
|46
|[ks]
|x
|X x
|Х х
|
|-
|47
|[ʀ̝̊]
|χ
|Xh xh
|Хъ хъ
|
|-
|48
|[kʃ]
|ↄc
|Xs xs
|Хѣъ хѣъ
|
|-
|49
|[z]
|z
|Z z
|З з
|
|-
|50
|[dz]
|ⱬ
|Zh zh
|Зѣ зѣ
|
|-
|51
|[ʲ]
|ь
|J j
|Ь ь
|
|-
|52
|[gb]
|г
|Gb gb
|Гб гб
|
|-
|53
|[gbǃ]
|ӷ
|Gbh gbh
|Гбъ гбъ
|
|-
|54
|[ǃ˞]
|г̌
|Gbz gbz
|Гбѣ гбѣ
|
|-
|55
|[lˤ]
|ɭ
|Lg lg
|Лг лг
|
|-
|56
|[rˤ]
|ɺ
|Rg rg
|Рг рг
|
|}
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29625957
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
The Toyutsu alphabet began with Cyrillic in 1869, then switched to Latin alphabet in 1914, then switched again to Cyrillic in 1939 and back to Latin in 1972.
== History ==
In the past, the lack of an alphabet caused low rates of literacy amongst the Toyutsu speakers. It had been written with Chinese characters in Toyutsu, Togari State, Gooperland, however, this is extremely difficult for Toyutsu speakers from other countries, other groups and other states or cities in Gooperland.
=== First Cyrillic Era ===
In an effort to address this, a Cyrillic alphabet was created in 1869. This is the first alphabetic writing system for Toyutsu.
{| class="article-table"
|А а
|Б б
|В в
|Г г
|Д д
|Е е
|Ж ж
|З з
|И и
|I і
|К к
|-
|Л л
|М м
|Н н
|О о
|П п
|Р р
|С с
|Ѳ ѳ
|Т т
|У у
|Ф ф
|-
|Х х
|Ц ц
|Ч ч
|Џ џ
|Ш ш
|Щ щ
|Ъ ъ
|Ы ы
|Ь ь
|Ѣ ѣ
|Ю ю
|-
|Я я
|Ѫ ѫ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== First Latin Era ===
A Latin alphabet for Toyutsu was created in 1913 by Shenres Eldic and brought to use in 1914, replacing the 1869 Cyrillic alphabet during Latinisation of Gooperland. It only included lowercase letters (forming a unicase alphabet).
Note that the letter '''h''' makes the previous vowel nasalised, and it is moved to occur between '''ɖ''' and '''w'''.
* Normal forms:
** ᴀ, ʙ, c, ↄ, ʕ, d, з, e, ɛ, ə, f, ɟ, g, ǥ, θ, ɦ, ɧ, y, i, j, k, ꝁ, ᴋ, ʀ, l, ƚ, ⱡ, m, ɴ, o, ø, ᴘ, n, q, r, ɼ, s, š, ʃ, ʖ, t, ŧ, u, v, x, χ, ↄc, z, ⱬ, ь, г, ӷ, г̌, ɭ, ɺ, ɾ, ɹ, ɻ, ɽ, ɬ, ȷ, đ, ɖ, h, w, ω
* Italic forms:
** <span style="font-family: times, 'Symbola', serif;">''ᴀ, ʙ, c, ↄ, ʕ, d, з, e, ɛ, ə, f, ɟ, g, ǥ, θ, ɦ, ɧ, y, i, j, k, ꝁ, ᴋ, ʀ, l, ƚ, ⱡ, m, ɴ, o, ø, ᴘ, n, q, r, ɼ, s, š, ʃ, ʖ, t, ŧ, u, v, x, χ, ↄc, z, ⱬ, ь, г, ӷ, г̌, ɭ, ɺ, ɾ, ɹ, ɻ, ɽ, ɬ, ȷ, đ, ɖ, h, w, ω''</span>
=== Comparison ===
{| class="article-table"
|+ᴀhᴀyəlfᴀʙᴀ toyɛχᴀ, 1913
(Annaýälfaba Toyéxha, 1913)
Toyutsu alphabet, 1913
!#
!IPA
!Latin, 1913
!Latin, 1974
!Cyrillic, 1869
!Cyrillic, 1939
|-
|1
|[ɑ]
|ᴀ
|A a
|А а
|
|-
|2
|[b]
|ʙ
|B b
|Б б
|
|-
|3
|[ts]
|c
|C c
|Ц ц
|
|-
|4
|[tsʰ]
|ↄ
|Ç ç
|Ч ч
|
|-
|5
|[tsǀ]
|ʕ
|Ch ch
|Чъ чъ
|
|-
|6
|[d]
|d
|D d
|Д д
|
|-
|7
|[ʒ]
|з
|Dz dz
|Дз дз
|
|-
|8
|[e]
|e
|E e
|Е е
|
|-
|9
|[ɛ]
|ɛ
|É é
|Еъ еъ
|
|-
|10
|[ə]
|ə
|Ä ä
|Ѣ ѣ
|
|-
|11
|[f]
|f
|F f
|Ф ф
|
|-
|12
|[ɟ]
|ɟ
|Gn gn
|Фш фш
|
|-
|13
|[g]
|g
|G g
|Г г
|
|-
|14
|[ǃ]
|ǥ
|Ĝ ĝ
|Гк гк
|
|-
|15
|[θ]
|θ
|Th th
|Ѳ ѳ
|
|-
|16
|[ɦ]
|ɦ
|H h
|И и
|
|-
|17
|[x]
|ɧ
|Ĥ ĥ
|Иѣ иѣ
|
|-
|18
|[j]
|y
|Ý ý
|Нъ нъ
|
|-
|19
|[i]
|i
|I i
|I і
|
|-
|20
|[dʒ]
|j
|J j
|Дж дж
|
|-
|21
|[k]
|k
|K k
|К к
|
|-
|22
|[kʰ]
|ꝁ
|Kh kh
|Кѣ кѣ
|
|-
|23
|[ǃ̬]
|ᴋ
|K' k'
|Къ къ
|
|-
|24
|[xʼ]
|ʀ
|R' r'
|Ръ ръ
|
|-
|25
|[l]
|l
|L l
|Л л
|
|-
|26
|[ʎ]
|ƚ
|Ll ll
|Лѣ лѣ
|
|-
|27
|[ʎǀ]
|ⱡ
|Ł ł
|Лъ лъ
|
|-
|28
|[m]
|m
|M m
|М м
|
|-
|29
|[n]
|ɴ
|N n
|Н н
|
|-
|30
|[o]
|o
|O o
|О о
|
|-
|31
|[ø]
|ø
|Ö ö
|Оу оу
|
|-
|32
|[p]
|ᴘ
|P p
|П п
|
|-
|33
|[ɲ]
|n
|Ń ń
|Нѣ нѣ
|
|-
|35
|[q]
|q
|Q q
|Кѣъ кѣъ
|
|-
|36
|[ʐ]
|r
|Zs zs
|Ж ж
|
|-
|37
|[r]
|ɼ
|R r
|Р р
|
|-
|38
|[s]
|s
|S s
|С с
|
|-
|39
|[sz]
|š
|Sz sz
|Џ џ
|
|-
|40
|[ʃ]
|ʃ
|Sh sh
|Ш ш
|
|-
|41
|[ʃtʃ]
|ʖ
|Š š
|Щ щ
|
|-
|42
|[t]
|t
|T t
|Т т
|
|-
|43
|[ǀ]
|ŧ
|Th th
|Тъ тъ
|
|-
|44
|[u]
|u
|U u
|У у
|
|-
|45
|[v]
|v
|V v
|В в
|
|-
|46
|[ks]
|x
|X x
|Х х
|
|-
|47
|[ʀ̝̊]
|χ
|Xh xh
|Хъ хъ
|
|-
|48
|[kʃ]
|ↄc
|Xs xs
|Хѣъ хѣъ
|
|-
|49
|[z]
|z
|Z z
|З з
|
|-
|50
|[dz]
|ⱬ
|Zh zh
|Зѣ зѣ
|
|-
|51
|[ʲ]
|ь
|Y y
|Ь ь
|
|-
|52
|[gb]
|г
|Gb gb
|Гб гб
|
|-
|53
|[gbǃ]
|ӷ
|Gbh gbh
|Гбъ гбъ
|
|-
|54
|[ǃ˞]
|г̌
|Gbz gbz
|Гбѣ гбѣ
|
|-
|55
|[lˤ]
|ɭ
|Lg lg
|Лг лг
|
|-
|56
|[rˤ]
|ɺ
|Rg rg
|Рг рг
|
|-
|57
|[rǃ]
|ɾ
|Rk rk
|Рг' рг'
|
|-
|58
|[tǃ]
|ɹ
|Tt tt
|Тт тт
|
|-
|59
|[ᶢǃ]
|ɻ
|Gĝ gĝ
|Ггк ггк
|
|-
|60
|[lᶢǃ]
|ɬ
|Lgĝ lgĝ
|Лгк лгк
|
|-
|61
|[ǂ]
|ȷ
|Dk dk
|Дк дк
|
|-
|62
|[ð]
|đ
|Dh dh
|Ди ди
|
|-
|63
|[ǀ]
|ɖ
|Dj dj
|Ддж ддж
|
|-
|64
|[◌̃]
|h
|Nn nn
|Нн нн
|
|-
|65
|[w]
|w
|W w
|Ву ву
|
|-
|66
|[oː]
|ω
|Ō ō
|Ѫ ѫ
|
|-
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|[ju]
|yu
|Ýu ýu
|Ю ю
|
|-
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|[jɑ]
|yᴀ
|Ýa ýa
|Я я
|
|}
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The Toyutsu alphabet began with Cyrillic in 1869, then switched to Latin alphabet in 1914, then switched again to Cyrillic in 1939 and back to Latin in 1972.
== History ==
In the past, the lack of an alphabet caused low rates of literacy amongst the Toyutsu speakers. It had been written with Chinese characters in Toyutsu State, Gooperland, however, this is extremely difficult for Toyutsu speakers from other countries, other groups and other states in Gooperland.
=== First Cyrillic Era ===
In an effort to address this, a Cyrillic alphabet was created in 1869. This is the first alphabetic writing system for Toyutsu.
{| class="article-table"
|А а
|Б б
|В в
|Г г
|Д д
|Е е
|Ж ж
|З з
|И и
|I і
|К к
|-
|Л л
|М м
|Н н
|О о
|П п
|Р р
|С с
|Ѳ ѳ
|Т т
|У у
|Ф ф
|-
|Х х
|Ц ц
|Ч ч
|Џ џ
|Ш ш
|Щ щ
|Ъ ъ
|Ы ы
|Ь ь
|Ѣ ѣ
|Ю ю
|-
|Я я
|Ѫ ѫ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== First Latin Era ===
A Latin alphabet for Toyutsu was created in 1913 by Shenres Eldic and brought to use in 1914, replacing the 1869 Cyrillic alphabet during Latinisation of Gooperland. It only included lowercase letters (forming a unicase alphabet).
Note that the letter '''h''' makes the previous vowel nasalised, and it is moved to occur between '''ɖ''' and '''w'''.
* Normal forms:
** ᴀ, ʙ, c, ↄ, ʕ, d, з, e, ɛ, ə, f, ɟ, g, ǥ, θ, ɦ, ɧ, y, i, j, k, ꝁ, ᴋ, ʀ, l, ƚ, ⱡ, m, ɴ, o, ø, ᴘ, n, q, r, ɼ, s, š, ʃ, ʖ, t, ŧ, u, v, x, χ, ↄc, z, ⱬ, ь, г, ӷ, г̌, ɭ, ɺ, ɾ, ɹ, ɻ, ɽ, ɬ, ȷ, đ, ɖ, h, w, ω
* Italic forms:
** <span style="font-family: times, 'Symbola', serif;">''ᴀ, ʙ, c, ↄ, ʕ, d, з, e, ɛ, ə, f, ɟ, g, ǥ, θ, ɦ, ɧ, y, i, j, k, ꝁ, ᴋ, ʀ, l, ƚ, ⱡ, m, ɴ, o, ø, ᴘ, n, q, r, ɼ, s, š, ʃ, ʖ, t, ŧ, u, v, x, χ, ↄc, z, ⱬ, ь, г, ӷ, г̌, ɭ, ɺ, ɾ, ɹ, ɻ, ɽ, ɬ, ȷ, đ, ɖ, h, w, ω''</span>
=== Comparison ===
{| class="article-table"
|+ᴀhᴀyəlfᴀʙᴀ toyɛχᴀ, 1913
(Annaýälfaba Toyéxha, 1913)
Toyutsu alphabet, 1913
!#
!IPA
!Latin, 1913
!Latin, 1974
!Cyrillic, 1869
!Cyrillic, 1939
|-
|1
|[ɑ]
|ᴀ
|A a
|А а
|
|-
|2
|[b]
|ʙ
|B b
|Б б
|
|-
|3
|[ts]
|c
|C c
|Ц ц
|
|-
|4
|[tsʰ]
|ↄ
|Ç ç
|Ч ч
|
|-
|5
|[tsǀ]
|ʕ
|Ch ch
|Чъ чъ
|
|-
|6
|[d]
|d
|D d
|Д д
|
|-
|7
|[ʒ]
|з
|Dz dz
|Дз дз
|
|-
|8
|[e]
|e
|E e
|Е е
|
|-
|9
|[ɛ]
|ɛ
|É é
|Еъ еъ
|
|-
|10
|[ə]
|ə
|Ä ä
|Ѣ ѣ
|
|-
|11
|[f]
|f
|F f
|Ф ф
|
|-
|12
|[ɟ]
|ɟ
|Gn gn
|Фш фш
|
|-
|13
|[g]
|g
|G g
|Г г
|
|-
|14
|[ǃ]
|ǥ
|Ĝ ĝ
|Гк гк
|
|-
|15
|[θ]
|θ
|Th th
|Ѳ ѳ
|
|-
|16
|[ɦ]
|ɦ
|H h
|И и
|
|-
|17
|[x]
|ɧ
|Ĥ ĥ
|Иѣ иѣ
|
|-
|18
|[j]
|y
|Ý ý
|Нъ нъ
|
|-
|19
|[i]
|i
|I i
|I і
|
|-
|20
|[dʒ]
|j
|J j
|Дж дж
|
|-
|21
|[k]
|k
|K k
|К к
|
|-
|22
|[kʰ]
|ꝁ
|Kh kh
|Кѣ кѣ
|
|-
|23
|[ǃ̬]
|ᴋ
|K' k'
|Къ къ
|
|-
|24
|[xʼ]
|ʀ
|R' r'
|Ръ ръ
|
|-
|25
|[l]
|l
|L l
|Л л
|
|-
|26
|[ʎ]
|ƚ
|Ll ll
|Лѣ лѣ
|
|-
|27
|[ʎǀ]
|ⱡ
|Ł ł
|Лъ лъ
|
|-
|28
|[m]
|m
|M m
|М м
|
|-
|29
|[n]
|ɴ
|N n
|Н н
|
|-
|30
|[o]
|o
|O o
|О о
|
|-
|31
|[ø]
|ø
|Ö ö
|Оу оу
|
|-
|32
|[p]
|ᴘ
|P p
|П п
|
|-
|33
|[ɲ]
|n
|Ń ń
|Нѣ нѣ
|
|-
|35
|[q]
|q
|Q q
|Кѣъ кѣъ
|
|-
|36
|[ʐ]
|r
|Zs zs
|Ж ж
|
|-
|37
|[r]
|ɼ
|R r
|Р р
|
|-
|38
|[s]
|s
|S s
|С с
|
|-
|39
|[sz]
|š
|Sz sz
|Џ џ
|
|-
|40
|[ʃ]
|ʃ
|Sh sh
|Ш ш
|
|-
|41
|[ʃtʃ]
|ʖ
|Š š
|Щ щ
|
|-
|42
|[t]
|t
|T t
|Т т
|
|-
|43
|[ǀ]
|ŧ
|Th th
|Тъ тъ
|
|-
|44
|[u]
|u
|U u
|У у
|
|-
|45
|[v]
|v
|V v
|В в
|
|-
|46
|[ks]
|x
|X x
|Х х
|
|-
|47
|[ʀ̝̊]
|χ
|Xh xh
|Хъ хъ
|
|-
|48
|[kʃ]
|ↄc
|Xs xs
|Хѣъ хѣъ
|
|-
|49
|[z]
|z
|Z z
|З з
|
|-
|50
|[dz]
|ⱬ
|Zh zh
|Зѣ зѣ
|
|-
|51
|[ʲ]
|ь
|Y y
|Ь ь
|
|-
|52
|[gb]
|г
|Gb gb
|Гб гб
|
|-
|53
|[gbǃ]
|ӷ
|Gbh gbh
|Гбъ гбъ
|
|-
|54
|[ǃ˞]
|г̌
|Gbz gbz
|Гбѣ гбѣ
|
|-
|55
|[lˤ]
|ɭ
|Lg lg
|Лг лг
|
|-
|56
|[rˤ]
|ɺ
|Rg rg
|Рг рг
|
|-
|57
|[rǃ]
|ɾ
|Rk rk
|Рг' рг'
|
|-
|58
|[tǃ]
|ɹ
|Tt tt
|Тт тт
|
|-
|59
|[ᶢǃ]
|ɻ
|Gĝ gĝ
|Ггк ггк
|
|-
|60
|[lᶢǃ]
|ɬ
|Lgĝ lgĝ
|Лгк лгк
|
|-
|61
|[ǂ]
|ȷ
|Dk dk
|Дк дк
|
|-
|62
|[ð]
|đ
|Dh dh
|Ди ди
|
|-
|63
|[ǀ]
|ɖ
|Dj dj
|Ддж ддж
|
|-
|64
|[◌̃]
|h
|Nn nn
|Нн нн
|
|-
|65
|[w]
|w
|W w
|Ву ву
|
|-
|66
|[oː]
|ω
|Ō ō
|Ѫ ѫ
|
|-
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|[ju]
|yu
|Ýu ýu
|Ю ю
|
|-
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|[jɑ]
|yᴀ
|Ýa ýa
|Я я
|
|}
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Created page with "Tungsunese is a Tungsung language and a tonal language spoken in the the autonomus republic of Tungsun in Nookipedian, which contains 9 states. It is spoken by 1,222,352 peopl..."
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Tungsunese is a Tungsung language and a tonal language spoken in the the autonomus republic of Tungsun in Nookipedian, which contains 9 states. It is spoken by 1,222,352 people.
== History of Tungsunese ==
Tungsunese goes through the history: from a stress accent language to a full tonal language.
=== Old Tungsunese ===
The Old Tungsunese was a stress accent language. It was a purely spoken language until 400 BCE, and Tungsunese began writing with Chinese characters in 400 BCE. It was attested from 800 BCE to 80 BCE.
=== Early Middle Tungsunese ===
The Early Middle Tungsunese was a pitch accent language. Chinese characters were used. It had two tones. It was attested from 79 BCE to 160 CE.
=== Middle Tungsunese ===
The Middle Tungsunese has a tone feature called tone terracing, which is common in the tonal languages of West Africa. It had two tones, high and low. It was attested from 160 CE to 460 CE.
=== Early Modern Tungsunese ===
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Tungsunese is a Tungsung language and a tonal language spoken in the the autonomus republic of Tungsun in Nookipedian, which contains 9 states. It is spoken by 1,222,352 people.
== Distribution ==
It distributes around the Tungsun state and some overseas communities.
== Phonology & writing ==
=== Alishya Tungsunese ===
The Alishya Tungsunese has a set of oral consonants, nasalised consonants, voiceless nasals, oral vowels, nasalised vowels, rough breathing, smooth breathing and tone. It is mostly written in Latin script, called ''Ali-Shya Ping-Yim''.
==== Consonants ====
There are 26 consonants (/p p̃ pʰ t tʰ ɗ ɡ̠ k kʰ m m̃ m̥ n n̥ ŋ ŋ̃ s ts tsʰ dz v ɰ̃ h ʔ̃ ʔ/).
==== Vowels ====
There are 8 oral vowels (/a e ə i ɨ o ɔ œ u/) and 7 nasal vowels (/ã ẽ ə̃ ĩ ɔ̃ œ̃ ũ/).
==== Tone ====
Alishya Tungsunese has tone. It depends on its dialect:
{| class="wikitable"
!
Tone number
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
|-
!Tone name
|Mid
|Flat
|Arriving
|High
|Light Arriving
|Light Rising
|Dark Falling
|Low Checked
|Low
|-
! rowspan="2" |Tingyang dialect
|˧˧
|˨˧˩
|˥˩
|˥˥
|˧˨
|
|
|
|
|-
|33
|231
|51
|55
|32
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Pinzue dialect
|˧˧
|˩˩˨
|˧˧˨
|˦˦
|˧˧˨
|
|
|
|
|-
|33
|112
|332
|44
|332
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Yodozzy dialect
|˧˧
|˧˨˧
|˥˨˩
|˥˥
|˧˧˨
|
|
|
|
|-
|33
|323
|521
|55
|332
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Pandora dialect
|˧˧
|˩ˀ˨˧
|˥˨˩
|˥˦
|˧˨
|
|
|
|
|-
|33
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">1</span>23
|521
|54
|32
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Tantsim dialect
|˧˧
|˨˨
|˥˨ˀ˩
|˥˥
|˧˨ˀ
|
|
|
|
|-
|33
|22
|5<span style="text-decoration:overline;">2</span>1
|55
|3<span style="text-decoration:overline;">2</span>
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Yinolden dialect
|˧˧
|˨˩
|˨˩˥
|˥˥
|˥˧˨
|
|
|
|
|-
|33
|21
|215
|55
|532
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Sakha dialect
|˧˧
|˨ˀ˧˩
|˥˧˩
|˦˦
|˧˨ˀ
|
|
|
|
|-
|33
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">2</span>31
|531
|44
|3<span style="text-decoration:overline;">2</span>
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Denvurn dialect
|˧˧
|˨˩˨
|˥˦˩
|˦˦
|˧˧˨
|
|
|
|
|-
|33
|212
|541
|44
|332
|
|
|
|
|}
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29625957
415
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Tungsunese is a Tungsung language and a tonal language spoken in the the autonomus republic of Tungsun in Nookipedian, which contains 9 states. It is spoken by 1,222,352 people.
== Distribution ==
It distributes around the Tungsun state and some overseas communities.
== Phonology & writing ==
=== Alishya Tungsunese ===
The Alishya Tungsunese has a set of oral consonants, nasalised consonants, voiceless nasals, oral vowels, nasalised vowels, rough breathing, smooth breathing and tone. It is mostly written in Latin script, called ''Ali-Shya Ping-Yim''.
==== Consonants ====
There are 26 consonants (/p p̃ pʰ t tʰ ɗ ɡ̠ k kʰ m m̃ m̥ n n̥ ŋ ŋ̃ s ts tsʰ dz v ɰ̃ h ʔ̃ ʔ/).
==== Vowels ====
There are 8 oral vowels (/a e ə i ɨ o ɔ œ u/) and 7 nasal vowels (/ã ẽ ə̃ ĩ ɔ̃ œ̃ ũ/).
==== Tone ====
Alishya Tungsunese has tone. It depends on its dialect:
{| class="wikitable"
!
Tone number
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
|-
!Tone name
|Mid
|Flat
|Arriving
|High
|Light Arriving
|Light Rising
|Low
|Low Checked
|High Checked
|-
! rowspan="2" |Tingyang dialect
|˧˧
|˨˧˩
|˥˩
|˥˥
|˧˨
|˩˩˨
|˩˩
|˩̚
|
|-
|33
|231
|51
|55
|32
|112
|11
|<math>{\hat 1}</math>
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Pinzue dialect
|˧˧
|˩˩˨
|˧˧˨
|˦˦
|˧˧˨
|˦˦˥
|˩˩
|˩̚
|
|-
|33
|112
|332
|44
|332
|445
|11
|<math>{\hat 1}</math>
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Yodozzy dialect
|˧˧
|˧˨˧
|˥˨˩
|˥˥
|˧˧˨
|˦˦˥
|˨˨
|˩̚
|
|-
|33
|323
|521
|55
|332
|445
|22
|<math>{\hat 1}</math>
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Pandora dialect
|˧˧
|˩ˀ˨˧
|˥˨˩
|˥˦
|˧˨
|˦˦˥
|˨˨
|˩̚
|
|-
|33
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">1</span>23
|521
|54
|32
|445
|22
|<math>{\hat 1}</math>
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Tantsim dialect
|˧˧
|˨˨
|˥˨ˀ˩
|˥˥
|˧˨ˀ
|˧˦˥
|˨˩
|˨̚
|
|-
|33
|22
|5<span style="text-decoration:overline;">2</span>1
|55
|3<span style="text-decoration:overline;">2</span>
|345
|21
|<math>{\hat 2}</math>
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Yinolden dialect
|˧˧
|˨˩
|˨˩˥
|˥˥
|˥˧˨
|˧ˀ˦˥
|˨˩˨
|˩̚
|
|-
|33
|21
|215
|55
|532
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>45
|212
|<math>{\hat 1}</math>
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Sakha dialect
|˧˧
|˨ˀ˧˩
|˥˧˩
|˦˦
|˧˨ˀ
|˧ˀ˦˥
|˨˨
|˩˩̚
|
|-
|33
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">2</span>31
|531
|44
|3<span style="text-decoration:overline;">2</span>
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>45
|22
|<math>{1 \hat 1}</math>
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Denvurn dialect
|˧˧
|˨˩˨
|˥˦˩
|˦˦
|˧˧˨
|˩˩˨
|˩˩
|˩˩̚
|
|-
|33
|212
|541
|44
|332
|112
|11
|<math>{1 \hat 1}</math>
|
|}
c3gl9lpq4m4yvzl0v1r5yinmbhvrpky
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Tungsunese is a Tungsung language and a tonal language spoken in the the autonomus republic of Tungsun in Nookipedian, which contains 9 states. It is spoken by 1,222,352 people.
== Distribution ==
It distributes around the Tungsun state and some overseas communities.
== Phonology & writing ==
=== Alishya Tungsunese ===
The Alishya Tungsunese has a set of oral consonants, nasalised consonants, voiceless nasals, oral vowels, nasalised vowels, rough breathing, smooth breathing and tone. It is mostly written in Latin script, called ''Ali-Shya Ping-Yim''.
==== Consonants ====
There are 26 consonants (/p p̃ pʰ t tʰ ɗ ɡ̠ k kʰ m m̃ m̥ n n̥ ŋ ŋ̃ s ts tsʰ dz v ɰ̃ h ʔ̃ ʔ/).
==== Vowels ====
There are 8 oral vowels (/a e ə i ɨ o ɔ œ u/) and 7 nasal vowels (/ã ẽ ə̃ ĩ ɔ̃ œ̃ ũ/).
==== Tone ====
Alishya Tungsunese has tone. It depends on its dialect:
{| class="wikitable"
!
Tone number
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
|-
!Tone name
|Mid
|Flat
|Arriving
|High
|Light Arriving
|Light Rising
|Low
|Low Checked
|High Checked
|-
! rowspan="2" |Tingyang dialect
|˧˧
|˨˧˩
|˥˩
|˥˥
|˧˨
|˩˩˨
|˩˩
|˩̚
|
|-
|33
|231
|51
|55
|32
|112
|11
|<math>{~ \hat 1}</math>
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Pinzue dialect
|˧˧
|˩˩˨
|˧˧˨
|˦˦
|˧˧˨
|˦˦˥
|˩˩
|˩̚
|
|-
|33
|112
|332
|44
|332
|445
|11
|<math>{~ \hat 1}</math>
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Yodozzy dialect
|˧˧
|˧˨˧
|˥˨˩
|˥˥
|˧˧˨
|˦˦˥
|˨˨
|˩̚
|
|-
|33
|323
|521
|55
|332
|445
|22
|<math>{\hat 1}</math>
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Pandora dialect
|˧˧
|˩ˀ˨˧
|˥˨˩
|˥˦
|˧˨
|˦˦˥
|˨˨
|˩̚
|
|-
|33
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">1</span>23
|521
|54
|32
|445
|22
|<math>{~ \hat 1}</math>
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Tantsim dialect
|˧˧
|˨˨
|˥˨ˀ˩
|˥˥
|˧˨ˀ
|˧˦˥
|˨˩
|˨̚
|
|-
|33
|22
|5<span style="text-decoration:overline;">2</span>1
|55
|3<span style="text-decoration:overline;">2</span>
|345
|21
|<math>{\hat 2}</math>
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Yinolden dialect
|˧˧
|˨˩
|˨˩˥
|˥˥
|˥˧˨
|˧ˀ˦˥
|˨˩˨
|˩̚
|
|-
|33
|21
|215
|55
|532
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>45
|212
|<math>{~ \hat 1}</math>
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Sakha dialect
|˧˧
|˨ˀ˧˩
|˥˧˩
|˦˦
|˧˨ˀ
|˧ˀ˦˥
|˨˨
|˩˩̚
|
|-
|33
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">2</span>31
|531
|44
|3<span style="text-decoration:overline;">2</span>
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>45
|22
|<math>{1 ~ \hat 1}</math>
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Denvurn dialect
|˧˧
|˨˩˨
|˥˦˩
|˦˦
|˧˧˨
|˩˩˨
|˩˩
|˩˩̚
|
|-
|33
|212
|541
|44
|332
|112
|11
|<math>{1 ~ \hat 1}</math>
|
|}
m4yd9owna8x6wxmouy3knc2n6lusmy0
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Tungsunese is a Tungsung language and a tonal language spoken in the the autonomus republic of Tungsun in Nookipedian, which contains 9 states. It is spoken by 1,222,352 people.
== Distribution ==
It distributes around the Tungsun state and some overseas communities.
== Phonology & writing ==
=== Alishya Tungsunese ===
The Alishya Tungsunese has a set of oral consonants, nasalised consonants, voiceless nasals, oral vowels, nasalised vowels, rough breathing, smooth breathing and tone. It is mostly written in Latin script, called ''Ali-Shya Ping-Yim''.
==== Consonants ====
There are 26 consonants (/p p̃ pʰ t tʰ ɗ ɡ̠ k kʰ m m̃ m̥ n n̥ ŋ ŋ̃ s ts tsʰ dz v ɰ̃ h ʔ̃ ʔ/).
==== Vowels ====
There are 8 oral vowels (/a e ə i ɨ o ɔ œ u/) and 7 nasal vowels (/ã ẽ ə̃ ĩ ɔ̃ œ̃ ũ/).
==== Tone ====
Alishya Tungsunese has tone. It depends on its dialect:
{| class="wikitable"
!
Tone number
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
|-
!Tone name
|Mid
|Flat
|Arriving
|High
|Light Arriving
|Light Rising
|Low
|Low Checked
|High Checked
|-
! rowspan="2" |Tingyang dialect
|˧˧
|˨˧˩
|˥˩
|˥˥
|˧˨
|˩˩˨
|˩˩
|˩̚
|
|-
|33
|231
|51
|55
|32
|112
|11
|1~
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Pinzue dialect
|˧˧
|˩˩˨
|˧˧˨
|˦˦
|˧˧˨
|˦˦˥
|˩˩
|˩̚
|
|-
|33
|112
|332
|44
|332
|445
|11
|1~
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Yodozzy dialect
|˧˧
|˧˨˧
|˥˨˩
|˥˥
|˧˧˨
|˦˦˥
|˨˨
|˩̚
|
|-
|33
|323
|521
|55
|332
|445
|22
|1~
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Pandora dialect
|˧˧
|˩ˀ˨˧
|˥˨˩
|˥˦
|˧˨
|˦˦˥
|˨˨
|˩̚
|
|-
|33
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">1</span>23
|521
|54
|32
|445
|22
|1~
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Tantsim dialect
|˧˧
|˨˨
|˥˨ˀ˩
|˥˥
|˧˨ˀ
|˧˦˥
|˨˩
|˨̚
|
|-
|33
|22
|5<span style="text-decoration:overline;">2</span>1
|55
|3<span style="text-decoration:overline;">2</span>
|345
|21
|2~
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Yinolden dialect
|˧˧
|˨˩
|˨˩˥
|˥˥
|˥˧˨
|˧ˀ˦˥
|˨˩˨
|˩̚
|
|-
|33
|21
|215
|55
|532
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>45
|212
|1~
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Sakha dialect
|˧˧
|˨ˀ˧˩
|˥˧˩
|˦˦
|˧˨ˀ
|˧ˀ˦˥
|˨˨
|˩˩̚
|
|-
|33
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">2</span>31
|531
|44
|3<span style="text-decoration:overline;">2</span>
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>45
|22
|11~
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Denvurn dialect
|˧˧
|˨˩˨
|˥˦˩
|˦˦
|˧˧˨
|˩˩˨
|˩˩
|˩˩̚
|
|-
|33
|212
|541
|44
|332
|112
|11
|11~
|
|}
2m2fl0m70iskfk41koz3zdx0rfgxpxt
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2018-06-11T10:49:44Z
Kenstallyies30
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
Tungsunese is a Tungsung language and a tonal language spoken in the the autonomus republic of Tungsun in Nookipedian, which contains 9 states. It is spoken by 1,222,352 people.
== Distribution ==
It distributes around the Tungsun state and some overseas communities.
== Phonology & writing ==
=== Alishya Tungsunese ===
The Alishya Tungsunese has a set of oral consonants, nasalised consonants, voiceless nasals, oral vowels, nasalised vowels, rhotic vowels, rough breathing, smooth breathing and tone. It is mostly written in Latin script, called ''Phekku-Eya-Chhima''.
==== Consonants ====
There are 26 consonants (/p p̃ pʰ t tʰ ɗ ɡ̠ k kʰ m m̃ m̥ n n̥ ŋ ŋ̃ s ts tsʰ dz j v ɰ̃ h ʔ̃ ʔ/).
==== Vowels ====
There are 8 oral vowels (/a e ə i ɨ o ɔ œ u/) and 7 nasal vowels (/ã ẽ ə̃ ĩ ɔ̃ œ̃ ũ/).
==== Tone ====
Alishya Tungsunese has tone. It depends on its dialect:
{| class="wikitable"
!
Tone number
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
|-
!Tone name
|Mid
|Flat
|Arriving
|High
|Light Arriving
|Light Rising
|Low
|Low Checked
|High Checked
|-
! rowspan="2" |Tingyang dialect
|˧˧
|˨˧˩
|˥˩
|˥˥
|˧˨
|˩˩˨
|˩˩
|˩̚
|˥̚
|-
|33
|231
|51
|55
|32
|112
|11
|1ʔ
|5ʔ
|-
! rowspan="2" |Pinzue dialect
|˧˧
|˩˩˨
|˧˧˨
|˦˦
|˧˧˨
|˦˦˥
|˩˩
|˩̚
|˥̚
|-
|33
|112
|332
|44
|332
|445
|11
|1ʔ
|5ʔ
|-
! rowspan="2" |Yodozzy dialect
|˧˧
|˧˨˧
|˥˨˩
|˥˥
|˧˧˨
|˦˦˥
|˨˨
|˩̚
|˥̚
|-
|33
|323
|521
|55
|332
|445
|22
|1ʔ
|5ʔ
|-
! rowspan="2" |Pandora dialect
|˧˧
|˩ˀ˨˧
|˥˨˩
|˥˦
|˧˨
|˦˦˥
|˨˨
|˩̚
|˦̚
|-
|33
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">1</span>23
|521
|54
|32
|445
|22
|1ʔ
|4ʔ
|-
! rowspan="2" |Tantsim dialect
|˧˧
|˨˨
|˥˨ˀ˩
|˥˥
|˧˨ˀ
|˧˦˥
|˨˩
|˨̚
|˥̚
|-
|33
|22
|5<span style="text-decoration:overline;">2</span>1
|55
|3<span style="text-decoration:overline;">2</span>
|345
|21
|2ʔ
|5ʔ
|-
! rowspan="2" |Yinolden dialect
|˧˧
|˨˩
|˨˩˥
|˥˥
|˥˧˨
|˧ˀ˦˥
|˨˩˨
|˩̚
|˥̚
|-
|33
|21
|215
|55
|532
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>45
|212
|1ʔ
|5ʔ
|-
! rowspan="2" |Sakha dialect
|˧˧
|˨ˀ˧˩
|˥˧˩
|˦˦
|˧˨ˀ
|˧ˀ˦˥
|˨˨
|˩˩̚
|˦̚
|-
|33
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">2</span>31
|531
|44
|3<span style="text-decoration:overline;">2</span>
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>45
|22
|11ʔ
|4ʔ
|-
! rowspan="2" |Denvurn dialect
|˧˧
|˨˩˨
|˥˦˩
|˦˦
|˧˧˨
|˩˩˨
|˩˩
|˩˩̚
|˥̚
|-
|33
|212
|541
|44
|332
|112
|11
|11ʔ
|5ʔ
|-
!''Phekku-Eya-Chhima''
|a
|á
|à
|å
|ā
|â
|ã
|a (-p, -t, -k, -h)
|a̍ (-p, -t, -k, -h)
|}
==== Writing system ====
The most common writing system is ''Phekku-Eya-Chhima'', which is based on Latin script. Chinese characters are also used, but none of the modern publications since 1920 have been printed in Chinese characters.
===== Consonants =====
{| class="wikitable"
!
Grapheme(s)
!
IPA
! colspan="2" |
Example
|-
|p
|[p]
|
|
|-
|b
|[p̃]
|
|
|-
|ph
|[pʰ]
|
|
|-
|t
|[t]
|
|
|-
|th
|[tʰ]
|
|
|-
|d
|[ɗ]
|
|
|-
|g
|[ɡ̠]
|
|
|-
|k
|[k]
|
|
|-
|kh
|[kʰ]
|
|
|-
|m
|[m]
|
|
|-
|mn
|[m̃]
|
|
|-
|mh
|[m̥]
|
|
|-
|n
|[n]
|
|
|-
|nh
|[n̥]
|
|
|-
|ng
|[ŋ]
|
|
|-
|ngg
|[ŋ̃]
|
|
|-
|s
|[s]
|
|
|-
|c
|[ts]
|
|
|-
|ch
|[tsʰ]
|
|
|-
|dz
|[dz]
|
|
|-
|v
|[v]
|
|
|-
|gn
|[ɰ̃]
|
|
|-
|nq
|[ʔ̃]
|
|
|-
|q
|[ʔ]
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |(null initial)
|
|
|}
===== Vowels =====
{| class="wikitable"
!
Grapheme(s)
!IPA
! colspan="2" |Example
|-
|a / a̓
|[a~æ]
|
|
|-
|a̔
|[ha]
|
|
|-
|ai / a̓i
|[aɪ̯]
|
|
|-
|ai̔ / a̓i̔
|[haɪ̯]
|
|
|-
|ao / a̓o
|[aʊ̯~æʊ̯]
|
|
|-
|am
|[ã]
|
|
|-
|e / e̓
|[e]
|
|
|-
|e̔
|[he]
|
|
|-
|ea / e̓a
|[ja]
|
|
|-
|ei̔ / e̓i̔
|[heɪ̯]
|
|
|-
|e̓i
|[eɪ̯]
|
|
|-
|eo / e̓o
|[jo]
|
|
|-
|em
|[ẽ]
|
|
|-
|e̤ / e̤̓
|[ə]
|
|
|-
|e̤̔
|[hə]
|
|
|-
|e̤e
|[ɛɚ̯]
|
|
|-
|e̤m
|[ə̃]
|
|
|-
|i / i̓
|[i]
|
|
|-
|i̔
|[hi]
|
|
|-
|im
|[ĩ]
|
|
|-
|o / o̓
|[o]
|
|
|-
|o̔
|[ho]
|
|
|-
|oe / o̓e / ou / o̓u
|[o̞ʊ̯]
|
|
|-
|oo / o̓o
|[ɔ]
|
|
|-
|o̔o
|[hɔ]
|
|
|-
|om
|[ɔ̃]
|
|
|-
|u / u̓
|[u]
|
|
|-
|ue / u̓e
|[ʉu̯]
|
|
|}
8qe68lyriaw1amcg8ri55mxht91swpm
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2018-06-15T11:34:26Z
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Tungsunese is a Tungsung language and a tonal language spoken in the the autonomus republic of Tungsun in Nookipedian, which contains 9 states. It is spoken by 1,222,352 people.
== Distribution ==
It distributes around the Tungsun state and some overseas communities.
== Phonology & writing ==
=== Alishya Tungsunese ===
The Alishya Tungsunese has a set of oral consonants, nasalised consonants, voiceless nasals, oral vowels, nasalised vowels, rhotic vowels, rough breathing, smooth breathing and tone. It is mostly written in Latin script, called ''Phekku-Eya-Chhima''.
==== Consonants ====
There are 26 consonants (/p p̃ pʰ t tʰ ɗ ɡ̠ k kʰ m m̃ m̥ n n̥ ŋ ŋ̃ s ts tsʰ dz j v ɰ̃ h ʔ̃ ʔ/).
==== Vowels ====
There are 8 oral vowels (/a e ə i ɨ o ɔ œ u/) and 7 nasal vowels (/ã ẽ ə̃ ĩ ɔ̃ œ̃ ũ/).
==== Tone ====
Alishya Tungsunese has tone. It depends on its dialect:
{| class="wikitable"
!
Tone number
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
|-
!Tone name
|Mid
|Flat
|Arriving
|High
|Light Arriving
|Light Rising
|Low
|Low Checked
|High Checked
|-
! rowspan="2" |Tingyang dialect
|˧˧
|˨˧˩
|˥˩
|˥˥
|˧˨
|˩˩˨
|˩˩
|˩̚
|˥̚
|-
|33
|231
|51
|55
|32
|112
|11
|1ʔ
|5ʔ
|-
! rowspan="2" |Pinzue dialect
|˧˧
|˩˩˨
|˧˧˨
|˦˦
|˧˧˨
|˦˦˥
|˩˩
|˩̚
|˥̚
|-
|33
|112
|332
|44
|332
|445
|11
|1ʔ
|5ʔ
|-
! rowspan="2" |Yodozzy dialect
|˧˧
|˧˨˧
|˥˨˩
|˥˥
|˧˧˨
|˦˦˥
|˨˨
|˩̚
|˥̚
|-
|33
|323
|521
|55
|332
|445
|22
|1ʔ
|5ʔ
|-
! rowspan="2" |Pandora dialect
|˧˧
|˩ˀ˨˧
|˥˨˩
|˥˦
|˧˨
|˦˦˥
|˨˨
|˩̚
|˦̚
|-
|33
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">1</span>23
|521
|54
|32
|445
|22
|1ʔ
|4ʔ
|-
! rowspan="2" |Tantsim dialect
|˧˧
|˨˨
|˥˨ˀ˩
|˥˥
|˧˨ˀ
|˧˦˥
|˨˩
|˨̚
|˥̚
|-
|33
|22
|5<span style="text-decoration:overline;">2</span>1
|55
|3<span style="text-decoration:overline;">2</span>
|345
|21
|2ʔ
|5ʔ
|-
! rowspan="2" |Yinolden dialect
|˧˧
|˨˩
|˨˩˥
|˥˥
|˥˧˨
|˧ˀ˦˥
|˨˩˨
|˩̚
|˥̚
|-
|33
|21
|215
|55
|532
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>45
|212
|1ʔ
|5ʔ
|-
! rowspan="2" |Sakha dialect
|˧˧
|˨ˀ˧˩
|˥˧˩
|˦˦
|˧˨ˀ
|˧ˀ˦˥
|˨˨
|˩˩̚
|˦̚
|-
|33
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">2</span>31
|531
|44
|3<span style="text-decoration:overline;">2</span>
|<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>45
|22
|11ʔ
|4ʔ
|-
! rowspan="2" |Denvurn dialect
|˧˧
|˨˩˨
|˥˦˩
|˦˦
|˧˧˨
|˩˩˨
|˩˩
|˩˩̚
|˥̚
|-
|33
|212
|541
|44
|332
|112
|11
|11ʔ
|5ʔ
|-
!''Phekku-Eya-Chhima''
|a
|á
|à
|å
|ā
|â
|ã
|a (-p, -t, -k, -h)
|a̍ (-p, -t, -k, -h)
|}
==== Writing system ====
The most common writing system is ''Phekku-Eya-Chhima'', which is based on Latin script. Chinese characters are also used, but none of the modern publications since 1920 have been printed in Chinese characters.
===== Consonants =====
{| class="wikitable"
!
Grapheme(s)
!
IPA
! colspan="2" |
Example
|-
|p
|[p]
|
|
|-
|b
|[p̃]
|
|
|-
|ph
|[pʰ]
|
|
|-
|t
|[t]
|
|
|-
|th
|[tʰ]
|
|
|-
|d
|[ɗ]
|
|
|-
|g
|[ɡ̠]
|
|
|-
|k
|[k]
|
|
|-
|kh
|[kʰ]
|
|
|-
|m
|[m]
|
|
|-
|mn
|[m̃]
|
|
|-
|mh
|[m̥]
|
|
|-
|n
|[n]
|
|
|-
|nh
|[n̥]
|
|
|-
|ng
|[ŋ]
|
|
|-
|ngg
|[ŋ̃]
|
|
|-
|s
|[s]
|
|
|-
|c
|[ts]
|
|
|-
|ch
|[tsʰ]
|
|
|-
|dz
|[dz]
|
|
|-
|v
|[v]
|
|
|-
|gn
|[ɰ̃]
|
|
|-
|nq
|[ʔ̃]
|
|
|-
|q
|[ʔ]
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |(null initial)
|
|
|}
===== Vowels =====
{| class="wikitable"
!
Grapheme(s)
!IPA
! colspan="2" |Example
|-
|a / a̓
|[a~æ]
|
|
|-
|a̔
|[ha]
|
|
|-
|ai / a̓i
|[aɪ̯]
|
|
|-
|ai̔ / a̓i̔
|[haɪ̯]
|
|
|-
|ao / a̓o
|[aʊ̯~æʊ̯]
|
|
|-
|am
|[ã]
|
|
|-
|e / e̓
|[e]
|
|
|-
|e̔
|[he]
|
|
|-
|ea / e̓a
|[ja]
|
|
|-
|ei̔ / e̓i̔
|[heɪ̯]
|
|
|-
|e̓i
|[eɪ̯]
|
|
|-
|eo / e̓o
|[jo]
|
|
|-
|em
|[ẽ]
|
|
|-
|e̤ / e̤̓
|[ə]
|
|
|-
|e̤̔
|[hə]
|
|
|-
|e̤er
|[ɛɚ̯]
|
|
|-
|e̤m
|[ə̃]
|
|
|-
|i / i̓
|[i]
|
|
|-
|i̔
|[hi]
|
|
|-
|im
|[ĩ]
|
|
|-
|o / o̓
|[o]
|
|
|-
|o̔
|[ho]
|
|
|-
|oe / o̓e / ou / o̓u
|[o̞ʊ̯]
|
|
|-
|oo / o̓o
|[ɔ]
|
|
|-
|o̔o
|[hɔ]
|
|
|-
|om
|[ɔ̃]
|
|
|-
|u / u̓
|[u]
|
|
|-
|ue / u̓e
|[ʉu̯]
|
|
|}
===== Tones =====
{| class="wikitable"
!
Tone number
!Tone name
! colspan="2" |
Diacritic
!IPA (Tingyang)
! colspan="2" |Example
|-
|1
|Mid
|none
|a
|[˧]
|
|
|-
|2
|Flat
|acute
|á
|[˨˧˩]
|
|
|-
|3
|Arriving
|grave
|à
|[˥˩]
|
|
|-
|4
|High
|ring
|å
|[˥]
|
|
|-
|5
|Light Arriving
|macron
|ā
|[˧˨]
|
|
|-
|6
|Light Rising
|circumflex
|â
|[˩˩˨]
|
|
|-
|7
|Low
|tilde
|ã
|[˩]
|
|
|-
|8
|Low Checked
|none
|a (-p, -t, -k, -h)
|[˩̚]
|
|
|-
|9
|High Checked
|vertical line above
|a̍ (-p, -t, -k, -h)
|[˥̚]
|
|
|}
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Variations of Tifinagh
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Tifinagh is used in Berber, but there are also other variations:
== Taistounan Tifinagh ==
Taistounan is written with Latin, but it is also written with Tifinagh:
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Letter
! rowspan="2" |IPA
! colspan="7" |Transcription
|-
!Taistounangi
!Adyson's<br>Literature
!Isabel's<br>Literature
!Merengue's<br>Literature
!Hamza
!Toppolla
!Taistounan<br>Pinyin
|-
|ⴰ̆
|[ʔa]
|á
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ⴰ
|[a]
|a
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ⴱ
|[b]
|b
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ⴻ̆
|[ʔe]
|é
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ⴳ
|[g]
|g
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ⵃ
|[x]
|ḫ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ⴷ
|[d]
|d
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ⴹ
|[ð]
|d̅
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ⴻ
|[e]
|e
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ⵛ
|[ʃ]
|s̅
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ⵁ
|[h]
|h
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ⵉ
|[i]
|i
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ⵡ
|[w]
|w
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ⵣ
|[z]
|z
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ⵅ
|[χ]
|h̑
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ⵟ
|[θ]
|t̑
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ⵉ̆
|[ʔi]
|í
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ⴵ
|[d͡ʒ]
|j
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ⴾ
|[k]
|k
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ⵚ
|[s]
|s
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ⵍ
|[l]
|l
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ⵎ
|[m]
|m
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ⵥ
|[ʒ]
|ž
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ⵏ
|[n]
|n
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ⵑ
|[ŋ]
|ŋ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ⵆ
|[k͡s]
|x
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ⵒ
|[p]
|p
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ⵙ
|[t͡s]
|s̉
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ⵇ
|[q]
|q
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ⵔ
|[r]
|r
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ⵗ
|[ɣ]
|g̅
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ⵝ
|[t]
|t
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ⵢ
|[j]
|y
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ⵓ
|[u]
|u
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
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Tifinagh is used in Berber, but there are also other variations:
== Teishulne language ==
In Teishulne, it is written with an admixture of Chinese characters (called kailog) and Tifinagh, with no spaces.
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Tifinagh is used in Berber, but there are also other variations:
== Teishulne language ==
In Teishulne, it is written with an admixture of Chinese characters (called kailog) and Tifinagh, with no spaces.
See [[Written Teishulne]] for more information.
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Vendôme Mandarin
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Vendôme Mandarin is a romanisation system for Mandarin Chinese.
== Alphabet ==
The alphabet is:<blockquote>Aa Bb Ɂɂ Dd Ee </blockquote>
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Vendôme Mandarin is a romanisation system for Mandarin Chinese.
== Alphabet ==
The alphabet is:<blockquote>Aa Bb Ɂɂ Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Rr Ss Tt Uu Ųų Xx Zz </blockquote>
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Vendôme Mandarin is a romanisation system for Mandarin Chinese.
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Vendôme Mandarin is a romanisation system for Mandarin Chinese.
== Alphabet ==
The alphabet is:<blockquote>Aa Bb Ɂɂ Dd DZdz Ee Gg G‘g‘ Hh Ii Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Rr Ss Tt T‘t‘ Uu Ųų Xx Zz </blockquote>
== Initials ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | !! colspan="2" |[[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]!![[Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]]
! colspan="2" |[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]!! colspan="2" |[[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo-palatal]]!![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
![[Voicelessness|Voiceless]]!![[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]!![[Voicelessness|Voiceless]]!![[Voicelessness|Voiceless]]
![[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]!![[Voicelessness|Voiceless]]!![[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]!![[Voicelessness|Voiceless]]
![[Voicelessness|Voiceless]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| ||[[Bilabial nasal|'''<big>m</big>''' [m]]]<br>ㄇ m|| || ||[[Alveolar nasal|'''<big>n</big>''' [n]]]<br>ㄋ n|| || || ||
|- align="center"
! rowspan="2" |[[Plosive]]!![[Aspirated consonant|Unaspirated]]
|[[Voiceless bilabial plosive|'''<big>b</big>''' [p]]]<br>ㄅ b|| ||
|[[Voiceless alveolar plosive|'''<big>d</big>''' [t]]]<br>ㄉ d|| || || ||
|[[Voiceless velar plosive|'''<big>g</big>''' [k]]]<br>ㄍ g
|- align="center"
![[Aspirated consonant|Aspirated]]
|[[Voiceless bilabial plosive|'''<big>p</big>''' [pʰ]]]<br>ㄆ p|| ||
|[[Voiceless alveolar plosive|'''<big>t</big>''' [tʰ]]]<br>ㄊ t|| || || ||
|[[Voiceless velar plosive|'''<big>k</big>''' [kʰ]]]<br>ㄎ k
|- align="center"
! rowspan="2" |[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]!![[Aspirated consonant|Unaspirated]]
| || || || [[Voiceless alveolar affricate|'''<big>dz</big>''' [ts]]]<br>ㄗ z||
| [[Voiceless retroflex affricate|'''<big>zh</big>''' [ʈʂ]]]<br>ㄓ zh||
| [[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|'''<big>t‘</big>''' [tɕ]]]<br>ㄐ j||
|- align="center"
![[Aspirated consonant|Aspirated]]
| || || ||[[Voiceless alveolar affricate|'''<big>ts</big>''' [tsʰ]]]<br>ㄘ c||
|[[Voiceless retroflex affricate|'''<big>ɂ</big>''' [ʈʂʰ]]]<br>ㄔ ch||
|[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|'''<big>g‘</big>''' [tɕʰ]]]<br>ㄑ q||
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| || ||[[Voiceless labiodental fricative|'''<big>f</big>''' [f]]]<br>ㄈ f
|[[Voiceless alveolar sibilant|'''<big>s</big>''' [s]]]<br>ㄙ s||
|[[Voiceless retroflex sibilant|'''<big>tsh</big>''' [ʂ]]]<br>ㄕ sh||
|[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant|'''<big>x</big>''' [ɕ]]]<br>ㄒ x
|[[Voiceless velar fricative|'''<big>h</big>''' [x]]]<br>ㄏ h
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" |[[Liquid consonant|Liquid]]
| || || || ||[[Alveolar lateral approximant|'''<big>l</big>''' [l]]]<br>ㄌ l|| ||[[Voiced retroflex sibilant|'''<big>z</big>''' [ɻ~ʐ]]]<br>ㄖ r|| ||
|}
==<nowiki/>==
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Voiced linguolabial fricative
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The '''linguolabial fricative''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound used in some spoken [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents it is 〈{{IPA|ð̼}}〉 or 〈{{ipa|β̺}}〉.
==Occurrence==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| colspan="2" |Bidwenthan
|'''''dhb'''engx''
|{{IPA|[ð̼eŋ˧˩]}}
|'mistletoe'
|
|-
| colspan="2" | Tangoa || || {{IPA|[ð̼atu]}} || 'stone' || align="left" |
|}
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Voiced uvular stop
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The '''voiced uvular stop''' or '''voiced uvular plosive''' is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɢ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is <code>G\</code>.
[ɢ] is a rare sound, even compared to other uvulars. Vaux (1999) proposes a phonological explanation: uvular consonants normally involve a neutral or a retracted tongue root, whereas voiced stops often involve advanced tongue root: two articulations that cannot physically co-occur. This leads many languages of the world to have a voiced uvular fricative [ʁ] instead as the voiced counterpart of the voiceless uvular stop. Examples are Inuit; several Turkic languages such as Uyghur and Yakut; several Northwest Caucasian languages such as Abkhaz; and several Northeast Caucasian languages such as Ingush.
The phoneme [ɢ] is very common in languages of northern Looneyland (except for a very few languages).
There is also the '''voiced pre-uvular stop''' in some languages, which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical voiced uvular stop, though not as front as the prototypical voiced velar stop. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as ⟨ɢ̟⟩ (advanced ⟨ɢ⟩), ⟨ɡ̠⟩ or ⟨ɡ˗⟩ (both symbols denote a retracted ⟨ɡ⟩). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are <code>G\_+</code> and <code>g_-</code>, respectively.
== Features ==
Features of the voiced uvular stop:
* Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a stop.
* Its place of articulation is uvular, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the uvula.
* Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
* It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
* It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
* The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
== Occurrence ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Language
!Word
!IPA
!Meaning
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |Arabic
|Sudanese
|بقرة
|[bɑɢɑrɑ]
|'cow'
|Corresponds to /q/ in Standard Arabic. See Arabic phonology
|-
|Yemeni
|قات
|[ɢɑːt]
|'Khat'
|Some dialects. Corresponds to /q/ in Standard Arabic. See Arabic phonology
|-
| colspan="2" |Bindagir
|''бо'''ѓ'''од''
|[boːɡ̠oːd]
|'gaudy'
|Pre-uvular
|-
| colspan="2" |Beshte
|''жӑ'''д'''и''
|[ʈʂɤɡ̠i]
|'termite'
|Allophone of /d/ for some speakers.
|-
| colspan="2" |Bindange
|''би'''ѓ'''и'''ѓ'''и''
|[bɛɡ̠ɛɡ̠ɛ]
|'sort'
|Pre-uvular
|-
| colspan="2" |Bauni
|'''ѓ'''еи
|[ɡ̠ɛɪ]
|'grind'
|Pre-uvular
|-
| colspan="2" |Dellet
|'''ѓ'''ид
|[<sup>R</sup>ɢʶɪd]
|'to crawl'
|
|-
|English
|Australian
|'''''g'''audy''
|[ˈɡ̠oːdɪi̯]
|'gaudy'
|Pre-uvular; allophone of /ɡ/ before /ʊ oː ɔ oɪ ʊə/.
|-
|French
|Wendystanian
|''a'''g'''neau''
|[aɡ̠ˈnɔ]
|'lamb'
|Pre-uvular; allophone of /g/ before /n/.
|-
| colspan="2" |Ginba
|?
|?
|[example needed]
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Ket
|''báŋ'''q'''uk''
|[baŋ˩˧ɢuk˧˩]
|'cave in the ground'
|Allophone of /q/ after /ŋ/.
|-
| colspan="2" |Kwak'wala
|''ǥilakas'la''
|[ɢilakasʔla]
|'thank you'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Mongolian
|Мон'''г'''ол
|[mɔŋɢɔ̆ɮ]
|'Mongolian'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Nivkh
|ньыӈ '''ӷ'''ан
|[ɲɤŋ ɢæn]
|'our dog'
|Allophone of /q/.
|-
| colspan="2" |Persian
|دقیقه
|[dæɢiɢˈɛ]
|'minute'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Somali
|''Mu'''q'''disho''
|[muɢdiʃɔ]
|'Mogadishu'
|Allophone of /q/. See Somali phonology
|-
| colspan="2" |Tabasaran
|ду'''г'''у
|[d̪uɢu]
|'he' (ergative)
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Tlingit
|'''''gh'''ooch''
|[ɢuːt͡ʃʰ]
|'hill'
|In American orthography, the 'g' is underlined; in Canadian, it is followed by an 'h'. See Tlingit phonology
|-
| colspan="2" |Tsakhur
|'''къг'''яйэ
|[ɢajɛ]
|'stone'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |!Xóõ
|
|[nǀɢɑɑ̃]
|'to be spread out'
|
|-
|Xumi
|Lower
| colspan="2" |[<sup>R</sup>ɢʶo]
|'to stew'
|Somewhat affricated; occurs only in a few words. Corresponds to the cluster /Nɡ/ in Upper Xumi.
|-
| colspan="2" |Yanyuwa
| colspan="2" |[ɡ̠uɟ̠uɭu]
|'sacred'
|Pre-uvular. Contrasts plain and prenasalized versions
|}
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The '''voiced uvular stop''' or '''voiced uvular plosive''' is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɢ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is <code>G\</code>.
[ɢ] is a rare sound, even compared to other uvulars. Vaux (1999) proposes a phonological explanation: uvular consonants normally involve a neutral or a retracted tongue root, whereas voiced stops often involve advanced tongue root: two articulations that cannot physically co-occur. This leads many languages of the world to have a voiced uvular fricative [ʁ] instead as the voiced counterpart of the voiceless uvular stop. Examples are Inuit; several Turkic languages such as Uyghur and Yakut; several Northwest Caucasian languages such as Abkhaz; and several Northeast Caucasian languages such as Ingush.
The phoneme [ɢ] is very common in languages of northern Looneyland (except for a very few languages).
There is also the '''voiced pre-uvular stop''' in some languages, which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical voiced uvular stop, though not as front as the prototypical voiced velar stop. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as ⟨ɢ̟⟩ (advanced ⟨ɢ⟩), ⟨ɡ̠⟩ or ⟨ɡ˗⟩ (both symbols denote a retracted ⟨ɡ⟩). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are <code>G\_+</code> and <code>g_-</code>, respectively.
== Features ==
Features of the voiced uvular stop:
* Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a stop.
* Its place of articulation is uvular, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the uvula.
* Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
* It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
* It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
* The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
== Occurrence ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Language
!Word
!IPA
!Meaning
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |Arabic
|Sudanese
|بقرة
|[bɑɢɑrɑ]
|'cow'
|Corresponds to /q/ in Standard Arabic. See Arabic phonology
|-
|Yemeni
|قات
|[ɢɑːt]
|'Khat'
|Some dialects. Corresponds to /q/ in Standard Arabic. See Arabic phonology
|-
| colspan="2" |Bindagir
|''бо'''ѓ'''од''
|[boːɡ̠oːd]
|'gaudy'
|Pre-uvular
|-
| colspan="2" |Beshte
|''жӑ'''д'''и''
|[ʈʂɤɡ̠i]
|'termite'
|Allophone of /d/ for some speakers.
|-
| colspan="2" |Bindange
|''би'''ѓ'''и'''ѓ'''и''
|[bɛɡ̠ɛɡ̠ɛ]
|'sort'
|Pre-uvular
|-
| colspan="2" |Bauni
|'''ѓ'''еи
|[ɡ̠ɛɪ]
|'grind'
|Pre-uvular
|-
| colspan="2" |Dellet
|'''ѓ'''ид
|[<sup>R</sup>ɢʶɪd]
|'to crawl'
|
|-
|English
|Australian
|'''''g'''audy''
|[ˈɡ̠oːdɪi̯]
|'gaudy'
|Pre-uvular; allophone of /ɡ/ before /ʊ oː ɔ oɪ ʊə/.
|-
|French
|Wendystanian
|''a'''g'''neau''
|[aɡ̠ˈnɔ]
|'lamb'
|Pre-uvular; allophone of /g/ before /n/. Found in the region of Kuntin.
|-
| colspan="2" |Ginba
|?
|?
|[example needed]
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Ket
|''báŋ'''q'''uk''
|[baŋ˩˧ɢuk˧˩]
|'cave in the ground'
|Allophone of /q/ after /ŋ/.
|-
| colspan="2" |Kwak'wala
|''ǥilakas'la''
|[ɢilakasʔla]
|'thank you'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Mongolian
|Мон'''г'''ол
|[mɔŋɢɔ̆ɮ]
|'Mongolian'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Nivkh
|ньыӈ '''ӷ'''ан
|[ɲɤŋ ɢæn]
|'our dog'
|Allophone of /q/.
|-
| colspan="2" |Persian
|دقیقه
|[dæɢiɢˈɛ]
|'minute'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Somali
|''Mu'''q'''disho''
|[muɢdiʃɔ]
|'Mogadishu'
|Allophone of /q/. See Somali phonology
|-
| colspan="2" |Tabasaran
|ду'''г'''у
|[d̪uɢu]
|'he' (ergative)
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Tlingit
|'''''gh'''ooch''
|[ɢuːt͡ʃʰ]
|'hill'
|In American orthography, the 'g' is underlined; in Canadian, it is followed by an 'h'. See Tlingit phonology
|-
| colspan="2" |Tsakhur
|'''къг'''яйэ
|[ɢajɛ]
|'stone'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |!Xóõ
|
|[nǀɢɑɑ̃]
|'to be spread out'
|
|-
|Xumi
|Lower
| colspan="2" |[<sup>R</sup>ɢʶo]
|'to stew'
|Somewhat affricated; occurs only in a few words. Corresponds to the cluster /Nɡ/ in Upper Xumi.
|-
| colspan="2" |Yanyuwa
| colspan="2" |[ɡ̠uɟ̠uɭu]
|'sacred'
|Pre-uvular. Contrasts plain and prenasalized versions
|}
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Voiced velar approximant
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The voiced velar approximant is a common sound of the languages of Gooperland. The voiced velar approximant can in many cases be considered the [[semivowel|semivocalic]] counterpart of the [[close back unrounded vowel]] {{IPA|[ɯ]}}. The two are almost identical [[distinctive feature|featurally]]. 〈{{IPA|ɰ}}〉 and 〈{{IPA|ɯ̯}}〉 with the non-syllabic diacritic are used in different [[phonetic transcription|transcription]] systems to represent the same sound.
== Occurences ==
=== Real languages/dialects ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]] || caixi'''g'''o || {{IPA|[kajˈʃiɣ̞o̞]}} || 'oak tree' || Unspecified for rounding voiced velar approximant consonant; allophone of {{IPA|/ɡ/}}.
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Astur-Leonese languages|Astur-Leonese]] || [[Asturian language|Asturian]] || (example needed) || || || rowspan="4" | Unspecified for rounding voiced velar approximant consonant; allophone of {{IPA|/ɡ/}}.
|-
| [[Extremaduran language|Extremaduran]] || (example needed) || ||
|-
| [[Leonese dialect|Leonese]] || (example needed) || ||
|-
| [[Mirandese language|Mirandese]] || (example needed) || ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Catalan language|Catalan]] || [[Catalan orthography|ai'''g'''ua]] || {{IPA|[ˈajɣ̞wə]}} || 'water' || Unspecified for rounding voiced velar approximant consonant; allophone of {{IPA|/ɡ/}}. See [[Catalan phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Cherokee language|Cherokee]] || [[Cherokee syllabary|'''Ꮹ'''Ꮵ]] '''w'''a-tsi || {{IPA|[ɰatsi]}} || 'watch' || Also represented by Ꮺ, Ꮻ, Ꮼ, Ꮽ, and Ꮾ
|-
| [[Danish language|Danish]] || Older speakers || [[Danish alphabet|tal'''g''']] || {{IPA|[ˈtˢalˀɰ]}} || 'tallow' || Still used by some older speakers in high register, much more commonly than a fricative. Depending on the environment, it corresponds to {{IPA|[ʊ̯]}}, {{IPA|[ɪ̯]}} or [j] in young speakers of contemporary Standard Danish. See [[Danish phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Dutch language|Dutch]] || [[Randstad]] ||(example needed) || || || rowspan="2" | A very rare pronunciation of {{IPA|/r/}},{{sfnp|Verstraten|van de Velde|2001|pp=50–51, 54}} distribution unclear. Realization of {{IPA|/r/}} varies considerably among dialects. See [[Dutch phonology]]
|-
| Southern Netherlandic || (example needed) || ||
|-
| [[French language|French]] || [[Belgian French|Belgian]] || [[French orthography|a'''r'''a]] || {{IPA|[aɰa]}} || 'macaw' || Intervocalic allophone of /ʀ/ for some speakers, unless /ʀ/ is realized as a [[Liaison (French)|liaison]] consonant – then, most often, it is realized as a trill ʀ. See [[French phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Galician language|Galician]] || au'''g'''a || {{IPA|[ˈɑwɣ̞ɑ]}} || 'water' || Unspecified for rounding voiced velar approximant consonant; allophone of {{IPA|/ɡ/}}.{{sfnp|Martínez Celdrán|2004|pp=203–204}} See [[Galician phonology]]
|-
| [[Greek language|Greek]] || [[Cypriot Greek|Cypriot]] || [[Greek alphabet|μα'''γ'''αζί]] || {{IPA|[maɰaˈzi]}} || 'shop' || Allophone of {{IPA|/ɣ/}}.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Guarani language|Guarani]] || [[Guaraní alphabet|'''g'''otyo]] || {{IPA|[ɰoˈtɨo]}} || 'near, close to' || Contrasts with {{IPA|[w]}}
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Ibibio language|Ibibio]] || ''ufo'''k'''ọ ''|| {{IPA|[úfʌ̟̀ɰɔ̞]}} || {{fix|text=translation needed|date=October 2015}} || Intervocalic allophone of {{IPA|/k/}}; may be a uvular tap instead.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] || [[Icelandic orthography|sa'''g'''a]] || {{IPA|[ˈsäɰä]}} || 'saga' || See [[Icelandic phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Irish language|Irish]] || [[Irish orthography|naoi]] || {{IPA|[n̪ˠɰiː]}} || 'nine' || Occurs only between broad consonants and [[front vowel]]s. See [[Irish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Korean language|Korean]] || [[hangul|의사]] / '''u'''isa || {{IPA|[ɰisɐ]}} || 'doctor' || Occurs only before {{IPA|/i/}}. See [[Korean phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Shipibo language|Shipibo]] || i'''g'''i || {{IPA|[i̞ɰi̞]}} || {{fix|text=translation needed|date=January 2016}} || Allophone of {{IPA|/k/}} in certain high-frequency morphemes; can be realized as a fricative instead.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{sfnp|Martínez Celdrán|2004|pp=202–204}} || [[Spanish orthography|pa'''g'''ar]] || {{IPA|[päˈɣ̞äɾ]}} || 'to pay' || Unspecified for rounding voiced velar approximant consonant; allophone of {{IPA|/ɡ/}}. See [[Spanish phonology]]
|-
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || Central Standard || [[Swedish alphabet|a'''g'''ronom]] || {{IPA|[äɰɾʊˈn̪oːm]}} || 'agronomist' || Allophone of {{IPA|/g/}} in casual speech. See [[Swedish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] || [[Abakada script|''igrie'''g'''a'']] || {{IPA|[iːɡɾɪˈje̞ɰɐ]}} || 'y (letter)' || See [[Tagalog phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Tiwi language|Tiwi]] || nga'''g'''a || {{IPA|[ˈŋaɰa]}} || 'we (inclusive)' ||
|}
=== Fictional ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Language
!Word
!IPA
!Meaning
!Notes
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Aidachitan language|Aidachitan]]
|''rou'''g'''redwe''
|{{IPA|[ʐouɰʐɛdwɛ]}}
|'birch'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Aishuwi language|Aishuwi]]
|''ipa'''g'''wa''
|[ipɑɰˈwa]
|'cat'
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[English language|English]]
|[[Canterlotian English|Canterlotian]]
|''bi'''gg'''est''
|[biɰˈɛs]
|'biggest'
|Corresponds to [g] in other dialects.
|-
|[[Ponyvillian English|Ponyvillian]]
|'''''g'''one''
|[ɰɔ̃]
|'gone'
|Allophone of [g].
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Thanghuira language|Thanghuira]]
|'''''ğ'''akkagan''
|[ɰɑkɑˈɹ̠ʷɑ̃]
|'egg'
|
|}
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The voiced velar approximant is a common sound of the languages of Gooperland. The voiced velar approximant can in many cases be considered the [[semivowel|semivocalic]] counterpart of the [[close back unrounded vowel]] {{IPA|[ɯ]}}. The two are almost identical [[distinctive feature|featurally]]. 〈{{IPA|ɰ}}〉 and 〈{{IPA|ɯ̯}}〉 with the non-syllabic diacritic are used in different [[phonetic transcription|transcription]] systems to represent the same sound.
== Occurences ==
=== Real languages/dialects ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]] || caixi'''g'''o || {{IPA|[kajˈʃiɣ̞o̞]}} || 'oak tree' || Unspecified for rounding voiced velar approximant consonant; allophone of {{IPA|/ɡ/}}.
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Astur-Leonese languages|Astur-Leonese]] || [[Asturian language|Asturian]] || (example needed) || || || rowspan="4" | Unspecified for rounding voiced velar approximant consonant; allophone of {{IPA|/ɡ/}}.
|-
| [[Extremaduran language|Extremaduran]] || (example needed) || ||
|-
| [[Leonese dialect|Leonese]] || (example needed) || ||
|-
| [[Mirandese language|Mirandese]] || (example needed) || ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Catalan language|Catalan]] || [[Catalan orthography|ai'''g'''ua]] || {{IPA|[ˈajɣ̞wə]}} || 'water' || Unspecified for rounding voiced velar approximant consonant; allophone of {{IPA|/ɡ/}}. See [[Catalan phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Cherokee language|Cherokee]] || [[Cherokee syllabary|'''Ꮹ'''Ꮵ]] '''w'''a-tsi || {{IPA|[ɰatsi]}} || 'watch' || Also represented by Ꮺ, Ꮻ, Ꮼ, Ꮽ, and Ꮾ
|-
| [[Danish language|Danish]] || Older speakers || [[Danish alphabet|tal'''g''']] || {{IPA|[ˈtˢalˀɰ]}} || 'tallow' || Still used by some older speakers in high register, much more commonly than a fricative. Depending on the environment, it corresponds to {{IPA|[ʊ̯]}}, {{IPA|[ɪ̯]}} or [j] in young speakers of contemporary Standard Danish. See [[Danish phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Dutch language|Dutch]] || [[Randstad]] ||(example needed) || || || rowspan="2" | A very rare pronunciation of {{IPA|/r/}},{{sfnp|Verstraten|van de Velde|2001|pp=50–51, 54}} distribution unclear. Realization of {{IPA|/r/}} varies considerably among dialects. See [[Dutch phonology]]
|-
| Southern Netherlandic || (example needed) || ||
|-
| [[French language|French]] || [[Belgian French|Belgian]] || [[French orthography|a'''r'''a]] || {{IPA|[aɰa]}} || 'macaw' || Intervocalic allophone of /ʀ/ for some speakers, unless /ʀ/ is realized as a [[Liaison (French)|liaison]] consonant – then, most often, it is realized as a trill ʀ. See [[French phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Galician language|Galician]] || au'''g'''a || {{IPA|[ˈɑwɣ̞ɑ]}} || 'water' || Unspecified for rounding voiced velar approximant consonant; allophone of {{IPA|/ɡ/}}.{{sfnp|Martínez Celdrán|2004|pp=203–204}} See [[Galician phonology]]
|-
| [[Greek language|Greek]] || [[Cypriot Greek|Cypriot]] || [[Greek alphabet|μα'''γ'''αζί]] || {{IPA|[maɰaˈzi]}} || 'shop' || Allophone of {{IPA|/ɣ/}}.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Guarani language|Guarani]] || [[Guaraní alphabet|'''g'''otyo]] || {{IPA|[ɰoˈtɨo]}} || 'near, close to' || Contrasts with {{IPA|[w]}}
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Ibibio language|Ibibio]] || ''ufo'''k'''ọ ''|| {{IPA|[úfʌ̟̀ɰɔ̞]}} || {{fix|text=translation needed|date=October 2015}} || Intervocalic allophone of {{IPA|/k/}}; may be a uvular tap instead.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] || [[Icelandic orthography|sa'''g'''a]] || {{IPA|[ˈsäɰä]}} || 'saga' || See [[Icelandic phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Irish language|Irish]] || [[Irish orthography|naoi]] || {{IPA|[n̪ˠɰiː]}} || 'nine' || Occurs only between broad consonants and [[front vowel]]s. See [[Irish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Korean language|Korean]] || [[hangul|의사]] / '''u'''isa || {{IPA|[ɰisɐ]}} || 'doctor' || Occurs only before {{IPA|/i/}}. See [[Korean phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Shipibo language|Shipibo]] || i'''g'''i || {{IPA|[i̞ɰi̞]}} || {{fix|text=translation needed|date=January 2016}} || Allophone of {{IPA|/k/}} in certain high-frequency morphemes; can be realized as a fricative instead.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{sfnp|Martínez Celdrán|2004|pp=202–204}} || [[Spanish orthography|pa'''g'''ar]] || {{IPA|[päˈɣ̞äɾ]}} || 'to pay' || Unspecified for rounding voiced velar approximant consonant; allophone of {{IPA|/ɡ/}}. See [[Spanish phonology]]
|-
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || Central Standard || [[Swedish alphabet|a'''g'''ronom]] || {{IPA|[äɰɾʊˈn̪oːm]}} || 'agronomist' || Allophone of {{IPA|/g/}} in casual speech. See [[Swedish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] || [[Abakada script|''igrie'''g'''a'']] || {{IPA|[iːɡɾɪˈje̞ɰɐ]}} || 'y (letter)' || See [[Tagalog phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Tiwi language|Tiwi]] || nga'''g'''a || {{IPA|[ˈŋaɰa]}} || 'we (inclusive)' ||
|}
=== Fictional ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Language
!Word
!IPA
!Meaning
!Notes
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Aidachitan language|Aidachitan]]
|''rou'''g'''redwe''
|{{IPA|[ʐouɰʐɛdwɛ]}}
|'birch'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Aishuwi language|Aishuwi]]
|''ipa'''g'''wa''
|[ipɑɰˈwa]
|'cat'
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[English language|English]]
|[[Canterlotian English|Canterlotian]]
|''bi'''gg'''est''
|[biɰˈɛs]
|'biggest'
|Corresponds to [g] in other dialects.
|-
|[[Ponyvillian English|Ponyvillian]]
|'''''g'''one''
|[ɰɔ̃]
|'gone'
|Allophone of [g].
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Thanghuira language|Thanghuira]]
|'''''[[Thanghuira alphabet|ğ]]'''[[Thanghuira alphabet|akkagan]]''
|[ɰɑkɑˈɹ̠ʷɑ̃]
|'egg'
|Allophone of [g].
|}
5jsu46bc8s3eu5hh0crljgkegb2u1xw
Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives
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Created page with "The '''voiceless alveolar lateral fricative''' is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that..."
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The '''voiceless alveolar lateral fricative''' is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental, alveolar, and postalveolar lateral fricatives is [ɬ], and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is <code>[K]</code>. The symbol [ɬ] is called "belted l" and should not be confused with "l with tilde", [ɫ], which transcribes a different sound, the velarized alveolar lateral approximant. It should also be distinguished from a voiceless alveolar lateral approximant, although the fricative is sometimes incorrectly described as a "voiceless l", a description fitting only of the approximant.
Several Welsh names beginning with this sound (e.g. Llwyd /ɬʊɨd/, Llywelyn /ɬəˈwɛlɨn/) have been borrowed into English, where they either retain the Welsh ⟨ll⟩ spelling but are pronounced with an /l/ (Lloyd, Llewellyn), or are substituted with ⟨fl⟩ (pronounced /fl/) (Floyd, Fluellen).
== Features[edit] ==
Features of the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative:
* Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
* Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively ''apical'' and ''laminal''.
* Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
* It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
* It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
* The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
== Occurrence[edit] ==
Although the sound is rare among European languages outside the Caucasus (being found notably in Welsh, where it is written ⟨ll⟩), it is fairly common among indigenous languages of the Americas such as Nahuatl, Navajo, and North Caucasian languages, such as Avar. It is also found in African languages like Zulu, Asian languages like Chukchi and some Yue dialects like Taishanese, and several Formosan languages and a number of dialects in Taiwan.
=== Dental or denti-alveolar ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Language
!Word
!IPA
!Meaning
!Notes
|-
| colspan="2" |Mapudungun
|''kagü'''ḻ'''''
|[kɜˈɣɘɬ̪]
|'phlegm that is spit'
|Interdental; possible utterance-final allophone of /l̪/.<sup>[4]</sup>
|-
|Norwegian
|Trondheim dialect
|''sæ'''l'''t''
|[s̪aɬ̪t̪]
|'sold'
|Laminal denti-alveolar; allophone of /l/. Also described as an approximant [l̪̊].<sup>[6]</sup> See Norwegian phonology
|}
=== Alveolar ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Language
!Word
!IPA
!Meaning
!Notes
|-
| colspan="2" |Ahtna
|''dze'''ł'''''
|[tsəɬ]
|'mountain'
|
|-
|Aleut
|Atkan dialect
|'''''hl'''a''
|[ɬɑ]
|'boy'
|
|-
|Amis
|Southern dialect
|''ku'''d'''iwis''
|[kuɬiwis]
|'rabbit'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Avar
|'''лъ'''абго
|[ˈɬabɡo]
|'three'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Basay
|'''''l'''anum''
|[ɬanum]
|'water'
|
|-
|Berber
|Ait Seghrouchen
|''a'''lt'''u''
|[æˈɬʊw]
|'not yet'
|Allophone of /lt/
|-
| colspan="2" |Bunun
|'''''l'''udun''
|[ɬuɗun]
|'mountain'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Bura
|<sup>[''example needed'']</sup>
|
|
|Contrasts with [ɮ] and [ʎ̝̊].
|-
|Cherokee
|Some speakers
|Ꭵ'''Ꮭ'''
|[ə̃ʔɬa]
|'no'
|Corresponds to [tɬ] in the speech of most speakers
|-
| colspan="2" |Chickasaw
|'''''lh'''inko''
|[ɬiŋko]
|'to be fat'
|
|-
|Chinese, Yue
|Taishanese
|三
|[ɬam˧]
|'three'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Chipewyan
|'''''ł'''ue''
|[ɬue]
|'fish'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Chukchi
|'''ԓ'''евыт
|[ɬeβət]
|'head'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Circassian
|п'''лъ'''ыжь
|[pɬəʑ]
|'red'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Creek (Mvskoke)
|'''''r'''akkē''
|[ɬakkiː]
|'big'
|Historically transcribed ''thl'' or ''tl'' by English speakers
|-
| colspan="2" |Dahalo
| colspan="2" |[ʡáɬi]
|'fat'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Dogrib
|'''''ł'''o''
|[ɬo]
|'smoke'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Eyak
|''qeł''
|[qʰɛʔɬ]
|'woman'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Fali
| colspan="2" |[paɬkan]
|'shoulder'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Faroese
|''hjá'''l'''p''
|[jɔɬp]
|'help'
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |French
|Dellis City
|'''''ch'''âteau''
|[ɬato]
|'castle'
|Allophone of /ʃ/ for some speakers.
|-
|South Crossburg
|'''''ch'''emin''
|[ɬə.mɛŋ]
|'path, way'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Forest Nenets
|ха'''р'''у
|[xaɬʲu]
|'rain'
|Forest Nenets has both plain /ɬ/ and palatalized /ɬʲ/
|-
| colspan="2" |Greenlandic
|''i'''ll'''u''
|[iɬːu]
|'house'
|Realization of geminated /l/
|-
| colspan="2" |Hadza
|'''''sl'''eme''
|[ɬeme]
|'man'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Haida
|''tla'ún'''hl'''''
|[tɬʰʌʔʊ́nɬ]
|'six'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Halkomelem
|'''''ɬ'<nowiki/>'''eqw''
|[ɬeqw]
|'wet'
|
|-
|Hebrew
|Biblical Hebrew
|''שָׂטָן''
|[ɬɑtˁɑn]
|'Satan'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Hmong
|'''''hl'''i''
|[ɬi]
|'moon'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Icelandic
|''si'''gl'''t''
|[sɪɬt]
|'have sailed'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Inuktitut
|''ak'''ł'''ak''
|[akɬak]
|'grizzly bear'
|See Inuit phonology
|-
| colspan="2" |Kabardian
|'''лъ'''ы
|[ɬə]
|'blood'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Kaska
|''tsį̄'''ł'''''
|[tsʰĩːɬ]
|'axe'
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Khanty
|Surgut dialect
|'''ԓ'''ӓпәт
|[ˈɬæpət]
| rowspan="2" |'seven'
| rowspan="2" |Contrasts with palatalized /ɬʲ/. Corresponds to /l/ or /t/ in other dialects
|-
|Kazym dialect
|'''ԓ'''апәт
|[ˈɬɑpət]
|-
| colspan="2" |Lushootseed
|'''''ł'''ukʷa'''ł'''''
|[ɬukʷaɬ]
|'sun'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Mapudungun
|''kaü'''l'''''
|[kɜˈɘɬ]
|'a different song'
|Possible utterance-final allophone of /l/.<sup>[4]</sup>
|-
| colspan="2" |Mochica
|''pa'''xll'''ær''
|[paɬøɾ]
|''Phaseolus lunatus''
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Moloko
|'''''sl'''a''
|[ɬa]
|'cow'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Nahuatl
|''ā'''l'''tepētl''
|[aːɬˈtɛpɛːt͡ɬ]
|'city'
|Allophone of /l/
|-
| colspan="2" |Navajo
|'''ł'''aʼ
|[ɬaʔ]
|'some'
|See Navajo phonology
|-
| colspan="2" |Nisga'a
|'''''hl'''oks''
|[ɬoks]
|'sun'
|
|-
|Norwegian
|Trøndersk
|''ta'''tl''' / ta'''sl'''''
|[tʰɑɬ]
|'sissiness'
|See Norwegian phonology
|-
| colspan="2" |Nuxalk
|'''''ɬ'''m''
|[ɬm]
|'to stand'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Saaroa
|''ra'''hl'''i''
|[raɬi]
|'chief'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Sahaptin
|'''''ł'''p’ú'''ł'''''
|[ˈɬpʼuɬ]
|'tears'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Sandawe
|'''''lh'''aa''
|[ɬáː]
|'goat'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Sassarese
|''mo'''rth'''u''
|[ˈmoɬtu]
|'dead'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Shuswap
|'''''ɬ'''ept''
|[ɬept]
|'fire is out'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Sotho
|''ho '''hl'''a'''hl'''oba''
|[ho ɬɑɬɔbɑ]
|'to examine'
|See Sotho phonology
|-
| colspan="2" |St’át’imcets
|'''''lh'''ésp''
|[ɬə́sp]
|'rash'
|
|-
|Swedish
|Jamtlandic
|''ka'''ll'''t''
|[kaɬt]
|'cold'
|See Swedish phonology
|-
| colspan="2" |Taos
|'''''ł'''ȉwéna''
|[ɬìˈwēnæ]
|'wife'
|See Taos phonology
|-
| colspan="2" |Tera
|'''''tl'''eebi''
|[ɬè̞ːbi]
|'side'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Thao
|''ki'''lh'''pul''
|[kiɬpul]
|'star'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Tlingit
|'''''l'''ingít''
|[ɬìnkít]
|'Tlingit'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Tsez
|'''лъ'''и
|[ɬi]
|'water'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Welsh
|'''''ll'''a'''ll'''''
|[ɬaːɬ]
|'(the) other'
|See Welsh phonology
|-
| colspan="2" |Yadarin
|'''''ш'''та''
|[ɬtaː]
|'thorn'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Yi
|ꆧꁨ '''''hl'''op-bbop''
|[ɬo˧˩bo˧˩]
|'moon'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Zulu
|''isi'''hl'''a'''hl'''a''
|[isiˈɬaːɬa]
|'tree'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Zuni
|''asdem'''ł'''a''
|[ʔastemɬan]
|'ten'
|
|}
=== Semitic languages ===
The sound is conjectured as a phoneme for Proto-Semitic language, usually transcribed as ''ś''; it has evolved into Arabic [ʃ], Hebrew [s]:
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Semitic
!Akkadian
! colspan="2" |Arabic
! colspan="2" |Phoenician
! colspan="2" |Hebrew
! colspan="2" |Aramaic
! colspan="2" |Ge'ez
|-
!ś
|s̠
|ش
|š
|
|š
|שׂ
|s
|ܫ
|s
|ሠ
|ś
|}
Amongst Semitic languages, the sound still exists in contemporary Soqotri and Mehri. In Ge'ez, it is written with the letter Śawt.
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Wenzlock Rindong Romanisation
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'''Wenzlock Rindong Romanisation''' was created in 1950s by Lungley Wenzlock in Dellis City, Delta Territory. This romanisation includes four tones, they were marked by diacritics or colours.
== Consonants ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
!Labial
!Alveolar
!Retroflex
!Alveolo-palatal
!Velar
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
!<small>unaspirated</small>
|'''<big>p </big>'''[p]
|'''<big>dh</big>''' [t]
|
|
|'''<big>g</big>''' [k]
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
|'''<big>b</big>''' [pʰ]
|'''<big>t</big>''' [tʰ]
|
|
|'''<big>x</big>''' [kʰ]
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|'''<big>m</big>''' [m]
|'''<big>n</big>''' [n]
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Affricate
!<small>unaspirated</small>
|
|'''<big>dz</big>''' [ts]
|'''<big>sy</big>''' [ʈʂ]
|'''<big>ch</big>''' [tɕ]
|
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
|
|'''<big>c</big>''' [tsʰ]
|'''<big>d</big>''' [ʈʂʰ]
|'''<big>chh</big>''' [tɕʰ]
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
|'''<big>f</big>''' [f]
|'''<big>s</big>''' [s]
|'''<big>tzsch</big>''' [ʂ]
|'''<big>k</big>''' [ɕ]
|'''<big>kh</big>''' [x]
|-
! colspan="2" |Liquid
|
|'''<big>l</big>''' [l]
|'''<big>r</big>''' [ɻ~ʐ]
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Semivowel
| colspan="5" |'''<big>oy</big>''' [j]/[ɥ] and '''<big>v</big>''' [w]
|}
== Finals ==
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="4" |Medial
!∅
|[ɨ]<br>
<br>
-i
|[ɤ]<br>
e<br>
-e
|[a]<br>
a<br>
-a
|[ei̯]<br>
ei<br>
-ei
|[ai̯]<br>
ai<br>
-ai
|[ou̯]<br>
ou<br>
-ow
|[au̯]<br>
ao<br>
-aw
|[ən]<br>
en<br>
-en
|[an]<br>
an<br>
-an
|[ʊŋ]<br>
<br>
-ong
|[əŋ]<br>
eng<br>
-eng
|[aŋ]<br>
ang<br>
-ang
|-
!/j/
|[i]<br>
oyi<br>
-i
|[je]<br>
oye<br>
-ie
|[ja]<br>
oya<br>
-ia
|
|
|[jou̯]<br>
oyou<br>
-iu
|[jau̯]<br>
oyaw<br>
-yaw
|[in]<br>
oyin<br>
-in
|[jɛn]<br>
oyan<br>
-ian
|[jʊŋ]<br>
oyong<br>
-iong
|[iŋ]<br>
oying<br>
-ing
|[jaŋ]<br>
oyang<br>
-iang
|-
!/w/
|[u]<br>
wu<br>
-u
|[wo]<br>
wo<br>
-uo
|[wa]<br>
wa<br>
-ua
|[wei̯]<br>
wei<br>
-ui
|[wai̯]<br>
wai<br>
-uai
|
|
|[wən]<br>
wen<br>
-un
|[wan]<br>
wan<br>
-uan
|
|[wəŋ]<br>
weng<br>
|[waŋ]<br>
wang<br>
-uang
|-
!/y/
|[y]<br>
oyu<br>
-oⱱ
|[ɥe]<br>
oyue<br>
-oⱱe
|
|
|
|
|
|[yn]<br>
oyoⱱun<br>
-oⱱn
|[ɥɛn]<br>
oyoⱱan<br>
-oⱱan
|}
== Tones ==
There were four tones in Manadarin, including a neutral tone:
{| class="article-table"
!Tone
!Diacritic
!Colour
!Example
!
|-
|1
|῾ (reversed comma)
|orange
|ma̔
|
|-
|2
|˘ (breve)
|red
|mă
|
|-
|3
|´ (acute)
|blue
|má
|
|-
|4
|˚ (ring)
|green
|må
|
|-
|0
|none
|black
|ma
|
|}
* First tone: '''a̔ e̔ i̔ o̔ u̔ oⱱ̔'''
* Second tone:
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'''Wenzlock Rindong Romanisation''' was created in 1950s by Lungley Wenzlock in Dellis City, Delta Territory. This romanisation includes four tones, they were marked by diacritics or colours.
== Consonants ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
!Labial
!Alveolar
!Retroflex
!Alveolo-palatal
!Velar
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
!<small>unaspirated</small>
|'''<big>p </big>'''[p]
|'''<big>dh</big>''' [t]
|
|
|'''<big>g</big>''' [k]
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
|'''<big>ph</big>''' [pʰ]
|'''<big>t</big>''' [tʰ]
|
|
|'''<big>x</big>''' [kʰ]
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|'''<big>m</big>''' [m]
|'''<big>n</big>''' [n]
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Affricate
!<small>unaspirated</small>
|
|'''<big>dz</big>''' [ts]
|'''<big>sy</big>''' [ʈʂ]
|'''<big>ch</big>''' [tɕ]
|
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
|
|'''<big>c</big>''' [tsʰ]
|'''<big>d</big>''' [ʈʂʰ]
|'''<big>chh</big>''' [tɕʰ]
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
|'''<big>f</big>''' [f]
|'''<big>s</big>''' [s]
|'''<big>tzsch</big>''' [ʂ]
|'''<big>k</big>''' [ɕ]
|'''<big>kh</big>''' [x]
|-
! colspan="2" |Liquid
|
|'''<big>l</big>''' [l]
|'''<big>r</big>''' [ɻ~ʐ]
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Semivowel
| colspan="5" |'''<big>oy</big>''' [j]/[ɥ] and '''<big>v</big>''' [w]
|}
== Finals ==
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="4" |Medial
!∅
|[ɨ]
<br />
-i
|[ɤ]
e<br />
-e
|[a]
a<br />
-a
|[ei̯]
ei<br />
-ei
|[ai̯]
ai<br />
-ai
|[ou̯]
ou<br />
-ow
|[au̯]
ao<br />
-aw
|[ən]
en<br />
-en
|[an]
an<br />
-an
|[ʊŋ]
<br />
-ong
|[əŋ]
eng<br />
-eng
|[aŋ]
ang<br />
-ang
|-
!/j/
|[i]
oyi<br />
-i
|[je]
oye<br />
-ie
|[ja]
oya<br />
-ia
|
|
|[jou̯]
oyou<br />
-iu
|[jau̯]
oyaw<br />
-yaw
|[in]
oyin<br />
-in
|[jɛn]
oyan<br />
-ian
|[jʊŋ]
oyong<br />
-iong
|[iŋ]
oying<br />
-ing
|[jaŋ]
oyang<br />
-iang
|-
!/w/
|[u]
vu<br />
-u
|[wo]
vo<br />
-uo
|[wa]
va<br />
-ua
|[wei̯]
vei<br />
-ui
|[wai̯]
vai<br />
-uai
|
|
|[wən]
ven<br />
-un
|[wan]
van<br />
-uan
|
|[wəŋ]
veng<br />
|[waŋ]
vang<br />
-uang
|-
!/y/
|[y]
oyu<br />
-oⱱ
|[ɥe]
oyue<br />
-oⱱe
|
|
|
|
|
|[yn]
oyoⱱun<br />
-oⱱn
|[ɥɛn]
oyoⱱan<br />
-oⱱan
|}
== Tones ==
There were four tones in Manadarin, including a neutral tone:
{| class="wikitable"
!Tone
!Diacritic
!Colour
!Example
!IPA
|-
|1
|῾ (reversed comma)
|orange
|ma̔
|
|-
|2
|˘ (breve)
|red
|mă
|
|-
|3
|´ (acute)
|blue
|má
|
|-
|4
|˚ (ring)
|green
|må
|
|-
|0
|none
|black
|ma
|
|}
* First tone: '''a̔ e̔ i̔ o̔ u̔ oⱱ̔'''
* Second tone: '''ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ oⱱ̆'''
* Third tone: '''á é í ó ú oⱱ́'''
* Fourth tone: '''å e̊ i̊ o̊ ů oⱱ̊'''
==Example==
Example: '''Tů páopáo khĕ ta̔ dhe pkhĕngoyóu lái dhåo oyĕoyĕ dhe chia̔. Ránkho̊u, ma̔o dhe xi̔ ér vĕi si̔ te̊ skhuo̔:“Rénrúfùdsyo̊ng!”'''
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Widzhul language
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Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "Widzhul (Widzhul: ''wizhula ivapatariisu'') is a Kanteric language spoken in the Looneyland state of Widzhul. According to the 1996 Keterwebi Company, there are 13,000 people ..."
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Widzhul (Widzhul: ''wizhula ivapatariisu'') is a Kanteric language spoken in the Looneyland state of Widzhul. According to the 1996 Keterwebi Company, there are 13,000 people sepaking Widzhul. Widzhul is one of the official languages of Widzhul State along with Looneylandian Portuguese.
== Written language ==
In the 1930, the first alphabet was devised by Kenker Lidimba and was in Latin script. In 1938, the Widzhul Latin alphabet was suppressed in preference to katakana; but however, after the independence from the Japanese empire in 1945, a Cyrillic alphabet was created. Cyrillic remains in use for Widzhul.
The native word for "alphabet" is ''kokungu'', which is from the Vietnamese word ''Quốc ngữ'' meaning "language script".
=== Alphabets ===
==== Cyrillic (1945-present) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|А а
|Б б
|В в
|Г г
|Д д
|Е е
|Ә ә
|Ж ж
|З з
|И и
|К к
|Ӄ ӄ
|Л л
|Ԓ ԓ
|М м
|Н н
|Ӈ ӈ
|О о
|-
|/a/
|/pʰ/, /b/*
|/v/*
|/ɟ/
|/tʰ/, /d/*
|/e/, /ʲe/*
|/æ/
|/ʒ/*
|/z/*
|/i/
|/k/
|/kʰ/
|/l/
|/ɬ/
|/m/
|/n/
|/ŋ/
|/u/
|-
|Ӧ ӧ
|Ө ө
|П п
|Р р
|С с
|Т т
|У у
|V v
|Ф ф
|Х х
|Ц ц
|Ч ч
|Џ џ
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|/o/
|/œ/
|/p/
|/r/
|/s/
|/t/
|/u/*
|/w/
|/f/*
|/h/
|/s/*
|/tʃ/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
54ejooc11znjtsvd0kf3mjniqdpnj0f
426
425
2018-06-20T06:10:29Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
426
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Widzhul (Widzhul: ''wisula iwapatariisu'', vисола иvапатариисо) is a Kanteric language spoken in the Looneyland state of Widzhul. According to the 1996 Keterwebi Company, there are 13,000 people sepaking Widzhul. Widzhul is one of the official languages of Widzhul State along with Looneylandian Portuguese.
== Written language ==
In the 1930, the first alphabet was devised by Kenker Lidimba and was in Latin script. In 1938, the Widzhul Latin alphabet was suppressed in preference to katakana; but however, after the independence from the Japanese empire in 1945, a Cyrillic alphabet was created. Cyrillic remains in use for Widzhul.
The native word for "alphabet" is ''kökongo'' (кӧкоӈо), which is from the Vietnamese word ''Quốc ngữ'' meaning "language script".
=== Alphabets ===
==== Cyrillic (1945-present) ====
{| class="wikitable"
!А а
!Б б
!В в
!Г г
!Д д
!Е е
!Ә ә
!Ж ж
!З з
!И и
!К к
!Ӄ ӄ
!Л л
!Ԓ ԓ
!М м
!Н н
!Ӈ ӈ
!О о
|-
|/a/
|/pʰ/, /b/*
|/v/*
|/ɟ/
|/tʰ/, /d/*
|/e/, /ʲe/*
|/æ/
|/ʒ/*
|/z/*
|/i/
|/k/
|/kʰ/
|/l/
|/ɬ/
|/m/
|/n/
|/ŋ/
|/u/
|-
!Ӧ ӧ
!Ө ө
!П п
!Р р
!С с
!Т т
!У у
!V v
!Ф ф
!Х х
!Ц ц
!Ч ч
!Џ џ
!
Ш ш
!
Щ щ
!
Ъ ъ
!
Ы ы
!
Ь ь
|-
|/o/
|/œ/
|/p/
|/ʁ/, /ʀ/, /r/
|/s/
|/t/
|/œː/, /u/*
|/w/
|/f/*
|/h/
|/s/*
|/tʃ/
|/dʒ/
|/ʃ/
|/ʃː/
|/~/
|/ɨ/
|/j/*
|-
!Э э
!Є є
!Ю ю
!Я я
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|/e/*
|/eː/
|/uː/, /ʲu/*
|/aː/, /ʲa/*
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
The letters В, Ж, З, Ф, Ц, Ь and Э, as well as Б, Д, Е, Р, У, Ю and Я denoting the sounds /b d je r u ju ja/ respectively are only found in Russian loanwords.
==== Latin (1930-1938) ====
{| class="wikitable"
!
A a
!
B ʙ
!Ç ç
!
D d
!E e
!Ə ə
!Є є
!F f
!G g
!H h
!I i
!J j
!K k
|-
|А а
|Б б
|Ч ч
|Д д
|Е е
|Ә ә
|Є є
|Ф ф
|Г г
|Х х
|И и
|Ж ж
|К к
|-
!L l
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
ks35h8np6jyjd61628jxuj2mft88nol
427
426
2018-06-20T10:08:26Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
427
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Widzhul (Widzhul: ''vисола иvапатариисо'') is a Kanteric language spoken in the Looneyland state of Widzhul. According to the 1996 Keterwebi Company, there are 13,000 people sepaking Widzhul. Widzhul is one of the official languages of Widzhul State along with Looneylandian Portuguese.
== Written language ==
In the 1930, the first alphabet was devised by Kenker Lidimba and was in Latin script. In 1938, the Widzhul Latin alphabet was suppressed in preference to katakana; but however, after the independence from the Japanese empire in 1945, a Cyrillic alphabet was created. Cyrillic remains in use for Widzhul.
The native word for "alphabet" is ''кӧкоӈо'', which is from the Vietnamese word ''Quốc ngữ'' meaning "language script".
=== Alphabets ===
==== Cyrillic (1945-present) ====
{| class="wikitable"
!А а
!Б б
!В в
!Г г
!Д д
!Е е
!Ә ә
!Ж ж
!З з
!И и
!К к
!Ӄ ӄ
!Л л
!Ԓ ԓ
!М м
!Н н
!Ӈ ӈ
!О о
|-
|/a/
|/pʰ/, /b/*
|/v/*
|/ɟ/
|/tʰ/, /d/*
|/e/, /ʲe/*
|/æ/
|/ʒ/*
|/z/*
|/i/
|/k/
|/kʰ/
|/l/
|/ɬ/
|/m/
|/n/
|/ŋ/
|/u/
|-
!Ӧ ӧ
!Ө ө
!П п
!Р р
!С с
!Т т
!У у
!V v
!Ф ф
!Х х
!Ц ц
!Ч ч
!Џ џ
!
Ш ш
!
Щ щ
!
Ъ ъ
!
Ы ы
!
Ь ь
|-
|/o/
|/œ/
|/p/
|/ʁ/, /ʀ/, /r/
|/s/
|/t/
|/œː/, /u/*
|/w/
|/f/*
|/h/
|/s/*
|/tʃ/
|/dʒ/
|/ʃ/
|/ʃː/
|/~/
|/ɨ/
|/j/*
|-
!Э э
!Є є
!Ю ю
!Я я
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|/e/*
|/eː/
|/uː/, /ʲu/*
|/aː/, /ʲa/*
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
The letters В, Ж, З, Ф, Ц, Ь and Э, as well as Б, Д, Е, Р, У, Ю and Я denoting the sounds /b d je r u ju ja/ respectively are only found in Russian loanwords.
==== Latin (1930-1938) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+VIZOLA KЄKONGO - O alfabeto latino da escrita de vizhula (1932)
!
A a
!
B ʙ
!Ç ç
!
D d
!E e
!Ə ə
!Є є
!F f
!G g
!H h
!I i
!J j
!K k
|-
|А а
|Б б
|Ч ч
|Д д
|Е е/Э э
|Ә ә
|Є є/Ӧ ӧ
|Ф ф
|Г г
|Х х
|И и
|Џ џ
|К к
|-
!L l
!
Ļ ļ
!
M m
!
N n
!
О о
!P p
!R r
!
S s
!
Ş ş
!
Ꞩ ꞩ
!T t
!
U u
!V v
|-
|Л л
|Ԓ ԓ
|М м
|Н н
|O o
|П п
|Р р
|С с/Ц ц
|Ш ш
|Щ щ
|Т т
|У у/Ө ө
|В в/V v
|-
!Z z
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ь ь
!''ia''
!''ie''
!''iu''
!''kk''
!''ng''
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|З з
|Ж ж
|Ы ы
|Я я
|Е е
|Ю ю
|Ӄ ӄ
|Ӈ ӈ
|
|
|
|
|
|}
2rn9gvei00w49oeiikhs2mi4ossqz2s
451
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2018-06-30T23:17:39Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
451
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Widzhul (Widzhul: ''vисола иvапатариисо'') is a Kanteric language spoken in the Looneyland state of Widzhul. According to the 1996 Keterwebi Company, there are 13,000 people sepaking Widzhul. Widzhul is one of the official languages of Widzhul State along with Looneylandian Portuguese.
== Written language ==
Before 1930, Widzhul did not use an alphabet, it used Chinese characters. In the 1930, the first alphabet was devised by Kenker Lidimba and was in Latin script. In 1938, a Cyrillic alphabet displaced the Latin. Cyrillic remains in use for Widzhul.
The native word for "alphabet" is ''кӧкоӈо'', which is from the Vietnamese word ''Quốc ngữ'' meaning "language script".
=== Alphabets ===
==== Cyrillic (1945-present) ====
{| class="wikitable"
!А а
!Б б
!В в
!Г г
!Д д
!Е е
!Ә ә
!Ж ж
!З з
!И и
!К к
!Ӄ ӄ
!Л л
!Ԓ ԓ
!М м
!Н н
!Ӈ ӈ
!О о
|-
|/a/
|/pʰ/, /b/*
|/v/*
|/ɟ/
|/tʰ/, /d/*
|/e/, /ʲe/*
|/æ/
|/ʒ/*
|/z/*
|/i/
|/k/
|/kʰ/
|/l/
|/ɬ/
|/m/
|/n/
|/ŋ/
|/u/
|-
!Ӧ ӧ
!Ө ө
!П п
!Р р
!С с
!Т т
!У у
!V v
!Ф ф
!Х х
!Ц ц
!Ч ч
!Џ џ
!
Ш ш
!
Щ щ
!
Ъ ъ
!
Ы ы
!
Ь ь
|-
|/o/
|/œ/
|/p/
|/ʁ/, /ʀ/, /r/
|/s/
|/t/
|/œː/, /u/*
|/w/
|/f/*
|/h/
|/s/*
|/tʃ/
|/dʒ/
|/ʃ/
|/ʃː/*
|/~/
|/ɨ/
|/j/*
|-
!Э э
!Є є
!Ю ю
!Я я
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|/e/*
|/eː/
|/uː/, /ʲu/*
|/aː/, /ʲa/*
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
The letters В, Ж, З, Ф, Ц, Щ, Ь and Э, as well as Б, Д, Е, Р, У, Ю and Я denoting the sounds /b d je r u ju ja/ respectively are only found in Russian loanwords.
==== Latin (1930-1938) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+VIZOLA KЄKONGO - O alfabeto latino da escrita de vizhula (1932)
!
A a
!
B ʙ
!Ç ç
!
D d
!E e
!Ə ə
!Є є
!F f
!G g
!H h
!I i
!J j
!K k
|-
|А а
|Б б
|Ч ч
|Д д
|Е е/Э э
|Ә ә
|Є є/Ӧ ӧ
|Ф ф
|Г г
|Х х
|И и
|Џ џ
|К к
|-
!L l
!
Ļ ļ
!
M m
!
N n
!
О о
!P p
!R r
!
S s
!
Ş ş
!
Ꞩ ꞩ
!T t
!
U u
!V v
|-
|Л л
|Ԓ ԓ
|М м
|Н н
|O o
|П п
|Р р
|С с/Ц ц
|Ш ш
|Щ щ
|Т т
|У у/Ө ө
|В в/V v
|-
!Z z
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ь ь
!''ia''
!''ie''
!''iu''
!''kk''
!''ng''
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|З з
|Ж ж
|Ы ы
|Я я
|Е е
|Ю ю
|Ӄ ӄ
|Ӈ ӈ
|
|
|
|
|
|}
onbzy7938b735qjmcwnvx1sgd3ekaj0
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451
2018-07-10T02:52:55Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
466
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Widzhul (Widzhul: ''vисола иvапатариисо'') is a Kanteric language spoken in the Looneyland state of Widzhul. According to the 1996 Keterwebi Company, there are 13,000 people sepaking Widzhul. Widzhul is one of the official languages of Widzhul State along with Looneylandian Portuguese.
== Written language ==
Before 1930, Widzhul did not use an alphabet, it used Chinese characters. In the 1930, the first alphabet was devised by Kenker Lidimba and was in Latin script. In 1938, the use of Latin alphabet was suppressed in preference to katakana. In 1945, a Cyrillic alphabet was created, and Cyrillic remains in use for Widzhul.
The native word for "alphabet" is ''кӧкоӈо'', which is from the Vietnamese word ''Quốc ngữ'' meaning "language script".
=== Alphabets ===
==== Cyrillic (1945-present) ====
{| class="wikitable"
!А а
!Б б
!В в
!Г г
!Д д
!Е е
!Ә ә
!Ж ж
!З з
!И и
!К к
!Ӄ ӄ
!Л л
!Ԓ ԓ
!М м
!Н н
!Ӈ ӈ
!О о
|-
|/a/
|/pʰ/, /b/*
|/v/*
|/ɟ/
|/tʰ/, /d/*
|/e/, /ʲe/*
|/æ/
|/ʒ/*
|/z/*
|/i/
|/k/
|/kʰ/
|/l/
|/ɬ/
|/m/
|/n/
|/ŋ/
|/u/
|-
!Ӧ ӧ
!Ө ө
!П п
!Р р
!С с
!Т т
!У у
!V v
!Ф ф
!Х х
!Ц ц
!Ч ч
!Џ џ
!
Ш ш
!
Щ щ
!
Ъ ъ
!
Ы ы
!
Ь ь
|-
|/o/
|/œ/
|/p/
|/ʁ/, /ʀ/, /r/
|/s/
|/t/
|/œː/, /u/*
|/w/
|/f/*
|/h/
|/s/*
|/tʃ/
|/dʒ/
|/ʃ/
|/ʃː/*
|/~/
|/ɨ/
|/j/*
|-
!Э э
!Є є
!Ю ю
!Я я
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|/e/*
|/eː/
|/uː/, /ʲu/*
|/aː/, /ʲa/*
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
The letters В, Ж, З, Ф, Ц, Щ, Ь and Э, as well as Б, Д, Е, Р, У, Ю and Я denoting the sounds /b d je r u ju ja/ respectively are only used in loanwords.
==== Latin (1930-1938) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+VIZOLA KЄKONGO - O alfabeto latino da escrita de vizhula (1932)
!
A a
!
B ʙ
!Ç ç
!
D d
!E e
!Ə ə
!Є є
!F f
!G g
!H h
!I i
!J j
!K k
|-
|А а
|Б б
|Ч ч
|Д д
|Е е/Э э
|Ә ә
|Є є/Ӧ ӧ
|Ф ф
|Г г
|Х х
|И и
|Џ џ
|К к
|-
!L l
!
Ļ ļ
!
M m
!
N n
!
О о
!P p
!R r
!
S s
!
Ş ş
!
Ꞩ ꞩ
!T t
!
U u
!V v
|-
|Л л
|Ԓ ԓ
|М м
|Н н
|O o
|П п
|Р р
|С с/Ц ц
|Ш ш
|Щ щ
|Т т
|У у/Ө ө
|В в/V v
|-
!Z z
!Ƶ ƶ
!Ь ь
!''ia''
!''ie''
!''iu''
!''kk''
!''ng''
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|З з
|Ж ж
|Ы ы
|Я я
|Е е
|Ю ю
|Ӄ ӄ
|Ӈ ӈ
|
|
|
|
|
|}
t2m3996dysa5li3alwnq6on0r56jy25
Written Teishulne
0
228
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2018-05-26T02:28:08Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "Teishulne is written with Chinese characters and Tifinagh, with no spaces. Tifinagh letters constitute an alphabet, while Chinese characters do not (all Chinese characters are..."
387
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Teishulne is written with Chinese characters and Tifinagh, with no spaces. Tifinagh letters constitute an alphabet, while Chinese characters do not (all Chinese characters are logograms).
== Tifinagh alphabet ==
The alphabet consists of ?? letters (all are consonants). Unlike the Latin alphabet, this alphabet does not contain vowels, instead the vowels should be marked with diacritics.
{| class="wikitable"
!
Transliteration
!IPA
!Teishulne Tifinagh
!Name
|-
|ª
|[ʔ] (initially) or ∅ (mid and finally)
|ⴰ
|
|-
|b
|[b]
|
|
|-
|b₁
|[β]
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|}
cobpipxvpq0k9l9vgg8bq64d9c6t68s
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
Teishulne is written with Chinese characters and Tifinagh, with no spaces. Tifinagh letters constitute an alphabet, while Chinese characters do not (all Chinese characters are logograms).
== Tifinagh alphabet ==
The alphabet consists of ?? letters (all are consonants). Unlike the Latin alphabet, this alphabet does not contain vowels, instead the vowels should be marked with diacritics.
{| class="wikitable"
!
Transliteration
!IPA
!Teishulne Tifinagh
|-
|ª
|[ʔ] (initially) or ∅ (mid and finally)
|ⴰ
|-
|b
|[b]
|ⴱ
|-
|p
|[p]
|ⵒ
|-
|p²
|[pʰ]
|ⴲ
|-
|m
|[m]
|ⵎ
|-
|f
|[f]
|ⴼ
|-
|d
|[t]
|ⴷ
|-
|d²
|[d]
|ⴸ
|-
|t
|[tʰ]
|ⵝ
|-
|n
|[n]
|ⵏ
|-
|ng
|[ŋ]
|ⵐ
|-
|l
|[l]
|ⵍ
|-
|l²
|[ɫ]
|ⵆ
|-
|g
|[k]
|ⴳ
|-
|ĝ
|[g]
|ⴴ
|-
|k
|[kʰ]
|ⴾ
|-
|h
|[h]
|ⵀ
|-
|j
|[ʒ]
|ⵋ
|-
|q
|[dʒ]
|ⴵ
|-
|h³
|[x]
|ⴿ
|-
|x
|[tʃ]
|ⵞ
|-
|z’
|[dz]
|ⵥ
|-
|c’
|[ts]
|ⵚ
|-
|s’
|[ʃ]
|ⵛ
|-
|r
|[χ~q]
|ⵔ
|-
|z
|[z]
|ⵣ
|-
|c
|[k~s]
|ⵊ
|-
|s
|[s]
|ⵙ
|-
|s²
|[sˤ]
|ⵇ
|-
|h⁴
|[ħ]
|ⵃ
|-
|d³
|[ð]
|ⴶ
|}
ojp5izw9ksz5uovn00t08s3ho22c0a0
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29625957
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
Teishulne is written with Chinese characters and Tifinagh, with no spaces. Tifinagh letters constitute an alphabet, while Chinese characters do not (all Chinese characters are logograms).
== Tifinagh alphabet ==
The alphabet consists of 31 letters (all are consonants). Unlike the Latin alphabet, this alphabet does not contain vowels, instead the vowels should be marked with diacritics.
The final letter of the alphabet, ''d³'' (Teishulne Tifinagh ⴶ), is used only in loanwords and certain native words - other words are never written with ''d³''.
{| class="wikitable"
!
Transliteration
!IPA
!Teishulne Tifinagh
|-
|ª
|[ʔ] (initially) or ∅ (mid and finally)
|ⴰ
|-
|b
|[b]
|ⴱ
|-
|p
|[p]
|ⵒ
|-
|p²
|[pʰ]
|ⴲ
|-
|m
|[m]
|ⵎ
|-
|f
|[f]
|ⴼ
|-
|d
|[t]
|ⴷ
|-
|d²
|[d]
|ⴸ
|-
|t
|[tʰ]
|ⵝ
|-
|n
|[n]
|ⵏ
|-
|ng
|[ŋ]
|ⵐ
|-
|l
|[l]
|ⵍ
|-
|l²
|[ɫ]
|ⵆ
|-
|g
|[k]
|ⴳ
|-
|ĝ
|[g]
|ⴴ
|-
|k
|[kʰ]
|ⴾ
|-
|h
|[h]
|ⵀ
|-
|j
|[ʒ]
|ⵋ
|-
|q
|[dʒ]
|ⴵ
|-
|h³
|[x]
|ⴿ
|-
|x
|[tʃ]
|ⵞ
|-
|z’
|[dz]
|ⵥ
|-
|c’
|[ts]
|ⵚ
|-
|s’
|[ʃ]
|ⵛ
|-
|r
|[χ~q]
|ⵔ
|-
|z
|[z]
|ⵣ
|-
|c
|[k~s]
|ⵊ
|-
|s
|[s]
|ⵙ
|-
|y
|[j]
|ⵢ
|-
|w
|[w]
|ⵡ
|-
|s²
|[sˤ]
|ⵇ
|-
|h⁴
|[ħ]
|ⵃ
|-
|d³
|[ð]
|ⴶ
|}
2m1lnebzapwjlyny4uuolve76owaatb
Wuntai's numeration
0
139
200
2018-03-31T05:47:05Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "Wuntai's numeration is a numeral system developed by Genton Wuntai, that uses Tai Le letters as numerals. It was found only in Taigenterai Language. The 2003 set used tone le..."
200
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Wuntai's numeration is a numeral system developed by Genton Wuntai, that uses Tai Le letters as numerals. It was found only in Taigenterai Language.
The 2003 set used tone letters to represent 500 to 900.
{| class="article-table"
!Numeric value
!1895 (archaic)
!1963 (classic)
!2003 (modern)
|-
|1
|ᥐ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ᥐ</span>
|ᥐ′
|-
|2
|ᥑ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ᥑ</span>
|ᥑ′
|-
|3
|ᥒ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ᥒ</span>
|ᥒ′
|-
|4
|ᥓ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ᥓ</span>
|ᥓ′
|-
|5
|ᥔ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ᥔ</span>
|ᥔ′
|-
|6
|ᥕ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ᥕ</span>
|ᥕ′
|-
|7
|ᥖ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ᥖ</span>
|ᥖ′
|-
|8
|ᥗ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ᥗ</span>
|ᥗ′
|-
|9
|ᥘ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ᥘ</span>
|ᥘ′
|-
|10
|ᥙ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ᥙ</span>
|ᥙ′
|-
|20
|ᥚ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ᥚ</span>
|ᥚ′
|-
|30
|ᥛ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ᥛ</span>
|ᥛ′
|-
|40
|ᥜ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ᥜ</span>
|ᥜ′
|-
|50
|ᥝ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ᥝ</span>
|ᥝ′
|-
|60
|ᥞ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ᥞ</span>
|ᥞ′
|-
|70
|ᥟ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ᥟ</span>
|ᥟ′
|-
|80
|ᥠ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ᥠ</span>
|ᥠ′
|-
|90
|ᥡ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ᥡ</span>
|ᥡ′
|-
|100
|ᥢ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ᥢ</span>
|ᥢ′
|-
|200
|ᥣ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ᥣ</span>
|ᥣ′
|-
|300
|ᥤ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ᥤ</span>
|ᥤ′
|-
|400
|ᥥ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ᥥ</span>
|ᥥ′
|-
|500
|ᥦ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ᥦ</span>
|ᥰ′
|-
|600
|ᥧ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ᥧ</span>
|ᥱ′
|-
|700
|ᥪ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ᥪ</span>
|ᥲ′
|-
|800
|ᥩ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ᥩ</span>
|ᥳ′
|-
|900
|ᥭ
|<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ᥭ</span>
|ᥴ′
|-
|1000
|⁘ᥐ
|ᥐ̈
|ᥐ″
|-
|2000
|⁘ᥑ
|ᥑ̈
|ᥑ″
|-
|3000
|⁘ᥒ
|ᥒ̈
|ᥒ″
|-
|4000
|⁘ᥓ
|ᥓ̈
|ᥓ″
|-
|5000
|⁘ᥔ
|ᥔ̈
|ᥔ″
|-
|6000
|⁘ᥕ
|ᥕ̈
|ᥕ″
|-
|7000
|⁘ᥖ
|ᥖ̈
|ᥖ″
|-
|8000
|⁘ᥗ
|ᥗ̈
|ᥗ″
|-
|9000
|⁘ᥘ
|ᥘ̈
|ᥘ″
|}
== Examples ==
* 7166 = ᥖ″ᥢᥞᥕ′ (modern) = ᥖ̈<span style="text-decoration: overline;">ᥢᥞᥕ</span> (classic) = ⁘ᥖᥢᥞᥕ (archaic)
1ahhrnpfqwfe4ywuncou8wtvr7cjffo
Yanayi langauge
0
243
423
2018-06-15T08:42:15Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "Yanayi is a Gooperlandian language spoken in Yanayi state of Gooperland. == Writing system == Until 1913, Yanayi was written with Hangul. In late 1913 a Latin alphabet replac..."
423
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Yanayi is a Gooperlandian language spoken in Yanayi state of Gooperland.
== Writing system ==
Until 1913, Yanayi was written with Hangul. In late 1913 a Latin alphabet replaced Hangul. In 1938, Yanayi writing was abolished by Empire of Japan. In 1946, a Cyrillic alphabet was developed, and in 1982, a Latin alphabet became standard.
=== Latin alphabet, 1913–1938 ===
The Yanayi Latin alphabet of 1913 follows the ''ganada'' order rather than the standard order:
'''G, K, N, D, T, R, L, M, B, P, S, Ş, Ņ, J, Z, Ƶ, Ç, Ķ, Ţ, H, A, E, Ə, I, O, O͘, U, V, Y, Ь'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+L'alphabet langue du yanaye.
!G g
!K k
!N n
!D d
!T t
!R r
!L l
!M m
|-
|''G g''
|''K k''
|''N n''
|''D d''
|''T t''
|''R r''
|''L l''
|''M m''
|-
!B ʙ
!P p
!S s
!Ş ş
!Ņ ņ
!J j
!Z z
!Ƶ ƶ
|-
|''B ʙ''
|''P p''
|''S s''
|''Ş ş''
|''Ņ ņ''
|''J j''
|''Z z''
|''Ƶ ƶ''
|-
!Ç ç
!Ķ ķ
!Ţ ţ
!H h
!A a
!E e
!Ə ə
!I i
|-
|''Ç ç''
|''Ķ ķ''
|''Ţ ţ''
|''H h''
|''A a''
|''E e''
|''Ə ə''
|''I i''
|-
!O o
!O͘ o͘
!U u
!V v
!Y y
!Ь ь
!
!
|-
|''O o''
|''O͘ o͘''
|''U u''
|''V v''
|''Y y''
|''Ь ь''
|
|
|}
lxkripxvaakjt582f6b9tz487i1edu6
Yojinin language
0
246
430
2018-06-22T12:41:41Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "'''Yojinin language''' is a Looneylandian langauge spoken in the Yojinin State of Looneyland, and it is official there along with Looneylandian Spanish. According to Language ..."
430
wikitext
text/x-wiki
'''Yojinin language''' is a Looneylandian langauge spoken in the Yojinin State of Looneyland, and it is official there along with Looneylandian Spanish. According to Language Data of Looneyland, there are 956,712 speakers. Cyrillic is the official script of Yojinin.
== Distribution ==
Yojinin is official in Yojinin State and is one of the two languages official in Yojinin State, the other being Spanish.
Since then, Yojinin langauage is taught in schools in Yojinin State.
== Writing system ==
From 1520 until 1926, Yojinin was written with Arabic alphabet, and Chinese characters previous to that. In 1926, a Latin alphabet was adopted, but in 1938, the Latin alphabet for Yojinin was suppressed in preference to katakana (along with the other Latinised alphabets of Looneyland). In 1946, Yojinin began to be appear in Cyrillic.
Currently, Cyrillic is the only official script in use for Yojinin.
'''Latin alphabet (1926-1938)'''
ᴀ ʙ c ↄ ʕ ᴅ ᴇ e ə f ɟ g ǥ ɧ i ɩ y k ꝁ ʀ қ l ƚ ⱡ ᴍ ɴ n ɲ o p m q ɋ r s š ʖ ʃ ʗ ħ t ʈ ѣ u ɯ ᴝ v x χ ↄc z ⱬ з г г̌ ɿ ɼ ɽ ɺ ɻ ɹ ʅ ʆ ɭ ɬ ᴤ ʇ ʞ ᵷ d đ ɖ h w ω
'''Comparison (Latin+Cyrillic+Arabic)'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Cyrillic
!IPA
!Latin
!Arabic
!Letter name (Arabic)
|-
|А а
|
|ᴀ
|ا
|
|-
|Б б
|
|ʙ
|ب
|
|-
|В в
|
|w
|و
|
|-
|Г г
|
|g
|گ
|
|-
|Гу гу
|
|gv
|گو
|
|-
|Гъ гъ
|
|г
|غ
|
|-
|Гъу гъу
|
|гv
|غو
|
|-
|ГI гI
|
|ᵷ
|ع
|
|-
|ГIу гIу
|
|ᵷv
|عو
|
|-
|ГIъ гIъ
|
|ɻ
|ق
|
|-
|ГIъу гIъу
|
|ɻv
|قو
|
|-
|Д д
|
|ᴅ
|د
|
|-
|ДI дI
|
|d
|ذ
|
|-
|Дж дж
|
|ǥ
|ج
|
|-
|Дз дз
|
|з
|دز
|
|-
|Дзу дзу
|
|зv
|دزو
|
|-
|ДжI джI
|
|ɺ
|ݞ
|
|-
|ДзI дзI
|
|ɿ
|ݞو
|
|-
|Е е
|
|e
|ﺉ
|
|-
|Ё ё
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ж ж
|
|ⱬ
|ژ
|
|-
|Жъ жъ
|
|ʆ
|ظ
|
|-
|Жъу жъу
|
|ʆv
|ظو
|
|-
|Жь жь
|
|ɭ
|زظ
|
|-
|ЖьI жьI
|
|ᴤ
|ډ
|
|-
|З з
|
|z
|ز
|
|-
|И и
|
|i
|اٖى
|
|-
|ИI иI
|
|ɩ
|ىٓ
|
|-
|Й й
|
|y
|ي
|
|-
|К к
|
|k
|ك
|
|-
|Ку ку
|
|kv
|كو
|
|-
|Къ къ
|
|q
|ق
|
|-
|Къу къу
|
|qv
|قو
|
|-
|Кӏ кӏ
|
|қ
|كݞ
|
|-
|Кӏу кӏу
|
|ʀ
|رݞ
|
|-
|Кь кь
|
|ʞ
|كي
|
|-
|Л л
|
|l
|ل
|
|-
|Лу лу
|
|ɬ
|لو
|
|-
|Лъ лъ
|
|ƚ
|لل
|
|-
|Лӏ лӏ
|
|ⱡ
|له
|
|-
|М м
|
|ᴍ
|م
|
|-
|Н н
|
|ɴ
|ن
|
|-
|Ң ң
|
|n
|ڭ
|
|-
|Ԋ ԋ
|
|ɲ
|ڽ
|
|-
|О о
|
|o
|ؤ
|
|-
|П п
|
|p
|پ
|
|-
|Пӏ пӏ
|
|ʅ
|پع
|
|-
|Пӏу пӏу
|
|ʅv
|پعو
|
|-
|Р р
|
|r
|ر
|
|-
|РI рI
|
|ɹ
|رر
|
|-
|С с
|
|s
|س
|
|-
|СI сI
|
|ɽ
|سع
|
|-
|Су су
|
|ɼ
|سو
|
|-
|Т т
|
|t
|ت
|
|-
|Тӏ тӏ
|
|ʈ
|ٺ
|
|-
|Тӏу тӏу
|
|ʈv
|ٺو
|
|-
|Тӏъ тӏъ
|
|ѣ
|ط
|
|-
|Тӏъу тӏъу
|
|ѣv
|طو
|
|-
|У у
|
|u
|ۆ
|
|-
|Ү ү
|
|ɯ
|ۆو
|
|-
|Ұ ұ
|
|ᴝ
|<big>ے</big>
|
|-
|Ф ф
|
|f
|ف
|
|-
|ФI фI
|
|ɟ
|فع
|
|-
|Х х
|
|x
|خ
|
|-
|Ху ху
|
|xv
|خو
|
|-
|Хъ хъ
|
|χ
|خخ
|
|-
|Хъу хъу
|
|χv
|خخو
|
|-
|ХI хI
|
|ↄc
|خه
|
|-
|ХIу хIу
|
|ↄcv
|خهو
|
|-
|Хь хь
|
|ɧ
|ح
|
|-
|Ц ц
|
|c
|ص
|
|-
|ЦI цI
|
|ↄ
|صع
|
|-
|Цъ цъ
|
|ʕ
|صغ
|
|-
|Ч ч
|
|ꝁ
|چ
|
|-
|Чӏ чӏ
|
|đ
|چع
|
|-
|Чъ чъ
|
|ɖ
|چغ
|
|-
|Ш ш
|
|m
|ش
|
|-
|Шъ шъ
|
|ħ
|شع
|
|-
|Шъу шъу
|
|ħv
|شعو
|
|-
|Шӏ шӏ
|
|š
|شش
|
|-
|Шӏу шӏу
|
|šv
|ششو
|
|-
|Щ щ
|
|ʃ
|شچ
|
|-
|ЩI щI
|
|ʖ
|شچع
|
|-
|Щъ щъ
|
|ʗ
|شچغ
|
|-
|Ъ ъ
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ы ы
|
|ə
|ݪ
|
|-
|Ь ь
|
|
|
|
|-
|Э э
|
|ᴇ
|ه
|
|-
|Ю ю
|
|yu
|يۆ
|
|-
|Я я
|
|yᴀ
|يا
|
|-
|I
|
|h
|ء
|
|-
|Iу
|
|hv
|ءو
|
|}
oy8iwonsrklcsi8apaw7fdcp08ns3s5
431
430
2018-06-23T00:24:32Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
431
wikitext
text/x-wiki
'''Yojinin language''' is a Looneylandian langauge spoken in the Yojinin State of Looneyland, and it is official there along with Looneylandian Spanish. According to Language Data of Looneyland, there are 956,712 speakers. Cyrillic is the official script of Yojinin.
== Distribution ==
Yojinin is official in Yojinin State and is one of the two languages official in Yojinin State, the other being Spanish.
Since then, Yojinin langauage is taught in schools in Yojinin State.
== Writing system ==
From 1520 until 1926, Yojinin was written with Arabic alphabet, and Chinese characters previous to that. In 1926, a Latin alphabet was adopted, but in 1938, the Latin alphabet for Yojinin was suppressed in preference to katakana (along with the other Latinised alphabets of Looneyland). In 1946, Yojinin began to be appear in Cyrillic.
Currently, Cyrillic is the only official script in use for Yojinin.
'''Latin alphabet (1926-1938)'''
ᴀ ʙ c ↄ ʕ ᴅ ᴇ e ə f ɟ g ǥ ɧ i ɩ y k ꝁ ʀ қ l ƚ ⱡ ᴍ ɴ n ɲ o p m q ɋ r s š ʖ ʃ ʗ ħ t ʈ ѣ u ɯ ᴝ v x χ ↄc z ⱬ з г г̌ ɿ ɼ ɽ ɺ ɻ ɹ ʅ ʆ ɭ ɬ ᴤ ʇ ʞ ᵷ d đ ɖ h w ω
'''Comparison (Latin+Cyrillic+Arabic)'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Cyrillic
!IPA
!Latin
!Arabic
!Letter name (Arabic)
|-
|А а
|[æ]
|ᴀ
|ا
|
|-
|Б б
|[b]
|ʙ
|ب
|
|-
|В в
|[w]
|w
|و
|
|-
|Г г
|[g]
|g
|گ
|
|-
|Гу гу
|[gʷ]
|gv
|گو
|
|-
|Гъ гъ
|[ɣ]
|г
|غ
|
|-
|Гъу гъу
|[ɣʷ]
|гv
|غو
|
|-
|ГI гI
|[ɢ]
|ᵷ
|ع
|
|-
|ГIу гIу
|[ɢʷ]
|ᵷv
|عو
|
|-
|ГIъ гIъ
|[qˤ]
|ɻ
|ق
|
|-
|ГIъу гIъу
|[qˤʷ]
|ɻv
|قو
|
|-
|Д д
|[d]
|ᴅ
|د
|
|-
|ДI дI
|[ð]
|d
|ذ
|
|-
|Дж дж
|[dʒ]
|ǥ
|ج
|
|-
|Дз дз
|[dz]
|з
|دز
|
|-
|Дзу дзу
|[dzʷ]
|зv
|دزو
|
|-
|ДжI джI
|[d̼]
|ɺ
|ݞ
|
|-
|ДзI дзI
|[t̼]
|ɿ
|ݞو
|
|-
|Е е
|[e]
|e
|ﺉ
|
|-
|Ё ё
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ж ж
|[ʒ]
|ⱬ
|ژ
|
|-
|Жъ жъ
|[ʐ]
|ʆ
|ظ
|
|-
|Жъу жъу
|[ʐʷ]
|ʆv
|ظو
|
|-
|Жь жь
|[ç]
|ɭ
|زظ
|
|-
|ЖьI жьI
|[ʝ]
|ᴤ
|ډ
|
|-
|З з
|[z]
|z
|ز
|
|-
|И и
|[i]
|i
|اٖى
|
|-
|ИI иI
|[ɪ]
|ɩ
|ىٓ
|
|-
|Й й
|[j]
|y
|ي
|
|-
|К к
|[k]
|k
|ك
|
|-
|Ку ку
|[kʷ]
|kv
|كو
|
|-
|Къ къ
|[q]
|q
|ق
|
|-
|Къу къу
|[qʷ]
|qv
|قو
|
|-
|Кӏ кӏ
|[qχ]
|қ
|كݞ
|
|-
|Кӏу кӏу
|[qχʷ]
|ʀ
|رݞ
|
|-
|Кь кь
|[cç]
|ʞ
|كي
|
|-
|Л л
|[l]
|l
|ل
|
|-
|Лу лу
|[lʷ]
|ɬ
|لو
|
|-
|Лъ лъ
|[ɬ]
|ƚ
|لل
|
|-
|Лӏ лӏ
|[ɮ]
|ⱡ
|له
|
|-
|М м
|[m]
|ᴍ
|م
|
|-
|Н н
|[n]
|ɴ
|ن
|
|-
|Ң ң
|[ŋ]
|n
|ڭ
|
|-
|Ԋ ԋ
|[ɲ]
|ɲ
|ڽ
|
|-
|О о
|[o]
|o
|ؤ
|
|-
|Ө ө
|[ɔ]
|ω
|ؤؤ
|
|-
|П п
|[p]
|p
|پ
|
|-
|Пӏ пӏ
|[pʼ]
|ʅ
|پع
|
|-
|Пӏу пӏу
|[pʷʼ]
|ʅv
|پعو
|
|-
|Р р
|[ɹ̠]
|r
|ر
|
|-
|РI рI
|[ɰ]
|ɹ
|رر
|
|-
|С с
|[s]
|s
|س
|
|-
|СI сI
|[sʼ]
|ɽ
|سع
|
|-
|Су су
|[sʷ]
|ɼ
|سو
|
|-
|Т т
|[t]
|t
|ت
|
|-
|Тӏ тӏ
|[ʈ]
|ʈ
|ٺ
|
|-
|Тӏу тӏу
|[ʈʷ]
|ʈv
|ٺو
|
|-
|Тӏъ тӏъ
|[ð̼]
|ѣ
|ط
|
|-
|Тӏъу тӏъу
|[dʷ]
|ѣv
|طو
|
|-
|У у
|[u]
|u
|ۆ
|
|-
|Ү ү
|[ɯ]
|ɯ
|ۆو
|
|-
|Ұ ұ
|[ɤ]
|ᴝ
|<big>ے</big>
|
|-
|Ф ф
|[f]
|f
|ف
|
|-
|ФI фI
|[fʼ]
|ɟ
|فع
|
|-
|Х х
|[x]
|x
|خ
|
|-
|Ху ху
|[xʷ]
|xv
|خو
|
|-
|Хъ хъ
|[χ]
|χ
|خخ
|
|-
|Хъу хъу
|[χʷ]
|χv
|خخو
|
|-
|ХI хI
|[χʼ]
|ↄc
|خه
|
|-
|ХIу хIу
|[χʷʼ]
|ↄcv
|خهو
|
|-
|Хь хь
|[ħ]
|ɧ
|ح
|
|-
|Ц ц
|[ts]
|c
|ص
|
|-
|ЦI цI
|[tsʷ]
|ↄ
|صع
|
|-
|Цъ цъ
|[tsʼ]
|ʕ
|صغ
|
|-
|Ч ч
|[tʃ]
|ꝁ
|چ
|
|-
|Чӏ чӏ
|[tʃʷ]
|đ
|چع
|
|-
|Чъ чъ
|[ɖ]
|ɖ
|چغ
|
|-
|Ш ш
|[ʃ]
|m
|ش
|
|-
|Шъ шъ
|[ʃʼ]
|ħ
|شع
|
|-
|Шъу шъу
|[ʃʷʼ]
|ħv
|شعو
|
|-
|Шӏ шӏ
|[ɕ]
|š
|شش
|
|-
|Шӏу шӏу
|[ɕʷ]
|šv
|ششو
|
|-
|Щ щ
|[ʃtʃ]
|ʃ
|شچ
|
|-
|ЩI щI
|[ʃtʃʷ]
|ʖ
|شچع
|
|-
|Щъ щъ
|[ʃt̼]
|ʗ
|شچغ
|
|-
|Ъ ъ
|[.]
|
|
|
|-
|Ы ы
|[ə]
|ə
|ݪ
|
|-
|Ь ь
|[ʲ]
|
|
|
|-
|Э э
|[ɑ]
|ᴇ
|ه
|
|-
|Ю ю
|[ju]
|yu
|يۆ
|
|-
|Я я
|[jæ]
|yᴀ
|يا
|
|-
|I
|[ʔ]
|h
|ء
|
|-
|Iу
|[ʔʷ]
|hv
|ءو
|
|}
9fyg7jjrjdguitgwxeueahfu7z31dcj
432
431
2018-06-23T01:12:33Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
432
wikitext
text/x-wiki
'''Yojinin language''' is a Looneylandian langauge spoken in the Yojinin State of Looneyland, and it is official there along with Looneylandian Spanish. According to Language Data of Looneyland, there are 956,712 speakers. Cyrillic is the official script of Yojinin.
== Distribution ==
Yojinin is official in Yojinin State and is one of the two languages official in Yojinin State, the other being Spanish.
Since then, Yojinin langauage is taught in schools in Yojinin State.
== Writing system ==
From 1520 until 1926, Yojinin was written with Arabic alphabet, and Chinese characters previous to that. In 1926, a Latin alphabet was adopted, but in 1938, the Latin alphabet for Yojinin was suppressed in preference to katakana (along with the other Latinised alphabets of Looneyland). In 1946, Yojinin began to be appear in Cyrillic.
Currently, Cyrillic is the only official script in use for Yojinin.
'''Latin alphabet (1926-1938)'''
ᴀ ʙ c ↄ ʕ ᴅ ᴇ e ə f ɟ g ǥ ɧ i ɩ y k ꝁ ʀ қ l ƚ ⱡ ᴍ ɴ n ɲ o p m q ɋ r s š ʖ ʃ ʗ ħ t ʈ ѣ u ɯ ᴝ v x χ ↄc z ⱬ з г г̌ ɿ ɼ ɽ ɺ ɻ ɹ ʅ ʆ ɭ ɬ ᴤ ʇ ʞ ᵷ d đ ɖ h w ω
'''Comparison (Latin+Cyrillic+Arabic)'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Cyrillic
!IPA
!Latin
!Arabic
!Letter name (Arabic)
|-
|А а
|[æ]
|ᴀ
|ا
|
|-
|Б б
|[b]
|ʙ
|ب
|
|-
|В в
|[w]
|w
|و
|
|-
|Г г
|[g]
|g
|گ
|
|-
|Гу гу
|[gʷ]
|gv
|گو
|
|-
|Гъ гъ
|[ɣ]
|г
|غ
|
|-
|Гъу гъу
|[ɣʷ]
|гv
|غو
|
|-
|ГI гI
|[ɢ]
|ᵷ
|ع
|
|-
|ГIу гIу
|[ɢʷ]
|ᵷv
|عو
|
|-
|ГIъ гIъ
|[qˤ]
|ɻ
|ق
|
|-
|ГIъу гIъу
|[qˤʷ]
|ɻv
|قو
|
|-
|Д д
|[d]
|ᴅ
|د
|
|-
|ДI дI
|[ð]
|d
|ذ
|
|-
|Дж дж
|[dʒ]
|ǥ
|ج
|
|-
|Дз дз
|[dz]
|з
|دز
|
|-
|Дзу дзу
|[dzʷ]
|зv
|دزو
|
|-
|ДжI джI
|[d̼]
|ɺ
|ݞ
|
|-
|ДзI дзI
|[t̼]
|ɿ
|ݞو
|
|-
|ДзIъ дзIъ
|[dˤ]
|г̌
|ذظ
|
|-
|Е е
|[e]
|e
|ﺉ
|
|-
|Ё ё
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ж ж
|[ʒ]
|ⱬ
|ژ
|
|-
|Жъ жъ
|[ʐ]
|ʆ
|ظ
|
|-
|Жъу жъу
|[ʐʷ]
|ʆv
|ظو
|
|-
|Жь жь
|[ç]
|ɭ
|زظ
|
|-
|ЖьI жьI
|[ʝ]
|ᴤ
|ډ
|
|-
|З з
|[z]
|z
|ز
|
|-
|И и
|[i]
|i
|اٖى
|
|-
|ИI иI
|[ɪ]
|ɩ
|ىٓ
|
|-
|Й й
|[j]
|y
|ي
|
|-
|К к
|[k]
|k
|ك
|
|-
|Ку ку
|[kʷ]
|kv
|كو
|
|-
|Къ къ
|[q]
|q
|ق
|
|-
|Къу къу
|[qʷ]
|qv
|قو
|
|-
|Кӏ кӏ
|[qχ]
|қ
|كݞ
|
|-
|Кӏу кӏу
|[qχʷ]
|ʀ
|رݞ
|
|-
|Кь кь
|[cç]
|ʞ
|كي
|
|-
|Л л
|[l]
|l
|ل
|
|-
|Лу лу
|[lʷ]
|ɬ
|لو
|
|-
|Лъ лъ
|[ɬ]
|ƚ
|لل
|
|-
|Лӏ лӏ
|[ɮ]
|ⱡ
|له
|
|-
|М м
|[m]
|ᴍ
|م
|
|-
|Н н
|[n]
|ɴ
|ن
|
|-
|Ң ң
|[ŋ]
|n
|ڭ
|
|-
|Ԋ ԋ
|[ɲ]
|ɲ
|ڽ
|
|-
|О о
|[o]
|o
|ؤ
|
|-
|Ө ө
|[ɔ]
|ω
|ؤؤ
|
|-
|П п
|[p]
|p
|پ
|
|-
|Пӏ пӏ
|[pʼ]
|ʅ
|پع
|
|-
|Пӏу пӏу
|[pʷʼ]
|ʅv
|پعو
|
|-
|Р р
|[ɹ̠]
|r
|ر
|
|-
|РI рI
|[ɰ]
|ɹ
|رر
|
|-
|С с
|[s]
|s
|س
|
|-
|СI сI
|[sʼ]
|ɽ
|سع
|
|-
|Су су
|[sʷ]
|ɼ
|سو
|
|-
|Т т
|[t]
|t
|ت
|
|-
|Тӏ тӏ
|[ʈ]
|ʈ
|ٺ
|
|-
|Тӏу тӏу
|[ʈʷ]
|ʈv
|ٺو
|
|-
|Тӏъ тӏъ
|[ð̼]
|ѣ
|ط
|
|-
|Тӏъу тӏъу
|[dʷ]
|ѣv
|طو
|
|-
|У у
|[u]
|u
|ۆ
|
|-
|Ү ү
|[ɯ]
|ɯ
|ۆو
|
|-
|Ұ ұ
|[ɤ]
|ᴝ
|<big>ے</big>
|
|-
|Ф ф
|[f]
|f
|ف
|
|-
|ФI фI
|[fʼ]
|ɟ
|فع
|
|-
|Х х
|[x]
|x
|خ
|
|-
|Ху ху
|[xʷ]
|xv
|خو
|
|-
|Хъ хъ
|[χ]
|χ
|خخ
|
|-
|Хъу хъу
|[χʷ]
|χv
|خخو
|
|-
|ХI хI
|[χʼ]
|ↄc
|خه
|
|-
|ХIу хIу
|[χʷʼ]
|ↄcv
|خهو
|
|-
|Хь хь
|[ħ]
|ɧ
|ح
|
|-
|Ц ц
|[ts]
|c
|ص
|
|-
|ЦI цI
|[tsʷ]
|ↄ
|صع
|
|-
|Цъ цъ
|[tsʼ]
|ʕ
|صغ
|
|-
|Ч ч
|[tʃ]
|ꝁ
|چ
|
|-
|Чӏ чӏ
|[tʃʷ]
|đ
|چع
|
|-
|Чъ чъ
|[ɖ]
|ɖ
|چغ
|
|-
|Ш ш
|[ʃ]
|m
|ش
|
|-
|Шъ шъ
|[ʃʼ]
|ħ
|شع
|
|-
|Шъу шъу
|[ʃʷʼ]
|ħv
|شعو
|
|-
|Шӏ шӏ
|[ɕ]
|š
|شش
|
|-
|Шӏу шӏу
|[ɕʷ]
|šv
|ششو
|
|-
|Щ щ
|[ʃtʃ]
|ʃ
|شچ
|
|-
|ЩI щI
|[ʃtʃʷ]
|ʖ
|شچع
|
|-
|Щъ щъ
|[ʃt̼]
|ʗ
|شچغ
|
|-
|Ъ ъ
|[.]
|
|
|
|-
|Ы ы
|[ə]
|ə
|ݪ
|
|-
|Ь ь
|[ʲ]
|
|
|
|-
|Э э
|[ɑ]
|ᴇ
|ه
|
|-
|Ю ю
|[ju]
|yu
|يۆ
|
|-
|Я я
|[jæ]
|yᴀ
|يا
|
|-
|I
|[ʔ]
|h
|ء
|
|-
|Iу
|[ʔʷ]
|hv
|ءو
|
|}
nblar6kny1rexqqxibd7hjxbltgrjxq
433
432
2018-06-23T04:12:22Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
433
wikitext
text/x-wiki
'''Yojinin language''' is a Looneylandian langauge spoken in the Yojinin State of Looneyland, and it is official there along with Looneylandian Spanish. According to Language Data of Looneyland, there are 956,712 speakers. Cyrillic is the official script of Yojinin.
== Distribution ==
Yojinin is official in Yojinin State and is one of the two languages official in Yojinin State, the other being Spanish.
Since then, Yojinin langauage is taught in schools in Yojinin State.
== Writing system ==
From 1520 until 1926, Yojinin was written with Arabic alphabet, and Chinese characters previous to that. In 1926, a Latin alphabet was adopted, but in 1938, the Latin alphabet for Yojinin was suppressed in preference to katakana (along with the other Latinised alphabets of Looneyland). In 1946, Yojinin began to be appear in Cyrillic.
Currently, Cyrillic is the only official script in use for Yojinin.
'''Latin alphabet (1926-1938)'''
ᴀ ʙ c ↄ ʕ ᴅ ᴇ e ə f ɟ g ǥ ɧ i ɩ y k ꝁ ʀ қ l ƚ ⱡ ᴍ ɴ n ɲ o p m q ɋ r s š ʖ ʃ ʗ ħ t ʈ ѣ u ɯ ᴝ v x χ ↄc z ⱬ з г г̌ ɿ ɼ ɽ ɺ ɻ ɹ ʅ ʆ ɭ ɬ ᴤ ʇ ʞ ᵷ d đ ɖ h w ω
'''Comparison (Latin+Cyrillic+Arabic)'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Cyrillic
!IPA
!Latin
!Arabic
!Letter name (Arabic)
|-
|А а
|[æ]
|ᴀ
|ا
|
|-
|Б б
|[b]
|ʙ
|ب
|
|-
|В в
|[w]
|w
|و
|
|-
|Г г
|[g]
|g
|گ
|
|-
|Гу гу
|[gʷ]
|gv
|گو
|
|-
|Гъ гъ
|[ɣ]
|г
|غ
|
|-
|Гъу гъу
|[ɣʷ]
|гv
|غو
|
|-
|ГI гI
|[ɢ]
|ᵷ
|ع
|
|-
|ГIу гIу
|[ɢʷ]
|ᵷv
|عو
|
|-
|ГIъ гIъ
|[qˤ]
|ɻ
|ق
|
|-
|ГIъу гIъу
|[qˤʷ]
|ɻv
|قو
|
|-
|Д д
|[d]
|ᴅ
|د
|
|-
|ДI дI
|[ð]
|d
|ذ
|
|-
|Дж дж
|[dʒ]
|ǥ
|ج
|
|-
|Дз дз
|[dz]
|з
|دز
|
|-
|Дзу дзу
|[dzʷ]
|зv
|دزو
|
|-
|ДжI джI
|[d̼]
|ɺ
|ݞ
|
|-
|ДзI дзI
|[t̼]
|ɿ
|ݞو
|
|-
|ДзIъ дзIъ
|[dˤ]
|г̌
|ذظ
|
|-
|Е е
|[e]
|e
|ﺉ
|
|-
|Ё ё
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ж ж
|[ʒ]
|ⱬ
|ژ
|
|-
|Жъ жъ
|[ʐ]
|ʆ
|ظ
|
|-
|Жъу жъу
|[ʐʷ]
|ʆv
|ظو
|
|-
|Жь жь
|[ç]
|ɭ
|زظ
|
|-
|ЖьI жьI
|[ʝ]
|ᴤ
|ډ
|
|-
|З з
|[z]
|z
|ز
|
|-
|И и
|[i]
|i
|اٖى
|
|-
|ИI иI
|[ɪ]
|ɩ
|ىٓ
|
|-
|Й й
|[j]
|y
|ي
|
|-
|К к
|[k]
|k
|ك
|
|-
|Ку ку
|[kʷ]
|kv
|كو
|
|-
|Къ къ
|[q]
|q
|ق
|
|-
|Къу къу
|[qʷ]
|qv
|قو
|
|-
|Кӏ кӏ
|[qχ]
|қ
|كݞ
|
|-
|Кӏу кӏу
|[qχʷ]
|ʀ
|رݞ
|
|-
|Кь кь
|[cç]
|ʞ
|كي
|
|-
|Л л
|[l]
|l
|ل
|
|-
|Лу лу
|[lʷ]
|ɬ
|لو
|
|-
|Лъ лъ
|[ɬ]
|ƚ
|لل
|
|-
|Лӏ лӏ
|[ɮ]
|ⱡ
|له
|
|-
|М м
|[m]
|ᴍ
|م
|
|-
|Н н
|[n]
|ɴ
|ن
|
|-
|Ң ң
|[ŋ]
|n
|ڭ
|
|-
|Ԋ ԋ
|[ɲ]
|ɲ
|ڽ
|
|-
|О о
|[o]
|o
|ؤ
|
|-
|Ө ө
|[ɔ]
|ω
|ؤؤ
|
|-
|П п
|[p]
|p
|پ
|
|-
|Пӏ пӏ
|[pʼ]
|ʅ
|پع
|
|-
|Пӏу пӏу
|[pʷʼ]
|ʅv
|پعو
|
|-
|Р р
|[ɹ̠]
|r
|ر
|
|-
|РI рI
|[ɰ]
|ɹ
|رر
|
|-
|С с
|[s]
|s
|س
|
|-
|СI сI
|[sʼ]
|ɽ
|سع
|
|-
|Су су
|[sʷ]
|ɼ
|سو
|
|-
|Т т
|[t]
|t
|ت
|
|-
|Тӏ тӏ
|[ʈ]
|ʈ
|ٺ
|
|-
|Тӏу тӏу
|[ʈʷ]
|ʈv
|ٺو
|
|-
|Тӏъ тӏъ
|[ð̼]
|ѣ
|ط
|
|-
|Тӏъу тӏъу
|[dʷ]
|ѣv
|طو
|
|-
|У у
|[u]
|u
|ۆ
|
|-
|Ү ү
|[ɯ]
|ɯ
|ۆو
|
|-
|Ұ ұ
|[ɤ]
|ᴝ
|<big>ے</big>
|
|-
|Ф ф
|[f]
|f
|ف
|
|-
|ФI фI
|[fʼ]
|ɟ
|فع
|
|-
|Х х
|[x]
|x
|خ
|
|-
|Ху ху
|[xʷ]
|xv
|خو
|
|-
|Хъ хъ
|[χ]
|χ
|خخ
|
|-
|Хъу хъу
|[χʷ]
|χv
|خخو
|
|-
|ХI хI
|[χʼ]
|ↄc
|خه
|
|-
|ХIу хIу
|[χʷʼ]
|ↄcv
|خهو
|
|-
|Хь хь
|[ħ]
|ɧ
|ح
|
|-
|Ц ц
|[ts]
|c
|ص
|
|-
|ЦI цI
|[tsʷ]
|ↄ
|صع
|
|-
|Цъ цъ
|[tsʼ]
|ʕ
|صغ
|
|-
|Ч ч
|[tʃ]
|ꝁ
|چ
|
|-
|Чӏ чӏ
|[tʃʷ]
|đ
|چع
|
|-
|Чъ чъ
|[ɖ]
|ɖ
|چغ
|
|-
|Ш ш
|[ʃ]
|m
|ش
|
|-
|Шъ шъ
|[ʃʼ]
|ħ
|شع
|
|-
|Шъу шъу
|[ʃʷʼ]
|ħv
|شعو
|
|-
|Шӏ шӏ
|[ɕ]
|š
|شش
|
|-
|Шӏу шӏу
|[ɕʷ]
|šv
|ششو
|
|-
|Щ щ
|[ʃtʃ]
|ʃ
|شچ
|
|-
|ЩI щI
|[ʃtʃʷ]
|ʖ
|شچع
|
|-
|Щъ щъ
|[ʃt̼]
|ʗ
|شچغ
|
|-
|Ъ ъ
|[.]
|
|
|
|-
|Ы ы
|[ə]
|ə
|ݪ
|
|-
|Ь ь
|[ʲ]
|
|
|
|-
|Э э
|[ɑ]
|ᴇ
|ه
|
|-
|Ю ю
|[ju]
|yu
|يۆ
|
|-
|Я я
|[jæ]
|yᴀ
|يا
|
|-
|I
|[ʔ]
|h
|ء
|
|-
|Iу
|[ʔʷ]
|hv
|ءو
|
|}
Examples:
{| class="article-table"
!Yojinin, Cyrillic
!Yojinin, Latin
!IPA
!English
|-
|'''Жьада юджинэнии'''
|ɭᴀᴅᴀ yuǥiɴᴇɴii
|[çædæ judʒinɑniː]
|The Yojinin
|-
|'''рөящI'''
|rωyᴀʖ
|[ɹ̠ɔjæʃtʃʷ]
|people
|-
|'''гъютӏъешӏ'''
|гyuѣeš
|[ɣjuð̼eɕ]
|summer
|-
|'''фIыылдIе'''
|ɟəəlde
|[fʼəːlðe]
|winter
|-
|'''үүпӏе'''
|ɯɯʅe
|[ɯːpʼe]
|autumn
|-
|'''тӏъадзIа'''
|ѣᴀᴀɿᴀ
|[ð̼æːt̼æ]
|spring
|-
|'''цIяц'''
|ↄyᴀc
|[tsʷjæts]
|day
|}
c1wh8mkvt5a6ngb5bi8haqutyxd51eq
447
433
2018-06-30T06:51:18Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
447
wikitext
text/x-wiki
'''Yojinin language''' is a Looneylandian langauge spoken in the Yojinin State of Looneyland, and it is official there along with Looneylandian Spanish. According to Language Data of Looneyland, there are 956,712 speakers. Cyrillic is the official script of Yojinin.
== Distribution ==
Yojinin is official in Yojinin State and is one of the two languages official in Yojinin State, the other being Spanish.
Since then, Yojinin langauage is taught in schools in Yojinin State.
== Writing system ==
From 1520 until 1926, Yojinin was written with Arabic alphabet, and Chinese characters previous to that. In 1926, a Latin alphabet was adopted, but in 1938, the Latin alphabet for Yojinin was suppressed in preference to katakana (along with the other Latinised alphabets of Looneyland). In 1946, Yojinin began to be appear in Cyrillic.
Currently, Cyrillic is the only official script in use for Yojinin.
'''Latin alphabet (1926-1938)'''
ᴀ ʙ c ↄ ʕ ᴅ ᴇ e ə f ɟ g ǥ ɧ i ɩ y k ꝁ ʀ қ l ƚ ⱡ ᴍ ɴ n ɲ o p m q ɋ r s š ʖ ʃ ʗ ħ t ʈ ѣ u ɯ ᴝ v x χ ↄc z ⱬ з г г̌ ɿ ɼ ɽ ɺ ɻ ɹ ʅ ʆ ɭ ɬ ᴤ ʇ ʞ ᵷ d đ ɖ h w ω
'''Comparison (Latin+Cyrillic+Arabic)'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Cyrillic
!IPA
!Latin
!Arabic
!Letter name (Arabic)
|-
|А а
|[æ]
|ᴀ
|ا
|
|-
|Б б
|[b]
|ʙ
|ب
|
|-
|В в
|[w]
|w
|و
|
|-
|Г г
|[g]
|g
|گ
|
|-
|Гу гу
|[gʷ]
|gv
|گو
|
|-
|Гъ гъ
|[ɣ]
|г
|غ
|
|-
|Гъу гъу
|[ɣʷ]
|гv
|غو
|
|-
|ГI гI
|[ɢ]
|ᵷ
|ع
|
|-
|ГIу гIу
|[ɢʷ]
|ᵷv
|عو
|
|-
|ГIъ гIъ
|[qˤ]
|ɻ
|ق
|
|-
|ГIъу гIъу
|[qˤʷ]
|ɻv
|قو
|
|-
|Д д
|[d]
|ᴅ
|د
|
|-
|ДI дI
|[ð]
|d
|ذ
|
|-
|Дж дж
|[dʒ]
|ǥ
|ج
|
|-
|Дз дз
|[dz]
|з
|دز
|
|-
|Дзу дзу
|[dzʷ]
|зv
|دزو
|
|-
|ДжI джI
|[d̼]
|ɺ
|ݞ
|
|-
|ДзI дзI
|[t̼]
|ɿ
|ݞو
|
|-
|ДзIъ дзIъ
|[dˤ]
|г̌
|ذظ
|
|-
|Е е
|[e]
|e
|ﺉ
|
|-
|Ё ё
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ж ж
|[ʒ]
|ⱬ
|ژ
|
|-
|Жъ жъ
|[ʐ]
|ʆ
|ظ
|
|-
|Жъу жъу
|[ʐʷ]
|ʆv
|ظو
|
|-
|Жь жь
|[ç]
|ɭ
|زظ
|
|-
|ЖьI жьI
|[ʝ]
|ᴤ
|ډ
|
|-
|З з
|[z]
|z
|ز
|
|-
|И и
|[i]
|i
|اٖى
|
|-
|ИI иI
|[ɪ]
|ɩ
|ىٓ
|
|-
|Й й
|[j]
|y
|ي
|
|-
|К к
|[k]
|k
|ك
|
|-
|Ку ку
|[kʷ]
|kv
|كو
|
|-
|Къ къ
|[q]
|q
|ق
|
|-
|Къу къу
|[qʷ]
|qv
|قو
|
|-
|Кӏ кӏ
|[qχ]
|қ
|كݞ
|
|-
|Кӏу кӏу
|[qχʷ]
|ʀ
|رݞ
|
|-
|Кь кь
|[cç]
|ʞ
|كي
|
|-
|Л л
|[l]
|l
|ل
|
|-
|Лу лу
|[lʷ]
|ɬ
|لو
|
|-
|Лъ лъ
|[ɬ]
|ƚ
|لل
|
|-
|Лӏ лӏ
|[ɮ]
|ⱡ
|له
|
|-
|М м
|[m]
|ᴍ
|م
|
|-
|Н н
|[n]
|ɴ
|ن
|
|-
|Ң ң
|[ŋ]
|n
|ڭ
|
|-
|Ԋ ԋ
|[ɲ]
|ɲ
|ڽ
|
|-
|О о
|[o]
|o
|ؤ
|
|-
|Ө ө
|[ɔ]
|ω
|ؤؤ
|
|-
|П п
|[p]
|p
|پ
|
|-
|Пӏ пӏ
|[pʼ]
|ʅ
|پع
|
|-
|Пӏу пӏу
|[pʷʼ]
|ʅv
|پعو
|
|-
|Р р
|[ɹ̠]
|r
|ر
|
|-
|РI рI
|[ɰ]
|ɹ
|رر
|
|-
|С с
|[s]
|s
|س
|
|-
|СI сI
|[sʼ]
|ɽ
|سع
|
|-
|Су су
|[sʷ]
|ɼ
|سو
|
|-
|Т т
|[t]
|t
|ت
|
|-
|Тӏ тӏ
|[ʈ]
|ʈ
|ٺ
|
|-
|Тӏу тӏу
|[ʈʷ]
|ʈv
|ٺو
|
|-
|Тӏъ тӏъ
|[ð̼]
|ѣ
|ط
|
|-
|Тӏъу тӏъу
|[dʷ]
|ѣv
|طو
|
|-
|У у
|[u]
|u
|ۆ
|
|-
|Ү ү
|[ɯ]
|ɯ
|ۆو
|
|-
|Ұ ұ
|[ɤ]
|ᴝ
|<big>ے</big>
|
|-
|Ф ф
|[f]
|f
|ف
|
|-
|ФI фI
|[fʼ]
|ɟ
|فع
|
|-
|Х х
|[x]
|x
|خ
|
|-
|Ху ху
|[xʷ]
|xv
|خو
|
|-
|Хъ хъ
|[χ]
|χ
|خخ
|
|-
|Хъу хъу
|[χʷ]
|χv
|خخو
|
|-
|ХI хI
|[χʼ]
|ↄc
|خه
|
|-
|ХIу хIу
|[χʷʼ]
|ↄcv
|خهو
|
|-
|Хь хь
|[ħ]
|ɧ
|ح
|
|-
|Ц ц
|[ts]
|c
|ص
|
|-
|ЦI цI
|[tsʷ]
|ↄ
|صع
|
|-
|Цъ цъ
|[tsʼ]
|ʕ
|صغ
|
|-
|Ч ч
|[tʃ]
|ꝁ
|چ
|
|-
|Чӏ чӏ
|[tʃʷ]
|đ
|چع
|
|-
|Чъ чъ
|[ɖ]
|ɖ
|چغ
|
|-
|Ш ш
|[ʃ]
|m
|ش
|
|-
|Шъ шъ
|[ʃʼ]
|ħ
|شع
|
|-
|Шъу шъу
|[ʃʷʼ]
|ħv
|شعو
|
|-
|Шӏ шӏ
|[ɕ]
|š
|شش
|
|-
|Шӏу шӏу
|[ɕʷ]
|šv
|ششو
|
|-
|Щ щ
|[ʃtʃ]
|ʃ
|شچ
|
|-
|ЩI щI
|[ʃtʃʷ]
|ʖ
|شچع
|
|-
|Щъ щъ
|[ʃt̼]
|ʗ
|شچغ
|
|-
|Ъ ъ
|[.]
|
|
|
|-
|Ы ы
|[ə]
|ə
|ݪ
|
|-
|Ь ь
|[ʲ]
|
|
|
|-
|Э э
|[ɑ]
|ᴇ
|ه
|
|-
|Ю ю
|[ju]
|yu
|يۆ
|
|-
|Я я
|[jæ]
|yᴀ
|يا
|
|-
|I
|[ʔ]
|h
|ء
|
|-
|Iу
|[ʔʷ]
|hv
|ءو
|
|}
Examples:
{| class="article-table"
!Yojinin, Cyrillic
!Yojinin, Latin
!IPA
!English
|-
|'''Жьада юджинэнии'''
|ɭᴀᴅᴀ yuǥiɴᴇɴii
|[çædæ judʒinɑniː]
|The Yojinin
|-
|'''рөящI'''
|rωyᴀʖ
|[ɹ̠ɔjæʃtʃʷ]
|people
|-
|'''гъютӏъешӏ'''
|гyuѣeš
|[ɣjuð̼eɕ]
|summer
|-
|'''фIыылдIе'''
|ɟəəlde
|[fʼəːlðe]
|winter
|-
|'''үүпӏе'''
|ɯɯʅe
|[ɯːpʼe]
|autumn
|-
|'''тӏъадзIа'''
|ѣᴀᴀɿᴀ
|[ð̼æːt̼æ]
|spring
|-
|'''цIяц'''
|ↄyᴀc
|[tsʷjæts]
|day
|-
|'''ұцщең'''
|ᴝcʃen
|[ɤtsʃtʃeŋ]
|night
|-
|'''өткьэ'''
|ωωtʞᴇ
|[ɔːtcçe]
|colour
|}
dfffsk2xv8p5pzm0w3y796yjhns30jw
452
447
2018-06-30T23:19:45Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
452
wikitext
text/x-wiki
'''Yojinin language''' is a Looneylandian langauge spoken in the Yojinin State of Looneyland, and it is official there along with Looneylandian Spanish. According to Language Data of Looneyland, there are 956,712 speakers. Cyrillic is the official script of Yojinin.
== Distribution ==
Yojinin is official in Yojinin State and is one of the two languages official in Yojinin State, the other being Spanish.
Since then, Yojinin langauage is taught in schools in Yojinin State.
== Writing system ==
Until 1926, Yojinin was written with Arabic alphabet. From 1928 to 1938, Yojinin replaced Arabic script with unicase Latin alphabet, and from 1938, Yojinin began to appear in Cyrillic, which is still in use today.
Currently, Cyrillic is the only official script in use for Yojinin.
'''Latin alphabet (1926-1938)'''
ᴀ ʙ c ↄ ʕ ᴅ ᴇ e ə f ɟ g ǥ ɧ i ɩ y k ꝁ ʀ қ l ƚ ⱡ ᴍ ɴ n ɲ o p m q ɋ r s š ʖ ʃ ʗ ħ t ʈ ѣ u ɯ ᴝ v x χ ↄc z ⱬ з г г̌ ɿ ɼ ɽ ɺ ɻ ɹ ʅ ʆ ɭ ɬ ᴤ ʇ ʞ ᵷ d đ ɖ h w ω
'''Comparison (Latin+Cyrillic+Arabic)'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Cyrillic
!IPA
!Latin
!Arabic
!Letter name (Arabic)
|-
|А а
|[æ]
|ᴀ
|ا
|
|-
|Б б
|[b]
|ʙ
|ب
|
|-
|В в
|[w]
|w
|و
|
|-
|Г г
|[g]
|g
|گ
|
|-
|Гу гу
|[gʷ]
|gv
|گو
|
|-
|Гъ гъ
|[ɣ]
|г
|غ
|
|-
|Гъу гъу
|[ɣʷ]
|гv
|غو
|
|-
|ГI гI
|[ɢ]
|ᵷ
|ع
|
|-
|ГIу гIу
|[ɢʷ]
|ᵷv
|عو
|
|-
|ГIъ гIъ
|[qˤ]
|ɻ
|ق
|
|-
|ГIъу гIъу
|[qˤʷ]
|ɻv
|قو
|
|-
|Д д
|[d]
|ᴅ
|د
|
|-
|ДI дI
|[ð]
|d
|ذ
|
|-
|Дж дж
|[dʒ]
|ǥ
|ج
|
|-
|Дз дз
|[dz]
|з
|دز
|
|-
|Дзу дзу
|[dzʷ]
|зv
|دزو
|
|-
|ДжI джI
|[d̼]
|ɺ
|ݞ
|
|-
|ДзI дзI
|[t̼]
|ɿ
|ݞو
|
|-
|ДзIъ дзIъ
|[dˤ]
|г̌
|ذظ
|
|-
|Е е
|[e]
|e
|ﺉ
|
|-
|Ё ё
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ж ж
|[ʒ]
|ⱬ
|ژ
|
|-
|Жъ жъ
|[ʐ]
|ʆ
|ظ
|
|-
|Жъу жъу
|[ʐʷ]
|ʆv
|ظو
|
|-
|Жь жь
|[ç]
|ɭ
|زظ
|
|-
|ЖьI жьI
|[ʝ]
|ᴤ
|ډ
|
|-
|З з
|[z]
|z
|ز
|
|-
|И и
|[i]
|i
|اٖى
|
|-
|ИI иI
|[ɪ]
|ɩ
|ىٓ
|
|-
|Й й
|[j]
|y
|ي
|
|-
|К к
|[k]
|k
|ك
|
|-
|Ку ку
|[kʷ]
|kv
|كو
|
|-
|Къ къ
|[q]
|q
|ق
|
|-
|Къу къу
|[qʷ]
|qv
|قو
|
|-
|Кӏ кӏ
|[qχ]
|қ
|كݞ
|
|-
|Кӏу кӏу
|[qχʷ]
|ʀ
|رݞ
|
|-
|Кь кь
|[cç]
|ʞ
|كي
|
|-
|Л л
|[l]
|l
|ل
|
|-
|Лу лу
|[lʷ]
|ɬ
|لو
|
|-
|Лъ лъ
|[ɬ]
|ƚ
|لل
|
|-
|Лӏ лӏ
|[ɮ]
|ⱡ
|له
|
|-
|М м
|[m]
|ᴍ
|م
|
|-
|Н н
|[n]
|ɴ
|ن
|
|-
|Ң ң
|[ŋ]
|n
|ڭ
|
|-
|Ԋ ԋ
|[ɲ]
|ɲ
|ڽ
|
|-
|О о
|[o]
|o
|ؤ
|
|-
|Ө ө
|[ɔ]
|ω
|ؤؤ
|
|-
|П п
|[p]
|p
|پ
|
|-
|Пӏ пӏ
|[pʼ]
|ʅ
|پع
|
|-
|Пӏу пӏу
|[pʷʼ]
|ʅv
|پعو
|
|-
|Р р
|[ɹ̠]
|r
|ر
|
|-
|РI рI
|[ɰ]
|ɹ
|رر
|
|-
|С с
|[s]
|s
|س
|
|-
|СI сI
|[sʼ]
|ɽ
|سع
|
|-
|Су су
|[sʷ]
|ɼ
|سو
|
|-
|Т т
|[t]
|t
|ت
|
|-
|Тӏ тӏ
|[ʈ]
|ʈ
|ٺ
|
|-
|Тӏу тӏу
|[ʈʷ]
|ʈv
|ٺو
|
|-
|Тӏъ тӏъ
|[ð̼]
|ѣ
|ط
|
|-
|Тӏъу тӏъу
|[dʷ]
|ѣv
|طو
|
|-
|У у
|[u]
|u
|ۆ
|
|-
|Ү ү
|[ɯ]
|ɯ
|ۆو
|
|-
|Ұ ұ
|[ɤ]
|ᴝ
|<big>ے</big>
|
|-
|Ф ф
|[f]
|f
|ف
|
|-
|ФI фI
|[fʼ]
|ɟ
|فع
|
|-
|Х х
|[x]
|x
|خ
|
|-
|Ху ху
|[xʷ]
|xv
|خو
|
|-
|Хъ хъ
|[χ]
|χ
|خخ
|
|-
|Хъу хъу
|[χʷ]
|χv
|خخو
|
|-
|ХI хI
|[χʼ]
|ↄc
|خه
|
|-
|ХIу хIу
|[χʷʼ]
|ↄcv
|خهو
|
|-
|Хь хь
|[ħ]
|ɧ
|ح
|
|-
|Ц ц
|[ts]
|c
|ص
|
|-
|ЦI цI
|[tsʷ]
|ↄ
|صع
|
|-
|Цъ цъ
|[tsʼ]
|ʕ
|صغ
|
|-
|Ч ч
|[tʃ]
|ꝁ
|چ
|
|-
|Чӏ чӏ
|[tʃʷ]
|đ
|چع
|
|-
|Чъ чъ
|[ɖ]
|ɖ
|چغ
|
|-
|Ш ш
|[ʃ]
|m
|ش
|
|-
|Шъ шъ
|[ʃʼ]
|ħ
|شع
|
|-
|Шъу шъу
|[ʃʷʼ]
|ħv
|شعو
|
|-
|Шӏ шӏ
|[ɕ]
|š
|شش
|
|-
|Шӏу шӏу
|[ɕʷ]
|šv
|ششو
|
|-
|Щ щ
|[ʃtʃ]
|ʃ
|شچ
|
|-
|ЩI щI
|[ʃtʃʷ]
|ʖ
|شچع
|
|-
|Щъ щъ
|[ʃt̼]
|ʗ
|شچغ
|
|-
|Ъ ъ
|[.]
|
|
|
|-
|Ы ы
|[ə]
|ə
|ݪ
|
|-
|Ь ь
|[ʲ]
|
|
|
|-
|Э э
|[ɑ]
|ᴇ
|ه
|
|-
|Ю ю
|[ju]
|yu
|يۆ
|
|-
|Я я
|[jæ]
|yᴀ
|يا
|
|-
|I
|[ʔ]
|h
|ء
|
|-
|Iу
|[ʔʷ]
|hv
|ءو
|
|}
Examples:
{| class="article-table"
!Yojinin, Cyrillic
!Yojinin, Latin
!IPA
!English
|-
|'''Жьада юджинэнии'''
|ɭᴀᴅᴀ yuǥiɴᴇɴii
|[çædæ judʒinɑniː]
|The Yojinin
|-
|'''рөящI'''
|rωyᴀʖ
|[ɹ̠ɔjæʃtʃʷ]
|people
|-
|'''гъютӏъешӏ'''
|гyuѣeš
|[ɣjuð̼eɕ]
|summer
|-
|'''фIыылдIе'''
|ɟəəlde
|[fʼəːlðe]
|winter
|-
|'''үүпӏе'''
|ɯɯʅe
|[ɯːpʼe]
|autumn
|-
|'''тӏъадзIа'''
|ѣᴀᴀɿᴀ
|[ð̼æːt̼æ]
|spring
|-
|'''цIяц'''
|ↄyᴀc
|[tsʷjæts]
|day
|-
|'''ұцщең'''
|ᴝcʃen
|[ɤtsʃtʃeŋ]
|night
|-
|'''өткьэ'''
|ωωtʞᴇ
|[ɔːtcçe]
|colour
|}
14zoidj5qp81dg2w2sbwz2z12h24k3c
467
452
2018-07-10T02:55:20Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
467
wikitext
text/x-wiki
'''Yojinin language''' is a Looneylandian langauge spoken in the Yojinin State of Looneyland, and it is official there along with Looneylandian Spanish. According to Language Data of Looneyland, there are 956,712 speakers. Cyrillic is the official script of Yojinin.
== Distribution ==
Yojinin is official in Yojinin State and is one of the two languages official in Yojinin State, the other being Spanish.
Since then, Yojinin langauage is taught in schools in Yojinin State.
== Writing system ==
Until 1926, Yojinin was written with Arabic alphabet. From 1928 to 1938, Yojinin replaced Arabic script with unicase Latin alphabet. In 1938, the use of Yojinin Latin alphabet was suppressed in preference to katakana, and in 1945, Yojinin began to appear in Cyrillic, which is still in use today.
Currently, Cyrillic is the only official script in use for Yojinin.
'''Latin alphabet (1926-1938)'''
ᴀ ʙ c ↄ ʕ ᴅ ᴇ e ə f ɟ g ǥ ɧ i ɩ y k ꝁ ʀ қ l ƚ ⱡ ᴍ ɴ n ɲ o p m q ɋ r s š ʖ ʃ ʗ ħ t ʈ ѣ u ɯ ᴝ v x χ ↄc z ⱬ з г г̌ ɿ ɼ ɽ ɺ ɻ ɹ ʅ ʆ ɭ ɬ ᴤ ʇ ʞ ᵷ d đ ɖ h w ω
'''Comparison (Latin+Cyrillic+Arabic)'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Cyrillic
!IPA
!Latin
!Arabic
!Letter name (Arabic)
|-
|А а
|[æ]
|ᴀ
|ا
|
|-
|Б б
|[b]
|ʙ
|ب
|
|-
|В в
|[w]
|w
|و
|
|-
|Г г
|[g]
|g
|گ
|
|-
|Гу гу
|[gʷ]
|gv
|گو
|
|-
|Гъ гъ
|[ɣ]
|г
|غ
|
|-
|Гъу гъу
|[ɣʷ]
|гv
|غو
|
|-
|ГI гI
|[ɢ]
|ᵷ
|ع
|
|-
|ГIу гIу
|[ɢʷ]
|ᵷv
|عو
|
|-
|ГIъ гIъ
|[qˤ]
|ɻ
|ق
|
|-
|ГIъу гIъу
|[qˤʷ]
|ɻv
|قو
|
|-
|Д д
|[d]
|ᴅ
|د
|
|-
|ДI дI
|[ð]
|d
|ذ
|
|-
|Дж дж
|[dʒ]
|ǥ
|ج
|
|-
|Дз дз
|[dz]
|з
|دز
|
|-
|Дзу дзу
|[dzʷ]
|зv
|دزو
|
|-
|ДжI джI
|[d̼]
|ɺ
|ݞ
|
|-
|ДзI дзI
|[t̼]
|ɿ
|ݞو
|
|-
|ДзIъ дзIъ
|[dˤ]
|г̌
|ذظ
|
|-
|Е е
|[e]
|e
|ﺉ
|
|-
|Ё ё
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ж ж
|[ʒ]
|ⱬ
|ژ
|
|-
|Жъ жъ
|[ʐ]
|ʆ
|ظ
|
|-
|Жъу жъу
|[ʐʷ]
|ʆv
|ظو
|
|-
|Жь жь
|[ç]
|ɭ
|زظ
|
|-
|ЖьI жьI
|[ʝ]
|ᴤ
|ډ
|
|-
|З з
|[z]
|z
|ز
|
|-
|И и
|[i]
|i
|اٖى
|
|-
|ИI иI
|[ɪ]
|ɩ
|ىٓ
|
|-
|Й й
|[j]
|y
|ي
|
|-
|К к
|[k]
|k
|ك
|
|-
|Ку ку
|[kʷ]
|kv
|كو
|
|-
|Къ къ
|[q]
|q
|ق
|
|-
|Къу къу
|[qʷ]
|qv
|قو
|
|-
|Кӏ кӏ
|[qχ]
|қ
|كݞ
|
|-
|Кӏу кӏу
|[qχʷ]
|ʀ
|رݞ
|
|-
|Кь кь
|[cç]
|ʞ
|كي
|
|-
|Л л
|[l]
|l
|ل
|
|-
|Лу лу
|[lʷ]
|ɬ
|لو
|
|-
|Лъ лъ
|[ɬ]
|ƚ
|لل
|
|-
|Лӏ лӏ
|[ɮ]
|ⱡ
|له
|
|-
|М м
|[m]
|ᴍ
|م
|
|-
|Н н
|[n]
|ɴ
|ن
|
|-
|Ң ң
|[ŋ]
|n
|ڭ
|
|-
|Ԋ ԋ
|[ɲ]
|ɲ
|ڽ
|
|-
|О о
|[o]
|o
|ؤ
|
|-
|Ө ө
|[ɔ]
|ω
|ؤؤ
|
|-
|П п
|[p]
|p
|پ
|
|-
|Пӏ пӏ
|[pʼ]
|ʅ
|پع
|
|-
|Пӏу пӏу
|[pʷʼ]
|ʅv
|پعو
|
|-
|Р р
|[ɹ̠]
|r
|ر
|
|-
|РI рI
|[ɰ]
|ɹ
|رر
|
|-
|С с
|[s]
|s
|س
|
|-
|СI сI
|[sʼ]
|ɽ
|سع
|
|-
|Су су
|[sʷ]
|ɼ
|سو
|
|-
|Т т
|[t]
|t
|ت
|
|-
|Тӏ тӏ
|[ʈ]
|ʈ
|ٺ
|
|-
|Тӏу тӏу
|[ʈʷ]
|ʈv
|ٺو
|
|-
|Тӏъ тӏъ
|[ð̼]
|ѣ
|ط
|
|-
|Тӏъу тӏъу
|[dʷ]
|ѣv
|طو
|
|-
|У у
|[u]
|u
|ۆ
|
|-
|Ү ү
|[ɯ]
|ɯ
|ۆو
|
|-
|Ұ ұ
|[ɤ]
|ᴝ
|<big>ے</big>
|
|-
|Ф ф
|[f]
|f
|ف
|
|-
|ФI фI
|[fʼ]
|ɟ
|فع
|
|-
|Х х
|[x]
|x
|خ
|
|-
|Ху ху
|[xʷ]
|xv
|خو
|
|-
|Хъ хъ
|[χ]
|χ
|خخ
|
|-
|Хъу хъу
|[χʷ]
|χv
|خخو
|
|-
|ХI хI
|[χʼ]
|ↄc
|خه
|
|-
|ХIу хIу
|[χʷʼ]
|ↄcv
|خهو
|
|-
|Хь хь
|[ħ]
|ɧ
|ح
|
|-
|Ц ц
|[ts]
|c
|ص
|
|-
|ЦI цI
|[tsʷ]
|ↄ
|صع
|
|-
|Цъ цъ
|[tsʼ]
|ʕ
|صغ
|
|-
|Ч ч
|[tʃ]
|ꝁ
|چ
|
|-
|Чӏ чӏ
|[tʃʷ]
|đ
|چع
|
|-
|Чъ чъ
|[ɖ]
|ɖ
|چغ
|
|-
|Ш ш
|[ʃ]
|m
|ش
|
|-
|Шъ шъ
|[ʃʼ]
|ħ
|شع
|
|-
|Шъу шъу
|[ʃʷʼ]
|ħv
|شعو
|
|-
|Шӏ шӏ
|[ɕ]
|š
|شش
|
|-
|Шӏу шӏу
|[ɕʷ]
|šv
|ششو
|
|-
|Щ щ
|[ʃtʃ]
|ʃ
|شچ
|
|-
|ЩI щI
|[ʃtʃʷ]
|ʖ
|شچع
|
|-
|Щъ щъ
|[ʃt̼]
|ʗ
|شچغ
|
|-
|Ъ ъ
|[.]
|
|
|
|-
|Ы ы
|[ə]
|ə
|ݪ
|
|-
|Ь ь
|[ʲ]
|
|
|
|-
|Э э
|[ɑ]
|ᴇ
|ه
|
|-
|Ю ю
|[ju]
|yu
|يۆ
|
|-
|Я я
|[jæ]
|yᴀ
|يا
|
|-
|I
|[ʔ]
|h
|ء
|
|-
|Iу
|[ʔʷ]
|hv
|ءو
|
|}
rys7oh39orueg3x8w7p6ff86n1rwfvk
489
467
2022-11-18T07:10:45Z
MightyXIV
51942497
489
wikitext
text/x-wiki
The '''Yojinin''' language is a Looney-landian language spoken and Looney-landian-Spanish official in the Yojinin State of Looneyland. According to Language Data of Looneyland, there are 956,712 speakers. Cyrillic is the official script of Yojinin.
== Distribution ==
Yojinin is official in Yojinin State and is one of the two languages official in Yojinin State, the other being Spanish.
Since then, the Yojinin language is taught in schools in the Yojinin State.
== Writing system ==
Until 1926, Yojinin was written with the Arabic abjad script. From 1928 to 1938, Yojinin replaced the Arabic script with unicased Latin alphabets. In 1938, the use of Yojinin Latin alphabet was suppressed in preference to katakana, and in 1945, Yojinin began to appear in Cyrillic, which is still in use today.
Currently, Cyrillic is the only official script in use for Yojinin.
'''Latin alphabet (1926-1938)'''
ᴀ ʙ c ↄ ʕ ᴅ ᴇ e ə f ɟ g ǥ ɧ i ɩ y k ꝁ ʀ қ l ƚ ⱡ ᴍ ɴ n ɲ o p m q ɋ r s š ʖ ʃ ʗ ħ t ʈ ѣ u ɯ ᴝ v x χ ↄc z ⱬ з г г̌ ɿ ɼ ɽ ɺ ɻ ɹ ʅ ʆ ɭ ɬ ᴤ ʇ ʞ ᵷ d đ ɖ h w ω
'''Comparison (Latin+Cyrillic+Arabic)'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Cyrillic
!IPA
!Latin
!Arabic
!Letter name (Arabic)
|-
|А а
|[æ]
|ᴀ
|ا
|
|-
|Б б
|[b]
|ʙ
|ب
|
|-
|В в
|[w]
|w
|و
|
|-
|Г г
|[g]
|g
|گ
|
|-
|Гу гу
|[gʷ]
|gv
|گو
|
|-
|Гъ гъ
|[ɣ]
|г
|غ
|
|-
|Гъу гъу
|[ɣʷ]
|гv
|غو
|
|-
|ГI гI
|[ɢ]
|ᵷ
|ع
|
|-
|ГIу гIу
|[ɢʷ]
|ᵷv
|عو
|
|-
|ГIъ гIъ
|[qˤ]
|ɻ
|ق
|
|-
|ГIъу гIъу
|[qˤʷ]
|ɻv
|قو
|
|-
|Д д
|[d]
|ᴅ
|د
|
|-
|ДI дI
|[ð]
|d
|ذ
|
|-
|Дж дж
|[dʒ]
|ǥ
|ج
|
|-
|Дз дз
|[dz]
|з
|دز
|
|-
|Дзу дзу
|[dzʷ]
|зv
|دزو
|
|-
|ДжI джI
|[d̼]
|ɺ
|ݞ
|
|-
|ДзI дзI
|[t̼]
|ɿ
|ݞو
|
|-
|ДзIъ дзIъ
|[dˤ]
|г̌
|ذظ
|
|-
|Е е
|[e]
|e
|ﺉ
|
|-
|Ё ё
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ж ж
|[ʒ]
|ⱬ
|ژ
|
|-
|Жъ жъ
|[ʐ]
|ʆ
|ظ
|
|-
|Жъу жъу
|[ʐʷ]
|ʆv
|ظو
|
|-
|Жь жь
|[ç]
|ɭ
|زظ
|
|-
|ЖьI жьI
|[ʝ]
|ᴤ
|ډ
|
|-
|З з
|[z]
|z
|ز
|
|-
|И и
|[i]
|i
|اٖى
|
|-
|ИI иI
|[ɪ]
|ɩ
|ىٓ
|
|-
|Й й
|[j]
|y
|ي
|
|-
|К к
|[k]
|k
|ك
|
|-
|Ку ку
|[kʷ]
|kv
|كو
|
|-
|Къ къ
|[q]
|q
|ق
|
|-
|Къу къу
|[qʷ]
|qv
|قو
|
|-
|Кӏ кӏ
|[qχ]
|қ
|كݞ
|
|-
|Кӏу кӏу
|[qχʷ]
|ʀ
|رݞ
|
|-
|Кь кь
|[cç]
|ʞ
|كي
|
|-
|Л л
|[l]
|l
|ل
|
|-
|Лу лу
|[lʷ]
|ɬ
|لو
|
|-
|Лъ лъ
|[ɬ]
|ƚ
|لل
|
|-
|Лӏ лӏ
|[ɮ]
|ⱡ
|له
|
|-
|М м
|[m]
|ᴍ
|م
|
|-
|Н н
|[n]
|ɴ
|ن
|
|-
|Ң ң
|[ŋ]
|n
|ڭ
|
|-
|Ԋ ԋ
|[ɲ]
|ɲ
|ڽ
|
|-
|О о
|[o]
|o
|ؤ
|
|-
|Ө ө
|[ɔ]
|ω
|ؤؤ
|
|-
|П п
|[p]
|p
|پ
|
|-
|Пӏ пӏ
|[pʼ]
|ʅ
|پع
|
|-
|Пӏу пӏу
|[pʷʼ]
|ʅv
|پعو
|
|-
|Р р
|[ɹ̠]
|r
|ر
|
|-
|РI рI
|[ɰ]
|ɹ
|رر
|
|-
|С с
|[s]
|s
|س
|
|-
|СI сI
|[sʼ]
|ɽ
|سع
|
|-
|Су су
|[sʷ]
|ɼ
|سو
|
|-
|Т т
|[t]
|t
|ت
|
|-
|Тӏ тӏ
|[ʈ]
|ʈ
|ٺ
|
|-
|Тӏу тӏу
|[ʈʷ]
|ʈv
|ٺو
|
|-
|Тӏъ тӏъ
|[ð̼]
|ѣ
|ط
|
|-
|Тӏъу тӏъу
|[dʷ]
|ѣv
|طو
|
|-
|У у
|[u]
|u
|ۆ
|
|-
|Ү ү
|[ɯ]
|ɯ
|ۆو
|
|-
|Ұ ұ
|[ɤ]
|ᴝ
|<big>ے</big>
|
|-
|Ф ф
|[f]
|f
|ف
|
|-
|ФI фI
|[fʼ]
|ɟ
|فع
|
|-
|Х х
|[x]
|x
|خ
|
|-
|Ху ху
|[xʷ]
|xv
|خو
|
|-
|Хъ хъ
|[χ]
|χ
|خخ
|
|-
|Хъу хъу
|[χʷ]
|χv
|خخو
|
|-
|ХI хI
|[χʼ]
|ↄc
|خه
|
|-
|ХIу хIу
|[χʷʼ]
|ↄcv
|خهو
|
|-
|Хь хь
|[ħ]
|ɧ
|ح
|
|-
|Ц ц
|[ts]
|c
|ص
|
|-
|ЦI цI
|[tsʷ]
|ↄ
|صع
|
|-
|Цъ цъ
|[tsʼ]
|ʕ
|صغ
|
|-
|Ч ч
|[tʃ]
|ꝁ
|چ
|
|-
|Чӏ чӏ
|[tʃʷ]
|đ
|چع
|
|-
|Чъ чъ
|[ɖ]
|ɖ
|چغ
|
|-
|Ш ш
|[ʃ]
|m
|ش
|
|-
|Шъ шъ
|[ʃʼ]
|ħ
|شع
|
|-
|Шъу шъу
|[ʃʷʼ]
|ħv
|شعو
|
|-
|Шӏ шӏ
|[ɕ]
|š
|شش
|
|-
|Шӏу шӏу
|[ɕʷ]
|šv
|ششو
|
|-
|Щ щ
|[ʃtʃ]
|ʃ
|شچ
|
|-
|ЩI щI
|[ʃtʃʷ]
|ʖ
|شچع
|
|-
|Щъ щъ
|[ʃt̼]
|ʗ
|شچغ
|
|-
|Ъ ъ
|[.]
|
|
|
|-
|Ы ы
|[ə]
|ə
|ݪ
|
|-
|Ь ь
|[ʲ]
|
|
|
|-
|Э э
|[ɑ]
|ᴇ
|ه
|
|-
|Ю ю
|[ju]
|yu
|يۆ
|
|-
|Я я
|[jæ]
|yᴀ
|يا
|
|-
|I
|[ʔ]
|h
|ء
|
|-
|Iу
|[ʔʷ]
|hv
|ءو
|
|}
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User:Avatar
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2018-01-09T09:45:28Z
FANDOM
32769624
initial content
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wikitext
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{{w:User:Avatar}}
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User:BertH
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2018-01-09T09:45:28Z
FANDOM
32769624
Created page with "{{Wikia:User:BertH}}"
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wikitext
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{{Wikia:User:BertH}}
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User:CreateWiki script
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2018-01-09T09:45:28Z
FANDOM
32769624
add info since this is now on the home page of all new wikis
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
The '''CreateWiki script''' sets up pages on newly [[w:special:createwiki|created wikis]]. For [[help:contents|help]], you can [[Special:Contact|contact Wikia]].
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User:DaNASCAT
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2018-01-31T19:07:40Z
FANDOMbot
32794352
FANDOMbot moved page [[User:DaNASCAT]] to [[User:TimmyQuivy]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[User:DaNASCAT|DaNASCAT]]" to "[[User:TimmyQuivy|TimmyQuivy]]"
127
wikitext
text/x-wiki
#REDIRECT [[User:TimmyQuivy]]
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User:Default
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2018-01-09T09:45:28Z
FANDOM
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This account was used by '''[[w:c:www:About|Wikia]]''' to import the starter content to this wiki in an automated way (some templates, MediaWiki messages, and other essentials).
* ''[[Special:Contributions/Default|Contributions]]''
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User:Edit page script
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2018-01-09T09:45:28Z
FANDOM
32769624
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
The '''Edit page script''' account is used by Wikia Staff to make automated edits across multiple pages or multiple wikis.
If there is a problem with the content of any pages edited by this script, please inform the [[Wikia:Community Team|Community Team]].
* ''[[Special:Contributions/Edit page script|Edit page script contributions]]''
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User:Kirkburn
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2018-01-09T09:45:28Z
FANDOM
32769624
Moving comments to [[w:Central Wikia]].
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
{{:w:User:Kirkburn/Who}}
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User:Maintenance script
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2018-01-09T09:45:28Z
FANDOM
32769624
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
The '''Maintenance script''' account is used by [[Help:Community Team|Wikia Staff]] or [[Help:SpamTaskForce|VSTF]] to make automated deletions across multiple pages or multiple wikis.
If you feel the script deleted a page it should not have deleted, any [[Special:ListAdmins|admin]] on this wiki can undelete that page. Please inform the [[Wikia:Community Team|Community Team]] about any problems with this script.
* ''[[Special:Contributions/Maintenance_script|Maintenance script contributions]]''
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User:MediaWiki default
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2018-01-09T09:45:28Z
FANDOM
32769624
simplify
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
This account is used by Wikia Staff when they run the maintenance script <code>rebuildMessages.php</code>. This updates or rebuilds the interface messages to be the same as the MediaWiki default on the Central Wikia wiki.
This account is not a bot and cannot be blocked. If there is a problem with the text of the default messages, please inform the [[Wikia:Community Team|Community Support Team]].
* ''[[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki default|Contributions]]''
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User:Mighty No. 9
2
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35
2018-01-09T09:45:28Z
FANDOM
32769624
Rappy 4187 moved page [[User:ELEETE]] to [[User:Mighty No. 9]] without leaving a redirect
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
{{Wikia:User:ELEETE_starter}}
b7qms2d9tpfvi1ev5ndrhrew663gcyy
User:Semanticdrifter
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32
2018-01-09T09:45:28Z
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{{Wikia:User:Semanticdrifter}}
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User:TimmyQuivy
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{{wikia::User:DaNASCAT}}
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FANDOMbot moved page [[User:DaNASCAT]] to [[User:TimmyQuivy]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[User:DaNASCAT|DaNASCAT]]" to "[[User:TimmyQuivy|TimmyQuivy]]"
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{{wikia::User:DaNASCAT}}
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User:Wikia
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Replacing page with '{{int:User Wikia}}'
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{{int:User Wikia}}
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User:Wikia Video Library
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Created page with "This account is used by Wikia Staff when they add videos to Wikia from our content partners. If there are any problems with this account on your wiki, please inform the [[Wikia:C..."
33
wikitext
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This account is used by Wikia Staff when they add videos to Wikia from our content partners. If there are any problems with this account on your wiki, please inform the [[Wikia:Community Team|Community Support Team]].
b94oayl56pdkciz6n7t7uutudd306ao
The Fictional Language Community Wiki:About
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2018-01-09T09:45:28Z
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that part makes no sense anymore
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''This page is used to tell visitors all about {{SITENAME}}.''
''Click the "edit this page" link (above) to start this page and to tell people what this wiki is all about.''
d7273ekthsbbt0kyztu820ms1r3h0on
The Fictional Language Community Wiki:Adyghe Latin
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2018-03-22T07:59:35Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "==Songcharim's== {| class="wikitable" |'''Aᴀ'''<br />А а<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel aː]] |'''Bb'''<br />Б б<br />[[https://en.wikip..."
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==Songcharim's==
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Aᴀ'''<br />А а<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel aː]]
|'''Bb'''<br />Б б<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_stop b]]
|'''Ww'''<br />В в<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative v]]
|'''Gg'''<br />Г г<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative ɣ]] or [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_velar_stop ɡ]]
|'''gu'''<br />Гу гу<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labialization ɡʷ]]
|'''Ĝĝ'''<br />Гъ гъ<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative ʁ]]
|'''ĝu'''<br />Гъу гъу<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labialization ʁʷ]]
|'''Dd'''<br />Д д<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_stops#Alveolar d]]
|-
|'''Đđ'''<br />Дж дж<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palato-alveolar_affricate d͡ʒ]]
|'''Зз'''<br />Дз дз<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate d͡z]]
|'''зw'''<br />Дзу дзу<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labialization d͡zʷ]]
|'''Ee'''<br />Е е<br />[ja/aj]
|'''Ê̆ê̆'''<br />Ё ё<br />[jo]
|'''Jȷ'''<br />Ж ж<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative ʒ]]
|'''Ɉɟ'''<br />Жъ жъ<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative ʐ]]
|'''Ȥȥ'''<br />Жъу жъу<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labialization ʒʷ]] or [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labialization ʐʷ]]
|-
|'''Ƶƶ'''<br />Жь жь<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative ʑ]]
|'''Zz'''<br />З з<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative#Voiced_alveolar_sibilant z]]
|'''Ii'''<br />И и<br />[jə/əj]
|'''Yy'''<br />Й й<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatal_approximant#Palatal j]]
|'''Kk'''<br />К к<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_stop k]]
|'''kw'''<br />Ку ку<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labialization kʷ]]
|'''Qq'''<br />Къ къ<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_stop q]]
|'''qw'''<br />Къу къу<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labialization qʷ]]
|-
|'''Ꝁꝁ'''<br />Кӏ кӏ<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate t͡ʃʼ/kʼ]]
|'''ꝁw'''<br />Кӏу кӏу<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labialization kʷʼ]]
|'''Ll'''<br />Л л<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_lateral_fricatives ɮ]] or [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants l]]
|'''Ƚƚ'''<br />Лъ лъ<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_dental_and_alveolar_lateral_fricatives ɬ]]
|'''Ⱡⱡ'''<br />Лӏ лӏ<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_fricative ɬʼ]]
|'''Mm'''<br />М м<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilabial_nasal m]]
|'''Nn'''<br />Н н<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_nasals#Alveolar n]]
|'''Oo'''<br />О о<br />[aw/wa]
|-
|'''Pp'''<br />П п<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_stop p]]
|'''Ƥƥ'''<br />Пӏ пӏ<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilabial_ejective pʼ]]
|'''ƥw'''<br />Пӏу пӏу<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labialization pʷʼ]]
|'''Rr'''<br />Р р<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills r]]
|'''Ss'''<br />С с<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative#Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant s]]
|'''Tt'''<br />Т т<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_dental_and_alveolar_stops#Alveolar t]]
|'''Ʈʈ'''<br />Тӏ тӏ<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_and_alveolar_ejectives tʼ]]
|'''ʈw'''<br />Тӏу тӏу<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labialization tʷʼ]]
|-
|'''Uu'''<br />У у<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_labio-velar_approximant w/əw]]
|'''Ff'''<br />Ф ф<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative f]]
|'''Xx'''<br />Х х<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative x]]
|'''xw'''<br />Ху ху<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labialization xʷ]]
|'''ↃCↄc'''<br />Хъ хъ<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative χ]]
|'''ↄcw'''<br />Хъу хъу<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labialization χʷ]]
|'''Ђђ'''<br />Хь хь<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative ħ]]
|'''Cc'''<br />Ц ц<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate t͡s]]
|-
|'''cw'''<br />Цу цу<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labialization t͡sʷ]]
|'''Çç'''<br />Цӏ цӏ<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate t͡sʼ]]
|'''Гг'''<br />Ч ч<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate t͡ʃ]]
|'''Ѓѓ'''<br />ЧI чI<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_affricate t͡ʂʼ]]
|'''Ƀƀ'''<br />Чъ чъ<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate t͡ʂ]]
|'''Šš'''<br />Ш ш<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative ʃ]]
|'''C̆c̆'''<br />Шъ шъ<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative ʂ]]
|'''c̆w'''<br />Шъу шъу<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labialization ʃʷ]] or [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labialization ʂʷ]]
|-
|'''Ꞩꞩ'''<br />Шӏ шӏ<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_fricative ʃʼ]]
|'''ꞩw'''<br />Шӏу шӏу<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labialization ʃʷʼ]]
|'''Ʃʃ'''<br />Щ щ<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative ɕ]]
|'''Ññ'''<br />Ъ ъ<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velarization ˠ]]
|'''Ô̆ô̆'''<br />Ы ы<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_central_vowel#Mid_central_unrounded_vowel ə]]
|'''Ьь'''<br />Ь ь<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics) ʲ]]
|'''Ee'''<br />Э э<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel a]]
|'''Ư̆ư̆'''<br />Ю ю<br />[ju]
|-
|'''JAjᴀ'''<br />Я я<br />[jaː]
|'''Hh'''<br />ӏ<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottal_stop ʔ]]
|'''hw'''<br />ӏу<br />[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labialization ʔʷ]]
|}
The order:<br />
<big><big><big>Aᴀ Bb Cc C̆c̆ Çç Dd Зз Ee Ê̆ê̆ Ff Gg Ĝĝ Ђђ Ii Jj Kk Ꝁꝁ Ll Ƚƚ Ⱡⱡ Mm Nn Ññ Oo Ô̆ô̆ Pp Ƥƥ Qq Rr Ss Šš Ꞩꞩ Ʃʃ Xx ↃCↄc Tt Uu Ư̆ư̆ Ww Yy Jȷ Ɉɟ Ьь Hh Ƀƀ Đđ Гг Ѓѓ Zz Ȥȥ Ƶƶ</big></big></big>
Example:<br />
* Çô̆f psteurh šñђefhteu, jᴀlñô̆tenô̆gñere jᴀfešñuᴀšeхemrekhe zefedeu kñᴀlñfô̆. ᴀkñô̆lre zeхeꞩô̆kh gñuᴀzere jᴀhešñô̆, zô̆r zô̆m zekñоš zeхᴀšІe ᴀzfᴀgu delñeu zefô̆ʃô̆tô̆nхe fᴀе.
* ÇÔ̆F PSTEURH ŠÑЂEFHTEU, JALÑÔ̆TENÔ̆GÑERE JAFEŠÑUAŠEХEMREKHE ZEFEDEU KÑALÑFÔ̆. AKÑÔ̆LRE ZEХEꞨÔ̆KH GÑUAZERE JAHEŠÑÔ̆, ZÔ̆R ZÔ̆M ZEKÑОŠ ZEХAŠІE AZFAGU DELÑEU ZEFÔ̆ƩÔ̆TÔ̆NХE FAЕ.
* All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
j3wflsjv9b10xev0400ymz5dnml6bpk
The Fictional Language Community Wiki:Chai Wan Alphabet
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Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "== Table == {| class="wikitable" !Name !Chinese<br>character !Chai Wan<br>Alphabet !IPA ! Hebrew !Syriac !Ge'ez !Greek |- |alpou |<big><big>牛</big></big> |[[File:Chaiwanalep..."
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== Table ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Chinese<br>character
!Chai Wan<br>Alphabet
!IPA
!
Hebrew
!Syriac
!Ge'ez
!Greek
|-
|alpou
|<big><big>牛</big></big>
|[[File:Chaiwanaleph.png|32x32px]]
|[ʔ]
|א
|ܐ
|አ
|Αα
|-
|baytou
|<big><big>屋</big></big>
|[[File:Chaiwanbeth.png|32x32px]]
|[b]
|ב
|ܒ
|በ
|Ββ
|-
|gamlou
|<big><big>棒</big></big>
|[[File:Chaiwangimel.png|32x32px]]
|[g]
|ג
|ܓ
|ገ
|Γγ
|-
|daltou
|<big><big>門</big></big>
|[[File:Chaiwandaleth.png|32x32px]]
|[d]
|ד
|ܕ
|ደ
|Δδ
|-
|hee
|<big><big>窗</big></big>
|[[File:Chaiwanhe.png|32x32px]]
|[h]
|ה
|ܗ
|ሀ
|Εε
|-
|wao
|<big><big>鉤</big></big>
|[[File:Waw.png|32x32px]]
|[w]
|ו
|ܘ
|ወ
|(Ϝϝ), Υυ
|-
|dzayen
|
|
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|-
|haysu
|
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|taysu
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|yath
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|-
|kappe
|
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|-
|lamidh
|
|
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|
|
|
|-
|maym
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|-
|nahsu
|
|
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|-
|samkwo
|
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|-
|ayna
|
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|-
|pai
|
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|-
|tsada
|
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|-
|qoppe
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|-
|ruish
|
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|-
|shen
|
|
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|-
|tao
|
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|
|}
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307
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Kenstallyies30
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== Table ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Chinese<br>character
!Chai Wan<br>Alphabet
!IPA
!
Hebrew
!Syriac
!Ge'ez
!Greek
|-
|alpou
|<big><big>牛</big></big>
|[[File:Chaiwanaleph.png|32x32px]]
|[ʔ]
|א
|ܐ
|አ
|Αα
|-
|baytou
|<big><big>屋</big></big>
|[[File:Chaiwanbeth.png|32x32px]]
|[b]
|ב
|ܒ
|በ
|Ββ
|-
|gamlou
|<big><big>棒</big></big>
|[[File:Chaiwangimel.png|32x32px]]
|[g]
|ג
|ܓ
|ገ
|Γγ
|-
|daltou
|<big><big>門</big></big>
|[[File:Chaiwandaleth.png|32x32px]]
|[d]
|ד
|ܕ
|ደ
|Δδ
|-
|hee
|<big><big>窗</big></big>
|[[File:Chaiwanhe.png|32x32px]]
|[h]
|ה
|ܗ
|ሀ
|Εε
|-
|wao
|<big><big>鉤</big></big>
|[[File:Waw.png|32x32px]]
|[w]
|ו
|ܘ
|ወ
|(Ϝϝ), Υυ
|-
|dzayen
|
|[[File:Chaiwanzayin.png|32x32px]]
|[z], [dz]
|
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|-
|haysu
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|-
|taysu
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|-
|yath
|
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|-
|kappe
|
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|-
|lamidh
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|-
|maym
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|-
|nahsu
|
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|-
|samkwo
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|-
|ayna
|
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|-
|pai
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|tsada
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|-
|qoppe
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|-
|ruish
|
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|-
|shen
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|-
|tao
|
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|
|}
gqo0jp9bplji8p6q8h51rkeckrd7414
The Fictional Language Community Wiki:Copyrights
4
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2018-01-09T09:45:28Z
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text/x-wiki
Except where otherwise specified, the text on Wikia sites is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike License 3.0 (Unported) (CC-BY-SA).
* [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Read the license summary]
* [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode Read the full legal code of the license].
Please see [[w:Wikia:Licensing|Wikia:Licensing]] for details.
184h6kou71fwrz3b41tx9pa3zf3a3b1
The Fictional Language Community Wiki:Languages with Hook above
4
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2018-02-12T09:05:03Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "* '''Iriomote Language''': A a, Ả ả, B b, D d, Ð ð, E e, É é, Ẻ ẻ, F f, G g, H h, I i, Ỉ ỉ, J j, L l, M m, N n, Ŋ ŋ, O o, Ỏ ỏ, P p, R r, Ꞃ ꞃ, S s, Ś..."
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* '''Iriomote Language''': A a, Ả ả, B b, D d, Ð ð, E e, É é, Ẻ ẻ, F f, G g, H h, I i, Ỉ ỉ, J j, L l, M m, N n, Ŋ ŋ, O o, Ỏ ỏ, P p, R r, Ꞃ ꞃ, S s, Ś ś, T t, T́ t́, U u, Ủ ủ, V v, Z z, Ź ź, Ã ã, Å å, Ä ä
pt7ubq1x9nqxd10y8uqw3o4u5i8nbkg
The Fictional Language Community Wiki:Leiyal Phonetic Alphabet
4
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Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "== Consonants == {| class="wikitable" |- !Place → ! colspan="5" |Labial ! colspan="9" |Coronal ! colspan="6" |Dorsal ! colspan="6" |Laryngeal |- !Manner ↓ ! colspan="2" ..."
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== Consonants ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Place →
! colspan="5" |Labial
! colspan="9" |Coronal
! colspan="6" |Dorsal
! colspan="6" |Laryngeal
|-
!Manner ↓
! colspan="2" |Bilabial
! colspan="2" |Labiodental
! colspan="2" |Linguolabial
! colspan="2" |Dental
! colspan="2" |Alveolar
! colspan="2" |Postalveolar
! colspan="2" |Retroflex
! colspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! colspan="2" |Uvular
! colspan="2" |Pharyngeal/Epiglottal
! colspan="2" |Glottal
|-
!Nasal
|m̥
|m
|
|ɱ
|
|n̼
| colspan="2" |
|n̥
|n
| colspan="2" |
|ɳ̊
|ɳ
|ɲ̊
|ɲ
|ŋ̊
|ŋ
|
|ɴ
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
!Stop
|p
|b
|p̪
|b̪
|t̼
|d̼
| colspan="2" |
|t
|d
| colspan="2" |
|ʈ
|ɖ
|c
|ɟ
|k
|ɡ
|q
|ɢ
|ʡ
|
|ʔ
|
|-
!Sibilant affricate
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|ts
|dz
|t̠ʃ
|d̠ʒ
|ʈʂ
|ɖʐ
|t̠ɕ
|d̠ʑ
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
!Non-sibilant affricate
|pɸ
|bβ
|p̪f
|b̪v
| colspan="2" |
|t̪θ
|d̪ð
|tɹ̝̊
|dɹ̝
|t̠ɹ̠̊˔
|d̠ɹ̠˔
| colspan="2" |
|cç
|ɟʝ
|kx
|ɡɣ
|qχ
|
|
|ʡʢ
|ʔh
|
|-
!Sibilant fricative
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|s
|z
|ʃ
|ʒ
|ʂ
|ʐ
|ɕ
|ʑ
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
!Non-sibilant fricative
|ɸ
|β
|f
|v
|θ̼
|ð̼
|θ
|ð
|θ̠
|ð̠
|ɹ̠̊˔
|ɹ̠˔
|
|ɻ˔
|ç
|ʝ
|x
|ɣ
|χ
|ʁ
|ħ
|ʕ
|h
|ɦ
|-
!Approximant
| colspan="2" |
|ʋ̥
|ʋ
|
|
|
|
|ɹ̥
|ɹ
| colspan="2" |
|ɻ̊
|ɻ
|j̊
|j
|ɰ̊
|ɰ
|
|
|
|
|
|ʔ̞
|-
!Flap/tap
|
|ⱱ̟
|
|ⱱ
|
|ɾ̼
| colspan="2" |
|ɾ̥
|ɾ
| colspan="2" |
|ɽ̊
|ɽ
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|
|ɢ̆
|
|ʡ̆
| colspan="2" |
|-
!Trill
|ʙ̥
|ʙ
| colspan="2" |
|
|
| colspan="2" |
|r̥
|r
| colspan="2" |
|ɽ̊ɽ̊
|ɽɽ
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|ʀ̥
|ʀ
|ʜ
|ʢ
| colspan="2" |
|-
!Lateral affricate
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|tɬ
|dɮ
| colspan="2" |
|ʈɭ̊˔
|
|cʎ̝̊
|
|kʟ̝̊
|ɡʟ̝
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
!Lateral fricative
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|ɬ
|ɮ
| colspan="2" |
|ɭ̊˔
|
|ʎ̝̊
|ʎ̝
|ʟ̝̊
|ʟ̝
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
!Lateral approximant
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|l̥
|l
| colspan="2" |
|ɭ̊
|ɭ
|ʎ̥
|ʎ
|ʟ̥
|ʟ
|
|ʟ̠
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
!Lateral flap/tap
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|
|ɺ
| colspan="2" |
|
|ɭ̆
|
|ʎ̆
|
|ʟ̆
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}
tk5ud8sakqk3h9aktt7p7buuhxt7sy7
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text/x-wiki
== Consonants ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Place →
! colspan="5" |Labial
! colspan="9" |Coronal
! colspan="6" |Dorsal
! colspan="6" |Laryngeal
|-
!Manner ↓
! colspan="2" |Bilabial
! colspan="2" |Labiodental
! colspan="2" |Linguolabial
! colspan="2" |Dental
! colspan="2" |Alveolar
! colspan="2" |Postalveolar
! colspan="2" |Retroflex
! colspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! colspan="2" |Uvular
! colspan="2" |Pharyngeal/Epiglottal
! colspan="2" |Glottal
|-
!Nasal
|ᴍ
|m
|
|m̆
|
|ņ
| colspan="2" |
|n̥
|n
| colspan="2" |
|ɳ̊
|ɳ
|ɲ̊
|ɲ
|ŋ̊
|ŋ
|
|ɴ
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
!Stop
|p
|b
|p̆
|b̆
|ţ
|ḑ
| colspan="2" |
|t
|d
| colspan="2" |
|ʈ
|ɖ
|c
|ɟ
|k
|ɡ
|q
|ɢ
|ʡ
|
|ʔ
|
|-
!Sibilant affricate
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|ts
|dz
|t̠ʃ
|d̠ʒ
|ʈʂ
|ɖʐ
|t̠ɕ
|d̠ʑ
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
!Non-sibilant affricate
|pɸ
|bβ
|p̪f
|b̪v
| colspan="2" |
|t̪θ
|d̪ð
|tɹ̝̊
|dɹ̝
|t̠ɹ̠̊˔
|d̠ɹ̠˔
| colspan="2" |
|cç
|ɟʝ
|kx
|ɡɣ
|qχ
|
|
|ʡʢ
|ʔh
|
|-
!Sibilant fricative
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|s
|z
|ʃ
|ʒ
|ʂ
|ʐ
|ɕ
|ʑ
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
!Non-sibilant fricative
|ɸ
|β
|f
|v
|θ̼
|ð̼
|θ
|ð
|θ̠
|ð̠
|ɹ̠̊˔
|ɹ̠˔
|
|ɻ˔
|ç
|ʝ
|x
|ɣ
|χ
|ʁ
|ħ
|ʕ
|h
|ɦ
|-
!Approximant
| colspan="2" |
|ʋ̥
|ʋ
|
|
|
|
|ɹ̥
|ɹ
| colspan="2" |
|ɻ̊
|ɻ
|j̊
|j
|ɰ̊
|ɰ
|
|
|
|
|
|ʔ̞
|-
!Flap/tap
|
|ⱱ̟
|
|ⱱ
|
|ɾ̼
| colspan="2" |
|ɾ̥
|ɾ
| colspan="2" |
|ɽ̊
|ɽ
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|
|ɢ̆
|
|ʡ̆
| colspan="2" |
|-
!Trill
|ʙ̥
|ʙ
| colspan="2" |
|
|
| colspan="2" |
|r̥
|r
| colspan="2" |
|ɽ̊ɽ̊
|ɽɽ
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|ʀ̥
|ʀ
|ʜ
|ʢ
| colspan="2" |
|-
!Lateral affricate
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|tɬ
|dɮ
| colspan="2" |
|ʈɭ̊˔
|
|cʎ̝̊
|
|kʟ̝̊
|ɡʟ̝
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
!Lateral fricative
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|ɬ
|ɮ
| colspan="2" |
|ɭ̊˔
|
|ʎ̝̊
|ʎ̝
|ʟ̝̊
|ʟ̝
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
!Lateral approximant
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|l̥
|l
| colspan="2" |
|ɭ̊
|ɭ
|ʎ̥
|ʎ
|ʟ̥
|ʟ
|
|ʟ̠
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
!Lateral flap/tap
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|
|ɺ
| colspan="2" |
|
|ɭ̆
|
|ʎ̆
|
|ʟ̆
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}
96co9quhdspgr3uubvsec9cpohds7pw
361
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Kenstallyies30
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== Consonants ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Place →
! colspan="5" |Labial
! colspan="9" |Coronal
! colspan="6" |Dorsal
! colspan="6" |Laryngeal
|-
!Manner ↓
! colspan="2" |Bilabial
! colspan="2" |Labiodental
! colspan="2" |Linguolabial
! colspan="2" |Dental
! colspan="2" |Alveolar
! colspan="2" |Postalveolar
! colspan="2" |Retroflex
! colspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! colspan="2" |Uvular
! colspan="2" |Pharyngeal/Epiglottal
! colspan="2" |Glottal
|-
!Nasal
|M
|m
|
|m̑
|
|n͗
| colspan="2" |
|N
|n
| colspan="2" |
|Ƞ
|ƞ
|Ñ
|ñ
|Ꞑ
|ꞑ
|
|<s>ν</s>
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
!Stop
|p
|b
|p̑
|b̑
|t͗
|d͗
| colspan="2" |
|t
|d
| colspan="2" |
|ţ
|ḑ
|C
|c
|k
|ɡ
|q
|j̽
|ʡ
|
|ʔ
|
|-
!Sibilant affricate
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|t͜s
|d͜z
|c͜h
|j
|ç͜h
|j̉
|C̓
|c̓
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
!Non-sibilant affricate
|φ
|β
|p̑͜f
|b̑͜v
| colspan="2" |
|t̑͜θ
|d̑͜ð
|tɹ̝̊
|dɹ̝
|t̠ɹ̠̊˔
|d̠ɹ̠˔
| colspan="2" |
|cç
|ɟʝ
|kx
|ɡɣ
|qχ
|
|
|ʡʢ
|ʔh
|
|-
!Sibilant fricative
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|s
|z
|ʃ
|ʒ
|ʂ
|ʐ
|ɕ
|ʑ
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
!Non-sibilant fricative
|φ
|β
|f
|v
|θ͑
|ð͑
|θ
|ð
|θ̠
|ð̠
|ɹ̠̊˔
|ɹ̠˔
|
|ɻ˔
|ç
|ʝ
|x
|ɣ
|χ
|ʁ
|ħ
|ʕ
|h
|ɦ
|-
!Approximant
| colspan="2" |
|W̅
|w̅
|
|
|
|
|ɹ̥
|ɹ
| colspan="2" |
|ɻ̊
|ɻ
|j̊
|j
|ɰ̊
|ɰ
|
|
|
|
|
|ʔ̞
|-
!Flap/tap
|
|V̅
|
|v̅
|
|ɾ̼
| colspan="2" |
|ɾ̥
|ɾ
| colspan="2" |
|ɽ̊
|ɽ
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|
|ɢ̆
|
|ʡ̆
| colspan="2" |
|-
!Trill
|ʙ̥
|ʙ
| colspan="2" |
|
|
| colspan="2" |
|r̥
|r
| colspan="2" |
|ɽ̊ɽ̊
|ɽɽ
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|ʀ̥
|ʀ
|ʜ
|ʢ
| colspan="2" |
|-
!Lateral affricate
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|tɬ
|dɮ
| colspan="2" |
|ʈɭ̊˔
|
|cʎ̝̊
|
|kʟ̝̊
|ɡʟ̝
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
!Lateral fricative
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|ɬ
|ɮ
| colspan="2" |
|ɭ̊˔
|
|ʎ̝̊
|ʎ̝
|ʟ̝̊
|ʟ̝
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
!Lateral approximant
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|l̥
|l
| colspan="2" |
|ɭ̊
|ɭ
|ʎ̥
|ʎ
|ʟ̥
|ʟ
|
|ʟ̠
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
!Lateral flap/tap
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|
|ɺ
| colspan="2" |
|
|ɭ̆
|
|ʎ̆
|
|ʟ̆
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}
0ku7bd6b205sg6gztwih581bki4qel3
The Fictional Language Community Wiki:Okinawan Latinised
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Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "Okinawan Latinised scripts are available below, they are usually written with Japanese writing system. == Yadena == A B C Ç D E F G Ǥ I J K M N O P Q R S Ş T U W Y Z Ь ..."
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Okinawan Latinised scripts are available below, they are usually written with Japanese writing system.
== Yadena ==
A B C Ç D E F G Ǥ I J K M N O P Q R S Ş T U W Y Z Ь
ᴀ ʙ c ç d e f g ǥ i j k m n o p q r s ş t u w y z ь
Yadena is a Latinised script system created by Jennoong Awden in 1923. Letter Q indicates a glottal stop. Ь is used to mark long vowels.
Examples:
* Kunu kurumᴀь çᴀьki, keьyᴀnditoьntᴀn.
* Anu fitundᴀь ǥicchiь, tᴀkkwᴀimukkwᴀi bikeьsoьn.
79mhvtgtpnlzraqwdbtjwlhnxuwvv6q
The Fictional Language Community Wiki:Tanhansehi's Modern Taiwanese Symbols
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2018-04-13T10:07:41Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "== Consonants == {| class="article-table" | |[[File:PhoeM.png|49x49px]] |[[File:PhoeN.png|49x49px]] |[[File:PhoeN.png|49x49px]][[File:PhoeG.png|49x49px]] |[[File:PhoeP.png|49x..."
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== Consonants ==
{| class="article-table"
|
|[[File:PhoeM.png|49x49px]]
|[[File:PhoeN.png|49x49px]]
|[[File:PhoeN.png|49x49px]][[File:PhoeG.png|49x49px]]
|[[File:PhoeP.png|49x49px]]
|[[File:180px-Phoenician he.svg.png|centre|thumb|180x180px]]
|-
|
|'''<big>m</big>''' [m]
|'''<big>n</big>''' [n]
|'''<big>ng</big>''' [ŋ]
|'''<big>p</big>''' [p]
|'''<big>ph</big>''' [pʰ]
|}
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<big><big>臺灣閩南語</big></big><br><big>Tâi-oân Bân-lâm-gú</big>
[[File:PhoeT.png|19x19px]][[File:PhoeA.png|19x19px]][[File:PhoeY.png|19x19px]].[[File:PhoeO.png|19x19px]][[File:PhoeA.png|19x19px]][[File:PhoeN.png|19x19px]]
== Consonants ==
{| class="article-table"
|
|[[File:PhoeM.png|19x19px]]
|[[File:PhoeN.png|19x19px]]
|[[File:PhoeN.png|19x19px]][[File:PhoeG.png|19x19px]]
|[[File:PhoeP.png|19x19px]]
|[[File:PhoeP.png|19x19px]][[File:PhoeH.png|19x19px]]
|[[File:PhoeB.png|19x19px]]
|[[File:PhoeT.png|19x19px]]
|[[File:PhoeT.png|19x19px]][[File:PhoeH.png|19x19px]]
|-
|
|'''<big>m</big>''' [m]
|'''<big>n</big>''' [n]
|'''<big>ng</big>''' [ŋ]
|'''<big>p</big>''' [p]
|'''<big>ph</big>''' [pʰ]
|'''<big>b</big>''' [b]
|'''<big>t</big>''' [t]
|'''<big>th</big>''' [tʰ]
|-
|
|[[File:PhoeK.png|19x19px]]
|[[File:PhoeK.png|19x19px]][[File:PhoeH.png|19x19px]]
|[[File:PhoeG.png|19x19px]]
|[[File:PhoeG.png|19x19px]][[File:PhoeH.png|19x19px]]
|[[File:PhoeG.png|19x19px]][[File:PhoeH.png|19x19px]][[File:PhoeH.png|19x19px]]
|[[File:PhoeD.png|19x19px]][[File:PhoeZ.png|19x19px]]
|[[File:PhoeG.png|19x19px]][[File:PhoeH.png|19x19px]][[File:PhoeY.png|19x19px]]
|[[File:PhoeG.png|19x19px]][[File:PhoeH.png|19x19px]][[File:PhoeH.png|19x19px]][[File:PhoeY.png|19x19px]]
|-
|
|'''<big>k</big>''' [k]
|'''<big>kh</big>''' [kʰ]
|'''<big>g</big>''' [g]
|'''<big>ch</big>''' [ts]
|'''<big>chh</big>''' [tsʰ]
|'''<big>j</big>''' [dz]
|'''<big>chi</big>''' [tɕ]
|'''<big>chhi</big>''' [tɕʰ]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
htmchx4z79llxoqq3qoxb3y2gbauk9t
The Fictional Language Community Wiki:Templates
4
14
14
2018-01-09T09:45:28Z
FANDOM
32769624
14
wikitext
text/x-wiki
There are many '''templates''' in use in {{SITENAME}}; these are only a subset, representing some of the most important and commonly used ones. If you feel that a template belongs on this page, do not hesitate to add it.
* [[:Category:Templates]] should cover all templates in the wiki.
* The Template namespace (found from [[Special:AllPages]]) always has all templates in the wiki, sorted alphanumerically.
== What are templates? ==
Wiki templates provide a means to insert the same content over and over in different (or the same) pages. This saves editors the hassle of duplicating the same text again and again, and also helps ensure consistency.
Templates are generally shown with the format required to use the template (e.g. <code>{{t|delete}}</code>). Clicking the template name takes you to the template's page, where you can see what it looks like and how it is used.
'''Detailed instructions on the usage of each template should exist on:'''
# '''a subpage using {{t|documentation}}'''; or
# the template page itself (inside "noinclude" tags); or
# the template's talk page.
For more information on templates, see [[Help:Templates]].
== Article management templates ==
=== Nominate an article for deletion ===
{{t|delete}}
* Add this to an article to nominate it for deletion. It will add the article to [[:Category:Candidates for deletion]].
=== Disambiguation articles ===
{{t|disambig}}
* If you have several articles that have similar or identical names, you may wish to create a "disambiguation" page at the main article name, with the articles taking an extra phrase in brackets afterwards. For example:
: '''The Prince''' <-- disambiguation page, with links to:
:: The Prince (frog)
:: The Prince (human)
* Using {{t|disambig}} marks an article as a disambiguation page by adding a banner to the article and categorizing it under [[:Category:Disambiguations]]. Add links to the various articles under the banner.
* For more information, see [[Help:Disambiguation]].
== General wiki templates ==
=== T is for template ===
{{t|t|template}}
* This template allows you to show example template code (with a link to the templates) without using the template itself. It is used extensively on this page.
== Where you may find more templates ==
* [[w:c:templates|Templates Wiki]]
* Wikipedia; may be copied with the proper acknowledgment, but some need tweaking to work properly on Wikia, so use a Wikia version if possible.
[[Category:Templates| ]]
5tcvfj29r8ift6vm916xvbicion31m1
The Fictional Language Community Wiki:The fictional Azeri alphabets
4
130
183
2018-03-23T11:28:00Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "== Dantonkarhga == The Dantonkarhga's alphabet for Azeri is: * Aa, Bb, Cc, C̆c̆, Dd, Ee, Ê̆ê̆, Ff, Gg, Ƣƣ, Hh, Чч, Ьь, Ii, Jj, Kk, Qq, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Ơ̆ơ̆, Pp..."
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== Dantonkarhga ==
The Dantonkarhga's alphabet for Azeri is:
* Aa, Bb, Cc, C̆c̆, Dd, Ee, Ê̆ê̆, Ff, Gg, Ƣƣ, Hh, Чч, Ьь, Ii, Jj, Kk, Qq, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Ơ̆ơ̆, Pp, Rr, Ss, Зз, Tt, Uu, Ư̆ư̆, Vv, Yy, Zz
== Rugenten ==
The Rugenten's alphabet for Azeri is:
* Aa, Bb, Цц, Чч, Dd, Ee, Єє, Ff, Gg, Гг, Hh, Ii, Ыы, Jj, Kk, Ҕҕ, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Óó, Pp, Rr, Ss, Шш, Tt, Uu, Úú, Vv, Ьь, Зз
=== Examples ===
* Aзєrbaьцan! Aзєrbaьцan!
* Eь ҕєhrєman óvladыn шanlы Vєtєni!
* Sєndєn ótrü цan vermєьє цümlє haзыrыз!
* Sєndєn ótrü ҕan tókmєьє цümlє ҕadiriз!
* Üчrєngli baьraгыnla mєsúd ьaшa!
* Üчrєngli baьraгыnla mєsúd ьaшa!
* Minlєrlє цan ҕúrban oldú,
* Sinєn hєrbє meьdan oldú!
* Hüҕúҕúndan keчєn єsgєr,
* Hєrє bir ҕєhrєman oldú!
* Sєn olasan gülüstan,
* Sєnє hєr an цan ҕúrban!
* Sєnє min bir mєhєbbєt
* Sinєmdє tútmúш mєkan!
* Namúsúnú hifз etmєьє,
* Baьraгыnы ьüksєltmєьє
* Namúsúnú hifз etmєьє,
* Цümlє gєnцlєr müшtaҕdыr!
* Шanlы Vєtєn! Шanlы Vєtєn!
* Aзєrbaьцan! Aзєrbaьцan!
* Aзєrbaьцan! Aзєrbaьцan!
gxcnnmgi3u4exc7fx7wsuhjw9k1ixke
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==Gaysonji's==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Azerbaijani alphabet transliteration table
|-
! scope="col" | Arabic
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Cyrillic
! colspan="4" scope="col" | Latin
! rowspan="2" |Gaysonji's<br>1
! rowspan="2" |Gaysonji's<br>2
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | IPA
|-
! scope="col" | –1922
! scope="col" | 1939–1958
! scope="col" | 1958–1991
! scope="col" | 1922–1933
! scope="col" | 1933–1939
! scope="col" | 1991–1992
! scope="col" | 1992–
|-
| ا || colspan="2" | А а || colspan="4" | '''A a'''
| colspan="2" |'''A a'''|| {{IPA|[ɑ]}}
|-
| ب || colspan="2" | Б б || B b || B ʙ || colspan="2" | '''B b'''
|Ƃ ƃ
|'''B b'''|| {{IPA|[b]}}
|-
| ج || colspan="2" | Ҹ ҹ || C c || Ç ç || colspan="2" | '''C c'''
| colspan="2" |'''Ç ç'''|| {{IPA|[dʒ]}}
|-
| چ || colspan="2" | Ч ч || Ç ç || C c || colspan="2" | '''Ç ç'''
| colspan="2" |'''C c'''|| {{IPA|[tʃ]}}
|-
| د || colspan="2" | Д д || colspan="4" | '''D d'''
| colspan="2" |'''D d'''
|| {{IPA|[d]}}
|-
| ئ || colspan="2" | Е е || colspan="4" | '''E e'''
| colspan="2" |'''E e'''
|| {{IPA|[e]}}
|-
| أ || colspan="2" | Ә ә || colspan="2" | Ə ə || Ä ä || '''Ə ə'''
|Ə ə
|'''É é'''
|| {{IPA|[æ]}}
|-
| ف || colspan="2" | Ф ф || colspan="4" | '''F f'''
| colspan="2" |'''F f'''
|| {{IPA|[f]}}
|-
| گ || colspan="2" | Ҝ ҝ || Ƣ ƣ || colspan="3" | '''G g'''
| colspan="2" |'''G g'''
|| {{IPA|[ɟ]}}
|-
| غ || colspan="2" | Ғ ғ || G g || Ƣ ƣ || colspan="2" | '''Ğ ğ'''
|Ƣ ƣ
|'''Ĝ ĝ'''|| {{IPA|[ɣ]}}
|-
| ح,‎ ه || colspan="2" | Һ һ || colspan="4" | '''H h'''
|
||| {{IPA|[h]}}
|-
| خ || colspan="2" | Х х || colspan="4" | '''X x'''
|
||| {{IPA|[x]}}
|-
| ؽ || colspan="2" | Ы ы || I̡ ı̡ || Ь ь || colspan="2" | '''I ı'''
|
||| {{IPA|[ɯ]}}
|-
| ی || colspan="2" | И и || colspan="2" | I i || colspan="2" | '''İ i'''
|
||| {{IPA|[ɪ]}}
|-
| ژ || colspan="2" | Ж ж || colspan="2" | Ƶ ƶ || colspan="2" | '''J j'''
|
||| {{IPA|[ʒ]}}
|-
| ک || colspan="2" | К к || Q q || colspan="3" | '''K k'''
|
||| {{IPA|[c], [ç], [k]}}
|-
| ق || colspan="2" | Г г || K k || colspan="3" | '''Q q'''
|
||| {{IPA|[ɡ]}}
|-
| ل || colspan="2" | Л л || colspan="4" | '''L l'''
|
||| {{IPA|[l]}}
|-
| م || colspan="2" | М м || colspan="4" | '''M m'''
|
||| {{IPA|[m]}}
|-
| ن || colspan="2" | Н н || colspan="4" | '''N n'''
|
||| {{IPA|[n]}}
|-
| ۇ || colspan="2" | О о || colspan="4" | '''O o'''
|
||| {{IPA|[ɔ]}}
|-
| ؤ || colspan="2" | Ө ө || colspan="2" | Ɵ ɵ || colspan="2" | '''Ö ö'''
|
||| {{IPA|[œ]}}
|-
| پ || colspan="2" | П п || colspan="4" | '''P p'''
|
||| {{IPA|[p]}}
|-
| ر || colspan="2" | Р р || colspan="4" | '''R r'''
|
||| {{IPA|[r]}}
|-
| ث,‎ س,‎ ص || colspan="2" | С с || colspan="4" | '''S s'''
|
||| {{IPA|[s]}}
|-
| ش || colspan="2" | Ш ш || З з || colspan="3" | '''Ş ş'''
|
||| {{IPA|[ʃ]}}
|-
| ت,‎ ط || colspan="2" | Т т || colspan="4" | '''T t'''
|
||| {{IPA|[t]}}
|-
| و || colspan="2" | У у || Y y || colspan="3" | '''U u'''
|
||| {{IPA|[u]}}
|-
| ۆ || colspan="2" | Ү ү || U u || Y y || colspan="2" | '''Ü ü'''
|
||| {{IPA|[y]}}
|-
| ۏ || colspan="2" | В в || colspan="4" | '''V v'''
|
||| {{IPA|[v]}}
|-
| ی || Й й || Ј ј || colspan="2" | J j || colspan="2" | '''Y y'''
|
||| {{IPA|[j]}}
|-
| یا || Я я || ЈА jа || colspan="2" | ЈА ја || colspan="2" | '''YA ya'''
|
||| {{IPA|[jɑ]}}
|-
| یئ || Е е<sup>1</sup> || ЈЕ је || colspan="2" | ЈE јe || colspan="2" | '''YE ye'''
|
||| {{IPA|[je]}}
|-
| ائ || Э э<sup>1</sup> || Е е || colspan="4" | '''E e'''
|
||| {{IPA|[e]}}
|-
| یۇ || Йо йо || ЈО јо || colspan="2" | ЈO јo || colspan="2" | '''YO yo'''
|
||| {{IPA|[jɔ]}}
|-
| یو || Ю ю || ЈУ ју || JY jy || ЈU јu || colspan="2" | '''YU yu'''
|
||| {{IPA|[ju]}}
|-
| ذ,‎ ز,‎ ض,‎ ظ || colspan="2" | З з || colspan="4" | '''Z z'''
|
||| {{IPA|[z]}}
|}
1 – in the beginning of a word and after vowels
The Azeri Perso-Arabic alphabet also contains the letter ڭ. Originally ڭ stood for the sound [ŋ], which then merged with [n]. Initial versions of the Azeri Latin alphabet contained the letter Ꞑꞑ, which was dropped in 1938.
The letter Цц, intended for the sound [ts] in loanwords, was used in Azerbaijani Cyrillic until 1951. In Azerbaijani, the sound [ts] generally becomes [s].
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The Fictional Language Community Wiki:Wakhi
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Created page with "== Latin 1984 == {| class="wikitable Unicode" |- align="center" !Letter |'''A a'''||'''B b'''||'''C c'''||'''Č č'''||'''Č̣ č̣'''||'''D d'''||'''Ḍ ḍ'''||'''Δ δ'''||..."
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== Latin 1984 ==
{| class="wikitable Unicode"
|- align="center"
!Letter
|'''A a'''||'''B b'''||'''C c'''||'''Č č'''||'''Č̣ č̣'''||'''D d'''||'''Ḍ ḍ'''||'''Δ δ'''||'''E e'''||'''Ə ə'''||'''F f'''||'''G g'''||'''Ɣ ɣ'''||'''Ɣ̌ ɣ̌'''||'''H h'''||'''I i'''||'''J̌ ǰ'''||'''J̣̌ ǰ̣'''||'''K k'''||'''L l'''||'''M m'''||'''N n'''
|- align="center"
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
|[a]||[b]||[t͡s]||[t͡ʃ]||[ʈ͡ʂ]||[d̪]||[ɖ]||[ð]||[e]||[ə]||[f]||[g]||[ʁ]||[ɣ]||[h]||[i]||[d͡ʒ]||[ɖ͡ʐ]||[k]||[l]||[m]||[n]
|- align="center"
!Letter
|'''O o'''||'''P p'''||'''Q q'''||'''R r'''||'''S s'''||'''Š š'''||'''Ṣ̌ ṣ̌'''||'''T t'''||'''Ṭ ṭ'''||'''Θ ϑ'''||'''U u'''||'''V v'''||'''W w'''||'''X x'''||'''X̌ x̌'''||'''Y y'''||'''Z z'''||'''Ž ž'''||'''Ẓ̌ ẓ̌'''||'''Ʒ ʒ'''||'''Ы ы'''
|- align="center"
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
|[o]||[p]||[q]||[r]||[s]||[ʃ]||[ʂ]||[t̪]||[ʈ]||[θ]||[u]||[v]||[w]||[χ]||[x]||[j]||[z]||[ʒ]||[ʐ]||[d͡z]||[ɨ]
|}
== Wantehai ==
{| class="wikitable Unicode"
|- align="center"
!Letter
|'''A a'''||'''B ʙ'''||'''C c'''||'''Ç ç'''||'''Ꞓ ꞓ'''||'''D d'''||'''DJ dj'''||'''Ð ð'''||'''E e'''||'''É é'''||'''F f'''||'''G g'''||'''Ƣ ƣ'''||'''Ᵹ ᵹ'''||'''H h'''||'''I i'''||'''J j'''||'''Ĵ ĵ'''||'''K k'''||'''L l'''||'''M m'''||'''N n'''
|- align="center"
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
|[a]||[b]||[t͡s]||[t͡ʃ]||[ʈ͡ʂ]||[d̪]||[ɖ]||[ð]||[e]||[ə]||[f]||[g]||[ʁ]||[ɣ]||[h]||[i]||[d͡ʒ]||[ɖ͡ʐ]||[k]||[l]||[m]||[n]
|- align="center"
!Letter
|'''O o'''||'''P p'''||'''Q q'''||'''R r'''||'''S s'''||'''Ş ş'''||'''Ṡ ṡ'''||'''T t'''||'''Ŧ ŧ'''||'''Θ ϑ'''||'''U u'''||'''V v'''||'''W w'''||'''X x'''||'''CH ch'''||'''Y y'''||'''Z z'''||'''Ƶ ƶ'''||'''Ⱬ ⱬ'''||'''З з'''||'''Ь ь'''
|- align="center"
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
|[o]||[p]||[q]||[r]||[s]||[ʃ]||[ʂ]||[t̪]||[ʈ]||[θ]||[u]||[v]||[w]||[χ]||[x]||[j]||[z]||[ʒ]||[ʐ]||[d͡z]||[ɨ]
|}
Example:
{| class="MsoNormalTable"
|
<nowiki> </nowiki><sup>2</sup>Yiso yavér chatéy:
<nowiki> </nowiki> «Sayişt зi déo carév, chanév: „Ey ʙzьrgwor Tat ki dé osmonét céy! Ti ʙézьrg
<nowiki> </nowiki> nung ʙér olam ьmьt! Lécér déwroni Ti podşoyi ᵹat-ét, zémin-ét zémon dé hьkmi
<nowiki> </nowiki> taw ьmьt!
|-
|
<nowiki> </nowiki><sup>3</sup>Spo rьsq-ét rьzi
<nowiki> </nowiki> sakér nésiʙ car!
|-
|
<nowiki> </nowiki><sup>4</sup>Cé spo génoén şéxs!
<nowiki> </nowiki> Sak ʙé kuy, ki sakér şakiᵹ, cé kérk! kьchtér ʙaxṡéṡ carén. Cé ʙandi nafs-ét
<nowiki> </nowiki> awasén, Cé waswasayi Iʙlisén saki niga ðьr!“»
|}
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[[Category:Images]]
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Cropped and resized from [[Commons:Image:LotusBud0048a.jpg]]
*Photographer: [[Commons:User:Fg2|Fg2]]
{{PD}}
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The Fictional Language Community Wiki
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
||<noinclude>
{{documentation}}</noinclude>
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Template:!!/doc
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wikitext
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;Description
:This template is used for creating two pipes, in [[Help:Table|wikitables]] contained in [[Help:Parser functions|Parser functions]].
;Syntax
:Insert this template using <code>{{t|!!}}</code>
;See also
:[[m:Template:!!|Template:!!]] on Meta-Wiki.
<includeonly>[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>
mbfsvjrrc7eqir43otdm26o5j3emthc
Template:!/doc
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wikitext
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;Description
:This template is used for creating a pipe, in [[Help:Table|wikitables]] contained in [[Help:Parser functions|Parser functions]].
;Syntax
:Insert this template using <code>{{t|!}}</code>
;See also
:[[m:Template:!|Template:!]] on Meta-Wiki.
<includeonly>[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>
3zct7fcni9xmnquaa3kgq6swshrdugw
Template:CC-BY-SA
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
<div class="color2" id="cc-by-sa" style="width:90%; margin:0 auto; padding:10px; border:1px solid #A8ACA8;">
'''''This file is licensed under the [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike License].'''''
</div><noinclude>
{{documentation}}</noinclude>
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Template:CC-BY-SA/doc
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
;Description
:This template is used to mark images with the CC-BY-SA license.
;Syntax
:Type <code>{{t|CC-BY-SA}}</code> on the image information page.
<includeonly>[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>
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Template:Cc-by-sa-3.0
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
{| class="color2" id="c-fairuse" style="width:90%; margin:0 auto; padding:10px; border:2px solid #88A;"
|-
| align="center" |http://images.wikia.com/messaging/images//thumb/7/79/CC_some_rights_reserved.svg/90px-CC_some_rights_reserved.svg.png<br />http://images.wikia.com/messaging/images//thumb/1/11/Cc-by_new_white.svg/24px-Cc-by_new_white.svg.png http://images.wikia.com/messaging/images//thumb/d/df/Cc-sa_white.svg/24px-Cc-sa_white.svg.png
| '''''This work is licensed under the Creative Commons [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ <span style="color:#002bb8;">Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0</span>] License.<br />{{#if:{{{1|}}}|<br />Attribution: {{{1|}}}}}'''''
|}<noinclude>
{{documentation}}</noinclude>
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Template:Cc-by-sa-3.0/doc
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
;Description
:This template is used to mark images with the [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ CC-BY-SA-3.0] license.
;Syntax
:Type <code>{{t|cc-by-sa-3.0|attribution details}}</code> on the image information page.
:Replace "<code>attribution details</code>" with information about the source.
<includeonly>[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>
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Template:Delete
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
<div name="Deletion notice" class="boilerplate metadata" id="delete" style="background-color:#fee; margin:1em; padding:5px 10px; border:1px solid #aaa;">
'''This page is a candidate for deletion.'''
''Remember to check [[Special:Whatlinkshere/{{FULLPAGENAME}}|what links here]] and [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=history}} the page history] before deletion.''</div><includeonly>[[Category:Candidates for deletion]]</includeonly><noinclude>
{{documentation}}</noinclude>
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Template:Delete/doc
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
;Description
:This template is used to mark pages for deletion, categorizing them in [[:Category:Candidates for deletion]].
;Syntax
:Type <code>{{t|delete}}</code> on the page to be deleted.'''
<includeonly>[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>
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Template:Disambig
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wikitext
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<div name="Disambiguation notice" class="boilerplate metadata" id="disambig" style="background-color: #eef; margin: 0 1em; padding: 0 10px; border: 1px solid #aaa;">
'''This article is a disambiguation page for {{PAGENAME}}'''
The following is a list of links to pages that might share the same title.<br/>
Please follow one of the disambiguation links below or [[Special:Search|search]] to find the page you were looking for if it is not listed. If an [[Special:Whatlinkshere/{{FULLPAGENAME}}|internal link]] led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
</div><includeonly>[[Category:Disambiguations]]</includeonly><noinclude>
{{documentation}}</noinclude>
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Template:Disambig/doc
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
;Description
:Marks an article as a disambiguation page, adding a banner to the article and categorizing it under [[:Category:Disambiguations]].
:Articles using this template will also appear on [[Special:Disambiguations]].
;Syntax
:Add <code>{{t|disambig}}</code> at the top of a disambiguation page.
<includeonly>[[Category:Templates|Disambiguation]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>
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Template:Documentation
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
<includeonly>{| class="article-table" style="width:100%;" role="complementary"
|- style="font-size:18px;"
! style="padding:0px;" | <div style="width:100%; padding:3px 0px; text-align:center;" class="color1">Template documentation</div>
|-
| ''Note: portions of the template sample may not be visible without values provided.''
|-
| View or edit [[Template:{{PAGENAMEE}}/doc|this documentation]]. ([[Template:Documentation|About template documentation]])
|-
| Editors can experiment in this template's [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}/Draft|action=edit}} sandbox] and [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}/testcases}} test case] pages.
|}
<div style="margin:0 1em;">
{{{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}/doc}}}}}</div></includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}[[Category:Template documentation| ]]</noinclude>
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Template:Documentation/doc
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
==Description==
This template is used to insert descriptions on template pages.
==Syntax==
Add <code><nowiki><noinclude></nowiki>{{t|documentation}}<nowiki></noinclude></nowiki></code> at the end of the template page.
Add <code><nowiki><noinclude></nowiki>{{t|documentation|documentation page}}<nowiki></noinclude></nowiki></code> to transclude an alternative page from the /doc subpage.
==Usage==
===On the Template page===
This is the normal format when used:
<pre>
TEMPLATE CODE<includeonly>Any categories to be inserted into articles by the template</includeonly><noinclude>
{{documentation}}</noinclude>
</pre>
''If your template is not a completed div or table, you may need to close the tags just before <code><nowiki>{{documentation}}</nowiki></code> is inserted (within the noinclude tags).''
''A line break right before <code><nowiki>{{documentation}}</nowiki></code> can also be useful as it helps prevent the documentation template "running into" previous code.''
===On the documentation page===
The documentation page is usually located on the /doc subpage for a template, but a different page can be specified with the first parameter of the template (see [[#Syntax|Syntax]]).
Normally, you will want to write something like the following on the documentation page:
<pre>
==Description==
This template is used to do something.
==Syntax==
Type <code>{{t|templatename}}</code> somewhere.
==Samples==
<code><nowiki>{{templatename|input}}</nowiki></code>
results in...
{{templatename|input}}
<includeonly>Any categories for the template itself</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>
</pre>
Use any or all of the above description/syntax/sample output sections. You may also want to add "see also" or other sections.
Note that the above example also uses the [[Template:T]] and [[Template:T/piece]] templates.
<includeonly>[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>
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Template:Fairuse
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wikitext
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<div class="color2" id="c-fairuse" style="width:90%; margin:0 auto; padding:10px; border:1px solid #A8ACA8;">
'''''This file is copyrighted. It will be used in a way that qualifies as fair use under US copyright law.'''''
</div><noinclude>
{{documentation}}</noinclude>
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Template:Fairuse/doc
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wikitext
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;Description
:This template is used to mark images as fair use.
;Syntax
:Type <code>{{t|fairuse}}</code> on the image information page.
<includeonly>[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>
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Template:From Wikimedia
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
<div class="color2" id="c-fairuse" style="width:90%; margin:0 auto; padding:10px; border:1px solid #A8ACA8;">
'''''This file was originally uploaded on Wikipedia or another Wikimedia project.'''''
</div><noinclude>
{{documentation}}</noinclude>
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Template:From Wikimedia/doc
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
;Description
:This template is used to mark images as having been uploaded on [[wikipedia:|Wikipedia]] or another [[wikimedia:|Wikimedia]] project.
;Syntax
:Type <code>{{t|From Wikimedia}}</code> on the image information page.
<includeonly>[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>
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Template:IPA
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text/x-wiki
<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">{{{1}}}</span>
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Template:IPAblink
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Created page with "{{IPA|<nowiki>[</nowiki>[[{{IPA symbol|{{{1|}}}}}|{{#if:{{{showsymbol|{{{2|}}}}}}|{{{showsymbol|{{{2|}}}}}}|{{{1|}}}}}]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>}}{{#if:{{{audio|}}}|{{#ifexist:Media..."
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{{IPA|<nowiki>[</nowiki>[[{{IPA symbol|{{{1|}}}}}|{{#if:{{{showsymbol|{{{2|}}}}}}|{{{showsymbol|{{{2|}}}}}}|{{{1|}}}}}]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>}}{{#if:{{{audio|}}}|{{#ifexist:Media:{{{audio|}}}|{{IPA audio link|{{{audio}}}}}|{{#ifexist:Media:{{IPA symbol|{{{1}}}|output=soundfile}}|{{IPA audio link|{{IPA symbol|{{{1}}}|output=soundfile}}}}}}}}}}<noinclude>
{{Documentation}}</noinclude>
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Template:Infobox album
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<infobox>
<title source="title"/>
<image source="image"><caption source="imagecaption"/></image>
<data source="artist"><label>Artist</label></data>
<data source="released"><label>Released</label></data>
<data source="recorded"><label>Recorded</label></data>
<data source="length"><label>Length</label></data>
<data source="label"><label>Label</label></data>
<data source="producer"><label>Producer</label></data>
</infobox><includeonly>[[Category:Albums]]</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude>
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Template:Infobox album/doc
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==Description==
To use this template, enter the following and fill in the appropriate fields. Most fields left blank will not show up. Don't forget to include brackets, to make the fields into links.
==Syntax==
<pre>
{{infobox album
| title =
| image = [e.g. "Example.jpg"]
| imagecaption =
| artist =
| released =
| recorded =
| length =
| label =
| producer =
}}
</pre>
==Samples==
{{infobox album
| title = Fleur
| image = Example.jpg
| artist = Marigold
| released = June 2012
| recorded = 2011
| length = 88:88
| label = Spring
| producer = Daffy
}}
<pre>
{{infobox album
| title = Fleur
| image = Example.jpg
| artist = Marigold
| released = June 2012
| recorded = 2011
| length = 88:88
| label = Spring
| producer = Daffy
}}
</pre><includeonly>[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:Templates/Infobox|{{PAGENAME}}]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>
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Template:Infobox book
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
<infobox>
<title source="title"/>
<image source="image"><caption source="imagecaption"/></image>
<data source="author"><label>Author</label></data>
<data source="illustrator"><label>Illustrator</label></data>
<data source="datePublished"><label>Published on</label></data>
<data source="publisher"><label>Publisher</label></data>
<group layout="horizontal">
<header>Publication order</header>
<data source="previous"><label>Previous</label></data>
<data source="next"><label>Next</label></data>
</group>
</infobox><includeonly>[[Category:Books]]</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude>
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Template:Infobox book/doc
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==Description==
To use this template, copy the following code and fill in the appropriate fields.
==Syntax==
<pre>{{infobox box
| title =
| image = [e.g. "Example.jpg"]
| author =
| illustrator =
| datePublished =
| publisher =
| previous =
| next =
}}</pre>
==Sample output==
{{infobox book
| title = The Adventures of Flower
| image = Example.jpg
| author = Alice
| illustrator = Bob
| datePublished = April 1928
| publisher = Arthur's
| previous = Book One
| next = Book Three
}}
<pre>{{infobox book
| title = The Adventures of Flower
| image = Example.jpg
| author = Alice
| illustrator = Bob
| datePublished = April 1928
| publisher = Arthur's
| previous = Book One
| next = Book Three
}}</pre>
<includeonly>[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:Templates/Infobox|{{PAGENAME}}]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>
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Template:Infobox character
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
<infobox>
<title source="name"/>
<image source="image">
<caption source="imagecaption" />
</image>
<group>
<data source="aliases"><label>Aliases</label></data>
<data source="relatives"><label>Relatives</label></data>
<data source="affiliation"><label>Affiliation</label></data>
</group>
<group>
<header>Biographical information</header>
<data source="marital"><label>Marital status</label></data>
<data source="birthDate"><label>Date of birth</label></data>
<data source="birthPlace"><label>Place of birth</label></data>
<data source="deathDate"><label>Date of death</label></data>
<data source="deathPlace"><label>Date of death</label></data>
</group>
<group>
<header>Physical description</header>
<data source="species"><label>Species</label></data>
<data source="gender"><label>Gender</label></data>
<data source="height"><label>Height</label></data>
<data source="weight"><label>Weight</label></data>
<data source="eyes"><label>Eye color</label></data>
</group>
</infobox><includeonly>[[Category:Characters]]</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude>
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Template:Infobox character/doc
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
==Description==
To use this template, copy the following code and fill in the appropriate fields.
==Syntax==
<pre>
{{infobox character
| name =
| image =
| caption =
| aliases =
| affiliation =
| marital =
| birthDate =
| birthPlace =
| deathDate =
| deathPlace =
| species =
| gender =
| height =
| weight =
| eyes =
}}
</pre>
==Samples==
{{infobox character
| name = Flowa
| image = Example.jpg
| caption = Flowa, at rest
| aliases = Flo
| affiliation =
| marital =
| birthDate = July 21st, 2013
| birthPlace = Iowa
| deathDate =
| deathPlace =
| species = Plant
| gender =
| height =
| weight =
| eyes =
}}
<pre>
{{infobox character
| name = Flowa
| image = Example.jpg
| caption = Flowa, at rest
| aliases = Flo
| affiliation =
| marital =
| birthDate = July 21st, 2013
| birthPlace = Iowa
| deathDate =
| deathPlace =
| species = Plant
| gender =
| height =
| weight =
| eyes =
}}
</pre>
<includeonly>[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:Templates/Infobox|{{PAGENAME}}]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>
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Template:Infobox episode
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
<infobox>
<title source="title"/>
<image source="image"><caption source="imagecaption"/></image>
<data source="partOfSeason"><label>Season</label></data>
<data source="episodeNumber"><label>Episode</label></data>
<data source="airDate"><label>Air date</label></data>
<data source="writer"><label>Writer</label></data>
<data source="director"><label>Director</label></data>
<group layout="horizontal">
<header>Episode guide</header>
<data source="previousEpisode"><label>Previous</label></data>
<data source="nextEpisode"><label>Next</label></data>
</group>
</infobox><includeonly>[[Category:Episodes]]</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude>
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Template:Infobox episode/doc
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
==Description==
To use this template, copy the following code and fill in the appropriate fields.
==Syntax==
<pre>{{infobox episode
| title =
| partOfSeason =
| episodeNumber =
| image = [e.g. "Example.jpg"]
| airdate =
| writer =
| director =
| previousEpisode =
| nextEpisode =
}}</pre>
==Sample output==
{{infobox episode
| title = Flower of Babel
| partOfSeason = One
| episodeNumber = Three
| image = Example.jpg
| airdate = Unaired
| writer = D. Righta
| director = A. di Rektour
| previousEpisode = Episode Two
| nextEpisode = Episode Four
}}<pre>{{infobox episode
| title = Flower of Babel
| partOfSeason = One
| episodeNumber = Three
| image = Example.jpg
| airdate = Unaired
| writer = D. Righta
| director = A. di Rektour
| previousEpisode = Episode Two
| nextEpisode = Episode Four
}}</pre>
<includeonly>[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:Templates/Infobox|{{PAGENAME}}]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>
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Template:Infobox event
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
<infobox>
<title source="title"/>
<image source="image"><caption source="imagecaption"/></image>
<data source="performers"><label>Performers</label></data>
<data source="date"><label>Date</label></data>
<data source="location"><label>Location</label></data>
</infobox><includeonly>[[Category:Events]]</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude>
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Template:Infobox event/doc
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text/x-wiki
==Description==
To use this template, copy the following code and fill in the appropriate fields.
==Syntax==
<pre>
{{infobox event
| title =
| image = [e.g. "Example.jpg"]
| imagecaption =
| performers =
| date =
| location =
}}
</pre>
==Samples==
{{infobox event
| title = Flower du Jour
| image = Example.jpg
| performers = Awesome Ones
| date = All the time
| location = Everywhere
}}
<pre>
{{infobox event
| title = Flower du Jour
| image = Example.jpg
| performers = Awesome Ones
| date = All the time
| location = Everywhere
}}
</pre><includeonly>[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:Templates/Infobox|{{PAGENAME}}]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>
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Template:Infobox item
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
<infobox>
<title source="title"/>
<image source="image"><caption source="imagecaption"/></image>
<data source="type"><label>Type</label></data>
<data source="effects"><label>Effects</label></data>
<data source="source"><label>Source</label></data>
<data source="buy"><label>Cost to buy</label></data>
<data source="sell"><label>Cost to sell</label></data>
</infobox><includeonly>[[Category:Items]]</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude>
3jw03to6tc9qvqrja4neog4h50v3tle
Template:Infobox item/doc
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
==Description==
To use this template, copy the following code and fill in the appropriate fields.
==Syntax==
<pre>
{{infobox item
| title =
| image = [e.g. "Example.jpg"]
| imagecaption =
| type =
| effects =
| source =
| buy =
| sell =
}}
</pre>
==Samples==
{{infobox item
| title = Power Flower
| image = Example.jpg
| type = Food
| effects = +1 Fire
| source = Vendor
| buy = 5g
| sell = 1g
}}<pre>
{{infobox item
| title = Power Flower
| image = Example.jpg
| type = Food
| effects = +1 Fire
| source = Vendor
| buy = 5g
| sell = 1g
}}
</pre><includeonly>[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:Templates/Infobox|{{PAGENAME}}]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>
rvf9hey4pgic9qy21k7m4zprw4ckmwr
Template:Infobox location
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
<infobox>
<title source="title"/>
<image source="image"><caption source="imagecaption"/></image>
<image source="map"><caption source="mapcaption"/></image>
<data source="type"><label>Type</label></data>
<data source="level"><label>Level</label></data>
<data source="location"><label>Location</label></data>
<data source="inhabitants"><label>Inhabitants</label></data>
</infobox><includeonly>[[Category:Locations]]</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude>
bvrimp1y7cq9ggij39zjid9h9kbc3kf
Template:Infobox location/doc
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
==Description==
To use this template, copy the following code and fill in the appropriate fields.
==Syntax==
<pre>
{{infobox location
| title =
| image = [e.g. "Example.jpg"]
| imagecaption =
| map = [e.g. "Example.jpg"]
| mapcaption =
| type =
| level =
| location =
| inhabitants =
}}
</pre>
==Samples==
{{infobox location
| title = Flora Island
| image = Example.jpg
| imagecaption = The island
| map = Example.jpg
| mapcaption = Zone map
| type = Contested
| level = 1-5
| location = Earth
| inhabitants = Stompy Humans, Drinky Bees
}}<pre>
{{infobox location
| title = Flora Island
| image = Example.jpg
| imagecaption = The island
| map = Example.jpg
| mapcaption = Zone map
| type = Contested
| level = 1-5
| location = Earth
| inhabitants = Stompy Humans, Drinky Bees
}}
</pre><includeonly>[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:Templates/Infobox|{{PAGENAME}}]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>
m6e3wvc984c78x17wgaavyxrk6sjzxp
Template:Infobox quest
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
<infobox>
<title source="title"/>
<image source="image"><caption source="imagecaption"/></image>
<data source="start"><label>Start</label></data>
<data source="end"><label>End</label></data>
<data source="prerequisites"><label>Prerequisites</label></data>
<data source="level"><label>Level</label></data>
<data source="location"><label>Location</label></data>
<data source="rewards"><label>Rewards</label></data>
<group layout="horizontal">
<header>Quest progression</header>
<data source="previous"><label>Previous</label></data>
<data source="next"><label>Next</label></data>
</group>
</infobox><includeonly>[[Category:Quests]]</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude>
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Template:Infobox quest/doc
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
{{infobox quest
| title = Example infobox
| image = Example.jpg
| start = Chrys
| end = Geran
| prerequisites = None
| level = 5
| location = Earth
| rewards = Justice-Wrought Petals
| previous = A
| next = C
}}
==Description==
To use this template, copy the following code and fill in the appropriate fields. To add a field, use [[Special:InfoboxBuilder]] or follow the steps seen at [[:Template:Infobox]].
==Syntax==
<pre>
{{infobox quest
| title =
| image = [e.g. "Example.jpg"]
| imagecaption =
| start =
| end =
| prerequisites =
| level =
| location =
| rewards =
| previous =
| next =
}}
</pre>
<includeonly>[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:Templates/Infobox|{{PAGENAME}}]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>
d2ids2uofaqiaxqlxrm3cdhm9iyk617
Template:Kaghan
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2018-03-27T06:11:03Z
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Created page with "<includeonly>{{#invoke:Greek|to_standard|{{{1|1}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude>"
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
<includeonly>{{#invoke:Greek|to_standard|{{{1|1}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude>
{{Documentation}}
</noinclude>
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
<includeonly>{{#invoke:Kaghan|to_standard|{{{1|1}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude>
{{Documentation}}
</noinclude>
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Template:Kaghan/doc
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2018-03-27T06:11:50Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "Examples: * {{Kaghan|A´}}"
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
Examples:
* {{Kaghan|A´}}
k13elrkpkpxfx2cyb78s92mgnblc9gc
Template:Letters
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Kenstallyies30
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Created page with "<includeonly>{{#invoke:letters|letters}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}} </noinclude>"
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
<includeonly>{{#invoke:letters|letters}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}
</noinclude>
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Template:Letters/doc
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Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "Example: {{letters |lang=hu|sc=Latn |native name=betű |Aa|Áá|Bb|Cc|Cs/cs|Dd|Dz/dz|Dzs/dzs|Ee|Éé|Ff|Gg|Gy/gy|Hh|Ii|Íí|Jj|Kk|Ll|Ly/ly|Mm|Nn|Ny/ny|Oo|Óó|Öö|Őő|Pp|Qq|..."
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text/x-wiki
Example: {{letters
|lang=hu|sc=Latn
|native name=betű
|Aa|Áá|Bb|Cc|Cs/cs|Dd|Dz/dz|Dzs/dzs|Ee|Éé|Ff|Gg|Gy/gy|Hh|Ii|Íí|Jj|Kk|Ll|Ly/ly|Mm|Nn|Ny/ny|Oo|Óó|Öö|Őő|Pp|Qq|Rr|Ss|Sz/sz|Tt|Ty/ty|Uu|Úú|Üü|Űű|Vv|Ww|Xx|Yy|Zz|Zs/zs}}
ov2m68wulq8dneoqhj9jmav6k40m8vg
Template:Navbox
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
{| style="width:100%; margin-top:1em; border:1px solid #999; font-size:90%; text-align:center;"
|-
! style="padding:0.2em 0.5em;" nowrap="nowrap" class="color1" | {{{header}}}
|-
| style="padding:0.2em 0.5em;" | {{{body}}}
|}<noinclude>
{{documentation}}</noinclude>
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Template:Navbox/doc
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
;Description
:This template is used to create a basic navigation box. You can do so by calling the template, via the steps under "Syntax", but it is recommended to '''copy the code verbatim''' via the steps under "Navbox Creation".
;Navbox Creation
<createbox>
prefix=Template:
preload=Template:Navbox
editintro=Template:Navbox/doc
buttonlabel=Make your navbox!
default = Navbox Foo
</createbox>
#Think of a name for your navbox, like "Navbox Foo". Type it in the above field, press the button, and save the page immediately. Be ready to return to ''this'' page to see the rest of the instructions.
#Edit the resulting page in source mode.
#Replace <code>{{{header}}}</code> with the text you would like to appear in the header.
#Replace <code>{{{body}}}</code> with the text you would like to appear in the body.
#To add another section, copy these four lines of code immediately below the lines in the existing code that they resemble:
<pre>|-
! style="padding:0.2em 0.5em;" nowrap="nowrap" class="color1" | {{{header}}}
|-
| style="padding:0.2em 0.5em;" | {{{body}}}</pre>
Save the page once you have added as many sections as you needed, and filled them with content. You may also want to create a /doc subpage explaining that to call the resulting template, one must only type <code>{<nowiki/>{Navbox Foo}}</code>, or rather, whatever we decided to name the template in step 1.
;Syntax
<pre>{{navbox
|header=Land of Bob
|body=This <nowiki>[[place]]</nowiki> and that <nowiki>[[place]]</nowiki>.
}}</pre>
:Results in...
{{navbox
|header=Land of Bob
|body=This <nowiki>[[place]]</nowiki> and that <nowiki>[[place]]</nowiki>.
}}
<includeonly>[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:Templates/Navbox|{{PAGENAME}}]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>
97glr7dydvlwxiiq6jffdazymdzq5yq
Template:Other free
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
<div class="color2" id="c-fairuse" style="width:90%; margin:0 auto; padding:10px; border:1px solid #A8ACA8;">
'''''This file is licensed under a free license.'''''
</div><noinclude>
{{documentation}}</noinclude>
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Template:Other free/doc
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
;Description
:This template is used to mark images with a free license not covered by other image templates.
;Syntax
:Type <code>{{t|Other free}}</code> on the image information page.
<includeonly>[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>
2fexkneznrobyg4jhnuwg0m6omdqieo
Template:PD
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
<div class="color2" id="c-fairuse" style="width:90%; margin:0 auto; padding:10px; border:1px solid #A8ACA8;">
'''''This file is in the public domain'''''
</div><noinclude>
{{documentation}}</noinclude>
g8mloy93d3el2a56qw883olbaaytr79
Template:PD/doc
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2018-01-09T09:45:28Z
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
;Description
:This template is used to mark images as being in the public domain.
;Syntax
:Type <code>{{t|PD}}</code> on the image information page.
<includeonly>[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>
dabi1zsu7bc04rxxfp4xyg8we0ldliq
Template:Permission
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
<div class="color2" id="c-fairuse" style="width:90%; margin:0 auto; padding:10px; border:1px solid #A8ACA8;">
'''''This file is copyrighted. The copyright holder has given permission for its use.'''''
</div><noinclude>
{{documentation}}</noinclude>
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Template:Permission/doc
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2018-01-09T09:45:28Z
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
;Description
:This template is used to mark images as being copyrighted, but the copyright holder has given permission for its use.
;Syntax
:Type <code>{{t|permission}}</code> on the image information page.
<includeonly>[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>
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Template:Quote
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
<blockquote class="quote">"''{{{quote|{{{1}}}}}}''"
{{#if:{{{speaker|{{{2|}}}}}}|<cite>― {{{speaker|{{{2}}}}}}{{#if:{{{source|{{{3|}}}}}}|<sup class="noprint">[[{{{source|{{{3}}}}}}|[source]]]</sup>}}</cite>}}</blockquote><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude>
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Template:Quote/doc
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
==Description==
To use this template, enter the following and fill in the appropriate fields. Most fields left blank will not show up.
==Syntax==
<pre>
{{Quote
| quote =
| speaker =
| source =
}}
</pre>
As an alternative, these can be placed in positional order.
==Samples==
{{Quote
| quote = When you play the game of thrones, you win or you die.
| speaker = [[w:c:gameofthrones:Cersei Lannister|Cersei Lannister]]
| source = w:c:gameofthrones:You Win or You Die
}}
<pre>
{{Quote
| quote = When you play the game of thrones, you win or you die.
| speaker = [[w:c:gameofthrones:Cersei Lannister|Cersei Lannister]]
| source = w:c:gameofthrones:You Win or You Die
}}
</pre>
or
<pre>
{{Quote
| When you play the game of thrones, you win or you die.
| [[w:c:gameofthrones:Cersei Lannister|Cersei Lannister]]
| w:c:gameofthrones:You Win or You Die
}}
</pre><includeonly>[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:Templates/Quote|{{PAGENAME}}]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>
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Template:Self
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
<div class="color2" id="c-fairuse" style="width:90%; margin:0 auto; padding:10px; border:1px solid #A8ACA8;">
'''''This file was uploaded by the photographer or author.'''''
</div><noinclude>
{{documentation}}</noinclude>
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Template:Self/doc
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
;Description
:This template is used to mark images as having been uploaded by the photographer or author.
;Syntax
:Type <code>{{t|self}}</code> on the image information page.
<includeonly>[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>
135dq46ihrkcwpoyai852cxqf2dbsc0
Template:Small
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2018-02-10T05:00:28Z
Kenstallyies30
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Created page with "<small>{{{1}}}</small>"
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
<small>{{{1}}}</small>
7l7jgs0wgz8v17adcwqrexadothzges
Template:StructuredQuote
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32794352
Imported default template
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
{| style="border-radius: 10px; margin: 0 auto;" class="cquote"
| width="15" valign="top" style="color: var(--theme-link-color); font-size: 36px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px;" | “
| style="padding: 4px 2px; font-style: italic;" | {{{text|Text...}}}
| width="15" valign="bottom" style="color: var(--theme-link-color); font-size: 36px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px;" | ”
|-
{{#if: {{{speaker|}}}{{{receiver|}}}{{{attribution|}}}{{{source|}}}| {{!}} colspan="4" style="padding-top: 0.1em" {{!}} {{#if:{{{speaker|}}}|<p style="text-align: right"><cite>—{{{speaker}}}{{#if:{{{receiver|}}}|, to {{{receiver|}}}}}{{#if:{{{attribution|}}}|, {{{attribution|}}}}}{{#if:{{{source|}}}|, {{{source|}}}}}</cite></p>}}
}}
|}
<noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude>
7p881bc8bucoleu5jlw1ob89uxv3flb
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2024-10-22T02:49:32Z
FANDOMbot
32794352
Updated default StructuredQuote template. See https://community.fandom.com/wiki/Help:Structured_Quotes for more details.
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
<blockquote class="pull-quote">
<div class="pull-quote__text">{{{text|Text...}}}</div>
<p style="text-align: right"><cite>—{{{speaker|speaker}}}{{#if:{{{receiver|}}}|, to {{{receiver|}}}}}{{#if:{{{attribution|}}}|, {{{attribution|}}}}}{{#if:{{{source|}}}|, {{{source|}}}}}</cite></p>
</blockquote>
<noinclude>
==Description==
A template used for displaying Structured Quotes ( ''<nowiki>{{#SQuote:}}</nowiki>'' ). If you want to unlock the full potential of Structured Quotes, please avoid using this template directly, and consider ''<nowiki>{{#SQuote:}}</nowiki>'' markup instead.
See https://community.fandom.com/wiki/Help:Structured_Quotes for extra information about Structured Quotes.
==Syntax==
<pre>
{{StructuredQuote
| text =
| speaker =
| receiver =
| attribution =
| source =
}}
</pre>
==Samples==
{{StructuredQuote
|text=Size matters not. Look at me. Judge me by my size, do you? Hmm? Hmm. And well you should not. (...)
|speaker=[[Yoda]]
|receiver=[[Luke Skywalker]]
|source=[[Star Wars: Episode V The Empire Strikes Back]]
}}
<pre>
{{StructuredQuote
|text=Size matters not. Look at me. Judge me by my size, do you? Hmm? Hmm. And well you should not. (...)
|speaker=[[Yoda]]
|receiver=[[Luke Skywalker]]
|source=[[Star Wars: Episode V The Empire Strikes Back]]
}}
</pre>
== TemplateData ==
<templatedata>
{
"params": {
"text": {
"label": "Quote text",
"description": "quote text",
"type": "content",
"required": true
},
"speaker": {
"label": "Person(s) quoted",
"description": "individual(s) who uttered or wrote the quoted words (wikitext links, comma-separated)",
"type": "content",
"required": true
},
"receiver": {
"label": "Person(s) to whom the quote was spoken",
"description": "person the quote was spoken to (wikitext links, comma-separated)",
"type": "content",
"suggested": true
},
"attribution": {
"label": "Attribution(s)",
"description": "attribution (wikitext links, comma-separated)",
"type": "content",
"suggested": true
},
"source": {
"label": "Quote source",
"description": "place where it was spoken (wikitext link)",
"type": "content",
"suggested": true
}
},
"format": "block"
}
</templatedata>
</noinclude>
oo5b57fo2xd1mceyzo6sr5v16rl78qn
495
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2024-11-08T10:58:38Z
FANDOMbot
32794352
Updated default StructuredQuote template. See https://community.fandom.com/wiki/Help:Structured_Quotes for more details.
495
wikitext
text/x-wiki
<blockquote class="pull-quote">
<div class="pull-quote__text">{{{text|Text...}}}</div>
<p style="text-align: right"><cite>—{{{speaker|speaker}}}{{#if:{{{receiver|}}}|, to {{{receiver|}}}}}{{#if:{{{attribution|}}}|, {{{attribution|}}}}}{{#if:{{{source|}}}|, {{{source|}}}}}</cite></p>
</blockquote>
<noinclude>
==Description==
A template used for displaying Structured Quotes ( ''<nowiki>{{#SQuote:}}</nowiki>'' ). If you want to unlock the full potential of Structured Quotes, please avoid using this template directly, and consider ''<nowiki>{{#SQuote:}}</nowiki>'' markup instead.
See https://community.fandom.com/wiki/Help:Structured_Quotes for extra information about Structured Quotes.
==Syntax==
<pre>
{{StructuredQuote
| text =
| speaker =
| receiver =
| attribution =
| source =
}}
</pre>
==Samples==
{{StructuredQuote
|text=Size matters not. Look at me. Judge me by my size, do you? Hmm? Hmm. And well you should not. (...)
|speaker=[[w:c:en.starwars:Yoda|Yoda]]
|receiver=[[w:c:en.starwars:Luke_Skywalker|Luke Skywalker]]
|source=[[w:c:en.starwars:Star_Wars:_Episode_V_The_Empire_Strikes_Back|Star Wars: Episode V The Empire Strikes Back]]
}}
<pre>
{{StructuredQuote
|text=Size matters not. Look at me. Judge me by my size, do you? Hmm? Hmm. And well you should not. (...)
|speaker=[[Yoda]]
|receiver=[[Luke Skywalker]]
|source=[[Star Wars: Episode V The Empire Strikes Back]]
}}
</pre>
== TemplateData ==
<templatedata>
{
"params": {
"text": {
"label": "Quote text",
"description": "quote text",
"type": "content",
"required": true
},
"speaker": {
"label": "Person(s) quoted",
"description": "individual(s) who uttered or wrote the quoted words (wikitext links, comma-separated)",
"type": "content",
"required": true
},
"receiver": {
"label": "Person(s) to whom the quote was spoken",
"description": "person the quote was spoken to (wikitext links, comma-separated)",
"type": "content",
"suggested": true
},
"attribution": {
"label": "Attribution(s)",
"description": "attribution (wikitext links, comma-separated)",
"type": "content",
"suggested": true
},
"source": {
"label": "Quote source",
"description": "place where it was spoken (wikitext link)",
"type": "content",
"suggested": true
}
},
"format": "block"
}
</templatedata>
</noinclude>
t808cx5iy65gb6scx67s6giyg81ape0
496
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2024-11-15T09:28:36Z
FANDOMbot
32794352
Updated default StructuredQuote template. See https://community.fandom.com/wiki/Help:Structured_Quotes for more details.
496
wikitext
text/x-wiki
<blockquote class="pull-quote">
<div class="pull-quote__text">{{{text|Text...}}}</div>
<p style="text-align: right"><cite>—{{{speaker|speaker}}}{{#if:{{{receiver|}}}|, to {{{receiver|}}}}}{{#if:{{{attribution|}}}|, {{{attribution|}}}}}{{#if:{{{source|}}}|, {{{source|}}}}}</cite></p>
</blockquote>
<noinclude>
==Description==
A template used for displaying Structured Quotes ( ''<nowiki>{{#SQuote:}}</nowiki>'' ). If you want to unlock the full potential of Structured Quotes, please avoid using this template directly, and consider ''<nowiki>{{#SQuote:}}</nowiki>'' markup instead.
See https://community.fandom.com/wiki/Help:Structured_Quotes for extra information about Structured Quotes.
==Syntax==
<pre>
{{StructuredQuote
| text =
| speaker =
| receiver =
| attribution =
| source =
}}
</pre>
==Samples==
{{StructuredQuote
|text=Size matters not. Look at me. Judge me by my size, do you? Hmm? Hmm. And well you should not. (...)
|speaker=[[w:c:en.starwars:Yoda|Yoda]]
|receiver=[[w:c:en.starwars:Luke_Skywalker|Luke Skywalker]]
|source=[[w:c:en.starwars:Star_Wars:_Episode_V_The_Empire_Strikes_Back|Star Wars: Episode V The Empire Strikes Back]]
}}
<pre>
{{StructuredQuote
|text=Size matters not. Look at me. Judge me by my size, do you? Hmm? Hmm. And well you should not. (...)
|speaker=[[Yoda]]
|receiver=[[Luke Skywalker]]
|source=[[Star Wars: Episode V The Empire Strikes Back]]
}}
</pre>
== TemplateData ==
<templatedata>
{
"params": {
"text": {
"label": "Quote text",
"description": "quote text",
"type": "content",
"required": true
},
"speaker": {
"label": "Person(s) quoted",
"description": "individual(s) who uttered or wrote the quoted words (wikitext links, comma-separated)",
"type": "content",
"required": true
},
"receiver": {
"label": "Person(s) to whom the quote was spoken",
"description": "person the quote was spoken to (wikitext links, comma-separated)",
"type": "content",
"suggested": true
},
"attribution": {
"label": "Attribution(s)",
"description": "attribution (wikitext links, comma-separated)",
"type": "content",
"suggested": true
},
"source": {
"label": "Quote source",
"description": "place where it was spoken (wikitext link)",
"type": "content",
"suggested": true
}
},
"format": "block"
}
</templatedata>
</noinclude>
5gtdrd3qkchyra4j769eptz3qivs29m
Template:T
10
36
36
2018-01-09T09:45:28Z
FANDOM
32769624
1 revision: Updates made for portability
36
wikitext
text/x-wiki
<nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:{{{1}}}|{{{1}}}]]{{t/piece|{{{2|---}}}}}{{t/piece|{{{3|---}}}}}{{t/piece|{{{4|---}}}}}{{t/piece|{{{5|---}}}}}{{t/piece|{{{6|---}}}}}{{t/piece|{{{7|---}}}}}{{t/piece|{{{8|---}}}}}{{t/piece|{{{9|---}}}}}{{t/piece|{{{10|---}}}}}{{t/piece|{{{11|---}}}}}{{t/piece|{{{12|---}}}}}{{t/piece|{{{13|---}}}}}{{t/piece|{{{14|---}}}}}{{t/piece|{{{15|---}}}}}{{t/piece|{{{16|---}}}}}{{t/piece|{{{17|---}}}}}{{t/piece|{{{18|---}}}}}{{t/piece|{{{19|---}}}}}{{t/piece|{{{20|---}}}}}{{t/piece|{{{21|---}}}}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki><noinclude>
{{documentation}}</noinclude>
d49se9v498od26tkx7br49dfrf6ywnj
Template:T/doc
10
21
21
2018-01-09T09:45:28Z
FANDOM
32769624
1 revision: Updates made for portability
21
wikitext
text/x-wiki
;Description
:A template link with a variable number of example parameters (0-20), which can be used to show example inputs.
:Utilises [[Template:T/piece]].
;Syntax
:{{t|t|parameter1|parameter2|parameter3|parameter4|...|parameter20}}
;Sample code
:<code><nowiki>{{t|infobox}}</nowiki></code> gives...
:{{t|infobox}}
:<code><nowiki>{{t|infobox|Item1|Item2|Item3|Item4|Item5|...}}</nowiki></code> gives...
:{{t|infobox|Item1|Item2|Item3|Item4|Item5|...}}
;See also
:[[w:c:wow:Template:T|Template:T]] on WoWWiki
<includeonly>[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>
bodw2y1qgwizbxkxa60gx2omtrz06cg
Template:T/piece
10
37
37
2018-01-09T09:45:28Z
FANDOM
32769624
1 revision: Updates made for portability
37
wikitext
text/x-wiki
{{#ifeq: {{{1|---}}}|---|||<span style="color:gray;">''<{{{1}}}>''</span>}}<noinclude>
{{documentation}}</noinclude>
si7jwpfofzeeyqufb5wjvb781qr2745
Template:T/piece/doc
10
22
22
2018-01-09T09:45:28Z
FANDOM
32769624
1 revision: Updates made for portability
22
wikitext
text/x-wiki
;Description
:Parameter piece for {{t|t}}, controls styling/showing of parameter fragments.
;See also
:[[w:c:wow:Template:T/piece|Template:T/piece]] on WoWWiki
<includeonly>[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>
otrzijc9s23bxspyvwcwr9qkd23utjd
Template:TaiLe
10
115
165
2018-03-16T08:37:29Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "<includeonly><span style="font-family:Microsoft Tai Le,Noto Sans Tai Le">{{{1}}}</span></includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude>"
165
wikitext
text/x-wiki
<includeonly><span style="font-family:Microsoft Tai Le,Noto Sans Tai Le">{{{1}}}</span></includeonly><noinclude>
{{documentation}}
</noinclude>
8gxt5lvy1d22ladjgxcyqmitddnuxjx
Category:Blog posts
14
70
70
2018-01-09T09:45:28Z
FANDOM
32769624
70
wikitext
text/x-wiki
[[Category:Browse]]
puqc8r9eprs4g8tnd3en9i77m5fefen
Category:Browse
14
2
2
2018-01-09T09:45:28Z
FANDOM
32769624
2
wikitext
text/x-wiki
The main category for this community. A full list of existing categories can be found at [[Special:Categories]].
5ig3lakvg79nu0pewgho0gy54c6bvxc
Category:Candidates for deletion
14
67
67
2018-01-09T09:45:28Z
FANDOM
32769624
67
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Pages in this category have been labelled for deletion. To add a page to this category, type {{t|delete}} on the page.
[[Category:Browse]]
2qwmtb1dedeabxhi0oyp4svnugwqb0t
Category:Disambiguations
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2018-01-09T09:45:28Z
FANDOM
32769624
68
wikitext
text/x-wiki
This category contains [[Help:Disambiguation|disambiguation]] pages — navigational aids which list other pages that might otherwise share the same title. If an internal link referred you to one of these pages, you might want to go back and fix it to point directly to the intended page.
'''Pages may be included in this category by the addition of the template {{t|disambig}} just before the list of similarly-named pages.'''
[[Category:Browse]]
furxxgr9zf40s9y007tx7szmx351zsy
Category:Help
14
69
69
2018-01-09T09:45:28Z
FANDOM
32769624
Replaced content with "'''For a full list of help pages, see [[Help:Contents]],''' which includes help pages shared across Wikia.
[[Category:Browse]]"
69
wikitext
text/x-wiki
'''For a full list of help pages, see [[Help:Contents]],''' which includes help pages shared across Wikia.
[[Category:Browse]]
fg9shi8m07api0fzn82s3fde01ig7h4
Category:Images
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2018-01-09T09:45:28Z
FANDOM
32769624
71
wikitext
text/x-wiki
'''Images''' on {{SITENAME}}.
[[Category:Browse]]
49yssp8fazse6foxsqh3d3jrtf6h4ry
Category:Template documentation
14
19
19
2018-01-09T09:45:28Z
FANDOM
32769624
Tweaking category listing and converting idealism to realism for the target market
19
wikitext
text/x-wiki
This category should contain all '''template documentation pages'''. See [[Template:Documentation]] for more details.
[[Category:Templates| Documentation]]
hhrr5ltyz96ebw3x0pwu6064duhdnkp
Category:Templates
14
9
9
2018-01-09T09:45:28Z
FANDOM
32769624
9
wikitext
text/x-wiki
This is the base category for '''templates'''. Templates should be placed in appropriate subcategories.
See [[Project:Templates]] for collated information on templates.
[[Category:Browse]]
nx87w1iodeej4r9bg2psirgo3vly5yi
Message Wall:Kenstallyies30
1200
81
82
2018-01-09T09:45:28Z
FANDOMbot
32794352
82
wikitext
text/x-wiki
phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1
Thread:Kenstallyies30/@comment-957747-20180109094528
1201
82
83
2018-01-09T09:45:28Z
Rappy
957747
Created page with "Hello, I'm a member of FANDOM's Community Support team. We're excited to have {{subst:SITENAME}} as part of the FANDOM community! It may seem like there’s a lot to do, but ..."
83
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Hello, I'm a member of FANDOM's Community Support team. We're excited to have The Fictional Language Community Wiki as part of the FANDOM community!
It may seem like there’s a lot to do, but we’re here to help make getting started quick and easy. Here are some helpful tips and links to get your community going:
*Check out [[Special:WikiFeatures|Wiki Features]] to turn on some special features including our popular community Chat.
*Customize your community’s color and style by visiting the [[Special:ThemeDesigner|Theme Designer]].
*Stop by [[w:c:community|Community Central]] to check out the [[w:c:community:Blog:Wikia_Staff_Blog|staff blog]], and ask questions on our [[w:c:community:Special:Forum|community forum]].
*Lastly, visit our [[Help:Contents|help pages]] to learn the ins and outs of using FANDOM, or visit [[w:c:community:Wikia_University|FANDOM University]] for quick how-to videos.
Have fun!<ac_metadata title="Welcome!"> </ac_metadata>
7htk2hc5mnb6byjjk638tk0kpt9mg6j
Module:BaseConvert
828
108
150
2018-02-10T11:36:32Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
add
150
Scribunto
text/plain
local p = {}
local digits = '0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
function normalizeFullWidthChars(s)
return mw.ustring.gsub(s, '[!-~]', function(s)
return mw.ustring.char(mw.ustring.codepoint(s, 1) - 0xFEE0)
end)
end
function _convert(n, base, from, precision, width, default, prefix, suffix)
n = '' .. n -- convert to a string
-- strip off any leading '0x' (unless x is a valid digit in the input base)
from = tonumber(from)
if not from or from < 34 then
local c
n, c = n:gsub('^(-?)0[Xx]', '%1')
if c > 0 and not from then from = 16 end
end
-- check for a negative sign. Do this while the input is still in string form,
-- because tonumber doesn't support negative numbers in non-10 bases.
local sign = ''
local c
n, c = n:gsub('^-', '')
if c > 0 then sign = '-' end
-- replace any full-width Unicode characters in the string with their ASCII equivalents
n = normalizeFullWidthChars(n)
-- handle scientific notation with whitespace around the 'e' e.g. '5 e7'
n = n:gsub('%s*[eE]%s*', 'e')
from = from or 10
local num = tonumber(n, from)
base = tonumber(base)
precision = tonumber(precision)
width = tonumber(width)
if not num or not base then return default or n end
local i, f = math.modf(num)
local t = {}
repeat
local d = (i % base) + 1
i = math.floor(i / base)
table.insert(t, 1, digits:sub(d, d))
until i == 0
while #t < (width or 0) do
table.insert(t, 1, '0')
end
local intPart = table.concat(t, '')
-- compute the fractional part
local tf = {}
while f > 0 and #tf < (precision or 10) do
f = f * base
i, f = math.modf(f)
table.insert(tf, digits:sub(i + 1, i + 1))
end
-- add trailing zeros if needed
if precision and #tf < precision then
for i = 1, precision - #tf do
table.insert(tf, '0')
end
end
fracPart = table.concat(tf, '')
-- remove trailing zeros if not needed
if not precision then
fracPart = fracPart:gsub('0*$', '')
end
-- add the radix point if needed
if #fracPart > 0 then
fracPart = '.' .. fracPart
end
return (prefix or '') .. sign .. intPart .. fracPart .. (suffix or '')
end
function p.convert(frame)
-- Allow for invocation via #invoke or directly from another module
local args
if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then
args = frame.args
else
args = frame
end
local n = args.n
local base = args.base
local from = args.from
local precision = args.precision
local width = args.width
local default = args.default
local prefix = args.prefix
local suffix = args.suffix
return _convert(n, base, from, precision, width, default, prefix, suffix)
end
return p
djlimd8cvjjg67b9cjvd3mw1b0sn56w
Module:Kaghan
828
133
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2018-03-27T06:10:05Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "-- Convert standard numbers to greek numerals, and vice versa -- Gts-tg@el wiki, Aug. 2017 local p = {} local kaghan_numerals = { ["A"] = 1, ["B"] = 2, ["G"] = 3, ["..."
187
Scribunto
text/plain
-- Convert standard numbers to greek numerals, and vice versa
-- Gts-tg@el wiki, Aug. 2017
local p = {}
local kaghan_numerals = {
["A"] = 1,
["B"] = 2,
["G"] = 3,
["Д"] = 4,
["E"] = 5,
["Ϛ"] = 6,
["Ʒ"] = 7,
["V"] = 8,
["Ʌ"] = 9,
["+"] = 10,
["P"] = 20,
["N"] = 30,
["J"] = 40,
["Ǝ"] = 50,
["R"] = 60,
["H"] = 70,
["ᗺ"] = 80,
["Є"] = 90,
["T"] = 100,
["O"] = 200,
["Ʋ"] = 300,
["Y"] = 400,
["D"] = 500,
["W"] = 600,
["Ʊ"] = 700,
["Ƭ"] = 800,
["🌉"] = 900,
}
-- return number corresponding to letter
-- params: letter (string)
-- return: number
local function value(letter)
if letter ~= 'Ϛ' and letter ~= 'Є' and letter ~= '🌉' then
letter = mw.ustring.lower(letter)
end
return kaghan_numerals[letter]
end
-- letter value * 1000
-- params: letter (string), total (number)
-- return: number
local function thousandth(letter, total)
if letter ~= false then
total = total - value(letter) -- remove previous addition as simple number
total = total + ( value(letter) * 1000 )
end
return total
end
-- reverse table (index to values, values to index)
-- params: tbl (table)
-- return: table
local function reverse_table(tbl)
local reversedTable = {}
for letter, value in pairs(tbl) do
reversedTable[value] = letter
end
return reversedTable
end
-- special notation for numbers > 9999
local function mu_notation(kaghan_number, digits)
local result = ''
local postfix = ''
-- digits greater than 9999
for index, digit in pairs(digits) do
-- mw.log(digit)
result = result .. '\\' .. numeral_latin_transliteration[digit]
kaghan_number = kaghan_number:gsub(digit, "", 1)
end
if kaghan_number ~= '' then -- if not all digits are multiples of myriad
postfix = "͵" .. kaghan_number .. "´"
end
result = '<math>\\stackrel{' .. result .. '}{\\S}</math>' .. postfix
return result
end
-- convert standard number to greek
-- params: frame (obj)
-- return: string
function p.to_greek(frame)
local number = frame.args[1]
local tbl = null
local result = ''
local big_values = {}
local m_notation = false
if tonumber(number) > 9999 then
m_notation = true
end
tbl = reverse_table(kaghan_numerals) -- reverse to [<number>] = '<letter>'
if tbl[number] ~= null then
result = tbl[number] -- direct hit
else
local str_number = tostring(number)
local highest_numeric_position = #str_number
local i = 0
local index = ''
for digit in str_number:gmatch"." do -- break up number digits
highest_numeric_position = highest_numeric_position - 1
if tonumber(digit) > 0 then
index = tonumber(digit .. mw.ustring.rep('0', highest_numeric_position))
if highest_numeric_position >= 3 then
match = false
while match == false do
if index < 1 then index = index * 10 end
if tbl[index] == nil then
index = index / 10000
else
result = result .. tostring(tbl[tonumber(index)])
match = true
end
end
if highest_numeric_position > 3 then table.insert(big_values, tbl[tonumber(index)]) end
else
result = result .. tostring(tbl[tonumber(index)])
end
end
end
--local d = require "Module:Debugging"
--mw.log(result)
--mw.log(d.dump(big_values))
end
if m_notation == true then --special notation
result = mu_notation(result, big_values)
local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame()
result = frame:preprocess(result)
else
if tonumber(number) >= 1000 then result = ',' .. result end
result = mw.ustring.upper(result) .. "´"
end
return result
end
-- convert greek number to standard
-- greek number sample for testing: αωκα´ = 1821
-- params: frame (obj)
-- return: number
function p.to_standard(frame)
local kaghan_number = frame.args[1]
local total = 0
local thousand_flag = false
local prev_letter = false
kaghan_number = kaghan_number:gsub("´", "")
if type(kaghan_number) ~= 'string' then
return 'Error: value ' .. kaghan_number .. ' is ' .. type(kaghan_number) .. ' instead of expected string'
end
-- iterate through letters
for letter in mw.ustring.gmatch(kaghan_number, ".") do
-- check if thousand marker exists
if letter == "," then
thousand_flag = true
else
if thousand_flag == true then
total = thousandth(letter, total)
thousand_flag = false
end
total = total + value(letter)
prev_letter = letter
end
end
if thousand_flag == true then
total = thousandth(prev_letter, total)
end
return total
end
return p
h3nioz2ryzpvl3ec31gly26bmx6elzq
Module:Letters
828
118
169
2018-03-18T05:53:57Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with "local export = {} local m_parameters = require("Module:parameters") local m_languages = require("Module:languages") local m_links = require("Module:links") local m_scripts = ..."
169
Scribunto
text/plain
local export = {}
local m_parameters = require("Module:parameters")
local m_languages = require("Module:languages")
local m_links = require("Module:links")
local m_scripts = require("Module:scripts")
local m_script_utils = require("Module:script utilities")
local m_IPA = require("Module:IPA")
local m_IPAdata = mw.loadData('Module:IPA/data')
-- Copied from Module:links/templates (function: export.l_term_t), and adapted.
local function link(term, lang, sc, face)
-- Forward the information to full_link
return m_links.full_link( { term = term, lang = lang, sc = sc }, face)
end
local function linkNoTag(term, lang)
return m_links.language_link{ term = term, lang = lang }
end
local function tag(term, lang, sc)
return m_script_utils.tag_text(term, lang, sc)
end
--The main function, that returns the formatted list of letters.
function export.letters(frame)
local args = frame:getParent().args
local namespace = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().nsText
if namespace ~= "Appendix" then
return export.letters2(frame)
end
-- The variable "result" is going to contain the end text.
local result = {}
-- l = the language code, such as "en" for English
local l = args[1]
local langObject = m_languages.getByCode(l) or m_languages.err(l, 1)
local langName = langObject:getCanonicalName()
-- sc = the script code, such as "Latn" for Latin
local sc = args["sc"] or nil
local scObject = nil
local scName = nil
-- The first categories.
table.insert(result, "[[Category:Letter appendices|" .. langName .. "]]")
table.insert(result, "[[Category:" .. langName .. " appendices|Letters]]")
-- The beginning of the result text, a link to the script appendix between parentheses.
if sc then
scObject = m_scripts.getByCode(sc)
scName = scObject:getCanonicalName()
table.insert(result, "(''[[Appendix:" .. scName .. " script|" .. scName .. " script]]'') ")
table.insert(result, "[[Category:" .. scName .. " script appendices|" .. langName .. "]]")
else
table.insert(result, "(''? script'') ")
end
-- colonArgs and numberedArgs are going to be filled below.
local colonArgs = {}
local numberedArgs = {}
-- k = key, it is the key to "v"
-- v = value, each argument given in Template:letters
for k, v in pairs(args) do
-- It does not contain "sc=", which is a named argument.
-- The argument "1" is not added in numberedArgs. It is the language code.
if mw.ustring.find(v, ":", 1, true) then
table.insert(colonArgs, args[k])
elseif tonumber(k) ~= nil and k ~= 1 then
table.insert(numberedArgs, args[k])
end
end
-- kk = key, it is the key to "vv"
-- vv = value, each numbered argument, like "Aa", "Bb", "Cc"
for kk, vv in pairs(numberedArgs) do
if kk ~= 1 then
table.insert(result, ", ")
end
-- currentLetter = a single value like "Aa"
local currentLetter = numberedArgs[kk]
-- About "letterCases":
-- If currentLetter contains "[" (as in: [[A]][[a]]), letterCases is a table with only the currentLetter.
-- Otherwise, letterCases is a table with each letter, unformatted.
local letterCases = {}
if mw.ustring.find(currentLetter, "[", 1, true) or mw.ustring.find(currentLetter, "<", 1, true) then
letterCases[1] = currentLetter
else
for i=1, mw.ustring.len(currentLetter) do
letterCases[i] = mw.ustring.sub(currentLetter, i, i)
end
end
-- kkk = key, it is the key to "vvv"
-- vvv = value, each letter in letterCases
for kkk, vvv in pairs(letterCases) do
-- Formats with "link" each letter in letterCases.
-- The result is added in the "result" text.
table.insert(result, link(letterCases[kkk], langObject, scObject))
end
-- Adds the letter category, like [[Category:Dd]].
table.insert(result, "[[Category:" .. currentLetter .. "|" .. langName .. "]]")
end
-- kkkk = key, it is the key to "vvvv"
-- vvvv = value, it is the value, as in "Aa:⠁"
for kkkk, vvvv in pairs(colonArgs) do
if kkkk ~= 1 then
table.insert(result, ", ")
end
local equalSignSplit = mw.text.split (vvvv, ": ", true)
local partOne = equalSignSplit[1]
local partTwo = equalSignSplit[2]
-- The result is added in the "result" text.
table.insert(result, "'''" .. partOne .. "'''" .. ": " .. link(partTwo, langObject, scObject))
-- Adds the letter category, like [[Category:Dd]].
table.insert(result, "[[Category:" .. partOne .. ": " .. partTwo .. "|" .. langName .. "]]")
end
return table.concat(result)
end
--Returns the list of letter names.
function export.letterNames(frame)
local namespace = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().nsText
if namespace ~= "Appendix" then
return export.letterNames2(frame)
end
local args = frame:getParent().args
local colonArgs = {}
-- The variable "result" is going to contain the end text.
local result = {}
-- sc = the script code, such as "Latn" for Latin
local sc = args["sc"] or nil
-- l = the language code, such as "en" for English
local l = args[1]
local langObject = m_languages.getByCode(l) or m_languages.err(l, 1)
for k, v in pairs(args) do
if mw.ustring.find(v, ":", 1, true) then
table.insert(colonArgs, args[k])
end
end
-- k = key, it is the key to "v"
-- v = value, it is the value, as in "Bb: bee"
for k, v in pairs(colonArgs) do
if k ~= 1 then
table.insert(result, ", ")
end
local equalSignSplit = mw.text.split (v, ": ", true)
local partOne = equalSignSplit[1]
local partTwo = equalSignSplit[2]
-- The result is added in the "result" text.
table.insert(result, "'''" .. partOne .. "'''" .. ": " .. link(partTwo, langObject, scObject))
end
return table.concat(result)
end
local function qualifier(content)
if content then
return
'<span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span>'
.. '<span class="ib-content qualifier-content">'
.. content .. '</span>'
.. '<span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span> '
end
end
function export.letters2(frame)
local output, list, categories = {}, {}, {}
local namespace = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().nsText
local params = {
[1] = { list = true, required = true },
["native name"] = {},
["lang"] = { required = true },
["sc"] = {},
["qual"] = {},
}
local args = m_parameters.process(frame:getParent().args, params)
local lang = m_languages.getByCode(args.lang) or m_languages.err(args.lang, "lang")
local langName = lang:getCanonicalName()
local sc = m_scripts.getByCode(args.sc) or m_scripts.findBestScript(text, lang) or error("Script could not be identified.")
local scName = sc:getCanonicalName()
local qualifierContent = args.qual or '[[Appendix:' .. scName .. ' script|' .. scName .. '-script]] letters'
table.insert(
output,
qualifier(qualifierContent)
)
local native_name = args["native name"]
if native_name then
native_name = link(native_name, lang, sc, "bold")
table.insert(output, native_name .. "; ")
end
for i, letterParameter in ipairs(args[1]) do
if sc:getCode() == "Latn" then
--[[ If script is Latin, no transliteration is needed, so language span
is applied to whole list, and individual list items are linked and not language-tagged. ]]
local open_par, uppercase, lowercase, close_par
if mw.ustring.find(letterParameter, "/") then
open_par, uppercase, lowercase, close_par = mw.ustring.match(letterParameter, "(%(?)([^/]+)/([^%)]+)(%)?)")
elseif mw.ustring.find(letterParameter, "%u.*%l") then
open_par, uppercase, lowercase, close_par = mw.ustring.match(letterParameter, "^(%(?)(%u)(%l)(%)?)$")
else
open_par, letters, close_par = mw.ustring.match(letterParameter, "^(%(?)([^%(%)]+)(%)?)$")
end
if open_par and close_par then
if uppercase and lowercase then
uppercase, lowercase = linkNoTag(uppercase, lang, sc), linkNoTag(lowercase, lang, sc)
table.insert(list, open_par .. uppercase .. " " .. lowercase .. close_par)
elseif letters then
letters = linkNoTag(letters, lang, sc)
table.insert(list, open_par .. letters .. close_par)
end
else
letterParameter = linkNoTag(letterParameter, lang, sc)
table.insert(list, letterParameter)
end
else
--[[ If script is non-Latin, add transliteration to
and tag each item on the list individually. ]]
local letters = {}
local uppercase, lowercase
local open_par, letterParameter, close_par = mw.ustring.match(letterParameter, "(%(?%s*)([^%)]+)(%s*%)?)")
if mw.ustring.find(letterParameter, "/") then
uppercase, lowercase = mw.ustring.match(letterParameter, "([^/]+)/(.+)")
uppercase = "[[" .. uppercase .. "]]"
lowercase = "[[" .. lowercase .. "]]"
elseif mw.ustring.find(letterParameter, "^%*.") then
letters = { "[[" .. mw.ustring.gsub(letterParameter, "^*", "") .. "]]" }
else
for letter in mw.ustring.gmatch(letterParameter, ".") do
table.insert(letters, "[[" .. letter .. "]]")
end
end
if uppercase and lowercase then
letters = open_par .. link(uppercase .. " " .. lowercase, lang, sc) .. close_par
elseif letters then
letters = table.concat(letters, " ")
letters = open_par .. link(letters, lang, sc) .. close_par
end
table.insert(list, letters)
end
-- For some reason, args[1].maxindex is nil.
if args[1][i + 1] then
table.insert(list, ", ")
end
end
if namespace == "Template" then
table.insert(categories, "[[Category:" .. langName .. " list templates|letters]]")
table.insert(categories, "[[Category:Character list templates|" .. langName .. "]]")
end
list = table.concat(list)
list = mw.ustring.gsub(list, "%), %(", ", ")
list = mw.ustring.gsub(list, ", %(", " (")
--[[ Add language tagging to whole list for Latin script,
because individual letters were not tagged. ]]
if sc:getCode() == "Latn" then
list = tag(list, lang, sc)
end
table.insert(output, list)
return table.concat(output) .. table.concat(categories)
end
function export.letterNames2(frame)
local output, list = {}, {}
local namespace = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().nsText
local params = {
[1] = { list = true, required = true },
["native name"] = {},
["lang"] = { required = true },
["sc"] = {},
["qual"] = {},
}
local output = {}
local args = m_parameters.process(frame:getParent().args, params)
local lang = m_languages.getByCode(args.lang) or m_languages.err(args.lang, "lang")
local sc = args.sc or "Latn"
sc = m_scripts.getByCode(sc)
local qualifierContent = args.qual or sc:getCanonicalName() .. "-script letter names"
table.insert(
output,
qualifier(qualifierContent)
)
local native_name = args["native name"]
if native_name then
native_name = link(native_name, lang, sc, "bold")
table.insert(output, native_name .. "; ")
end
if sc:getCode() == "Latn" then
for i, letter_name in ipairs(args[1]) do
alternative_names = mw.text.split(letter_name, "%s*/%s*")
local letterNames = {}
for i, letter_name in ipairs(alternative_names) do
table.insert(letterNames, linkNoTag(letter_name, lang, sc) )
if alternative_names[i + 1] then
table.insert(letterNames, " / ")
end
end
table.insert(list, table.concat(letterNames))
end
end
list = table.concat(list, ", ")
table.insert(output, list)
return table.concat(output)
end
function export.definition(frame)
local parameters = {
[1] = { list = true },
["alphabet name"] = {},
["name"] = {},
["trans"] = {},
[""] = {},
}
local args = m_parameters.process(frame:getParent().args, parameters)
local types = {
letter = {
text = table.concat {
'<span class="use-with-mention">',
'The {{{ordinal}}} [[letter]] of the {{{canonical name}}} [[alphabet]]{{{alphabet name}}}, ',
'called {{{letter names list}}} ',
'and written in the {{{Latin script}}}.'
},
},
name = {
text = table.concat {
'<span class="use-with-mention">',
'The name of the {{{Latin-script}}} letter ',
'{{{uppercase}}}{{{separator}}}{{{lowercase}}}.</span>',
},
},
diacritic = {},
ordinal = {},
syllable = {},
}
local lang = m_languages.getByCode(args[1][1]) or m_languages.err(args[1][1], 1)
local type = args[1][2]
local alphabet_name = args["alphabet name"]
if alphabet_name then
alphabet_name = " (" .. alphabet_name .. ")"
else
alphabet_name = ""
end
local data
if type then
if types[type] then
data = types[type]
else
error('The type of definition "' .. tostring(type) .. '" is not recognized.')
end
else
error("Select a type of definition using parameter 2: letter, letter name, diacritic, ordinal, or syllable.")
end
local text = { data.text }
if #text > 0 then
text.add = function(self, code, item)
if self and self[1] then
self[1] = mw.ustring.gsub(self[1], "{{{" .. code .. "}}}", item)
end
end
text:add("canonical name", lang:getCanonicalName() )
text:add("Latin script", "[[Appendix:Latin script|Latin script]]")
text:add("Latin-script", "[[Appendix:Latin script|Latin-script]]")
text:add("alphabet name", alphabet_name)
else
error('The type "' .. type .. '" does not have text defined.')
end
return text[1]
end
return export
6j13pk4k73yan1tgm07v2cnc6b71psx
Module:Links
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2018-03-18T05:57:35Z
Kenstallyies30
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Created page with " local export = {} --[=[ [[Unsupported titles]] and pages with high memory usage are listed at [[Module:links/data]]. Other modules used: [[Module:script utilities]] ..."
173
Scribunto
text/plain
local export = {}
--[=[
[[Unsupported titles]] and pages with high
memory usage are listed at [[Module:links/data]].
Other modules used:
[[Module:script utilities]]
[[Module:scripts]]
[[Module:languages]] and its submodules
[[Module:gender and number]]
[[Module:utilities]]
[[Module:string]]
[[Module:debug]]
]=]
-- These are prefixed with u to avoid confusion with the default string methods
-- of the same name.
local usub = mw.ustring.sub
local table_insert = table.insert
local table_concat = table.concat
local ignore_cap = {
["ko"] = true,
}
local phonetic_extraction = {
["th"] = "Module:th",
["km"] = "Module:km",
}
local pos_tags = {
["a"] = "adjective",
["adv"] = "adverb",
["int"] = "interjection",
["n"] = "noun",
["pron"] = "pronoun",
["v"] = "verb",
["vi"] = "intransitive verb",
["vt"] = "transitive verb",
["vti"] = "transitive and intransitive verb",
}
function export.getLinkPage(target, lang)
if mw.loadData("Module:links/data").unsupported_titles[target] then
return "Unsupported titles/" .. mw.loadData("Module:links/data").unsupported_titles[target]
end
-- If the link contains unexpanded template parameters, then don't create a link.
if target:find("{{{", nil, true) then
return nil
end
if target:sub(1, 1) == ":" or target:sub(1, 2) == "w:" or target:sub(1, 10) == "wikipedia:" then
return target
end
-- Remove diacritics from the page name
target = lang:makeEntryName(target)
-- Link to appendix for reconstructed terms and terms in appendix-only languages
if target:find("^*.") then
if lang:getCode() == "und" then
return nil
end
target = "Reconstruction:" .. lang:getCanonicalName() .. "/" .. usub(target, 2)
elseif lang:getType() == "reconstructed" then
error("The specified language " .. lang:getCanonicalName() .. " is unattested, while the given word is not marked with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed")
elseif lang:getType() == "appendix-constructed" then
target = "Appendix:" .. lang:getCanonicalName() .. "/" .. target
end
return target
end
-- Make a language-specific link from given link's parts
local function makeLangLink(link, lang, id, allowSelfLink)
-- Temporary tracking code
if (lang:getCode() == "sma" or lang:getCode() == "sju" or lang:getCode() == "sje" or lang:getCode() == "smj" or lang:getCode() == "se" or lang:getCode() == "smn" or lang:getCode() == "sia" or lang:getCode() == "sjk" or lang:getCode() == "sms" or lang:getCode() == "sjd" or lang:getCode() == "sjt") then
if link.display and string.find(link.display, "'") then
require("Module:debug").track("links/Sami apostrophe display")
elseif link.target and string.find(link.target, "'") then
require("Module:debug").track("links/Sami apostrophe target")
end
end
-- Find fragments (when link didn't come from parseLink).
-- Prevents {{l|en|word#Etymology 2|word}} from linking to [[word#Etymology 2#English]].
if link.fragment == nil then
-- Replace numeric character references with the corresponding character ( → '),
-- as they contain #, which would be misinterpreted (wa'a → waa → pagename wa&, fragment 29;a).
link.target = link.target:gsub("&#(%d+);",
function(number) return mw.ustring.char(tonumber(number)) end)
local first, second = link.target:match("^([^#]+)#(.+)$")
if first then
link.target, link.fragment = first, second
end
end
-- If there is no display form, then create a default one
if not link.display then
link.display = link.target
-- Strip the prefix from the displayed form
-- TODO: other interwiki links?
if link.display:sub(1, 1) == ":" and not mw.loadData("Module:links/data").unsupported_titles[link.display] then
link.display = link.display:sub(2) -- remove colon from beginning
else
local prefix = link.display:match("^([^:]+):")
local prefixes = {
w = true,
wikipedia = true,
}
if prefixes[prefix] then
link.display = link.display:sub(#prefix + 2) -- remove prefix plus colon
end
end
end
-- Process the target
link.target = export.getLinkPage(link.target, lang)
if not link.target then
return link.display
end
-- If the target is the same as the current page, then return a "self-link" like the software does
if not allowSelfLink and not id and (link.target == mw.title.getCurrentTitle().prefixedText or link.target == ":" .. mw.title.getCurrentTitle().prefixedText) then
return "<strong class=\"selflink\">" .. link.display .. "</strong>"
end
--[[
Add fragment
Do not add a section link to "Undetermined", as such sections do not exist and are invalid.
TabbedLanguages handles links without a section by linking to the "last visited" section,
but adding "Undetermined" would break that feature.
For localized prefixes that make syntax error, please use the format: ["xyz"] = true,
]]
local prefix = link.target:match("^:?([^:]+):")
local prefixes = {
w = true,
wikipedia = true,
Category = true,
}
if not (prefix and prefixes[prefix]) then
if link.fragment or link.target:find("#$") then
require("Module:debug").track {
"links/fragment",
"links/fragment/" .. lang:getCode()
}
end
if not link.fragment and lang:getCode() ~= "und" then
if id then
link.fragment = require("Module:utilities").make_id(lang, id)
elseif not mw.ustring.find(link.target, "^Appendix:") and not mw.ustring.find(link.target, "^Reconstruction:") then
link.fragment = lang:getCanonicalName()
end
end
-- This allows linking to pages like [[sms:a]] without it being treated weirdly.
link.target = link.target:gsub(":", ":")
end
return "[[" .. link.target .. (link.fragment and "#" .. link.fragment or "") .. "|" .. link.display .. "]]"
end
-- Split a link into its parts
local function parseLink(linktext)
local link = { target = linktext }
local first, second = link.target:match("^([^|]+)|(.+)$")
if first then
link.target = first
link.display = second
else
link.display = link.target
end
first, second = link.target:match("^(.+)#(.+)$")
if first then
link.target = first
link.fragment = second
else
-- So that makeLangLink does not look for a fragment again
link.fragment = false
end
return link
end
-- Creates a basic wikilink to the given term. If the text already contains
-- links, these are replaced with links to the correct section.
function export.language_link(data, allowSelfLink, dontLinkRecons)
if type(data) ~= "table" then
error("The first argument to the function language_link must be a table. See Module:links/documentation for more information.")
end
local text = data.term
if ignore_cap[data.lang:getCode()] and text then
text = text:gsub("%^", "")
end
-- If the text begins with * and another character,
-- then act as if each link begins with *
local allReconstructed = false
if text:find("^*.") then
allReconstructed = true
end
-- Do we have embedded wikilinks?
if text:find("[[", nil, true) then
--[=[
[[Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:tracking/links/alt-ignored]]
[[Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:tracking/links/id-ignored]]
]=]
if data.alt then
require("Module:debug").track("links/alt-ignored")
mw.log("(from Module:links)", "text with embedded wikilinks:", text, "ignored alt:", data.alt, "lang:", data.lang:getCode())
end
if data.id then
require("Module:debug").track("links/id-ignored")
mw.log("(from Module:links)", "text with embedded wikilinks:", text, "ignored id:", data.id, "lang:", data.lang:getCode())
end
-- Begins and ends with a wikilink tag
if text:find("^%[%[(.+)%]%]$") then
-- There are no [ ] in between.
-- This makes the wikilink tag redundant.
if text:find("^%[%[[^%[%]]+%]%]$") then
require("Module:debug").track("links/redundant wikilink")
else
local temp = text:gsub("^%[%[(.+)%]%]$", "%1")
temp = temp:gsub("%]%], %[%[", "|")
if not temp:find("[%[%]]") then
require("Module:debug").track("links/list")
end
end
end
text = text:gsub("%[%[([^%]]+)%]%]",
function(linktext)
local link = parseLink(linktext)
if allReconstructed then
link.target = "*" .. link.target
end
return makeLangLink(link, data.lang, data.id, allowSelfLink, dontLinkRecons)
end)
-- Remove the extra * at the beginning if it's immediately followed
-- by a link whose display begins with * too
if allReconstructed then
text = text:gsub("^%*%[%[([^|%]]+)|%*", "[[%1|*")
end
else
-- There is no embedded wikilink, make a link using the parameters.
text = makeLangLink({ target = text, display = data.alt }, data.lang, data.id, allowSelfLink, dontLinkRecons)
end
return text
end
function export.mark(text, itemType, face, lang)
local tag = { "", "" }
if itemType == "gloss" then
tag = { '<span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">', '</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span>' }
elseif itemType == "tr" then
if face == "term" then
tag = { '<span lang="' .. lang:getCode() .. '" class="tr mention-tr Latn">', '</span>' }
else
tag = { '<span lang="' .. lang:getCode() .. '" class="tr Latn">', '</span>' }
end
elseif itemType == "ts" then
tag = { '<span class="ts mention-ts Latn">/', '/</span>' }
elseif itemType == "annotations" then
tag = { '<span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span>', '<span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>' }
end
if type(text) == "string" then
return tag[1] .. text .. tag[2]
else
return ""
end
end
-- Format the annotations (things following the linked term)
function export.format_link_annotations(data, face)
local output = {}
-- Interwiki link
if data.interwiki then
table_insert(output, data.interwiki)
end
-- Genders
if type(data.genders) ~= "table" then
data.genders = { data.genders }
end
if data.genders and #data.genders > 0 then
local m_gen = require("Module:gender and number")
table_insert(output, " " .. m_gen.format_list(data.genders, data.lang))
end
local annotations = {}
-- Transliteration and transcription
if data.tr or data.ts then
local kind
if face == "term" then
kind = face
else
kind = "default"
end
if data.tr and data.ts then
table_insert(annotations, require("Module:script utilities").tag_translit(data.tr, data.lang, kind) .. " " .. export.mark(data.ts, "ts"))
if mw.ustring.match(data.tr, "/[^><]*/") ~= nil then
table_insert(annotations, "[[Category:links likely containing transcriptions in tr]]")
end
elseif data.ts then
table_insert(annotations, export.mark(data.ts, "ts"))
else
table_insert(annotations, require("Module:script utilities").tag_translit(data.tr, data.lang, kind))
if mw.ustring.match(data.tr, "/[^><]*/") ~= nil then
table_insert(annotations, "[[Category:links likely containing transcriptions in tr]]")
end
end
end
-- Gloss/translation
if data.gloss then
table_insert(annotations, export.mark(data.gloss, "gloss"))
end
-- Part of speech
if data.pos then
table_insert(annotations, pos_tags[data.pos] or data.pos)
-- debug category for pos= containing transcriptions
if mw.ustring.match(data.pos, "/[^><]*/") ~= nil then
table_insert(annotations, "[[Category:links likely containing transcriptions in pos]]")
end
end
-- Literal/sum-of-parts meaning
if data.lit then
table_insert(annotations, "literally " .. export.mark(data.lit, "gloss"))
end
if #annotations > 0 then
table_insert(output, " " .. export.mark(table_concat(annotations, ", "), "annotations"))
end
return table_concat(output)
end
-- A version of {{l}} or {{m}} that can be called from other modules too
function export.full_link(data, face, allowSelfLink, dontLinkRecons)
if type(data) ~= "table" then
error("The first argument to the function full_link must be a table. See Module:links/documentation for more information.")
end
-- Create the link
local output = {}
local categories = {}
local link = ""
local annotations
--local m_utilities = require("Module:utilities")
-- Is there any text to show?
if (data.term or data.alt) then
-- Try to detect the script if it was not provided
if not data.sc then
data.sc = require("Module:scripts").findBestScript(data.alt or data.term, data.lang)
else
-- Track uses of sc parameter
local best = require("Module:scripts").findBestScript(data.alt or data.term, data.lang)
require("Module:debug").track("links/sc")
if data.sc:getCode() == best:getCode() then
require("Module:debug").track("links/sc/redundant")
require("Module:debug").track("links/sc/redundant/" .. data.sc:getCode())
else
require("Module:debug").track("links/sc/needed")
require("Module:debug").track("links/sc/needed/" .. data.sc:getCode())
end
end
local class = ""
if data.accel then
class = "form-of lang-" .. data.lang:getCode() .. " " .. data.accel
end
-- Only make a link if the term has been given, otherwise just show the alt text without a link
link = require("Module:script utilities").tag_text(data.term and export.language_link(data, allowSelfLink, dontLinkRecons) or data.alt, data.lang, data.sc, face, class)
else
--[[ No term to show.
Is there at least a transliteration we can work from? ]]
link = require("Module:script utilities").request_script(data.lang, data.sc)
if link == "" or not data.tr or data.tr == "-" then
-- No link to show, and no transliteration either. Show a term request.
local category = ""
if mw.title.getCurrentTitle().nsText ~= "Template" then
table_insert(categories, "[[Category:" .. data.lang:getCanonicalName() .. " term requests]]")
end
link = "<small>[Term?]</small>"
end
end
table_insert(output, link)
if data.tr == "" or data.tr == "-" then
data.tr = nil
elseif phonetic_extraction[data.lang:getCode()] then
local m_phonetic = require(phonetic_extraction[data.lang:getCode()])
data.tr = data.tr or m_phonetic.getTranslit(export.remove_links(data.term))
elseif (data.term or data.alt)
and not ((data.sc:getCode():find("Latn", nil, true)) or data.sc:getCode() == "Latinx") then
if not mw.loadData("Module:links/data").high_memory_entries[mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text] or not data.tr then
-- Try to generate a transliteration if necessary
local automated_tr = data.lang:transliterate(export.remove_links(data.alt or data.term), data.sc)
if automated_tr then
local manual_tr = data.tr
if manual_tr then
if manual_tr == automated_tr then
table_insert(categories,
"[[Category:Terms with redundant transliterations]]"
.. "[[Category:Terms with redundant transliterations/" .. data.lang:getCode() .. "]]")
else
-- Prevents Arabic root categories from flooding the tracking categories.
if mw.title.getCurrentTitle().nsText ~= "Category" then
table_insert(categories,
"[[Category:Terms with manual transliterations different from the automated ones]]"
.. "[[Category:Terms with manual transliterations different from the automated ones/" .. data.lang:getCode() .. "]]")
end
end
end
if (not manual_tr) or data.lang:overrideManualTranslit() then
data.tr = automated_tr
end
end
end
end
-- Link to the transliteration entry for languages that require this
if data.tr and data.lang:link_tr() then
data.tr = export.language_link { lang = data.lang, term = data.tr }
end
table_insert(output, export.format_link_annotations(data, face))
return table_concat(output) .. table_concat(categories)
end
--[[ Strips links: deletes category links,
the targets of piped links,
and all double square brackets. ]]
function export.remove_links(text)
if type(text) == "table" then
text = text.args[1]
end
if not text or text == "" then
return ""
end
text = mw.ustring.gsub(text, "%[%[Category:[^|%]]-|?[^|%]]-%]%]", "")
text = text:gsub("%[%[[^|%]]-|", "")
text = text:gsub("%[%[", "")
text = text:gsub("%]%]", "")
return text
end
function export.english_links(text)
local lang = require("Module:languages").getByCode("en")
-- Parentheses around function call to remove second return value, the
-- number of replacements.
return (text:gsub("%[%[([^%]]+)%]%]",
function(linktext)
local link = parseLink(linktext)
return makeLangLink(link, lang, nil, true, false)
end))
end
function export.light_link(data)
local language_names = mw.loadData("Module:languages/code to canonical name")
local script_codes = mw.loadData("Module:scripts/codes")
if data.langCode then
data.langName = language_names[data.langCode] or error('The language code "' .. data.langCode .. '" is not recognized.')
else
error('Language code is required.')
end
if not data.term then
error('Term to link to is required.')
end
if data.scCode then
if not script_codes[data.scCode] then
error('The script code "' .. data.sc .. '" is not recognized.')
end
else
error("The function light_link requires a script code.")
end
local fragment
if data.id then
fragment = data.langName .. "-" .. mw.uri.encode(data.id, "WIKI")
else
fragment = data.langName
end
return table_concat {
'<span class="', data.scCode, '" lang="', data.langCode,
'">[[', data.term, "#", fragment, "|", (data.alt or data.term), "]]</span>"
}
end
--[=[
For example, Norwegian_Bokm.C3.A5l → Norwegian_Bokmål. 0xC3 and 0xA5 are the
hexadecimal-base representation of the two bytes used to encode the character
å in the UTF-8 encoding:
11000011 10100101
Note that the bytes used to represent a character are actually different from
the Unicode codepoint. For å, the codepoint is 0xE5. The bits (digits) that
actually spell the codepoint are found in the brackets: 110[00011] 10[100101].
For further explanation, see [[w:UTF-8#Description]].
]=]
-- The character class %x should not be used, as it includes the characters a-f,
-- which do not occur in these anchor encodings.
local capitalHex = "[0-9A-F]"
local function decodeAnchor(anchor)
return (anchor:gsub("%.(" .. capitalHex .. capitalHex .. ")",
function(hexByte)
return string.char(tonumber(hexByte, 16))
end))
end
function export.section_link(link)
if type(link) ~= "string" then
error("The first argument to section_link was a " .. type(link) .. ", but it should be a string.")
end
link = link:gsub("_", " ")
local numberSigns = require("Module:string").count(link, "#")
if numberSigns > 1 then
error("The section link should only contain one number sign (#).")
end
local page, section = link:match("^([^#]+)#(.+)$")
if page and section then
section = decodeAnchor(section)
return table_concat { "[[", page, "#", section, "|", page, " § ", section, "]]" }
else
error('The function "' .. section_link .. '" could not find a number sign marking a section name.')
end
end
return export
id30hapkcr7ccwencafoepqckn0bjf6
Module:Parameters
828
121
172
2018-03-18T05:56:45Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with " local export = {} -- A helper function to escape magic characters in a string -- Magic characters: ^$()%.[]*+-? local plain = require("Module:string").pattern_escape -- A h..."
172
Scribunto
text/plain
local export = {}
-- A helper function to escape magic characters in a string
-- Magic characters: ^$()%.[]*+-?
local plain = require("Module:string").pattern_escape
-- A helper function that removes empty numeric indexes in a table,
-- so that the values are tightly packed like in a normal Lua table.
local remove_holes = require("Module:table").compressSparseArray
function export.process(args, params, return_unknown)
local args_new = {}
-- Process parameters for specific properties
local required = {}
local patterns = {}
local list_from_index = nil
for name, param in pairs(params) do
if param.required then
if param.alias_of then
require("Module:debug").track("parameters/required alias")
end
required[name] = true
end
if param.list then
local key = name
if type(name) == "string" then
key = string.gsub(name, "=", "")
end
if param.default ~= nil then
args_new[key] = {param.default, maxindex = 1}
else
args_new[key] = {maxindex = 0}
end
if type(param.list) == "string" then
-- If the list property is a string, then it represents the name
-- to be used as the prefix for list items. This is for use with lists
-- where the first item is a numbered parameter and the
-- subsequent ones are named, such as 1, pl2, pl3.
if string.find(param.list, "=") then
patterns["^" .. string.gsub(plain(param.list), "=", "(%%d+)") .. "$"] = name
else
patterns["^" .. plain(param.list) .. "(%d+)$"] = name
end
elseif type(name) == "number" then
-- If the name is a number, then all indexed parameters from
-- this number onwards go in the list.
list_from_index = name
else
if string.find(name, "=") then
patterns["^" .. string.gsub(plain(name), "=", "(%%d+)") .. "$"] = string.gsub(name, "=", "")
else
patterns["^" .. plain(name) .. "(%d+)$"] = name
end
end
if string.find(name, "=") then
require("Module:debug").track("parameters/name with equals")
params[string.gsub(name, "=", "")] = params[name]
params[name] = nil
end
elseif param.default ~= nil then
args_new[name] = param.default
end
end
-- Process the arguments
local args_unknown = {}
for name, val in pairs(args) do
local index = nil
if type(name) == "number" then
if list_from_index ~= nil and name >= list_from_index then
index = name - list_from_index + 1
name = list_from_index
end
else
-- Does this argument name match a pattern?
for pattern, pname in pairs(patterns) do
index = mw.ustring.match(name, pattern)
-- It matches, so store the parameter name and the
-- numeric index extracted from the argument name.
if index then
index = tonumber(index)
name = pname
break
end
end
end
-- If no index was found, use 1 as the default index.
-- This makes list parameters like g, g2, g3 put g at index 1.
index = index or 1
local param = params[name]
-- If the argument is not in the list of parameters, trigger an error.
-- return_unknown suppresses the error, and stores it in a separate list instead.
if not param then
if return_unknown then
args_unknown[name] = val
else
error("The parameter \"" .. name .. "\" is not used by this template.", 2)
end
else
-- Remove leading and trailing whitespace unless allow_whitespace is true.
if not param.allow_whitespace then
val = mw.text.trim(val)
end
-- Empty string is equivalent to nil unless allow_empty is true.
if val == "" and not param.allow_empty then
val = nil
end
-- Convert to proper type if necessary.
if param.type == "boolean" then
val = not (not val or val == "" or val == "0" or val == "no" or val == "n" or val == "false")
elseif param.type == "number" and val ~= nil then
val = tonumber(val)
end
-- Can't use "if val" alone, because val may be a boolean false.
if val ~= nil then
-- Mark it as no longer required, as it is present.
required[param.alias_of or name] = nil
-- Store the argument value.
if param.list then
-- If the parameter is an alias of another, store it as the original,
-- but avoid overwriting it; the original takes precedence.
if not param.alias_of then
args_new[name][index] = val
-- Store the highest index we find.
args_new[name].maxindex = math.max(index, args_new[name].maxindex)
elseif args[param.alias_of] == nil then
if params[param.alias_of] and params[param.alias_of].list then
args_new[param.alias_of][index] = val
-- Store the highest index we find.
args_new[param.alias_of].maxindex = math.max(1, args_new[param.alias_of].maxindex)
else
args_new[param.alias_of] = val
end
end
else
-- If the parameter is an alias of another, store it as the original,
-- but avoid overwriting it; the original takes precedence.
if not param.alias_of then
args_new[name] = val
elseif args[param.alias_of] == nil then
if params[param.alias_of] and params[param.alias_of].list then
args_new[param.alias_of][1] = val
-- Store the highest index we find.
args_new[param.alias_of].maxindex = math.max(1, args_new[param.alias_of].maxindex)
else
args_new[param.alias_of] = val
end
end
end
end
end
end
-- The required table should now be empty.
-- If any entry remains, trigger an error, unless we're in the template namespace.
if mw.title.getCurrentTitle().nsText ~= "Template" then
local list = {}
for name, param in pairs(required) do
table.insert(list, name)
end
local count = #list
if count == 1 then
error('The parameter "' .. list[1] .. '" is required.', 2)
elseif count == 2 then
error('The parameters "' .. table.concat(list, '" and "') .. '" are required.', 2)
elseif count > 2 then
error('The parameters "' .. mw.text.listToText(list, '", "', '", and "') .. '" are required.', 2)
end
end
-- Remove holes in any list parameters if needed.
for name, val in pairs(args_new) do
if type(val) == "table" and not params[name].allow_holes then
args_new[name] = remove_holes(val)
end
end
if return_unknown then
return args_new, args_unknown
else
return args_new
end
end
return export
4zdoheihktgl0c9iearns3i8cvg1rj3
175
172
2018-03-18T05:59:30Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
175
Scribunto
text/plain
local export = {}
-- A helper function to escape magic characters in a string
-- Magic characters: ^$()%.[]*+-?
local plain = require("Module:String").pattern_escape
-- A helper function that removes empty numeric indexes in a table,
-- so that the values are tightly packed like in a normal Lua table.
local remove_holes = require("Module:Table").compressSparseArray
function export.process(args, params, return_unknown)
local args_new = {}
-- Process parameters for specific properties
local required = {}
local patterns = {}
local list_from_index = nil
for name, param in pairs(params) do
if param.required then
if param.alias_of then
require("Module:debug").track("parameters/required alias")
end
required[name] = true
end
if param.list then
local key = name
if type(name) == "string" then
key = string.gsub(name, "=", "")
end
if param.default ~= nil then
args_new[key] = {param.default, maxindex = 1}
else
args_new[key] = {maxindex = 0}
end
if type(param.list) == "string" then
-- If the list property is a string, then it represents the name
-- to be used as the prefix for list items. This is for use with lists
-- where the first item is a numbered parameter and the
-- subsequent ones are named, such as 1, pl2, pl3.
if string.find(param.list, "=") then
patterns["^" .. string.gsub(plain(param.list), "=", "(%%d+)") .. "$"] = name
else
patterns["^" .. plain(param.list) .. "(%d+)$"] = name
end
elseif type(name) == "number" then
-- If the name is a number, then all indexed parameters from
-- this number onwards go in the list.
list_from_index = name
else
if string.find(name, "=") then
patterns["^" .. string.gsub(plain(name), "=", "(%%d+)") .. "$"] = string.gsub(name, "=", "")
else
patterns["^" .. plain(name) .. "(%d+)$"] = name
end
end
if string.find(name, "=") then
require("Module:debug").track("parameters/name with equals")
params[string.gsub(name, "=", "")] = params[name]
params[name] = nil
end
elseif param.default ~= nil then
args_new[name] = param.default
end
end
-- Process the arguments
local args_unknown = {}
for name, val in pairs(args) do
local index = nil
if type(name) == "number" then
if list_from_index ~= nil and name >= list_from_index then
index = name - list_from_index + 1
name = list_from_index
end
else
-- Does this argument name match a pattern?
for pattern, pname in pairs(patterns) do
index = mw.ustring.match(name, pattern)
-- It matches, so store the parameter name and the
-- numeric index extracted from the argument name.
if index then
index = tonumber(index)
name = pname
break
end
end
end
-- If no index was found, use 1 as the default index.
-- This makes list parameters like g, g2, g3 put g at index 1.
index = index or 1
local param = params[name]
-- If the argument is not in the list of parameters, trigger an error.
-- return_unknown suppresses the error, and stores it in a separate list instead.
if not param then
if return_unknown then
args_unknown[name] = val
else
error("The parameter \"" .. name .. "\" is not used by this template.", 2)
end
else
-- Remove leading and trailing whitespace unless allow_whitespace is true.
if not param.allow_whitespace then
val = mw.text.trim(val)
end
-- Empty string is equivalent to nil unless allow_empty is true.
if val == "" and not param.allow_empty then
val = nil
end
-- Convert to proper type if necessary.
if param.type == "boolean" then
val = not (not val or val == "" or val == "0" or val == "no" or val == "n" or val == "false")
elseif param.type == "number" and val ~= nil then
val = tonumber(val)
end
-- Can't use "if val" alone, because val may be a boolean false.
if val ~= nil then
-- Mark it as no longer required, as it is present.
required[param.alias_of or name] = nil
-- Store the argument value.
if param.list then
-- If the parameter is an alias of another, store it as the original,
-- but avoid overwriting it; the original takes precedence.
if not param.alias_of then
args_new[name][index] = val
-- Store the highest index we find.
args_new[name].maxindex = math.max(index, args_new[name].maxindex)
elseif args[param.alias_of] == nil then
if params[param.alias_of] and params[param.alias_of].list then
args_new[param.alias_of][index] = val
-- Store the highest index we find.
args_new[param.alias_of].maxindex = math.max(1, args_new[param.alias_of].maxindex)
else
args_new[param.alias_of] = val
end
end
else
-- If the parameter is an alias of another, store it as the original,
-- but avoid overwriting it; the original takes precedence.
if not param.alias_of then
args_new[name] = val
elseif args[param.alias_of] == nil then
if params[param.alias_of] and params[param.alias_of].list then
args_new[param.alias_of][1] = val
-- Store the highest index we find.
args_new[param.alias_of].maxindex = math.max(1, args_new[param.alias_of].maxindex)
else
args_new[param.alias_of] = val
end
end
end
end
end
end
-- The required table should now be empty.
-- If any entry remains, trigger an error, unless we're in the template namespace.
if mw.title.getCurrentTitle().nsText ~= "Template" then
local list = {}
for name, param in pairs(required) do
table.insert(list, name)
end
local count = #list
if count == 1 then
error('The parameter "' .. list[1] .. '" is required.', 2)
elseif count == 2 then
error('The parameters "' .. table.concat(list, '" and "') .. '" are required.', 2)
elseif count > 2 then
error('The parameters "' .. mw.text.listToText(list, '", "', '", and "') .. '" are required.', 2)
end
end
-- Remove holes in any list parameters if needed.
for name, val in pairs(args_new) do
if type(val) == "table" and not params[name].allow_holes then
args_new[name] = remove_holes(val)
end
end
if return_unknown then
return args_new, args_unknown
else
return args_new
end
end
return export
6ndjjjhe3dsn2xb2xdggvbwa5dv1cqj
Module:String
828
123
174
2018-03-18T05:58:40Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with " local str = {} -- Cannot include null byte. local UTF8_char = "[\1-\127\194-\244][\128-\191]*" --[[ ulen Counts UTF-8 characters. Faster than mw.ustring.len. Assumes that..."
174
Scribunto
text/plain
local str = {}
-- Cannot include null byte.
local UTF8_char = "[\1-\127\194-\244][\128-\191]*"
--[[
ulen
Counts UTF-8 characters. Faster than mw.ustring.len.
Assumes that the encoding is correct. Unlike mw.ustring.len, does not return nil
if encoding is invalid.
Does not count the bytes 192, 193, and 245-255. They are not used in UTF-8 and
will not occur if the string is valid. They are replaced with the replacement
character (U+FFFD) on MediaWiki pages.
--]]
function str.ulen(text)
local _, length = string.gsub(text, UTF8_char, "")
return length
end
--[[
len
This function returns the length of the target string.
Usage:
{{#invoke:string|len|target_string|}}
OR
{{#invoke:string|len|s=target_string}}
Parameters
s: The string whose length to report
If invoked using named parameters, Mediawiki will automatically remove any leading or
trailing whitespace from the target string.
]]
function str.len(frame)
local new_args = str._getParameters(frame.args, { 's' });
local s = new_args['s'] or '';
return mw.ustring.len(s)
end
--[[
sub
This function returns a substring of the target string at specified indices.
Usage:
{{#invoke:string|sub|target_string|start_index|end_index}}
OR
{{#invoke:string|sub|s=target_string|i=start_index|j=end_index}}
Parameters
s: The string to return a subset of
i: The fist index of the substring to return, defaults to 1.
j: The last index of the string to return, defaults to the last character.
The first character of the string is assigned an index of 1. If either i or j
is a negative value, it is interpreted the same as selecting a character by
counting from the end of the string. Hence, a value of -1 is the same as
selecting the last character of the string.
If the requested indices are out of range for the given string, an error is
reported.
]]
function str.sub(frame)
local new_args = str._getParameters(frame.args, { 's', 'i', 'j' });
local s = new_args['s'] or '';
local i = tonumber(new_args['i']) or 1;
local j = tonumber(new_args['j']) or -1;
local len = mw.ustring.len(s);
-- Convert negatives for range checking
if i < 0 then
i = len + i + 1;
end
if j < 0 then
j = len + j + 1;
end
if i > len or j > len or i < 1 or j < 1 then
return str._error('String subset index out of range');
end
if j < i then
return str._error('String subset indices out of order');
end
return mw.ustring.sub(s, i, j)
end
--[[
This function implements that features of {{str sub old}} and is kept in order
to maintain these older templates.
]]
function str.sublength(frame)
local i = tonumber(frame.args.i) or 0
local len = tonumber(frame.args.len)
return mw.ustring.sub(frame.args.s, i + 1, len and (i + len))
end
--[[
match
This function returns a substring from the source string that matches a
specified pattern.
Usage:
{{#invoke:string|match|source_string|pattern_string|start_index|match_number|plain_flag|nomatch_output}}
OR
{{#invoke:string|pos|s=source_string|pattern=pattern_string|start=start_index
|match=match_number|plain=plain_flag|nomatch=nomatch_output}}
Parameters
s: The string to search
pattern: The pattern or string to find within the string
start: The index within the source string to start the search. The first
character of the string has index 1. Defaults to 1.
match: In some cases it may be possible to make multiple matches on a single
string. This specifies which match to return, where the first match is
match= 1. If a negative number is specified then a match is returned
counting from the last match. Hence match = -1 is the same as requesting
the last match. Defaults to 1.
plain: A flag indicating that the pattern should be understood as plain
text. Defaults to false.
nomatch: If no match is found, output the "nomatch" value rather than an error.
If invoked using named parameters, Mediawiki will automatically remove any leading or
trailing whitespace from each string. In some circumstances this is desirable, in
other cases one may want to preserve the whitespace.
If the match_number or start_index are out of range for the string being queried, then
this function generates an error. An error is also generated if no match is found.
If one adds the parameter ignore_errors=true, then the error will be suppressed and
an empty string will be returned on any failure.
For information on constructing Lua patterns, a form of [regular expression], see:
* http://www.lua.org/manual/5.1/manual.html#5.4.1
* http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Scribunto/Lua_reference_manual#Patterns
* http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Scribunto/Lua_reference_manual#Ustring_patterns
]]
function str.match(frame)
local new_args = str._getParameters(frame.args, { 's', 'pattern', 'start', 'match', 'plain', 'nomatch' });
local s = new_args['s'] or '';
local start = tonumber(new_args['start']) or 1;
local plain_flag = str._getBoolean(new_args['plain'] or false);
local pattern = new_args['pattern'] or '';
local match_index = math.floor(tonumber(new_args['match']) or 1);
local nomatch = new_args['nomatch'];
if s == '' then
return str._error('Target string is empty');
end
if pattern == '' then
return str._error('Pattern string is empty');
end
if math.abs(start) < 1 or math.abs(start) > mw.ustring.len(s) then
return str._error('Requested start is out of range');
end
if match_index == 0 then
return str._error('Match index is out of range');
end
if plain_flag then
pattern = str.pattern_escape(pattern);
end
local result
if match_index == 1 then
-- Find first match is simple case
result = mw.ustring.match(s, pattern, start)
else
if start > 1 then
s = mw.ustring.sub(s, start);
end
local iterator = mw.ustring.gmatch(s, pattern);
if match_index > 0 then
-- Forward search
for w in iterator do
match_index = match_index - 1;
if match_index == 0 then
result = w;
break;
end
end
else
-- Reverse search
local result_table = {};
local count = 1;
for w in iterator do
result_table[count] = w;
count = count + 1;
end
result = result_table[count + match_index];
end
end
if result == nil then
if nomatch == nil then
return str._error('Match not found');
else
return nomatch;
end
else
return result;
end
end
--[[
pos
This function returns a single character from the target string at position pos.
Usage:
{{#invoke:string|pos|target_string|index_value}}
OR
{{#invoke:string|pos|target=target_string|pos=index_value}}
Parameters
target: The string to search
pos: The index for the character to return
If invoked using named parameters, Mediawiki will automatically remove any leading or
trailing whitespace from the target string. In some circumstances this is desirable, in
other cases one may want to preserve the whitespace.
The first character has an index value of 1.
If one requests a negative value, this function will select a character by counting backwards
from the end of the string. In other words pos = -1 is the same as asking for the last character.
A requested value of zero, or a value greater than the length of the string returns an error.
]]
function str.pos(frame)
local new_args = str._getParameters(frame.args, { 'target', 'pos' });
local target_str = new_args['target'] or '';
local pos = tonumber(new_args['pos']) or 0;
if pos == 0 or math.abs(pos) > mw.ustring.len(target_str) then
return str._error('String index out of range');
end
return mw.ustring.sub(target_str, pos, pos);
end
--[[
str_find
This function duplicates the behavior of {{str_find}}, including all of its quirks.
This is provided in order to support existing templates, but is NOT RECOMMENDED for
new code and templates. New code is recommended to use the "find" function instead.
Returns the first index in "source" that is a match to "target". Indexing is 1-based,
and the function returns -1 if the "target" string is not present in "source".
Important Note: If the "target" string is empty / missing, this function returns a
value of "1", which is generally unexpected behavior, and must be accounted for
separatetly.
]]
function str.str_find(frame)
local new_args = str._getParameters(frame.args, { 'source', 'target' });
local source_str = new_args['source'] or '';
local target_str = new_args['target'] or '';
if target_str == '' then
return 1;
end
local start = mw.ustring.find(source_str, target_str, 1, true)
if start == nil then
start = -1
end
return start
end
--[[
find
This function allows one to search for a target string or pattern within another
string.
Usage:
{{#invoke:string|find|source_str|target_string|start_index|plain_flag}}
OR
{{#invoke:string|find|source=source_str|target=target_str|start=start_index|plain=plain_flag}}
Parameters
source: The string to search
target: The string or pattern to find within source
start: The index within the source string to start the search, defaults to 1
plain: Boolean flag indicating that target should be understood as plain
text and not as a Lua style regular expression, defaults to true
If invoked using named parameters, Mediawiki will automatically remove any leading or
trailing whitespace from the parameter. In some circumstances this is desirable, in
other cases one may want to preserve the whitespace.
This function returns the first index >= "start" where "target" can be found
within "source". Indices are 1-based. If "target" is not found, then this
function returns an empty string. If either "source" or "target" are missing / empty, this
function also returns an empty string.
This function should be safe for UTF-8 strings.
]]
function str.find(frame)
local params = {
[1] = { required = true },
[2] = { required = true },
[3] = { type = "number" },
[4] = { type = "boolean" },
}
local args = require("Module:parameters").process(frame.args, params)
return mw.ustring.find(args[1], args[2], args[3], args[4])
end
--[[
replace
This function allows one to replace a target string or pattern within another
string.
Usage:
{{#invoke:string|replace|source_str|pattern_string|replace_string|replacement_count|plain_flag}}
OR
{{#invoke:string|replace|source=source_string|pattern=pattern_string|replace=replace_string|
count=replacement_count|plain=plain_flag}}
Parameters
source: The string to search
pattern: The string or pattern to find within source
replace: The replacement text
count: The number of occurences to replace, defaults to all.
plain: Boolean flag indicating that pattern should be understood as plain
text and not as a Lua style regular expression, defaults to true
]]
function str.replace(frame)
local new_args = str._getParameters(frame.args, { 'source', 'pattern', 'replace', 'count', 'plain' });
local source_str = new_args['source'] or '';
local pattern = new_args['pattern'] or '';
local replace = new_args['replace'] or '';
local count = tonumber(new_args['count']);
local plain = new_args['plain'] or true;
if source_str == '' or pattern == '' then
return source_str;
end
plain = str._getBoolean(plain);
if plain then
pattern = str.pattern_escape(pattern);
replace = mw.ustring.gsub(replace, "%%", "%%%%"); --Only need to escape replacement sequences.
end
local result;
if count ~= nil then
result = mw.ustring.gsub(source_str, pattern, replace, count);
else
result = mw.ustring.gsub(source_str, pattern, replace);
end
return result;
end
function str.gsub(frame)
local params = {
[1] = { required = true, allow_empty = true },
[2] = { required = true, allow_empty = true },
[3] = { required = true, allow_empty = true },
[4] = { type = "number" },
}
local args = require("Module:parameters").process(frame.args, params)
return (mw.ustring.gsub(args[1], args[2], args[3], args[4]))
end
--[[
simple function to pipe string.rep to templates.
]]
function str.rep(frame)
local repetitions = tonumber(frame.args[2])
if not repetitions then
return str._error('function rep expects a number as second parameter, received "' .. (frame.args[2] or '') .. '"')
end
return string.rep(frame.args[1] or '', repetitions)
end
function str.lower(frame)
local text = frame.args[1] or ''
return mw.ustring.lower(text)
end
str.lc = str.lower
--[[
Helper function that populates the argument list given that user may need to use a mix of
named and unnamed parameters. This is relevant because named parameters are not
identical to unnamed parameters due to string trimming, and when dealing with strings
we sometimes want to either preserve or remove that whitespace depending on the application.
]]
function str._getParameters(frame_args, arg_list)
local new_args = {};
local index = 1;
local value;
for _, arg in ipairs(arg_list) do
value = frame_args[arg]
if value == nil then
value = frame_args[index];
index = index + 1;
end
new_args[arg] = value;
end
return new_args;
end
--[[
Helper function to handle error messages.
]]
function str._error(error_str)
local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame();
local error_category = frame.args.error_category or 'Errors reported by Module String';
local ignore_errors = frame.args.ignore_errors or false;
local no_category = frame.args.no_category or false;
if str._getBoolean(ignore_errors) then
return '';
end
local error_str = '<strong class="error">String Module Error: ' .. error_str .. '</strong>';
if error_category ~= '' and not str._getBoolean(no_category) then
error_str = '[[Category:' .. error_category .. ']]' .. error_str;
end
return error_str;
end
--[[
Helper Function to interpret boolean strings
]]
function str._getBoolean(boolean_str)
local boolean_value;
if type(boolean_str) == 'string' then
boolean_str = boolean_str:lower();
if boolean_str == 'false' or boolean_str == 'no' or boolean_str == '0'
or boolean_str == '' then
boolean_value = false;
else
boolean_value = true;
end
elseif type(boolean_str) == 'boolean' then
boolean_value = boolean_str;
else
error('No boolean value found');
end
return boolean_value
end
--[[
Helper function that escapes all pattern characters – ().%+-*?[^$] – so that they will be treated
as plain text.
]]
function str.pattern_escape(pattern_str)
local invoked = false
if type(pattern_str) == "table" then
if pattern_str.args then
local frame = pattern_str
invoked = true
if frame.args[1] then
pattern_str = frame.args[1]
else
pattern_str = frame:getParent().args[1]
end
else
error("First argument to pattern_escape should be a string, a number, or a frame object.")
end
elseif not (type(pattern_str) == "string" or type(pattern_str) == "number") then
error("First argument to pattern_escape should be a string or a number.")
end
if invoked then
local escaped = mw.ustring.gsub(pattern_str, "([%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]])", "%%%1")
return escaped
else
return mw.ustring.gsub(pattern_str, "([%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]])", "%%%1");
end
end
function str.count(text, pattern, plain)
if not (type(text) == "string" or type(text) == "number") then
error('The first argument to the function "count" must be a string or a number, not a ' .. type(text) .. '.')
end
if not (type(pattern) == "string" or type(pattern) == "number") then
error('The first argument to the function "count" must be a string or a number, not a ' .. type(text) .. '.')
end
if plain then
pattern = str.pattern_escape(pattern)
end
local _, count = mw.ustring.gsub(text, pattern, "")
return count
end
function str.plain_gsub(text, pattern, replacement)
local invoked = false
if type(text) == "table" then
invoked = true
if text.args then
local frame = text
local params = {
[1] = {},
[2] = {},
[3] = { allow_empty = true },
}
local args = require("Module:parameters").process(frame.args, params)
text = args[1]
pattern = args[2]
replacement = args[3]
else
error("If the first argument to plain_gsub is a table, it should be a frame object.")
end
else
if not (type(pattern) == "string" or type(pattern) == "number") then
error("The second argument to plain_gsub should be a string or a number.")
end
if not (type(replacement) == "string" or type(replacement) == "number") then
error("The third argument to plain_gsub should be a string or a number.")
end
end
pattern = str.pattern_escape(pattern)
if invoked then
text = mw.ustring.gsub(text, pattern, replacement)
return text
else
return mw.ustring.gsub(text, pattern, replacement)
end
end
function str.matchToArray(text, pattern)
local invoked = false
if type(text) == "table" then
invoked = true
if text.args then
local frame = text
local params = {
[1] = { required = true },
[2] = { required = true },
}
local args = require("Module:parameters").process(frame.args, params)
text = args[1]
pattern = args[2]
else
error("If the first argument to plain_gsub is a table, it should be a frame object.")
end
else
if not (type(pattern) == "string" or type(pattern) == "number") then
error("The second argument to plain_gsub should be a string or a number.")
end
end
local matches = {}
local i = 0
for match in mw.ustring.gmatch(text, pattern) do
i = i + 1
matches[i] = match
end
if i > 0 then
if invoked then
return table.concat(matches, ", ")
else
return matches
end
else
if invoked then
return ""
else
return nil
end
end
end
--[=[
Similar to gmatch, but it returns the count of the match in addition to the
list of captures, something like ipairs().
If the pattern doesn't contain any captures, the whole match is returned.
Invoke thus:
for i, whole_match in require("Module:string").imatch(text, pattern) do
[ do something with i and whole_match ]
end
or
for i, capture1[, capture2[, capture3[, ...]]] in require("Module:string").imatch(text, pattern) do
[ do something with i and capture1 ]
end
For example, this code
for i, whole_match in require("Module:string").imatch("a b c", "[a-z]") do
mw.log(i, whole_match)
end
will log
1 a
2 b
3 c
]=]
function str.imatch(text, pattern, pos, plain, use_basic_Lua_function)
local i = 0
pos = pos or 0
if not string.find(pattern, "%b()") then
pattern = "(" .. pattern .. ")"
end
local find = use_basic_Lua_function and string.find or mw.ustring.find
return function()
i = i + 1
local return_values = { find(text, pattern, pos, plain) }
local j = return_values[2]
if return_values[3] then
pos = j + 1
-- Skip the first two returned values, which are the indices of the
-- whole match.
return i, unpack(return_values, 3)
end
end
end
function str.escapebytes(s)
return (string.gsub(s,
'.',
function(char)
return ('\\%03d'):format(string.byte(char))
end))
end
function str.URIdecode(frame)
return mw.uri.decode(frame.args[1], frame.args[2] or "PATH")
end
return str
63cpygj3kwao4r55ksaw534f11535j1
Module:Table
828
124
176
2018-03-18T06:00:16Z
Kenstallyies30
29625957
Created page with " --[[ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- table (formerly TableTools) --..."
176
Scribunto
text/plain
--[[
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- table (formerly TableTools) --
-- --
-- This module includes a number of functions for dealing with Lua tables. --
-- It is a meta-module, meant to be called from other Lua modules, and should --
-- not be called directly from #invoke. --
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--]]
--[[
Inserting new values into a table using a local "index" variable, which is
incremented each time, is faster than using "table.insert(t, x)" or
"t[#t + 1] = x". See the talk page.
]]
local libraryUtil = require('libraryUtil')
local export = {}
-- Define often-used variables and functions.
local floor = math.floor
local infinity = math.huge
local checkType = libraryUtil.checkType
local checkTypeMulti = libraryUtil.checkTypeMulti
local function _check(funcName, expectType)
if type(expectType) == "string" then
return function(argIndex, arg, nilOk)
checkType(funcName, argIndex, arg, expectType, nilOk)
end
else
return function(argIndex, arg, expectType, nilOk)
if type(expectType) == "table" then
checkTypeMulti(funcName, argIndex, arg, expectType, nilOk)
else
checkType(funcName, argIndex, arg, expectType, nilOk)
end
end
end
end
--[[
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- isPositiveInteger
--
-- This function returns true if the given value is a positive integer, and false
-- if not. Although it doesn't operate on tables, it is included here as it is
-- useful for determining whether a given table key is in the array part or the
-- hash part of a table.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--]]
function export.isPositiveInteger(v)
if type(v) == 'number' and v >= 1 and floor(v) == v and v < infinity then
return true
else
return false
end
end
--[[
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- isNan
--
-- This function returns true if the given number is a NaN value, and false
-- if not. Although it doesn't operate on tables, it is included here as it is
-- useful for determining whether a value can be a valid table key. Lua will
-- generate an error if a NaN is used as a table key.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--]]
function export.isNan(v)
if type(v) == 'number' and tostring(v) == '-nan' then
return true
else
return false
end
end
--[[
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- shallowClone
--
-- This returns a clone of a table. The value returned is a new table, but all
-- subtables and functions are shared. Metamethods are respected, but the returned
-- table will have no metatable of its own.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--]]
function export.shallowClone(t)
local ret = {}
for k, v in pairs(t) do
ret[k] = v
end
return ret
end
--[[
Shallow copy
]]
function export.shallowcopy(orig)
local orig_type = type(orig)
local copy
if orig_type == 'table' then
copy = {}
for orig_key, orig_value in pairs(orig) do
copy[orig_key] = orig_value
end
else -- number, string, boolean, etc
copy = orig
end
return copy
end
--[[
Recursive deep copy function
Equivalent to mw.clone?
]]
local function deepcopy(orig, includeMetatable, already_seen)
-- Stores copies of tables indexed by the original table.
already_seen = already_seen or {}
local copy = already_seen[orig]
if copy ~= nil then
return copy
end
if type(orig) == 'table' then
copy = {}
for orig_key, orig_value in pairs(orig) do
copy[deepcopy(orig_key, includeMetatable, already_seen)] = deepcopy(orig_value, includeMetatable, already_seen)
end
already_seen[orig] = copy
if includeMetatable then
local mt = getmetatable(orig)
if mt ~= nil then
local mt_copy = deepcopy(mt, includeMetatable, already_seen)
setmetatable(copy, mt_copy)
already_seen[mt] = mt_copy
end
end
else -- number, string, boolean, etc
copy = orig
end
return copy
end
function export.deepcopy(orig, noMetatable, already_seen)
checkType("deepcopy", 3, already_seen, "table", true)
return deepcopy(orig, not noMetatable, already_seen)
end
--[[
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- removeDuplicates
--
-- This removes duplicate values from an array. Non-positive-integer keys are
-- ignored. The earliest value is kept, and all subsequent duplicate values are
-- removed, but otherwise the array order is unchanged.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--]]
function export.removeDuplicates(t)
checkType('removeDuplicates', 1, t, 'table')
local isNan = export.isNan
local ret, exists = {}, {}
local index = 1
for _, v in ipairs(t) do
if isNan(v) then
-- NaNs can't be table keys, and they are also unique, so we don't need to check existence.
ret[index] = v
index = index + 1
else
if not exists[v] then
ret[index] = v
index = index + 1
exists[v] = true
end
end
end
return ret
end
--[[
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- numKeys
--
-- This takes a table and returns an array containing the numbers of any numerical
-- keys that have non-nil values, sorted in numerical order.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--]]
function export.numKeys(t)
checkType('numKeys', 1, t, 'table')
local isPositiveInteger = export.isPositiveInteger
local nums = {}
local index = 1
for k, _ in pairs(t) do
if isPositiveInteger(k) then
nums[index] = k
index = index + 1
end
end
table.sort(nums)
return nums
end
--[[
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- affixNums
--
-- This takes a table and returns an array containing the numbers of keys with the
-- specified prefix and suffix.
-- affixNums({a1 = 'foo', a3 = 'bar', a6 = 'baz'}, "a")
-- ↓
-- {1, 3, 6}.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--]]
function export.affixNums(t, prefix, suffix)
local check = _check('affixNums')
check(1, t, 'table')
check(2, prefix, 'string', true)
check(3, suffix, 'string', true)
local function cleanPattern(s)
-- Cleans a pattern so that the magic characters ()%.[]*+-?^$ are interpreted literally.
s = s:gsub('([%(%)%%%.%[%]%*%+%-%?%^%$])', '%%%1')
return s
end
prefix = prefix or ''
suffix = suffix or ''
prefix = cleanPattern(prefix)
suffix = cleanPattern(suffix)
local pattern = '^' .. prefix .. '([1-9]%d*)' .. suffix .. '$'
local nums = {}
local index = 1
for k, _ in pairs(t) do
if type(k) == 'string' then
local num = mw.ustring.match(k, pattern)
if num then
nums[index] = tonumber(num)
index = index + 1
end
end
end
table.sort(nums)
return nums
end
--[[
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- numData
--
-- Given a table with keys like ("foo1", "bar1", "foo2", "baz2"), returns a table
-- of subtables in the format
-- { [1] = {foo = 'text', bar = 'text'}, [2] = {foo = 'text', baz = 'text'} }
-- Keys that don't end with an integer are stored in a subtable named "other".
-- The compress option compresses the table so that it can be iterated over with
-- ipairs.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--]]
function export.numData(t, compress)
local check = _check('numData')
check(1, t, 'table')
check(2, compress, 'boolean', true)
local ret = {}
for k, v in pairs(t) do
local prefix, num = tostring(k):match('^([^0-9]*)([1-9][0-9]*)$')
if num then
num = tonumber(num)
local subtable = ret[num] or {}
if prefix == '' then
-- Positional parameters match the blank string; put them at the start of the subtable instead.
prefix = 1
end
subtable[prefix] = v
ret[num] = subtable
else
local subtable = ret.other or {}
subtable[k] = v
ret.other = subtable
end
end
if compress then
local other = ret.other
ret = export.compressSparseArray(ret)
ret.other = other
end
return ret
end
--[[
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- compressSparseArray
--
-- This takes an array with one or more nil values, and removes the nil values
-- while preserving the order, so that the array can be safely traversed with
-- ipairs.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--]]
function export.compressSparseArray(t)
checkType('compressSparseArray', 1, t, 'table')
local ret = {}
local index = 1
local nums = export.numKeys(t)
for _, num in ipairs(nums) do
ret[index] = t[num]
index = index + 1
end
return ret
end
--[[
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- sparseIpairs
--
-- This is an iterator for sparse arrays. It can be used like ipairs, but can
-- handle nil values.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--]]
function export.sparseIpairs(t)
checkType('sparseIpairs', 1, t, 'table')
local nums = export.numKeys(t)
local i = 0
return function()
i = i + 1
local key = nums[i]
if key then
return key, t[key]
else
return nil, nil
end
end
end
--[[
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- size
--
-- This returns the size of a key/value pair table. It will also work on arrays,
-- but for arrays it is more efficient to use the # operator.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--]]
function export.size(t)
checkType('size', 1, t, 'table')
local i = 0
for _ in pairs(t) do
i = i + 1
end
return i
end
--[[
-- This returns the length of a table, or the first integer key n counting from
-- 1 such that t[n + 1] is nil. It is similar to the operator #, but may return
-- a different value when there are gaps in the array portion of the table.
-- Intended to be used on data loaded with mw.loadData. For other tables, use #.
--]]
function export.length(t)
local i = 0
repeat
i = i + 1
until t[i] == nil
return i - 1
end
--[[
Takes table and a value to be found.
If the value is in the array portion of the table, return true.
If the value is in the hashmap or not in the table, return false.
]]
function export.contains(list, x)
for _, v in ipairs(list) do
if v == x then return true end
end
return false
end
--[[
Finds key for specified value in a given table.
Roughly equivalent to reversing the key-value pairs in the table –
reversed_table = { [value1] = key1, [value2] = key2, ... }
– and then returning reversed_table[valueToFind].
The value can only be a string or a number
(not nil, a boolean, a table, or a function).
Only reliable if there is just one key with the specified value.
Otherwise, the function returns the first key found,
and the output is unpredictable.
]]
function export.keyFor(t, valueToFind)
local check = _check('keyFor')
check(1, t, 'table')
check(2, valueToFind, { 'string', 'number' })
for key, value in pairs(t) do
if value == valueToFind then
return key
end
end
return nil
end
--[[
The default sorting function used in export.keysToList if no keySort
is defined.
]]
local function defaultKeySort(key1, key2)
-- "number" < "string", so numbers will be sorted before strings.
local type1, type2 = type(key1), type(key2)
if type1 ~= type2 then
return type1 < type2
else
return key1 < key2
end
end
--[[
Returns a list of the keys in a table, sorted using either the default
table.sort function or a custom keySort function.
If there are only numerical keys, numKeys is probably more efficient.
]]
function export.keysToList(t, keySort, checked)
if not checked then
local check = _check('keysToList')
check(1, t, 'table')
check(2, keySort, 'function', true)
end
local list = {}
local index = 1
for key, _ in pairs(t) do
list[index] = key
index = index + 1
end
-- Place numbers before strings, otherwise sort using <.
if not keySort then
keySort = defaultKeySort
end
table.sort(list, keySort)
return list
end
--[[
Iterates through a table, with the keys sorted using the keysToList function.
If there are only numerical keys, sparseIpairs is probably more efficient.
]]
function export.sortedPairs(t, keySort)
local check = _check('keysToList')
check(1, t, 'table')
check(2, keySort, 'function', true)
local list = export.keysToList(t, keySort, true)
local i = 0
return function()
i = i + 1
local key = list[i]
if key ~= nil then
return key, t[key]
else
return nil, nil
end
end
end
function export.reverseIpairs(list)
checkType('reverse_ipairs', 1, list, 'table')
local i = #list + 1
return function()
i = i - 1
if list[i] ~= nil then
return i, list[i]
else
return nil, nil
end
end
end
--[=[
Joins an array with serial comma and serial "and". An improvement on
mw.text.listToText, which doesn't properly handle serial commas.
Options:
- italicizeConj
Italicize conjunction: for [[Module:Template:also]]
- dontTag
Don't tag the serial comma and serial "and". For error messages, in
which HTML cannot be used.
]=]
function export.serialCommaJoin(seq, options)
local check = _check("serialCommaJoin", "table")
check(1, seq)
check(2, options, true)
local length = #seq
if not options then
options = {}
end
local conj
if length > 1 then
conj = "and"
if options.italicizeConj then
conj = "''" .. conj .. "''"
end
end
if length == 0 then
return ""
elseif length == 1 then
return seq[1] -- nothing to join
elseif length == 2 then
return seq[1] .. " " .. conj .. " " .. seq[2]
else
local comma = options.dontTag and "," or '<span class="serial-comma">,</span>'
conj = options.dontTag and ' ' .. conj .. " " or '<span class="serial-and"> ' .. conj .. '</span> '
return table.concat(seq, ", ", 1, length - 1) ..
comma .. conj .. seq[length]
end
end
--[[
Concatenates all values in the table that are indexed by a number, in order.
sparseConcat{ a, nil, c, d } => "acd"
sparseConcat{ nil, b, c, d } => "bcd"
]]
function export.sparseConcat(t, sep, i, j)
local list = {}
local list_i = 0
for _, v in export.sparseIpairs(t) do
list_i = list_i + 1
list[list_i] = v
end
return table.concat(list, sep, i, j)
end
--[[
Values of numberic keys in array portion of table are reversed:
{ "a", "b", "c" } -> { "c", "b", "a" }
--]]
function export.reverse(t)
checkType("reverse", 1, t, "table")
local new_t = {}
local new_t_i = 1
for i = #t, 1, -1 do
new_t[new_t_i] = t[i]
new_t_i = new_t_i + 1
end
return new_t
end
function export.reverseConcat(t, sep, i, j)
return table.concat(export.reverse(t), sep, i, j)
end
-- { "a", "b", "c" } -> { a = 1, b = 2, c = 3 }
function export.invert(array)
checkType("invert", 1, array, "table")
local map = {}
for i, v in ipairs(array) do
map[v] = i
end
return map
end
--[[
{ "a", "b", "c" } -> { ["a"] = true, ["b"] = true, ["c"] = true }
--]]
function export.listToSet(t)
checkType("listToSet", 1, t, "table")
local set = {}
for _, item in ipairs(t) do
set[item] = true
end
return set
end
--[[
Returns true if all keys in the table are consecutive integers starting at 1.
--]]
function export.isArray(t)
checkType("isArray", 1, t, "table")
local i = 0
for _ in pairs(t) do
i = i + 1
if t[i] == nil then
return false
end
end
return true
end
return export
pq53oh56sgefmutw9dy3cayy8r02y3s
Blog:Recent posts
502
29
29
2018-01-09T09:45:28Z
FANDOM
32769624
Blog listing page created.
29
wikitext
text/x-wiki
<bloglist summary="true" timestamp="true" count=50>
<title>Recent posts</title>
<type>plain</type>
<order>date</order>
</bloglist>
loh1m27hln5mi35oc3rjjp2emdxoxu7